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id="toc-Nichiren_and_his_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nichiren_and_his_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Nichiren and his time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nichiren_and_his_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_during_Nichiren's_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_during_Nichiren's_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Development during Nichiren's life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_during_Nichiren's_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_stage:_From_initial_studies_to_1260" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_stage:_From_initial_studies_to_1260"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Early stage: From initial studies to 1260 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_stage:_From_initial_studies_to_1260-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_stage:_1261–1273" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_stage:_1261–1273"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Middle stage: 1261–1273 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_stage:_1261–1273-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_stage:_1274–1282" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_stage:_1274–1282"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Final stage: 1274–1282 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_stage:_1274–1282-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nichiren's_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nichiren's_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Nichiren's writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nichiren's_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Nichiren_development_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Nichiren_development_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Post-Nichiren development in Japan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Nichiren_development_in_Japan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-Nichiren development in Japan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Nichiren_development_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_in_Medieval_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_Medieval_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Development in Medieval Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_Medieval_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_major_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_major_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Development of the major lineages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_major_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_Fuji_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_Fuji_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Origin of the Fuji School </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_Fuji_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century_through_the_early_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century_through_the_early_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 15th century through the early 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century_through_the_early_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century:_From_Tokugawa_to_Meiji_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century:_From_Tokugawa_to_Meiji_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 19th century: From Tokugawa to Meiji periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century:_From_Tokugawa_to_Meiji_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_in_modern_Japanese_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_in_modern_Japanese_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Development in modern Japanese history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_in_modern_Japanese_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_form_of_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_form_of_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 As a form of nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_form_of_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_form_of_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_form_of_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 As a form of socialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_form_of_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_new_social_and_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_new_social_and_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Within new social and religious movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_new_social_and_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 In culture and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Globalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_major_schools_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_major_schools_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Lists of major schools and organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lists_of_major_schools_and_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lists of major schools and organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_major_schools_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clerical_Nichiren_Buddhist_schools_and_their_head_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clerical_Nichiren_Buddhist_schools_and_their_head_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Clerical Nichiren Buddhist schools and their head temples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerical_Nichiren_Buddhist_schools_and_their_head_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_movements_and_lay_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_movements_and_lay_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 20th-century movements and lay organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_movements_and_lay_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_of_Nichiren's_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_of_Nichiren's_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Translations of Nichiren's writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_of_Nichiren's_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Recent scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_works,_late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_works,_late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 English-language works, late 19th and early 20th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language_works,_late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Japanese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nichiren Buddhism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme_Nichiren" title="Budisme Nichiren – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Budisme Nichiren" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%8Direnova_%C5%A1kola" title="Ničirenova škola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ničirenova