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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نقل البيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقل البيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresmisi%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Tresmisión de datos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tresmisión de datos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veril%C9%99nl%C9%99rin_%C3%B6t%C3%BCr%C3%BClm%C9%99si" title="Verilənlərin ötürülməsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Verilənlərin ötürülməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Предаване на данни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Предаване на данни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijenos_podataka" title="Prijenos podataka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prijenos podataka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissi%C3%B3_de_dades" title="Transmissió de dades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transmissió de dades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99enos_dat" title="Přenos dat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přenos dat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daten%C3%BCbertragung" title="Datenübertragung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Datenübertragung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andmeside" title="Andmeside – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andmeside" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Μετάδοση δεδομένων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετάδοση δεδομένων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisi%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Transmisión de datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transmisión de datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu-transmisio" title="Datu-transmisio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Datu-transmisio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="انتقال داده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتقال داده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_de_donn%C3%A9es" title="Transmission de données – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transmission de données" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%A0%84%EC%86%A1" title="데이터 전송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이터 전송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="डेटा संचार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेटा संचार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijenos_podataka" title="Prijenos podataka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prijenos podataka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisi_data" title="Transmisi data – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transmisi data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasmissione_digitale" title="Trasmissione digitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasmissione digitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მონაცემთა გადაცემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონაცემთა გადაცემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Цифрлық байланыс хаттамасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цифрлық байланыс хаттамасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_puorlaida" title="Datu puorlaida – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Datu puorlaida" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissio_datorum" title="Transmissio datorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transmissio datorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adat%C3%A1tvitel" title="Adatátvitel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adatátvitel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasmisson_de_dados" title="Trasmisson de dados – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Trasmisson de dados" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အချက်အလက်များ လွှင့်ထုတ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အချက်အလက်များ လွှင့်ထုတ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegevensoverdracht" title="Gegevensoverdracht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gegevensoverdracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E8%BB%A2%E9%80%81" title="データ転送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="データ転送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E2%80%99lumotlarni_uzatish" title="Ma’lumotlarni uzatish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ma’lumotlarni uzatish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਡਾਟਾ ਕਮਿਊਨੀਕੇਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਾਟਾ ਕਮਿਊਨੀਕੇਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledacja" title="Teledacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teledacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmiss%C3%A3o_de_dados" title="Transmissão de dados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transmissão de dados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmisiune_digital%C4%83" title="Transmisiune digitală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transmisiune digitală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Передача данных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Передача данных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="දත්ත සම්ප්‍රේෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දත්ත සම්ප්‍රේෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission" title="Data transmission – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Data transmission" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenos_podataka" title="Prenos podataka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prenos podataka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietoliikenne" title="Tietoliikenne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietoliikenne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri_aktar%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Veri aktarımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veri aktarımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Передавання даних – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Передавання даних" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Truyền dữ liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền dữ liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93" title="数据传输 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数据传输" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E5%82%B3%E8%BC%B8" title="數據傳輸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數據傳輸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Data transfer" redirects here. For sharing data between different programs or schemas, see <a href="/wiki/Data_exchange" title="Data exchange">Data exchange</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Digital communication" redirects here. For the sociological aspects, see <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Data communication</b>, including <b>data transmission</b> and <b>data reception</b>, is the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signal_transmission" title="Signal transmission">transmitted</a> and received over a <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">point-to-point</a> or <a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-to-multipoint">point-to-multipoint</a> communication channel. Examples of such channels are <a href="/wiki/Copper_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper wire">copper wires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> communication using <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storage_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage media">storage media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">computer buses</a>. The data are represented as an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic signal">electromagnetic signal</a>, such as an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical voltage">electrical voltage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiowave" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiowave">radiowave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> signal. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Analog_transmission" title="Analog transmission">Analog transmission</a></i> is a method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a <a href="/wiki/Line_code" title="Line code">line code</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Baseband" title="Baseband">baseband</a> transmission</i>), or by a limited set of continuously varying waveforms (<i><a href="/wiki/Passband" title="Passband">passband</a> transmission</i>), using a digital <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> method. The passband modulation and corresponding <a href="/wiki/Demodulation" title="Demodulation">demodulation</a> is carried out by <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a> equipment. </p><p><b>Digital communications</b>, including <b>digital transmission</b> and <b>digital reception</b>, is the transfer of either a <a href="/wiki/Digitize" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitize">digitized</a> analog signal or a <a href="/wiki/Born-digital" title="Born-digital">born-digital</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the most common definition, both baseband and passband bit-stream components are considered part of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signal</a>; an alternative definition considers only the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital-to-analog conversion">digital-to-analog conversion</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinction_between_related_subjects">Distinction between related subjects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distinction between related subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Courses and textbooks in the field of <i>data transmission</i><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i>digital transmission</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>digital communications</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have similar content. </p><p>Digital transmission or data transmission traditionally belongs to <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>. Basic principles of data transmission may also be covered within the <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">computer engineering</a> topic of data communications, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a> applications and <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a>, for example routing, switching and <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) involves transmission, TCP and other transport layer protocols are covered in computer networking but <i>not</i> discussed in a textbook or course about data transmission. </p><p>In most textbooks, the term <a href="/wiki/Analog_transmission" title="Analog transmission">analog transmission</a> only refers to the transmission of an analog message signal (without digitization) by means of an analog signal, either as a non-modulated baseband signal or as a passband signal using an <a href="/wiki/Analog_modulation_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog modulation method">analog modulation method</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a>. It may also include analog-over-analog <a href="/wiki/Pulse_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse modulation">pulse modulated</a> baseband signals such as pulse-width modulation. In a few books within the computer networking tradition, <i>analog transmission</i> also refers to passband transmission of bit-streams using <a href="/wiki/Digital_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital modulation">digital modulation</a> methods such as <a href="/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying" title="Frequency-shift keying">FSK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">PSK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying" title="Amplitude-shift keying">ASK</a>. Note that these methods are covered in textbooks named digital transmission or data transmission, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theoretical aspects of data transmission are covered by <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coding_theory" title="Coding theory">coding theory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol_layers_and_sub-topics">Protocol layers and sub-topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protocol layers and sub-topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">by <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_layer" title="Abstraction layer">layer</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">7.  <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Sensor_Interface_protocol" title="Simple Sensor Interface protocol">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Peer-to-Peer" title="Short Message Peer-to-Peer">SMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NETCONF" title="NETCONF">NETCONF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols">more....</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">6.  <a href="/wiki/Presentation_layer" title="Presentation layer">Presentation layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_Data_Representation" title="External Data Representation">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASN.1" title="ASN.1">ASN.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">5.  <a href="/wiki/Session_layer" title="Session layer">Session layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">Named pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBIOS" title="NetBIOS">NetBIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Announcement_Protocol" title="Session Announcement Protocol">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol">PPTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCKS" title="SOCKS">SOCKS</a></li> <li>X.225<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">4.  <a href="/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPX/SPX" title="IPX/SPX">SPX</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">3.  <a href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">Network layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">ICMPv6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internetwork_Packet_Exchange" title="Internetwork Packet Exchange">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">IS-IS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleTalk" title="AppleTalk">AppleTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_Layer_Protocol" title="Packet Layer Protocol">PLP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">2.  <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">Data link layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Data_Link_Control" title="Synchronous Data Link Control">SDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Level_Data_Link_Control" title="High-Level Data Link Control">HDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol#CSLIP" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">CSLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">SLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_Framing_Procedure" title="Generic Framing Procedure">GFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Parallel Line Internet Protocol">PLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">IEEE 802.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_link_control" title="Logical link control">LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_access_control" title="Medium access control">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol">L2TP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">ITU-T G.hn DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> <a href="/wiki/LAPB" title="LAPB">LAPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Access_Procedure_for_Frame_Relay" title="Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay">Q.922 LAPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">1.  <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">Physical layer</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-449" title="RS-449">RS-449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ITU-T_V-series_recommendations" title="List of ITU-T V-series recommendations">ITU-T V-Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.430" title="I.430">I.430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I.431" title="I.431">I.431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesiochronous_digital_hierarchy" title="Plesiochronous digital hierarchy">PDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking" title="Synchronous optical networking">SONET/SDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">PON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Transport_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Transport Network">OTN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE 802.15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">IEEE 802.16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE 1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">ITU-T G.hn PHY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSI_model" title="Template:OSI model"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSI_model" title="Template talk:OSI model"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSI_model" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSI model"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Courses and textbooks in the field of data transmission typically deal with the following <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> protocol layers and topics: </p> <ul><li>Layer 1, the <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel coding">Channel coding</a> including <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital modulation">Digital modulation</a> schemes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Line coding">Line coding</a> schemes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">Forward