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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins and development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins and development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_monasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_monasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Christian monasticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_monasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solitary_ascetic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solitary_ascetic_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Solitary ascetic life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solitary_ascetic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Inner prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addition_of_psychosomatic_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addition_of_psychosomatic_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Addition of psychosomatic techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addition_of_psychosomatic_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hesychast_controversy_and_Palamism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hesychast_controversy_and_Palamism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hesychast controversy and Palamism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hesychast_controversy_and_Palamism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Introduction in Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acquiring_inner_stillness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquiring_inner_stillness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Acquiring inner stillness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquiring_inner_stillness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages_in_hesychast_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_in_hesychast_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stages in hesychast practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages_in_hesychast_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Katharsis_(ascese/purification)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katharsis_(ascese/purification)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span><i>Katharsis</i> (ascese/purification)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katharsis_(ascese/purification)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoria_(illumination)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoria_(illumination)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span><i>Theoria</i> (illumination)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoria_(illumination)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosis_(deification)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosis_(deification)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span><i>Theosis</i> (deification)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosis_(deification)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Prelest</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy_and_sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy_and_sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Liturgy and sacraments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy_and_sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox_views_of_hesychasm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Orthodox_views_of_hesychasm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Oriental Orthodox views of hesychasm</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oriental_Orthodox_views_of_hesychasm-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oriental Orthodox views of hesychasm subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Orthodox_views_of_hesychasm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coptic_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Coptic Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_views_of_hesychasm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_views_of_hesychasm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Western views of hesychasm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_views_of_hesychasm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hesychasm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sihazm" title="İsihazm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsihazm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ісіхазм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісіхазм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Исихазъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исихазъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesicasme" title="Hesicasme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hesicasme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9sychasmus" title="Hésychasmus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hésychasmus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychasmus" title="Hesychasmus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hesychasmus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%BChhasm" title="Hesühhasm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hesühhasm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%83%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ησυχασμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ησυχασμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesicasmo" title="Hesicasmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hesicasmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezikasmo" title="Hezikasmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hezikasmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85" title="هسیچاسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسیچاسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9sychasme" title="Hésychasme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hésychasme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesicasmo" title="Hesicasmo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hesicasmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%88%98_(%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90)" title="정수 (기독교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정수 (기독교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezihazam" title="Hezihazam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hezihazam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esicasmo" title="Esicasmo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esicasmo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%96%D7%9D" title="הסיכאזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסיכאזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Исихасттар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Исихасттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychasmus" title="Hesychasmus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hesychasmus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesichazmas" title="Hesichazmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hesichazmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9sz%C3%BCkhazmus" title="Hészükhazmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hészükhazmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Исихазам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исихазам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഹെസിക്കാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെസിക്കാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ヘシカズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘシカズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesykasme" title="Hesykasme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hesykasme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezychazm" title="Hezychazm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hezychazm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesicasmo" title="Hesicasmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hesicasmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isihasm" title="Isihasm – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isihasm" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Исихазм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исихазм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9sychazmus" title="Hésychazmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hésychazmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Исихазам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исихазам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#89CFF0;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#89CFF0;"><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gregor_Palamas_by_North_Greece_anonym_%2815th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/160px-Gregor_Palamas_by_North_Greece_anonym_%2815th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gregor_Palamas_by_North_Greece_anonym_%2815th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/240px-Gregor_Palamas_by_North_Greece_anonym_%2815th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gregor_Palamas_by_North_Greece_anonym_%2815th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/320px-Gregor_Palamas_by_North_Greece_anonym_%2815th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2006" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;text-align:center; background-color:#89CFF0; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Fifth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">Neo-Palamism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;text-align:center; background-color:#89CFF0; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Theology</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;text-align:center; background-color:#89CFF0; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Influences and precursors</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon the New Theologian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;text-align:center; background-color:#89CFF0; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Palamites</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_the_Hagiorite" title="Nicodemus the Hagiorite">Nicodemus the Hagiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrony_(Sakharov)" title="Sophrony (Sakharov)">Sophrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Dimitrijevi%C4%87" title="Stevan Dimitrijević">Stevan Dimitrijević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">John Meyendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christos_Yannaras" title="Christos Yannaras">Christos Yannaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphim_Rose" title="Seraphim Rose">Seraphim Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion_(Alfeyev)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilarion (Alfeyev)">Hilarion Alfeyev</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;text-align:center; background-color:#89CFF0; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Similar positions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;text-align:center; background-color:#89CFF0; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Contrary positions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Seminara" title="Barlaam of Seminara">Barlaamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#89CFF0;;text-align:center; background-color:#89CFF0; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br />of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> <p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Semi-Autonomous: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> Fast</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Eastern Orthodox cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_mysticism" title="Category:Christian mysticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transfiguration of Jesus"><img alt="Transfiguration of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/180px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/270px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg/360px-Unknown_painter_-_Transfiguration_of_Christ_-_WGA23487.