škola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren-Buddhismus" title="Nichiren-Buddhismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nichiren-Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_nichiren" title="Budismo nichiren – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Budismo nichiren" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86" title="بوداگرایی نیچیرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوداگرایی نیچیرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme_de_Nichiren" title="Bouddhisme de Nichiren – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme de Nichiren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_Nichiren" title="Buddhisme Nichiren – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme Nichiren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_Nichiren" title="Buddismo Nichiren – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo Nichiren" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9F_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D)" title="ניצ'ירן (בודהיזם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניצ'ירן (בודהיזם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Нитирэн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нитирэн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%8Diren" title="Ničiren – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ničiren" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicsiren_buddhizmus" title="Nicsiren buddhizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nicsiren buddhizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="निचिरेन बौद्ध धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निचिरेन बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren-boeddhisme" title="Nichiren-boeddhisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nichiren-boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichirenbuddhisme" title="Nichirenbuddhisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nichirenbuddhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_de_Nitiren" title="Budismo de Nitiren – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Budismo de Nitiren" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_(budism)" title="Nichiren (budism) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nichiren (budism)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC)" title="Нитирэн (буддизм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нитирэн (буддизм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren-buddhalaisuus" title="Nichiren-buddhalaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nichiren-buddhalaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren-buddhism" title="Nichiren-buddhism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nichiren-buddhism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="นิจิเร็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิจิเร็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A7iren_Budizmi" title="Niçiren Budizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Niçiren Budizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%8E" title="Нітірен-сю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нітірен-сю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o_Nichiren" title="Phật giáo Nichiren – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phật giáo Nichiren" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q871371#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of Mahayana Buddhism</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nichiren_statue_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nichiren_statue_Japan.jpg/220px-Nichiren_statue_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nichiren_statue_Japan.jpg/330px-Nichiren_statue_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Nichiren_statue_Japan.jpg/440px-Nichiren_statue_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A bronze garden statue of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren Daishonin</a> in the Honnoji Temple of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shu">Nichiren Shu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Teramachi_Street" title="Teramachi Street">Teramachi Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto, Japan">Kyoto, Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugawara_Mitsushige_Lotus_Sutra,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sugawara_Mitsushige_Lotus_Sutra%2C_01.jpg/220px-Sugawara_Mitsushige_Lotus_Sutra%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sugawara_Mitsushige_Lotus_Sutra%2C_01.jpg/330px-Sugawara_Mitsushige_Lotus_Sutra%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sugawara_Mitsushige_Lotus_Sutra%2C_01.jpg/440px-Sugawara_Mitsushige_Lotus_Sutra%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>An illustrated image of the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Sūtra">Lotus Sūtra</a>, which is highly revered in Nichiren Buddhism. From the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1257. Ink, color, and gold leaf on paper.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/200px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/300px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/400px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyasiddhi">Jōjitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosso">Hosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanron">Sanron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusha-shū (Buddhism)">Kusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States#Zen" title="Buddhism in the United States">Zen in the US</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dben" title="Rōben">Rōben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8De" title="Myōe">Myōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkei_(monk)" title="Jōkei (monk)">Jōkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enni" title="Enni">Enni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishan_Yining" title="Yishan Yining">Issan Ichinei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku" title="Hasegawa Tōhaku">Hasegawa Tōhaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anrakuan_Sakuden" title="Anrakuan Sakuden">Sakuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkai" title="Tenkai">Tenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensh%C5%8D_Murakami" title="Senshō Murakami">Murakami Senshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Nishida Kitarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Shaku Sōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Suzuki Shunryū</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art_in_Japan" title="Buddhist art in Japan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">Honji suijaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongen" title="Gongen">Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nenbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Daimoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D" title="Kaichō">Kaichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjin" title="Kanjin">Kanjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senjafuda" title="Senjafuda">Senjafuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">Gozan Bungaku</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Japanese Buddhism">Glossary of Japanese