error correction</a> (FEC) codes</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit synchronization">Bit synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(communications)" title="Equalization (communications)">Equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel model">Channel models</a></li></ul></li> <li>Layer 2, the <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel access">Channel access</a> schemes, <a href="/wiki/Media_access_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Media access control">media access control</a> (MAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_mode_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet mode communication">Packet mode communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frame_synchronization" title="Frame synchronization">Frame synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Error detection">Error detection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_repeat_request" title="Automatic repeat request">automatic repeat request</a> (ARQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_control_(data)" title="Flow control (data)">Flow control</a></li></ul></li> <li>Layer 6, the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_layer" title="Presentation layer">presentation layer</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Source_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Source coding">Source coding</a> (digitization and data compression), and information theory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a> (may occur at any layer)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>It is also common to deal with the cross-layer design of those three layers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_history">Applications and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data (mainly but not exclusively <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">informational</a>) has been sent via non-electronic (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical">optical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">mechanical</a>) means since the advent of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>. <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">Analog signal</a> data has been sent electronically since the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">advent of the telephone</a>. However, the first data electromagnetic transmission applications in modern time were <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical telegraphy">electrical telegraphy</a> (1809) and <a href="/wiki/Teletypewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletypewriter">teletypewriters</a> (1906), which are both <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signals</a>. The fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Hartley" title="Ralph Hartley">Ralph Hartley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> and others during the early 20th century, was done with these applications in mind. </p><p>In the early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a> invented <i>distributed adaptive message block switching</i> for digital communication of voice messages using switches that were low-cost electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> invented and implemented modern data communication during 1965-7, including <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>, high-speed <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocols</a>, hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> and the essence of the <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">end-to-end principle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baran's work did not include routers with software switches and communication protocols, nor the idea that users, rather than the network itself, would provide the <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)" title="Reliability (computer networking)">reliability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pelkey6.1a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelkey6.1a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5a_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5a-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were seminal contributions that influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data transmission is utilized in <a href="/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">computer buses</a> and for communication with <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral equipment">peripheral equipment</a> via <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel ports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a> such as <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> (1969), <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> (1996). The principles of data transmission are also utilized in storage media for <a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction#Data_storage" title="Error detection and correction">error detection and correction</a> since 1951. The first practical method to overcome the problem of receiving data accurately by the receiver using digital code was the <a href="/wiki/Barker_code" title="Barker code">Barker code</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hugh_Barker" title="Ronald Hugh Barker">Ronald Hugh Barker</a> in 1952 and published in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data transmission is utilized in <a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">computer networking</a> equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Modems" class="mw-redirect" title="Modems">modems</a> (1940), <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> (LAN) adapters (1964), <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repeater_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeater hub">repeater hubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microwave_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave link">microwave links</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless network access points</a> (1997), etc. </p><p>In telephone networks, digital communication is utilized for transferring many phone calls over the same copper cable or fiber cable by means of <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM) in combination with <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">time-division multiplexing</a> (TDM) (1962). <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchanges</a> have become digital and software controlled, facilitating many value-added services. For example, the first <a href="/wiki/AXE_telephone_exchange" title="AXE telephone exchange">AXE telephone exchange</a> was presented in 1976. Digital communication to the end user using <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">Integrated Services Digital Network</a> (ISDN) services became available in the late 1980s. Since the end of the 1990s, broadband access techniques such as <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">Cable modems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber-to-the-building" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-to-the-building">fiber-to-the-building</a> (FTTB) and <a href="/wiki/Fiber-to-the-home" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-to-the-home">fiber-to-the-home</a> (FTTH) have become widespread to small offices and homes. The current tendency is to replace traditional telecommunication services with <a href="/wiki/Packet_mode_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet mode communication">packet mode communication</a> such as <a href="/wiki/IP_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="IP telephony">IP telephony</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a>. </p><p>Transmitting analog signals digitally allows for greater <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a> capability. The ability to process a communications signal means that errors caused by random processes can be detected and corrected. Digital signals can also be <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sampled</a> instead of continuously monitored. The <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> of multiple digital signals is much simpler compared to the multiplexing of analog signals. Because of all these advantages, because of the vast demand to transmit computer data and the ability of digital communications to do so and because recent advances in <a href="/wiki/Wideband" title="Wideband">wideband</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">solid-state electronics</a> have allowed engineers to realize these advantages fully, digital communications have grown quickly. </p><p>The digital revolution has also resulted in many digital telecommunication applications where the principles of data transmission are applied. Examples include <a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">second-generation</a> (1991) and later <a href="/wiki/Cellular_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular telephony">cellular telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital TV">digital TV</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital radio</a> (1999), and <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a>. </p><p>Data transmission, digital transmission or digital communications is the transfer of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels include copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses. The data are represented as an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic signal">electromagnetic signal</a>, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared light. </p><p>While analog transmission is the transfer of a continuously varying analog signal over an analog channel, digital communication is the transfer of discrete messages over a digital or an analog channel. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line code (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms (passband transmission), using a digital modulation method. The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation (also known as detection) is carried out by modem equipment. According to the most common definition of a digital signal, both baseband and passband signals representing bit-streams are considered as digital transmission, while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of digital-to-analog conversion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation (PCM) or more advanced source coding (analog-to-digital conversion and data compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serial_and_parallel_transmission">Serial and parallel transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Serial and parallel transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In telecommunications, <a href="/wiki/Serial_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial transmission">serial transmission</a> is the sequential transmission of <a href="/wiki/Signal_element" title="Signal element">signal elements</a> of a group representing a <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> or other entity of <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>. Digital serial transmissions are bits sent over a single wire, frequency or optical path sequentially. Because it requires less <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a> and less chances for error than parallel transmission, the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer rate">transfer rate</a> of each individual path may be faster. This can be used over longer distances and a check digit or <a href="/wiki/Parity_bit" title="Parity bit">parity bit</a> can be sent along with the data easily. </p><p>Parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of related signal elements over two or more separate paths. Multiple electrical wires are used which can transmit multiple bits simultaneously, which allows for higher data transfer rates than can be achieved with serial transmission. This method is typically used internally within the computer, for example, the internal buses, and sometimes externally for such things as printers. <a href="/wiki/Timing_skew" class="mw-redirect" title="Timing skew">Timing skew</a> can be a significant issue in these systems because the wires in parallel data transmission unavoidably have slightly different properties so some bits may arrive before others, which may corrupt the message. This issue tends to worsen with distance making parallel data transmission less reliable for long distances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication_channels">Communication channels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communication channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">Communication channel</a></div> <p>Some communications channel types include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_transmission_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission circuit">Data transmission circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Full-duplex" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">Full-duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)#Half-duplex" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">Half-duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplex_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplex communication">Simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-drop">Multi-drop</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_network" title="Bus network">Bus network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh network">Mesh network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_network" title="Ring network">Ring network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_network" title="Star network">Star network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)" title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)">Point-to-point</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asynchronous_and_synchronous_data_transmission">Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asynchronous and synchronous data transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_synchronous_and_asynchronous_signalling" title="Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling">Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous signalling</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_serial_communication" title="Asynchronous serial communication">Asynchronous serial communication</a> uses start and stop bits to signify the beginning and end of transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method of transmission is used when data are sent intermittently as opposed to in a solid stream. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous transmission">Synchronous transmission</a> synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of the transmission using <a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">clock signals</a>. The clock may be a separate signal or <a href="/wiki/Self-clocking_signal" title="Self-clocking signal">embedded in the data</a>. A continual stream of data is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no start and stop bits, the data transfer rate may be more efficient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">Internetworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media (communication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node-to-node_data_transfer" title="Node-to-node data transfer">Node-to-node data transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Transmission (disambiguation)">Transmission (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clark-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. P. Clark, "Principles of Digital Data Transmission", Published by Wiley, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Smith, "Digital Transmission Systems", Kluwer International Publishers, 2003, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-7587-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-7587-1">1-4020-7587-1</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1402075871">table-of-contents</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sergio Benedetto, Ezio Biglieri, "Principles of Digital Transmission: With Wireless Applications", Springer 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-45753-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-45753-9">0-306-45753-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45753-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-45753-1">978-0-306-45753-1</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Principles-of-Digital-Transmission-with-Wireless-Applications/Sergio-Benedetto/e/9780306457531#TOC">table-of-contents</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Haykin, "Digital Communications", John Wiley & Sons, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-62947-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-62947-4">978-0-471-62947-4</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0471432229#reader_0471432229">table-of-contents</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Proakis, "Digital Communications", 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-232111-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-232111-3">0-07-232111-3</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/electrical/proakis/toc.mhtml">table-of-contents</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.225-199511-I/en">"X.225 : Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201064044/https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.225-199511-I/en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X.225+%3A+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Open+Systems+Interconnection+%E2%80%93+Connection-oriented+Session+protocol%3A+Protocol+specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-X.225-199511-I%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Foukalas et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4483671&contentType=Journals+%26+Magazines&sortType%3Dasc_p_Sequence%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A4483664%29">"Cross-layer