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="964" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology and philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascetical_theology" title="Ascetical theology">Ascetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Christianity and Ancient Greek philosophy">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Neoplatonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <dl><dt>Monasticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_silence" title="Monastic silence">Silence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_direction" title="Spiritual direction">Spiritual direction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Meditation<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectio_Divina" title="Lectio Divina">Lectio Divina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Invoking of Mystic Saints</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Active asceticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplation</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesychasm</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_contemplation)" title="Quietism (Christian contemplation)">Quietism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (theology)">Stages of Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychia" title="Hesychia">Hesychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">Catharsis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">Kenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_dryness" title="Spiritual dryness">Spiritual dryness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Passive asceticism<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Esoteric<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(by era or century)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.3em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Antiquity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism_in_ancient_Africa" title="Christian mysticism in ancient Africa">Ancient African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"><span class="nowrap">Pseudo-Dionysius</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenius_the_Great" title="Arsenius the Great">Arsenius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncletica_of_Alexandria" title="Syncletica of Alexandria">Syncletica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">11th <b>·</b> 12th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigo_II" title="Guigo II">Guigo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon the New Theologian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">13th <b>·</b> 14th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dominican_mystics" title="Category:Dominican mystics">Dominican</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franciscan_mystics" title="Category:Franciscan mystics">Franciscan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Jacopone da Todi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_Foligno" title="Angela of Foligno">Angela of Foligno</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> English</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Kempe" title="Margery Kempe">Margery Kempe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Flemish_Christian_mystics" title="Category:Flemish Christian mystics">Flemish</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutgardis" title="Lutgardis">Lutgardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadewijch" title="Hadewijch">Hadewijch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John van Ruysbroeck</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Henry Suso</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_mystics#Christianity" title="List of female mystics">Female</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left:0.35em;padding-right:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden"><span class="wrap">Bridget of Sweden</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechthild_of_Magdeburg" title="Mechthild of Magdeburg">Mechthild of Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Porete" title="Marguerite Porete">Marguerite Porete</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">15th <b>·</b> 16th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mystics" title="Spanish mystics">Spanish</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna"><span class="wrap">Francisco de Osuna</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <span class="nobold">Others</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">17th <b>·</b> 18th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/French_school_of_spirituality" title="French school of spirituality">French</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mary_Alacoque" title="Margaret Mary Alacoque">Margaret Mary Alacoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Condren" title="Charles de Condren">Charles de Condren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eudes" title="John Eudes">John Eudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_St._Samson" title="John of St. Samson">John of St. Samson</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;"> <span class="nobold">Others</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich"><span class="wrap">Anne Catherine Emmerich</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Giuliani" title="Veronica Giuliani">Veronica Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">19th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dina_B%C3%A9langer" title="Dina Bélanger">Dina Bélanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Calvat" title="Mélanie Calvat">Mélanie Calvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximin_Giraud" title="Maximin Giraud">Maximin Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_Cabrera_de_Armida" title="Concepción Cabrera de Armida">Conchita de Armida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Piccarreta" title="Luisa Piccarreta">Luisa Piccarreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux"><span class="wrap">Thérèse of Lisieux</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Galgani" title="Gemma Galgani">Gemma Galgani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">20th</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Neumann" title="Therese Neumann">Therese Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marthe_Robin" title="Marthe Robin">Marthe Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrina_of_Balazar" title="Alexandrina of Balazar"><span class="wrap">Alexandrina of Balazar</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_L%C3%BAcia" title="Sister Lúcia"><span class="wrap">Sister Lúcia of Fátima</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Simone Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvige_Carboni" title="Edvige Carboni">Edvige Carboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Aiello" title="Elena Aiello">Elena Aiello</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary papal views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.85em;padding-right:0.85em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; padding-bottom:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Christian_meditation" title="Aspects of Christian meditation">Aspects of meditation<br />(<i>Orationis Formas</i>, 1989)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/A_Christian_Reflection_on_the_New_Age" title="A Christian Reflection on the New Age"><i>Reflection on the New Age</i> (2003)</a></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature and media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ignota" title="Lingua ignota">Lingua ignota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Virtutum" title="Ordo Virtutum">Ordo Virtutum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scivias" title="Scivias">Scivias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Ascent of Mount Carmel">Ascent of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Night_of_the_Soul" title="Dark Night of the Soul">Dark Night of the Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Canticle" title="Spiritual Canticle">Spiritual Canticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_Perfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Way of Perfection">Way of Perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_First_Monks" title="Book of the First Monks">Book of the First Monks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Interior_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Interior Castle">The Interior Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_the_Holy_Ghost" title="Abbey of the Holy Ghost">Abbey of the Holy Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_of_Comfort_against_Tribulation" title="A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation">A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_Willow_Creek_to_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart">From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Glories_of_Mary" title="The Glories of Mary">The Glories of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_of_Christ" title="The Imitation of Christ">The Imitation of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" title="The Ladder of Divine Ascent">The Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelations_of_Divine_Love" title="Revelations of Divine Love">Revelations of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_a_Soul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of a Soul">The Story of a Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_in_Lucia%27s_Own_Words" title="Fatima in Lucia's Own Words">Fatima in Lucia's Own Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calls_from_the_Message_of_Fatima" title="Calls from the Message of Fatima">Calls from the Message of Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Our_Lady_of_Fatima" title="The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima">The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_de_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sol de Fátima">Sol de Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of_Philosophy" title="On the Consolation of Philosophy">On the Consolation of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Simple_Souls" title="The Mirror of Simple Souls">The Mirror of Simple Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Catherine_Treatise" title="Sister Catherine Treatise">Sister Catherine Treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_de_Purgatorio_Sancti_Patricii" title="Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii">Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vision_of_Adamn%C3%A1n" title="The Vision of Adamnán">The Vision of Adamnán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_(2020_film)" title="Fatima (2020 film)">Fatima</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_mysticism" title="Template:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_mysticism" title="Template talk:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_mysticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian mysticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hesychasm</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">contemplative</a> monastic tradition in the Eastern Christian traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> in which stillness (<i>hēsychia</i>) is sought through uninterrupted <a href="/wiki/Jesus_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus prayer">Jesus prayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Hesychasm_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Hesychasm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rooted in early Christian monasticism, it took its definitive form in the 14th century at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hesychasm (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡσυχασμός</span></span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[isixaˈzmos]</a></span>) derives from the word <i><a href="/wiki/Hesychia" title="Hesychia">hesychia</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡσυχία</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[isiˈçia]</a></span>), meaning "stillness, rest, quiet, silence"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1999230_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1999230-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>hesychazo</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡσυχάζω</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[isiˈxazo]</a></span>) "to keep stillness". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Kallistos Ware</a>, a scholar of Eastern Orthodox theology, distinguishes five distinct usages of the term "hesychasm":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19954–7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19954–7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2006130–131_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2006130–131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>"solitary life", a sense, equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Eremitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremitic">eremitical</a> life", in which the term is used since the 4th century;</li> <li>"the practice of inner prayer, aiming at union with God on a level beyond images, concepts and language";</li> <li>"the quest for such union through the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a>";</li> <li>"a particular psychosomatic technique in combination with the Jesus Prayer", use of which technique can be traced back at least to the 13th century;</li> <li>"the theology of St. Gregory Palamas", on which see <a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christian_monasticism">Early Christian monasticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Christian monasticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Christian contemplation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solitary_ascetic_life">Solitary ascetic life</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Solitary ascetic life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian monasticism started with the legalisation of Christianity in the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2006132_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2006132-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>hesychast</i> is used sparingly in Christian <a href="/wiki/Ascetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetical">ascetical</a> writings emanating from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> from the 4th century on, although the writings of Evagrius and the <i>Sayings of the Desert Fathers</i> do attest to it. In Egypt, the terms more often used are <i>anchoretism</i> (Gr. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀναχώρησις</span></span>, "withdrawal, retreat"), and <i><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchorite</a></i> (Gr. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀναχωρητής</span></span>, "one who withdraws or retreats, i.e. a hermit"). </p><p>The term <i>hesychast</i> was used in the 6th century in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> in the <i>Lives</i> of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Scythopolis" title="Cyril of Scythopolis">Cyril of Scythopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearn2020269–324_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearn2020269–324-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the hesychasts Cyril describes were his own contemporaries; several of the saints about whom Cyril was writing, especially Euthymios and Savas, were in fact from <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. The laws <i>(novellae)</i> of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (r. 527–565) treat <i>hesychast</i> and <i>anchorite</i> as synonyms, making them interchangeable terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inner_prayer">Inner prayer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inner prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of inner prayer, which aims at "inward stillness or silence of the heart",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19955_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19955-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dates back to at least the 4th century. <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a> (345–399), <a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a> (St. John of Sinai; 6th–7th century), <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a> (c. 580–662), and <a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon the New Theologian</a> (949–1022) are representatives of this hesychast spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19955_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19955-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Climacus, in his influential <i><a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladder of Divine Ascent">Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></i>, describes several stages of contemplative or hesychast practice, culminating in <i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">agape</a></i>. </p><p>The earliest reference to the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus prayer">Jesus prayer</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Diadochos_of_Photiki" title="Diadochos of Photiki">Diadochos of Photiki</a> (c. 450); Evagrius, Maximus, nor Symeon refer to the Jesus prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19956_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19956-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a> (c. 360–435), who transmitted Evagrius Ponticus's ascetical teachings to the West, forming the basis of much of the spirituality of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Order of Saint Benedict</a> and the subsequent western <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical tradition</a>, presents as the formula used in Egypt for repetitive prayer "O God, make speed to save me: O Lord, make haste to help me."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addition_of_psychosomatic_techniques">Addition of psychosomatic techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Addition of psychosomatic techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_the_Monk" title="Nikephoros the Monk">St. Nicephorus the Hesychast</a> (13th century), a Roman Catholic who converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith and became a monk at Mount Athos, advised monks to bend their heads toward the chest, "attach the prayer to their breathing" while controlling the rhythm of their breath, and "to fix their eyes during prayer on the 'middle of the body'", concentrating the mind within the heart in order to practice <i><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">nepsis</a></i> (watchfulness).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19956_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19956-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmerWareSherrard1999205_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerWareSherrard1999205-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB_Hesychasm_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Hesychasm-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this is the earliest attestation of psychosomatic techniques in hesychast prayer, according to Kallistos Ware "its origins may well be far more ancient",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19957_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19957-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a></i>, " the memory and invocation of the name of God", which in turn may have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> practices from India,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it's also possible that Sufis were influenced by early Christian monasticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1992_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Sinai" title="Gregory of Sinai">Gregory Sinaita</a> (1260s–1346) learned a form of disciplined mental prayer from Arsenius of Crete, rooted in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Gregory-of-Sinai_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Gregory-of-Sinai-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1310, he went to <a href="/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, where he remained until 1335 as a monk at the Skete of Magoula near <a href="/wiki/Philotheou_Monastery" title="Philotheou Monastery">Philotheou Monastery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmerWareSherrard1999PR7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerWareSherrard1999PR7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introducing hesychast practice there.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_Gregory-of-Sinai_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_Gregory-of-Sinai-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>Hesychasm</i> and <i>Hesychast</i> were used by the monks on Mount Athos to refer to the practice and to the practitioner of a method of mental ascesis that involves the use of the Jesus Prayer assisted by certain psychophysical techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hesychast_controversy_and_Palamism">Hesychast controversy and Palamism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hesychast controversy and Palamism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregor_Palamas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gregor_Palamas.jpg/170px-Gregor_Palamas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gregor_Palamas.jpg/255px-Gregor_Palamas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gregor_Palamas.jpg/340px-Gregor_Palamas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Gregory Palamas</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">Hesychast controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></div> <p>About the year 1337, hesychasm attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Seminara" title="Barlaam of Seminara">Barlaam of Seminara</a>, a Calabrian monk who at that time held the office of abbot in the Monastery of <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">St. Saviour</a> in Constantinople and who visited <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. Mount Athos was then at the height of its fame and influence, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Andronicus_III_Palaeologus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus III Palaeologus">Andronicus III Palaeologus</a> and under the leadership of the <i>Protos</i> Symeon.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Mount Athos, Barlaam encountered hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices, also reading the writings of the teacher in hesychasm of St. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a>, himself an Athonite monk. Trained in Western <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> theology, Barlaam was scandalized by hesychasm and began to combat it both orally and in his writings. As a private teacher of theology in the Western Scholastic mode, Barlaam propounded a more intellectual and propositional approach to the knowledge of God than the hesychasts taught. </p><p>Barlaam took exception to the doctrine entertained by the hesychasts as to the nature of the light, the experience of which was said to be the goal of hesychast practice, regarding it as <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">heretical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemous</a>. It was maintained by the hesychasts to be of divine origin and to be identical to <a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">the light</a> which had been manifested to Jesus' disciples on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Tabor, Israel">Mount Tabor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1999231_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1999231-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Barlaam held to be <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>, inasmuch as it postulated two eternal substances, a visible and an invisible God.