Buddhism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mahayana" title="Category:Mahayana">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna"><img alt="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/150px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/225px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/300px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="576" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Mind of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Skillful Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Transcendent Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Transcendent Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81#Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara#The_doctrine_of_Vijñapti-mātra" title="Yogachara">Consciousness-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Three vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)#Apratiṣṭhita_nirvāna" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Non-abiding Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">Bodhisattva stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Luminous mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dharani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Turnings_of_the_Wheel_of_Dharma" title="Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma">Three Turnings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Dev%C4%AB" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devī">Prajñāpāramitā Devī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">Wrathful deities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasamnipata_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamnipata Sutra">Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti-nirdesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimalakirti-nirdesa">Vimalakirtinirdeśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Key_Mahayana_sources" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra" title="Samadhiraja Sutra">Samādhirāja Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhinirmocana_Sutra" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra">Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanavy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ghanavyūha Sūtra">Ghanavyūha sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gataguhyaka_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra">Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism#Mahāyāna_schools" title="Schools of Buddhism">Major schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Fa Gu Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Ashvaghosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiramati" title="Sthiramati">Sthiramati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāvaviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Candrakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shāntideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Shāntarakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wohnyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karanandana" title="Śaṅkaranandana">Śaṅkaranandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%ABpa" title="Virūpa">Virūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayākaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Nāropā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Regional traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">West</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Template:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nichiren Buddhism (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 日蓮仏教), also known as Hokkeshū (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 法華宗, meaning Lotus Sect), is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> based on the teachings of the 13th-century Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist priest">Buddhist priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> (1222–1282) and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> schools.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 239 <a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Its teachings derive from some 300–400 extant letters and treatises either authored by or attributed to Nichiren.<a href="#cite_note-Iida_1987-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arai_1893-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Nichiren Buddhism generally sources its basic doctrine from the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> claiming that all sentient beings possess an internal <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> capable of attaining <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> in the current life. There are three essential aspects to Nichiren Buddhism: <ol><li>The faith in Nichiren's <a href="/wiki/Gohonzon" title="Gohonzon">Gohonzon</a></li> <li>The chanting of <a href="/wiki/Nam_Myoho_Renge_Kyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Myoho Renge Kyo">Nam Myoho Renge Kyo</a> with varying recitations of the Lotus Sutra</li> <li>The study of Nichiren's scriptural writings, called Gosho<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellwood&Csikszentmihalyi_2003-7">[7]</a>: 225 </li></ol> After his death, Nichiren left to both his senior disciples and lay followers the mandate to widely propagate the Gohonzon and chanting the <a href="/wiki/Daimoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimoku">Daimoku</a> in order to secure the peace and prosperity of society.<a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 99  Traditionalist Nichiren Buddhist temple groups are commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Nichiren-sh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren-shū">Nichiren-shū</a> schools. In addition, modern lay organizations not affiliated with temples such as <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenshokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenshokai">Kenshokai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoshinkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshinkai">Shoshinkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honmon_Butsury%C5%AB-sh%C5%AB" title="Honmon Butsuryū-shū">Honmon Butsuryū-shū</a> also exist while some <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a> are Nichiren-inspired lay groups.