design proposals for wireless mobile networks: a survey and taxonomy "</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:17_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2002" class="citation journal cs1">Baran, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf">"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Communications Magazine</i>. <b>40</b> (7): 42–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006">10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-6804">0163-6804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-10. <q>Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Communications+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+beginnings+of+packet+switching%3A+some+underlying+concepts&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=42-48&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006&rft.issn=0163-6804&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cs.ucla.edu%2F~lixia%2Fpapers%2FBaran2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html">"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet"</a>. <i>RAND Corporation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAND+Corporation&rft.atitle=Paul+Baran+and+the+Origins+of+the+Internet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1997" class="citation book cs1">Yates, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMfAQAAIAAJ&q=packet+switch"><i>Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995</i></a>. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901805-94-2"><bdi>978-0-901805-94-2</bdi></a>. <q>Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+History+of+Computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945-1995&rft.pages=132-4&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Science+and+Industry&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-901805-94-2&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToMfAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpacket%2Bswitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Naughton" title="John Naughton">Naughton, John</a> (2000) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryoffu0000naug/page/292/mode/2up"><i>A Brief History of the Future</i></a>. Phoenix. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780753810934" title="Special:BookSources/9780753810934"><bdi>9780753810934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Future&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780753810934&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryoffu0000naug%2Fpage%2F292%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly1987" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory">"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"</a>. <i>Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>9</b> (3/4): 221–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1987.10023">10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8172150">8172150</a>. <q>the first occurrence in print of the term protocol in a data communications context ... the next hardware tasks were the detailed design of the interface between the terminal devices and the switching computer, and the arrangements to secure reliable transmission of packets of data over the high-speed lines</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Data+Communications+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+%281965-1975%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=221-247&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.1987.10023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8172150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBartlettScantleburyWilkinson1967" class="citation conference cs1">Davies, Donald; Bartlett, Keith; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (October 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf"><i>A Digital Communication Network for Computers Giving Rapid Response at remote Terminals</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/how_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Digital+Communication+Network+for+Computers+Giving+Rapid+Response+at+remote+Terminals&rft.date=1967-10&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Keith&rft.au=Scantlebury%2C+Roger&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.mpi-sws.org%2F~gummadi%2Fteaching%2Fsp07%2Fsys_seminar%2Fhow_did_erope_blow_this_vision.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span> "all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kleinrock, L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1455412">"Principles and lessons in packet communications"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>66</b> (11): 1320–1329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11143">10.1109/PROC.1978.11143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9219">0018-9219</a>. <q>Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Principles+and+lessons+in+packet+communications&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1320-1329&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11143&rft.issn=0018-9219&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F1455412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey6.1a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey6.1a_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/6.1/the-communications-subnet-bbn-1969/">"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969"</a>. <i>Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988</i>. <q>As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran's contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn't quite occurred to him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn't exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.1+The+Communications+Subnet%3A+BBN+1969&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968%E2%80%931988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F6.1%2Fthe-communications-subnet-bbn-1969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5a-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5a_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2018" class="citation book cs1">Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRnBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285"><i>The Dream Machine</i></a>. Stripe Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0"><bdi>978-1-953953-36-0</bdi></a>. <q>Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Stripe+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-953953-36-0&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRnBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:16_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231409/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">the original</a> on 2015-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-18</span></span>. <q>Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+real+story+of+how+the+Internet+became+so+vulnerable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA115440.pdf">A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. pp. 13, 53 of 183 (III-11 on the printed copy). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201013642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA115440">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012. <q>Aside from the technical problems of interconnecting computers with communications circuits, the notion of computer networks had been considered in a number of places from a theoretical point of view. Of particular note was work done by Paul Baran and others at the Rand Corporation in a study "On Distributed Communications" in the early 1960's. Also of note was work done by Donald Davies and others at the National Physical Laboratory in England in the mid-1960's. ... Another early major network development which affected development of the ARPANET was undertaken at the National Physical Laboratory in Middlesex, England, under the leadership of D. W. Davies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+ARPANET%3A+The+First+Decade&rft.pages=13%2C+53+of+183+%28III-11+on+the+printed+copy%29&rft.pub=Bolt%2C+Beranek+%26+Newman+Inc.&rft.date=1981-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA115440.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1953" class="citation book cs1">Barker, RH (1953). <i>Group Synchronisation of Binary Digital Systems</i>. Communication Theory: Butterworth. pp. 273–287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Group+Synchronisation+of+Binary+Digital+Systems&rft.place=Communication+Theory&rft.pages=273-287&rft.pub=Butterworth&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techopedia.com/definition/6051/asynchronous-transmission">"What is Asynchronous Transmission? - Definition from Techopedia"</a>. <i>Techopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Techopedia.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Asynchronous+Transmission%3F+-+Definition+from+Techopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techopedia.com%2Fdefinition%2F6051%2Fasynchronous-transmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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