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesychasm was linked with <a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Messalianiam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the hesychast side, the controversy was taken up by St. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a>, afterwards Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was asked by his fellow monks on Mt Athos to defend hesychasm from the attacks of Barlaam. St. Gregory himself was well-educated in Greek philosophy. St. Gregory defended hesychasm in the 1340s at three different synods in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and he also wrote a number of works in its defense. </p><p>In these works, St. Gregory Palamas uses a distinction, already found in the 4th century in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>, between the energies or operations (Gr. <i>energeiai)</i> of God and the essence of God. St. Gregory taught that the <a href="/wiki/Essence-Energies_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Energies distinction">energies or operations of God were uncreated</a>. He taught that the essence of God can never be known by his creature even in the next life, but that his uncreated energies or operations can be known both in this life and in the next, and convey to the hesychast in this life and to the righteous in the next life a true spiritual knowledge of God. In Palamite theology, it is the uncreated energies of God that illumine the hesychast who has been vouchsafed an experience of the uncreated light.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1341, the dispute came before a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and presided over by the Emperor Andronicus III; the synod, taking into account the regard in which the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Dionysius">pseudo-Dionysius</a> were held, condemned Barlaam, who recanted and returned to Calabria, afterwards becoming a bishop in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Barlaam's friends, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Akindynos" title="Gregory Akindynos">Gregory Akindynos</a>, who originally was also a friend of St. Gregory Palamas, took up the controversy, which also played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">civil war</a> between the supporters of John Cantacuzenus and <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Three other synods on the subject were held, at the second of which the followers of Barlaam gained a brief victory. But in 1351 at a synod under the presidency of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Cantacuzenus" class="mw-redirect" title="John VI Cantacuzenus">John VI Cantacuzenus</a>, hesychast doctrine was established as the doctrine of the Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_in_Russia">Introduction in Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Introduction in Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. <a href="/wiki/Paisius_Velichkovsky" title="Paisius Velichkovsky">Paisius Velichkovsky</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Starets" title="Starets">disciples</a> made the practice known in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, although hesychasm was already previously known in Russia, as is attested by <a href="/wiki/St._Seraphim_of_Sarov" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Seraphim of Sarov">St. Seraphim of Sarov</a>'s independent practice of it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquiring_inner_stillness">Acquiring inner stillness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Acquiring inner stillness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hesychast interprets Jesus's injunction in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> to "go into your closet to pray" to mean that one should ignore the senses and withdraw inward. Saint <a href="/wiki/John_of_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Sinai">John of Sinai</a> writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hesychasm is the enclosing of the bodiless primary cognitive faculty of the soul (Orthodoxy teaches of two cognitive faculties, the <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">nous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>) in the bodily house of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages_in_hesychast_practice">Stages in hesychast practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stages in hesychast practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Christian contemplation</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i> is obtained by engaging in contemplative prayer resulting from the cultivation of watchfulness (Gk: <i><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">nepsis</a></i>). This doesn't mean that human, created energy obtains theosis by itself, ie. without God. Holy Spirit is a doer of theosis, because He gives Christ's grace and Father's love to the purifying ones. According to the standard ascetic formulation of this process, there are three stages: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">Katharsis</a></i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:κάθαρσις">κάθαρσις</a></span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Purgative_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Purgative way">purification</a>,</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:θεωρία">θεωρία</a></span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Illuminative_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminative way">illumination</a>, and</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B8%CE%AD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:θέωσις">θέωσις</a></span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Deification" class="mw-redirect" title="Deification">deification</a> (also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Unitive_way" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitive way">union with God</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-purification_for_love_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purification_for_love-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Katharsis_(ascese/purification)"><span id="Katharsis_.28ascese.2Fpurification.29"></span><i>Katharsis</i> (ascese/purification)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Katharsis (ascese/purification)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">Catharsis</a></div> <p>Sobriety contributes to this mental ascesis that rejects tempting thoughts; it puts a great emphasis on focus and attention. The hesychast is to pay extreme attention to the consciousness of his inner world and to the words of the Jesus Prayer, not letting his mind wander in any way at all. While he maintains his practice of the Jesus Prayer, which becomes automatic and continues twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, the hesychast cultivates <i><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">nepsis</a></i>, watchful attention, to reject tempting thoughts (the "thieves") that come to the hesychast as he watches in sober attention in his hermitage. St. John of Sinai describes hesychast practice as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Take up your seat on a high place and watch, if only you know how, and then you will see in what manner, when, whence, how many and what kind of thieves come to enter and steal your clusters of grapes. When the watchman grows weary, he stands up and prays; and then he sits down again and courageously takes up his former task.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The hesychast is to attach <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <i lang="el">eros</i>), that is, "yearning", to his practice of sobriety so as to overcome the temptation to <a href="/wiki/Acedia" title="Acedia">acedia</a> (sloth). He is also to use an extremely directed and controlled anger against the tempting thoughts, although to obliterate them entirely he is to invoke Jesus Christ via the Jesus Prayer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Much of the literature of hesychasm is occupied with the psychological analysis of such tempting thoughts (e.g. <a href="/wiki/St._Mark_the_Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mark the Ascetic">St. Mark the Ascetic</a>). This psychological analysis owes much to the ascetical works of Evagrius Pontikos, with its doctrine of the eight passions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theoria_(illumination)"><span id="Theoria_.28illumination.29"></span><i>Theoria</i> (illumination)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theoria (illumination)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></div> <p>The primary task of the hesychast is to engage in mental ascesis. The hesychast is to bring his mind (Gr. <i><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">nous</a>)</i> into his heart so as to practise both the Jesus Prayer and sobriety with his mind in his heart. In solitude and retirement, the hesychast repeats the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a>, <i>"Lord Jesus Christ, son of God, have mercy on me, the sinner."</i> The hesychast prays the Jesus Prayer 'with the heart' – with meaning, with intent, "for real" (see <a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">ontic</a>). He never treats the Jesus Prayer as a string of syllables whose "surface" or overt verbal meaning is secondary or unimportant. He considers bare repetition of the Jesus Prayer as a mere string of syllables, perhaps with a "mystical" inner meaning beyond the overt verbal meaning, to be worthless or even dangerous. This emphasis on the actual, real invocation of Jesus Christ mirrors an Eastern understanding of mantra in that physical action/voice and meaning are utterly inseparable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The descent of the mind into the heart is not taken literally by the practitioners of hesychasm, but is considered metaphorically.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the psychophysical techniques described in the texts are to assist the descent of the mind into the heart at those times that only with difficulty it descends on its own. </p><p>The goal at this stage is a practice of the Jesus Prayer with the mind in the heart, which practice is free of images (see <i>Pros Theodoulon</i>). By the exercise of sobriety (the mental ascesis against tempting thoughts), the hesychast arrives at a continual practice of the Jesus Prayer with his mind in his heart and where his consciousness is no longer encumbered by the spontaneous inception of images: his mind has a certain stillness and emptiness that is punctuated only by the eternal repetition of the Jesus Prayer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This stage is called the <i>guard of the mind</i>. This is a very advanced stage of ascetical and spiritual practice, and attempting to accomplish this prematurely, especially with psychophysical techniques, can cause very serious spiritual and emotional harm to the would-be hesychast. St. <a href="/wiki/Theophan_the_Recluse" title="Theophan the Recluse">Theophan the Recluse</a> once remarked that bodily postures and breathing techniques were virtually forbidden in his youth, since, instead of gaining the Spirit of God, people succeeded only "in ruining their lungs".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The guard of the mind is the practical goal of the hesychast. It is the condition in which he remains as a matter of course throughout his day, every day until he dies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a very great emphasis on humility in the practice of the Jesus Prayer, great cautions being given in the texts about the disaster that will befall the would-be hesychast if he proceeds in pride, arrogance or conceit. It is also assumed in the hesychast texts that the hesychast is a member of the Orthodox Church in good standing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theosis_(deification)"><span id="Theosis_.28deification.29"></span><i>Theosis</i> (deification)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Theosis (deification)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a> is from the guard of the mind that he is raised to contemplation by the grace of God.