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">Soka Gakkai International</a> is often called "the most prominent Japanese 'export' religion to draw significant numbers of non-Japanese converts", by which Nichiren Buddhism has spread throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Nichiren upheld the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> alone contains the highest degree of Buddhist teachings and proposed a classification system that ranks the quality of religions<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>: 128  and various Nichiren schools can be either accommodating or vigorously opposed to any other forms of Buddhism or religious beliefs. Various followers debate Nichiren status, as a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas_of_the_Earth" title="Bodhisattvas of the Earth">Bodhisattva</a>, a mortal saint, or an "Original Buddha" of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">third age of Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellwood&Csikszentmihalyi_2003-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornille_1998-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Nichiren Buddhism is practiced in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The largest groups are <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">Soka Gakkai International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shu">Nichiren Shu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_teachings">Basic teachings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic teachings">edit</a>]</div> Nichiren's teachings encompass a significant number of concepts. Briefly, the basic practice of Nichiren Buddhism is chanting the invocation <a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Nam-myoho-renge-kyo</a> to an object called the <a href="/wiki/Gohonzon" title="Gohonzon">Gohonzon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Embracing Nam-myoho-renge-kyo entails both chanting and having the mind of faith. (shinjin).<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 270  It has three pillars namely: faith, practice and study. Both the invocation and the Gohonzon, as taught by Nichiren, embody the title and essence of the Lotus Sutra,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> which he taught as the only valid scripture for the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day of the Law">Latter Day of the Law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> as well as the life state of Buddhahood inherent in all life.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Nichiren considered that in the Latter Day of the Law – a time of human strife and confusion, when Buddhism would be in decline – Buddhism had to be more than the theoretical or <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditative</a> practice it had become, but was meant to be practiced "with the body", that is, in one's actions and the consequent results that are manifested.<a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 25  More important than the formality of ritual, he claimed, was the substance of the practitioner's life<a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 107  in which the spiritual and material aspects are interrelated.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He considered conditions in the world to be a reflection of the conditions of the inner lives of people; the premise of his first major remonstrance, Rissho Ankoku Ron (Establishing The Correct Teaching for the Peace of The Land), is that if a nation abandons heretical forms of Buddhism and adopts <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">faith</a> in the Lotus Sutra, the nation will know peace and security. He considered his disciples the "<a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas_of_the_Earth" title="Bodhisattvas of the Earth">Bodhisattvas of the Earth</a>" who appeared in the Lotus Sutra with the vow to spread the correct teaching and thereby establish a peaceful and just society.<a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 22–23  For Nichiren, enlightenment is not limited to one's inner life, but is "something that called for actualization in endeavors toward the transformation of the land, toward the realization of an ideal society."<a href="#cite_note-Sato1999-24">[24]</a>: 313–320  The specific task to be pursued by Nichiren's disciples was the widespread propagation of his teachings (the invocation and the Gohonzon) in a way that would effect actual change in the world's societies<a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 47  so that the sanctuary, or seat, of Buddhism could be built.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Nichiren saw this sanctuary as a specific seat of his Buddhism, but there is thought that he also meant it in a more general sense, that is, wherever his Buddhism would be practiced.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 111  This sanctuary, along with the invocation and Gohonzon, comprise "<a href="/wiki/Three_Great_Secret_Laws" title="Three Great Secret Laws">the three great secret laws (or dharmas)</a>" found in the Lotus Sutra.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nichiren">Nichiren</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nichiren">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nichiren_and_his_time">Nichiren and his time</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nichiren and his time">edit</a>]</div> Nichiren Buddhism originated in 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> Japan. It is one of six new forms of Shin Bukkyo (English: "New Buddhism") of <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period#Flourishing_of_Buddhism" title="Kamakura period">"Kamakura Buddhism."</a><a href="#cite_note-Payne_1998-28">[28]</a> The arrival of these new schools was a response to the social and political upheaval in Japan during this time as power passed from the nobility to a <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shogunate</a> military dictatorship led by the <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto clan</a> and later to the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō clan</a>. A prevailing pessimism existed associated with the perceived arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Age_of_the_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Age of the Dharma">Age of the Latter Day of the Law</a>. The era was marked by an intertwining relationship between Buddhist schools and the state which included clerical corruption.<a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 1–5  By Nichiren's time the Lotus Sūtra was firmly established in Japan. From the ninth century, Japanese rulers decreed that the Lotus Sūtra be recited in temples for its "nation-saving" qualities. It was the most frequently read and recited sutra by the literate lay class and its message was disseminated widely through art, folk tales, music, and theater. It was commonly held that it had powers to bestow spiritual and worldly benefits to individuals.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> However, even <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> Lotus Sutra devotion, had come to adopt an <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">eclectic</a> assortment of esoteric rituals and Pure Land practices as "<a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">expedient means</a>" to understand the sutra itself.<a href="#cite_note-Lopez2016-32">[32]</a>: 79 <a href="#cite_note-Stone1999d-33">[33]</a>: 385  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_during_Nichiren's_life">Development during Nichiren's life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development during Nichiren's life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></div> Nichiren developed his thinking in this midst of confusing Lotus Sutra practices and a competing array of other "Old Buddhism" and "New Buddhism" schools.