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The hesychast usually experiences the contemplation of God as light, the "uncreated light" of the theology of St. Gregory Palamas. The hesychast, when he has by the mercy of God been granted such an experience, does not remain in that experience for a very long time (there are exceptions – see for example the <i>Life</i> of St. Savas the Fool for Christ (14th century), written by <a href="/wiki/Philotheus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Philotheus I of Constantinople">St. Philotheos Kokkinos</a> (14th century), but he returns "to earth" and continues to practise the guard of the mind.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The uncreated light that the hesychast experiences is identified with the Holy Spirit. Experiences of the uncreated light are allied to the 'acquisition of the Holy Spirit'. Notable accounts of encounters with the Holy Spirit in this fashion are found in St. <a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon the New Theologian</a>'s account of the illumination of "George" (considered a pseudonym of St. Symeon himself); in the "conversation with Motovilov" in the <i>Life</i> of <a href="/wiki/St._Seraphim_of_Sarov" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Seraphim of Sarov">St. Seraphim of Sarov</a> (1759–1833); and, more recently, in the reminiscences of <a href="/wiki/Starets" title="Starets">Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Porphyrios_(Bairaktaris)_of_Kafsokalivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyrios (Bairaktaris) of Kafsokalivia">Porphyrios (Bairaktaris) of Kafsokalivia</a> (<i>Wounded by Love</i> pp. 27–31). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelest"><i>Prelest</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prelest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthodox tradition warns against seeking <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstasy</a> as an end in itself. Hesychasm is a traditional complex of ascetical practices embedded in the doctrine and practice of the Orthodox Church and intended to purify the member of the Orthodox Church and to make him ready for an encounter with God that comes to him when and if God wants, through God's grace. The goal is to acquire, through purification and grace, the Holy Spirit and salvation. Any ecstatic states or other unusual phenomena which may occur in the course of hesychast practice are considered secondary and unimportant, even quite dangerous. Moreover, seeking after unusual "spiritual" experiences can itself cause great harm, ruining the soul and the mind of the seeker. Such a seeking after "spiritual" experiences can lead to <a href="/wiki/Prelest" title="Prelest"><i>spiritual delusion</i></a> (Ru. <i>prelest,</i> Gr. <i>plani)</i> – the antonym of sobriety – in which a person believes himself or herself to be a saint, has hallucinations in which he or she "sees" angels, Christ, etc. This state of spiritual delusion is in a superficial, egotistical way pleasurable, but can lead to madness and suicide, and, according to the hesychast fathers, makes salvation impossible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy_and_sacraments">Liturgy and sacraments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Liturgy and sacraments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hesychasts fully participate in the liturgical and <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacramental</a> life of the Orthodox Church, including the daily cycle of liturgical prayer of the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Divine Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>. However, hesychasts who are living as hermits might have a very rare attendance at the Divine Liturgy (see the life of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Seraphim_of_Sarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Seraphim of Sarov">Saint Seraphim of Sarov</a>) and might not recite the Divine Office except by means of the Jesus Prayer (attested practice on Mt Athos). In general, the hesychast restricts his external activities for the sake of his hesychastic practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Books used by hesychasts include the <i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i>, a collection of texts on prayer and solitary mental ascesis written from the 4th to the 15th centuries, which exists in a number of independent redactions; the <i><a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladder of Divine Ascent">Ladder of Divine Ascent</a>;</i> the collected works of <a href="/wiki/St._Symeon_the_New_Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Symeon the New Theologian">St. Symeon the New Theologian</a> (949–1022); and the works of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">St. Isaac the Syrian</a> (7th century), as they were selected and translated into Greek at the <a href="/wiki/Mar_Saba" title="Mar Saba">Monastery of St. Savas</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> about the 10th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oriental_Orthodox_views_of_hesychasm">Oriental Orthodox views of hesychasm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodox views of hesychasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic_Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Coptic Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Coptic Orthodox clerics are "wary of the hesychastic practices of the Jesus Prayer that developed later in the Eastern churches".<sup id="cite_ref-Dawood2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawood2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fr. <a href="/wiki/Matta_El_Meskeen" title="Matta El Meskeen">Matta el-Meskeen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox">Coptic Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergyman</a>, commented that hesychasm rid the concept of unceasing prayer from its simplicity, shifting "its ascetical position as a humbling practice by itself to a mystical position, with programs, stipulations, technical and mechanical bases, degrees, objectives, results".<sup id="cite_ref-Dawood2013_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawood2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016 His holiness Metropolitan Bishoy of Damietta, head of theology department in the institute of Coptic studies and secretary of the Coptic Orthodox Church Synod from 1985 until 2012 criticized the god essence-energy distinction and refuted Palamism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="your explanation here (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_views_of_hesychasm">Western views of hesychasm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Western views of hesychasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western theologians have tended to reject the idea that the distinction between essence and energies is real rather than, albeit with a foundation in reality, notional (in the mind). In their view, affirming an ontological essence–energies distinction in God contradicted the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pelikan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelikan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">divine unity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue" title="Adrian Fortescue">Adrian Fortescue</a>, writing in the <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (1909), claimed that "the real distinction between God's essence and operation remains one more principle, though it is rarely insisted on now, in which the Orthodox differ from Catholics".<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fortescue, the Scholastic theory that God is pure actuality prevented Palamism from having much influence in the West, and it was from Western Scholasticism that hesychasm's philosophical opponents in the East borrowed their weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortescue_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortescue-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some instances, these theologians equated hesychasm with <a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">quietism</a>, an 18th-century mystical revival condemned by the Catholic Church, perhaps because "quietism" is the literal translation of "hesychasm". However, according to <a href="/wiki/Kallistos_(Ware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallistos (Ware)">Kallistos Ware</a>, "To translate 'hesychasm' as 'quietism,' while perhaps etymologically defensible, is historically and theologically misleading." Ware asserts that "the distinctive tenets of the 17th-century Western quietists is not characteristic of Greek hesychasm".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Catholic Church has never expressed any condemnation of Palamism, and uses in its <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> readings from the work of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kabasilas" title="Nicholas Kabasilas">Nicholas Kabasilas</a>, a supporter of Palamas in the controversy that took place in the East. Its <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of the Hours</a> includes extracts from Kabasilas's <i>Life in Christ</i> on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday of the Fifth Week of Easter in Year II of the two-year cycle for the Office of Readings.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later 20th century saw a remarkable change in the attitude of Catholic theologians to Palamas, a "rehabilitation" of him that has led to increasing parts of the Western Church considering him a saint, even if uncanonized.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelikan_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelikan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Western scholars have argued that there is no conflict between Palamas's teaching and Catholic thought.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Kallistos Ware</a>, some Western theologians, both Catholic and Anglican, see the theology of Palamas as introducing an inadmissible division within God; however, others have incorporated his theology into their own thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Barlaam of Calabria">Barlaam of Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloyers" title="Caloyers">Caloyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centering_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Centering Prayer">Centering Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychia" title="Hesychia">Hesychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiaslavie" title="Imiaslavie">Imiaslavie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lojong" title="Lojong">Lojong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranatha" title="Maranatha">Maranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poustinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poustinia">Poustinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_time" title="Quiet time">Quiet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_a_Pilgrim" title="The Way of a Pilgrim">The Way of a Pilgrim</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Cassian is not represented in the <i>Philokalia</i> except by two brief extracts, but this is most likely due to his having written in Latin. His works <i>(Coenobitical Institutions</i> and the <i>Conferences)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other authors have also speculated about Indian influences on Hesychasm via the Sufi's. <a href="#CITEREFDupucheDunnCross2003">Dupuche, Dunn & Cross (2003)</a> states that Indian monks were present in Mesopotamia and Syria in the 8th and 9th centuries, while <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> yogins were in Central Asia and Iran in the 11th century, influencing Sufi brotherhoods.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purification_for_love-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-purification_for_love_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Purification, and illumination of the noetic faculty, prepare for the vision of God. Without this it is impossible for man's selfish love to be transformed into selfless love. This transformation takes place during the higher level of the stage of illumination called theoria, literally meaning vision, in this case vision <i>by means of unceasing and uninterrupted memory of God</i>. Those who remain selfish and self-centered with a hardened heart, closed to God's love, will not see the glory of God in this life. However, they will see God's glory eventually, but as an eternal and consuming fire and outer darkness. From <i>Franks, Romans, feudalism, and doctrine: Diagnosis and Therapy</i>, Father <a href="/wiki/John_S._Romanides" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Romanides">John S. Romanides</a> Diagnosis and Therapy<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> of 1909, Simon Vailhé rejected Palamas's teachings that humans could achieve a corporal perception of the divinity, and his distinction between God's essence and his energies, as "monstrous errors" and "perilous theological theories". He further characterized the Eastern canonization of Palamas's teachings as a "resurrection of polytheism". Vailhe: "Palamas taught that by asceticism one could attain a corporal, i.e. a sense view, or perception, of the Divinity. He also held that in God there was a real distinction between the Divine Essence and Its attributes, and he identified grace as one of the Divine propria making it something uncreated and infinite. These monstrous errors were denounced by the Calabrian Barlaam, by Nicephorus Gregoras, and by Acthyndinus. The conflict began in 1338 and ended only in 1368, with the solemn canonization of Palamas and the official recognition of his heresies. He was declared the 'holy doctor' and 'one of the greatest among the Fathers of the Church', and his writings were proclaimed 'the infallible guide of the Christian Faith'. Thirty years of incessant controversy and discordant councils ended with a resurrection of polytheism".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, G. Philips asserts that the essence-energies distinction as presented by Palamas is "a typical example of a perfectly admissible theological pluralism" that is compatible with the Roman Catholic magisterium.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> repeatedly emphasized his respect for Eastern theology as an enrichment for the whole Church, declaring that, even after the painful division between the Christian East and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">See of Rome</a>, that theology has opened up profound thought-provoking perspectives of interest to the entire Catholic Church. He spoke in particular of the <a href="/wiki/Hesychast_controversy" title="Hesychast controversy">hesychast controversy</a>. The term "hesychasm", he said, refers to a practice of prayer marked by deep tranquillity of the spirit intent on contemplating God unceasingly by invoking the name of Jesus. While from a Catholic viewpoint there have been tensions concerning some developments of the practice, the pope said, there is no denying the goodness of the intention that inspired its defence, which was to stress that man is offered the concrete possibility of uniting himself in his inner heart with God in that profound union of grace known as <i>theosis</i>, divinization.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hesychasm">"hesychasm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=hesychasm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhesychasm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1999230-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1999230_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1999">Parry (1999)</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19954–7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19954–7_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1995">Ware (1995)</a>, pp. 4–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2006130–131-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2006130–131_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2006">Payne (2006)</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne2006132-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne2006132_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayne2006">Payne (2006)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearn2020269–324-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearn2020269–324_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStearn2020">Stearn (2020)</a>, pp. 269–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19955-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19955_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19955_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1995">Ware (1995)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19956-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19956_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19956_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1995">Ware (1995)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerWareSherrard1999205-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmerWareSherrard1999205_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmerWareSherrard1999">Palmer, Ware & Sherrard (1999)</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19957-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare19957_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1995">Ware (1995)</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1992-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1992_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1992_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1992">Ware (1992)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmerWareSherrard1999PR7-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmerWareSherrard1999PR7_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmerWareSherrard1999">Palmer, Ware & Sherrard (1999)</a>, p. PR7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hesychasts" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hesychasts">Hesychasts</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hesychasts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=414&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry1999231-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry1999231_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParry1999">Parry (1999)</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlobodskoy1992" class="citation book cs1">Slobodskoy, Serafim Alexivich (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxphotos.com/readings/LGFLS/sundays.shtml">"The Sundays of Lent"</a>. <i>The Law of God</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Price" title="Susan Price">Price, Susan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Monastery_(Jordanville,_New_York)" title="Holy Trinity Monastery (Jordanville, New York)">Holy Trinity Monastery (Jordanville, New York)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884650447" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884650447"><bdi>978-0884650447</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812061034/https://www.orthodoxphotos.com/readings/LGFLS/sundays.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sundays+of+Lent&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+God&rft.pub=Holy+Trinity+Monastery+%28Jordanville%2C+New+York%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0884650447&rft.aulast=Slobodskoy&rft.aufirst=Serafim+Alexivich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxphotos.com%2Freadings%2FLGFLS%2Fsundays.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Original:</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСлободской1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Слободской, Серафим Алексеевич (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Serafim_Slobodskoj/zakon-bozhij/277">"Недели Великого Поста"</a> [The Sundays of Lent]. <bdi lang="ru">Закон Божий</bdi> [<i>The Law of God</i>] (in Russian) (published 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725070702/https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/Serafim_Slobodskoj/zakon-bozhij/277">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>. <q><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Паламы […] учил, что за подвиг поста и молитвы Господь озаряет верующих благодатным Своим светом, каким сиял Господь на Фаворе.</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazbyka.ru%2Fotechnik%2FSerafim_Slobodskoj%2Fzakon-bozhij%2F277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Russell" title="Norman Russell">Russell, Norman</a> (2019). "1. The Orthodox struggle to assimilate Palamite thinking". <i>Gregory Palamas and the making of Palamism in the Modern Age</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199644643.003.0001">10.1093/oso/9780199644643.003.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+The+Orthodox+struggle+to+assimilate+Palamite+thinking&rft.btitle=Gregory+Palamas+and+the+making+of+Palamism+in+the+Modern+Age&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199644643.003.0001&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291594?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"Mount Athos in the Fourteenth Century: Spiritual and Intellectual Legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a></i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">157–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291594">10.2307/1291594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Mount+Athos+in+the+Fourteenth+Century%3A+Spiritual+and+Intellectual+Legacy.&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291594&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291594%3Fread-now%3D1%26seq%3D1%23page_scan_tab_contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ladder</i>, Step 27, 5, (Step 27, 6 in the Holy Transfiguration edition).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanity.org/htm/rom.03.en.franks_romans_feudalism_and_doctrine.02.htm#s8">"Franks, Romans, Feudalism, and Doctrine – Part 2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franks%2C+Romans%2C+Feudalism%2C+and+Doctrine+%E2%80%93+Part+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanity.org%2Fhtm%2From.03.en.franks_romans_feudalism_and_doctrine.02.htm%23s8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. John of Sinai, Step 27, 21 of the <i>Ladder</i> (Step 27, 22–23 of the Holy Transfiguration edition)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9196947"><i>The Philokalia : the complete text</i></a>. the Hagiorite, Saint Nicodemus, Saint, Metropolitan of Corinth Makarios, G. E. H. Palmer, Philip Sherrard, Bishop of Diokleia Kallistos. London: Faber and Faber. 1979–1986. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571130135" title="Special:BookSources/0571130135"><bdi>0571130135</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9196947">9196947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philokalia+%3A+the+complete+text&rft.place=London&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1979%2F1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9196947&rft.isbn=0571130135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F9196947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawood2013-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawood2013_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawood2013_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawood2013" class="citation web cs1">Dawood, Bishoy (8 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813184606/https://www.clarionreview.org/2013/12/stand-bow-prostrate-the-prayerful-body-of-coptic-christianity/">"Stand, Bow, Prostrate: The Prayerful Body of Coptic Christianity : Clarion Review"</a>. Clarion Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarionreview.org/2013/12/stand-bow-prostrate-the-prayerful-body-of-coptic-christianity">the original</a> on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stand%2C+Bow%2C+Prostrate%3A+The+Prayerful+Body+of+Coptic+Christianity+%3A+Clarion+Review&rft.pub=Clarion+Review&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft.aulast=Dawood&rft.aufirst=Bishoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarionreview.org%2F2013%2F12%2Fstand-bow-prostrate-the-prayerful-body-of-coptic-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelikan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pelikan_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelikan_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalamasPalamas1983" class="citation book cs1">Palamas, Saint Gregory; Palamas, Gregorius (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jcjtUbwptwC&q=Palamas+Meyendorff+Nicene+doctrine&pg=PR11"><i>John Meyendorff (editor),</i>Gregory Palamas –The Triads<i><span></span></i></a>. Paulist Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809124473" title="Special:BookSources/9780809124473"><bdi>9780809124473</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Meyendorff+%28editor%29%2CGregory+Palamas+%E2%80%93The+Triads&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780809124473&rft.aulast=Palamas&rft.aufirst=Saint+Gregory&rft.au=Palamas%2C+Gregorius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jcjtUbwptwC%26q%3DPalamas%2BMeyendorff%2BNicene%2Bdoctrine%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Greek_Church">Simon Vailhé, "Greek Church"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725233031/http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Greek_Church">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909)]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortescue-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortescue_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224103633/http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Hesychasm">"Adrian Fortescue, "Hesychasm" in <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, vol. VII (Robert Appleton Company, New York, 1910)"</a>. Oce.catholic.com. 2013-08-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Hesychasm">the original</a> on 2013-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adrian+Fortescue%2C+%22Hesychasm%22+in+Catholic+Encyclopedia%2C+vol.+VII+%28Robert+Appleton+Company%2C+New+York%2C+1910%29&rft.pub=Oce.catholic.com&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foce.catholic.com%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHesychasm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield1983" class="citation book cs1">Wakefield, Gordon S. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ga815P6vxygC&q=hesychasm+quietism&pg=PA190"><i>The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22170-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22170-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22170-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Christian+Spirituality&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22170-6&rft.aulast=Wakefield&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGa815P6vxygC%26q%3Dhesychasm%2Bquietism%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare2000" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Kallistos (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8qaOmtq6xoC&q=hesychasm+quietism&pg=PA102"><i>The inner kingdom</i></a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-209-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88141-209-3"><bdi>978-0-88141-209-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+inner+kingdom&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-88141-209-3&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Kallistos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg8qaOmtq6xoC%26q%3Dhesychasm%2Bquietism%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutsinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Cutsinger, James S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wcEQdkvt3EC&q=hesychasm+quietism&pg=PA261"><i>Paths to the heart: Sufism and the Christian East</i></a>. World Wisdom, Inc. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-43-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-43-3"><bdi>978-0-941532-43-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+to+the+heart%3A+Sufism+and+the+Christian+East&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-43-3&rft.aulast=Cutsinger&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wcEQdkvt3EC%26q%3Dhesychasm%2Bquietism%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercaba.org/HORAS%20BIENAL/TIEMPOS/Par/PAS_PAR_05.htm">"DOMINGO V DE PASCUA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOMINGO+V+DE+PASCUA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercaba.org%2FHORAS%2520BIENAL%2FTIEMPOS%2FPar%2FPAS_PAR_05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Gregory_Palamas1983" class="citation book cs1">Saint Gregory Palamas (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jcjtUbwptwC&q=Palamas+Meyendorff+Nicene+doctrine&pg=PR11"><i>Gregory Palamas</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2447-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2447-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-2447-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+Palamas&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2447-3&rft.au=Saint+Gregory+Palamas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jcjtUbwptwC%26q%3DPalamas%2BMeyendorff%2BNicene%2Bdoctrine%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreopoulos2005" class="citation book cs1">Andreopoulos, Andreas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UZCTtEuGcMC&q=hesychasm+catholic&pg=PA215"><i>Andreas Andreopoulos,</i>Metamorphosis: The Transfiguration in Byzantine Theology and Iconography<i> (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 2005, ISBN 0-88141-295-3), pp. 215–216</i></a>. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881412956" title="Special:BookSources/9780881412956"><bdi>9780881412956</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andreas+Andreopoulos%2CMetamorphosis%3A+The+Transfiguration+in+Byzantine+Theology+and+Iconography+%28St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press+2005%2C+ISBN+0-88141-295-3%29%2C+pp.+215%E2%80%93216&rft.pub=St+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780881412956&rft.aulast=Andreopoulos&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UZCTtEuGcMC%26q%3Dhesychasm%2Bcatholic%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Several Western scholars contend that the teaching of St. Gregory Palamas himself is compatible with Roman Catholic thought on the matter" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgtUoMqm594C&dq=%22Several+Western+scholars+contend%22&pg=PA243">Michael J. Christensen, Jeffery A. Wittung (editors), <i>Partakers of the Divine Nature</i> (Associated University Presses 2007</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-4111-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-4111-3">0-8386-4111-3</a>), p. 243).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ognCKztR8a4C&dq=hesychasm+catholic&pg=PA186">Kallistos Ware in <i>Oxford Companion to Christian Thought</i></a> (Oxford University Press 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860024-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860024-0">0-19-860024-0</a>), p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenWittung2007" class="citation book cs1">Christensen, Michael J.; Wittung, Jeffery A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgtUoMqm594C&q=admissible+pluralism&pg=PA243"><i>Michael J. Christensen, Jeffery A. Wittung (editors), </i>Partakers of the Divine Nature<i> (Associated University Presses 2007 ISBN 0-8386-4111-3), p. 243</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838641118" title="Special:BookSources/9780838641118"><bdi>9780838641118</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+J.+Christensen%2C+Jeffery+A.+Wittung+%28editors%29%2C+Partakers+of+the+Divine+Nature+%28Associated+University+Presses+2007+ISBN+0-8386-4111-3%29%2C+p.+243&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780838641118&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Wittung%2C+Jeffery+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgtUoMqm594C%26q%3Dadmissible%2Bpluralism%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412063915/http://rumkatkilise.org/byzpope.htm">"Pope John Paul II and the East Pope John Paul II. "Eastern Theology Has Enriched the Whole Church" (11 August 1996). English translation"</a>. <i>Rumkatkilise.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rumkatkilise.org/byzpope.htm">the original</a> on 12 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rumkatkilise.org&rft.atitle=Pope+John+Paul+II+and+the+East+Pope+John+Paul+II.+%22Eastern+Theology+Has+Enriched+the+Whole+Church%22+%2811+August+1996%29.+English+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frumkatkilise.org%2Fbyzpope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/angelus/1996/documents/hf_jp-ii_ang_19960811_it.html">"Original text (in Italian)"</a>. <i>Vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican.va&rft.atitle=Original+text+%28in+Italian%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fangelus%2F1996%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_ang_19960811_it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (11 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231104/http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=5660">"Eastern Theology Has Enriched the Whole Church"</a>. <i>CatholicCulture.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=5660">the original</a> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CatholicCulture.org&rft.atitle=Eastern+Theology+Has+Enriched+the+Whole+Church&rft.date=1996-08-11&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D5660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupucheDunnCross2003" class="citation book cs1">Dupuche, John R.; Dunn, Geoffrey D.; Cross, Lawrence (2003). "Sufism and hesychasm". In Bronwen, Neil (ed.). <i>Prayer and spirituality in the early church vol. 3: liturgy and life</i>. Pauls Publications in association with the Centre for Early Christian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sufism+and+hesychasm&rft.btitle=Prayer+and+spirituality+in+the+early+church+vol.+3%3A+liturgy+and+life&rft.pub=Pauls+Publications+in+association+with+the+Centre+for+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dupuche&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Geoffrey+D.&rft.au=Cross%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerWareSherrard1999" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, G. E. H.; <a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Ware, Kallistos</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">Sherrard, Philip</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9e_9dXUqpQC&q=%22Nikiphoros+the+Monk%22&pg=PR7"><i>The Philokalia: The Complete Text</i></a>. Vol. 4. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19382-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-19382-X"><bdi>0-571-19382-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philokalia%3A+The+Complete+Text&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-571-19382-X&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=G.+E.+H.