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>: 544–574  The biographical development of his thinking is sourced almost entirely from his extant writings as there is no documentation about him in the public records of his times. Modern scholarship on Nichiren's life tries to provide sophisticated textual and sociohistorical analyses to cull longstanding myths about Nichiren that accrued over time from what is actually concretized.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999c-35">[35]</a>: 441–442 <a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowring2005-37">[37]</a>: 334  It is clear that from an early point in his studies Nichiren came to focus on the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> as the culmination and central message of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a>. As his life unfolded he engaged in a "circular <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutic</a>" in which the interplay of the Lotus Sutra text and his personal experiences verified and enriched each other in his mind.<a href="#cite_note-Habito2009-38">[38]</a>: 198  As a result, there are significant turning points as his teachings reach full maturity.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 239–299  Scholar Yoshirō Tamura categorizes the development of Nichiren's thinking into three periods: <ul><li>An early period extending up to Nichiren's submission of the "Risshō Ankoku Ron" ("Establishment of the Legitimate Teaching for the Protection of the Country") to <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokiyori" title="Hōjō Tokiyori">Hōjō Tokiyori</a> in 1260;</li> <li>A middle period bookmarked by his first exile (to <a href="/wiki/Izu_Peninsula" title="Izu Peninsula">Izu Peninsula</a>, 1261) and his release from his second exile (to <a href="/wiki/Sado_Island" title="Sado Island">Sado Island</a>, 1273);</li> <li>A final period (1274–1282) in which Nichiren lived in <a href="/wiki/Minobu,_Yamanashi" title="Minobu, Yamanashi">Mount Minobu</a> directing his movement from afar.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999c-35">[35]</a>: 448–449 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_stage:_From_initial_studies_to_1260">Early stage: From initial studies to 1260</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early stage: From initial studies to 1260">edit</a>]</div> For more than 20 years <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> examined Buddhist texts and commentaries at Mount Hiei's <a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a> temple and other major centers of Buddhist study in Japan. In later writings he claimed he was motivated by four primary questions: (1) What were the essentials of the competing Buddhist sects so they could be ranked according to their merits and flaws?<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999c-35">[35]</a>: 451  (2) Which of the many Buddhist scriptures that had reached Japan represented the essence of Shakyamuni's teaching?<a href="#cite_note-Habito2009-38">[38]</a>: 190  (3) How could he be assured of the certainty of his own enlightenment? (4) Why was the Imperial house defeated by the Kamakura regime in 1221 despite the prayers and rituals of Tendai and Shingon priests?<a href="#cite_note-Kitagawa2010-39">[39]</a>: 119  He eventually concluded that the highest teachings of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 563 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 483 BC) were to be found in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>. Throughout his career Nichiren carried his personal copy of the Lotus Sutra which he continually annotated.<a href="#cite_note-Habito2009-38">[38]</a>: 193  The <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> he expounded on 28 April 1253, known as the Daimoku or Odaimoku, <a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō</a>, expresses his devotion to the Lotus Sutra.<a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 34 <a href="#cite_note-Stone1999c-35">[35]</a>: 451  From this early stage of his career, Nichiren started to engage in fierce polemics criticizing the teachings of Buddhism taught by the other sects of his day, a practice that continued and expanded throughout his life. Although Nichiren accepted the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> theoretical constructs of "original enlightenment" (hongaku shisō) and "attaining Buddhahood in one's present form" (sokushin jobutsu) he drew a distinction, insisting both concepts should be seen as practical and realizable amidst the concrete realities of daily life. He took issue with other Buddhist schools of his time that stressed <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a> over <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a>. Nichiren's emphasis on "self-power" (Jpn. ji-riki) led him to harshly criticize Honen and his <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> school because of its exclusive reliance on Amida Buddha for salvation which resulted in "other-dependence." (Jpn. ta-riki)<a href="#cite_note-See2014-40">[40]</a>: 39 <a href="#cite_note-Stone2013-41">[41]</a> In addition to his critique of Pure Land Buddhism, he later expanded his polemics to criticisms of the <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a> sects. These four critiques were later collectively referred to as his "four dictums."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Later in his writings, Nichiren referred to his early exegeses of the Pure Land teachings as just the starting point for his polemics against the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_esoteric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese esoteric Buddhism">esoteric teachings</a>, which he had deemed as a far more significant matter of concern.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2013-41">[41]</a>: 127  Adding to his criticisms of esoteric <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a>, Nichiren wrote detailed condemnations about the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school which had abandoned its Lotus Sutra-exclusiveness and incorporated esoteric doctrines and rituals as well as faith in the <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriological</a> power of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yampolsky1990-43">[43]</a>: 3–4  The target of his tactics expanded during the early part of his career. Between 1253 and 1259 he proselytized and converted individuals, mainly attracting mid- to lower-ranking samurai and local landholders<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999c-35">[35]</a>: 445  and debated resident priests in Pure Land temples. In 1260, however, he attempted to directly reform society as a whole by submitting a treatise entitled "Risshō Ankoku Ron" ("Establishment of the Legitimate Teaching for the Protection of the Country") to <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokiyori" title="Hōjō Tokiyori">Hōjō Tokiyori</a>, the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> leader of the nation. In it he cites passages from the <a href="/wiki/Humane_King_Sutra" title="Humane King Sutra">Ninnō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Yakushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahasamnipata_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamnipata Sutra">Daijuku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Konkōmyō</a> sutras. Drawing on Tendai thinking about the non duality of person and land, Nichiren argued that the truth and efficacy of the people's religious practice will be expressed in the outer conditions of their land and society. He thereby associated the natural disasters of his age with the nation's attachment to inferior teachings, predicted foreign invasion and internal rebellion, and called for the return to legitimate dharma to protect the country.