&rft.au=Ware%2C+Kallistos&rft.au=Sherrard%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9e_9dXUqpQC%26q%3D%2522Nikiphoros%2Bthe%2BMonk%2522%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry1999" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken (1999). <i>The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631232036" title="Special:BookSources/0631232036"><bdi>0631232036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0631232036&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2006" class="citation cs2">Payne, Daniel Paul (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beardocs.baylor.edu/bitstream/2104/4847/1/daniel_payne_phd.pdf"><i>The Revival of Political Hesychasm in Greek Orthodox Thought: A Study of the Hesychast Basis of the Thought of John S. Romanides and Christos Yannaras</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Baylor</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revival+of+Political+Hesychasm+in+Greek+Orthodox+Thought%3A+A+Study+of+the+Hesychast+Basis+of+the+Thought+of+John+S.+Romanides+and+Christos+Yannaras&rft.pub=Baylor&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeardocs.baylor.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2104%2F4847%2F1%2Fdaniel_payne_phd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearn2020" class="citation cs2">Stearn, Rod (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463239824-010/html">"7. Cyril of Scythlopolis"</a>, <i>Historiography and Hierotopy</i>, Gorgias Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>324, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463239824-010">10.31826/9781463239824-010</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-3982-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-3982-4"><bdi>978-1-4632-3982-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243303600">243303600</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Cyril+of+Scythlopolis&rft.btitle=Historiography+and+Hierotopy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243303600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463239824-010&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-3982-4&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463239824-010%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ware, Kallistos (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130106235357/http://bogoslov.ru/en/text/2671134.html">"Praying with the body: the hesychast method and non-Christian parallels"</a>. <i>Sobornost Incorporating Eastern Churches Review 14:2 (1992) pp. 6–35</i>. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sobornost+Incorporating+Eastern+Churches+Review+14%3A2+%281992%29+pp.+6%E2%80%9335&rft.atitle=Praying+with+the+body%3A+the+hesychast+method+and+non-Christian+parallels&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Kallistos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbogoslov.ru%2Fen%2Ftext%2F2671134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1995" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Kallistos (1995). Sahas, Daniel J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actoutofstillnes0000ware"><i>Act out of Stillness: The Influence of Fourteenth-Century Hesychasm on Byzantine and Slav Civilization</i></a>. Toronto: The Hellenic Canadian Association of Constantinople and the Thessalonikean Society of Metro Toronto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+out+of+Stillness%3A+The+Influence+of+Fourteenth-Century+Hesychasm+on+Byzantine+and+Slav+Civilization&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Hellenic+Canadian+Association+of+Constantinople+and+the+Thessalonikean+Society+of+Metro+Toronto&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Kallistos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factoutofstillnes0000ware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Web-sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB_Hesychasm-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Hesychasm_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Hesychasm_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassian" class="citation book cs1">Cassian, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/350810.htm">"10–11"</a>. <i>Conferences</i>. Fathers. New advent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%E2%80%9311&rft.btitle=Conferences&rft.series=Fathers&rft.pub=New+advent&rft.aulast=Cassian&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F350810.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Gregory-of-Sinai-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Gregory-of-Sinai_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_Gregory-of-Sinai_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregory-of-Sinai">Gregory of Sinai</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Early monasticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>The </i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a><i>.</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" title="The Ladder of Divine Ascent">The Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ascetical_Homilies_of_Isaac_the_Syrian" title="The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian">The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian</a></i>.</li> <li>Works of St. Symeon the New Theologian.</li> <li><i>Coenobitical Institutions</i> and <i>Conferences</i> of St. John Cassian.</li></ul> <dl><dt>19th–20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_the_Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="The Way of the Pilgrim">The Way of the Pilgrim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silouan_the_Athonite" title="Silouan the Athonite">St. Silouan the Athonite</a></i>. (Contains an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Archimandrite_Sophrony" class="mw-redirect" title="Archimandrite Sophrony">Archimandrite Sophrony</a> (Sakharov), immediate disciple of St. Silouan, together with the meditations of St. Silouan (1866–1938).)</li> <li>Works of Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov) (1896–1993).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_the_Hesychast" title="Joseph the Hesychast">Elder Joseph the Hesychast</a></i>. (Life of a very influential Hesychast on Mt Athos who died in 1959.)</li> <li><i>Monastic Wisdom. The Letters of Elder Joseph the Hesychast</i>.</li> <li><i>Wounded by Love. The Life and the Wisdom of Elder Porphyrios</i>. (Reminiscences and reflections of Elder Porphyrios (1906–1991) of Mt Athos.)</li> <li>Works by Elder Paisios (1924–1994) of Mount Athos. (A very well known Athonite Elder and Hesychast.)</li> <li><i>Elder Ephraim of Katounakia</i>. Translated by Tessy Vassiliadou-Christodoulou. (Life and teachings of Elder Ephraim (1912–1998) of Katounakia, Mt Athos, a disciple of Elder Joseph the Hesychast.)</li> <li><i>Hieromonachos Charalampos Dionusiates, O didaskalos tes noeras proseuches (Hieromonk Charalambos of the Monastery of Dionysiou, The Teacher of Mental Prayer)</i>. (Life and teachings of Elder Charalambos (1910–2001), sometime Abbot of the Monastery of Dionysiou, Mt Athos, and a disciple of Elder Joseph the Hesychast. In Greek, available in English.)</li> <li>Works of Archimandrite Aimilianos (1934–2019) of the Monastery of Simonos Petra, Mt Athos, especially Volumes I and II.</li> <li><i>Counsels from the Holy Mountain. Selected from the Lessons and Homilies of Elder Ephraim</i>. (Archimandrite Ephraim of the Monastery of St. Anthony, Florence, Arizona. Formerly Abbot of the Monastery of Philotheou on Mt Athos, and a disciple of Elder Joseph the Hesychast. Not to be confused with Elder Ephraim of Katounakia.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Hesychasm: an annotated bibliography</i>, Sergey S. Horujy, Moscow 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Christopher D. L. (2010). <i>The Globalization of Hesychasm and the Jesus Prayer: Contesting Contemplation</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1886-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-1886-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/686775525">686775525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+of+Hesychasm+and+the+Jesus+Prayer%3A+Contesting+Contemplation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F686775525&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1886-8&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesychasm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502095209/http://www.fonsvitae.com/pathstoheart.html"><i>Paths to the Heart: Sufism and the Christian East</i></a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Cutsinger" title="James Cutsinger">James Cutsinger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesychasm&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity389" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main <br />divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a></span><br /><i>Christ Pantocrator</i> (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philokalia45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philokalia" title="Template:Philokalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philokalia" title="Template talk:Philokalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philokalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philokalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philokalia45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_the_Solitary" title="Isaiah the Solitary">Isaiah the Solitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark the Ascetic">Mark the Ascetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Sinai" title="Hesychius of Sinai">Hesychius of Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai" title="Nilus of Sinai">Nilus of Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochos_of_Photiki" title="Diadochos of Photiki">Diadochos of Photiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Karpathos" title="John of Karpathos">John of Karpathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_of_Edessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore of Edessa (page does not exist)">Theodore of Edessa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_d%27%C3%89desse" class="extiw" title="fr:Théodore d'Édesse">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalassios_the_Libyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thalassios the Libyan (page does not exist)">Thalassios the Libyan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassios_le_Libyen" class="extiw" title="fr:Thalassios le Libyen">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theognostos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theognostos (page does not exist)">Theognostos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotheus_of_Sinai" title="Philotheus of 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Sinai">Gregory of Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Callistus I of Constantinople">Callistus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignatios_Xanthopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignatios Xanthopoulos (page does not exist)">Ignatios Xanthopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallistos_Angelikoudis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kallistos Angelikoudis (page does not exist)">Kallistos Angelikoudis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Каллист Ангеликуд">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_of_Thessalonica" title="Symeon of Thessalonica">Symeon of Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a 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Brianchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophan_the_Recluse" title="Theophan the Recluse">Theophan the Recluse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_St%C4%83niloae" title="Dumitru Stăniloae">Dumitru Stăniloae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Palmer_(author)" title="Gerald Palmer (author)">Gerald Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">Philip Sherrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Kallistos (Ware)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-09T07:16:52Z","dateModified":"2025-01-27T03:46:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/73\/Gregor_Palamas_by_North_Greece_anonym_%2815th_c.%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg","headline":"contemplative prayer in the Eastern Orthodox Church"}</script> </body> </html>