<a href="#cite_note-Yampolsky1990-43">[43]</a>: 6–7, 12 <a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Although the role of Buddhism in "nation-protection" (chingo kokka) was well-established in Japan at this time, in this thesis Nichiren explicitly held the leadership of the country directly responsible for the safety of the land.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 250–251  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_stage:_1261–1273">Middle stage: 1261–1273</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle stage: 1261–1273">edit</a>]</div> During the middle stage of his career, in refuting other religious schools publicly and vociferously, Nichiren provoked the ire of the country's rulers and of the priests of the sects he criticized. As a result, he was subjected to persecution which included two assassination attempts, an attempted beheading and two exiles.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> His first exile, to <a href="/wiki/Izu_Peninsula" title="Izu Peninsula">Izu Peninsula</a> (1261–1263), convinced Nichiren that he was "bodily reading the Lotus Sutra (Jpn. Hokke shikidoku)," fulfilling the predictions on the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra#Outline" title="Lotus Sutra">13th chapter</a> (Fortitude) that votaries would be persecuted by ignorant lay people, influential priests, and their friends in high places.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 252 <a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Nichiren began to argue that through "bodily reading the Lotus Sutra," rather than just studying its text for literal meaning, a country and its people could be protected.<a href="#cite_note-Habito2009-38">[38]</a>: 190–192  According to Habito, Nichiren argued that bodily reading the Lotus Sutra entails four aspects: <dl><dd><li> The awareness of Śākyamuni Buddha's living presence. "Bodily reading the Lotus Sutra" is equivalent to entering the very presence of the Buddha in an immediate, experiential, and face-to-face way, he claimed. Here Nichiren is referring to the primordial buddha revealed in Chapter 16 ("Life Span of the Thus Come One") who eternally appears and engages in human events in order to save living beings from their state of unhappiness.<a href="#cite_note-Habito2009-38">[38]</a>: 191–192, 201 </li></dd> <dd><li>One contains all. Nichiren further developed the <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Tiantai</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Ten_realms#three_thousand_realms_in_a_single_moment" title="Ten realms">"three thousand realms in a single thought-moment"</a>. Every thought, word, or deed contains within itself the whole of the three thousand realms; reading even one word of the sūtra therefore includes the teachings and merits of all buddhas. Chanting Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō, according to Nichiren, is the concrete means by which the principle of the three thousand realms in a single thought-moment is activated and assures the attainment of enlightenment as well as receiving various kinds of worldly benefit.<a href="#cite_note-Habito2009-38">[38]</a>: 190, 192, 201 </li></dd> <dd><li>The here and now. Nichiren held that the bodily reading of the sūtra must be applicable to time, place, and contemporary events. Nichiren was acutely aware of the social and political turmoil of his country and spiritual confusion of people in the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_of_the_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day of the Law">Latter Day of the Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Habito2009-38">[38]</a>: 193, 201 </li></dd> <dd><li>Utmost seriousness. True practitioners must go beyond mental or verbal practices and actively speak up against and oppose prevailing thoughts and philosophies that denigrate the message of the Lotus Sutra. Nichiren set the example and was willing to lay down his life for its propagation and realization.<a href="#cite_note-Habito2009-38">[38]</a>: 201 </li></dd></dl> His three-year exile to <a href="/wiki/Sado,_Niigata" title="Sado, Niigata">Sado Island</a> proved to be another key turning point in Nichiren's life. Here he began inscribing the Gohonzon and wrote several major theses in which he claimed that he was <a href="/wiki/Visistacaritra" class="mw-redirect" title="Visistacaritra">Bodhisattva Superior Practices</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas_of_the_Earth" title="Bodhisattvas of the Earth">Bodhisattvas of the Earth</a>. He concludes his work The Opening of the Eyes with the declaration "I will be the pillar of Japan; I will be the eyes of Japan; I will be the vessel of Japan. Inviolable shall remain these vows!"<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> His thinking now went beyond theories of karmic retribution or guarantees of the Lotus Sutra as a protective force. Rather, he expressed a resolve to fulfill his mission despite the consequences.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 259  All of his disciples, he asserted, should emulate his spirit and work just like him in helping all people open their innate Buddha lives even though this means entails encountering enormous challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Anesaki1916-8">[8]</a>: 75  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_stage:_1274–1282">Final stage: 1274–1282</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Final stage: 1274–1282">edit</a>]</div> Nichiren's teachings reached their full maturity between the years 1274 and 1282 while he resided in primitive settings at Mount <a href="/wiki/Minobu,_Yamanashi" title="Minobu, Yamanashi">Minobu</a> located in today's <a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture" title="Yamanashi Prefecture">Yamanashi Prefecture</a>. During this time he devoted himself to training disciples,<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 261  produced most of the Gohonzon which he sent to followers,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>: 377  and authored works constituting half of his extant writings<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 191 <a href="#cite_note-Christensen2001-50">[50]</a>: 115  including six treatises that were categorized by his follower Nikkō as among his ten most important.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1278 the "Atsuhara Affair" ("Atsuhara Persecution") occurred, culminating three years later.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2014-52">[52]</a>: 153 <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In the prior stage of his career, between 1261 and 1273, Nichiren endured and overcame numerous trials that were directed at him personally including assassination attempts, an attempted execution, and two exiles, thereby "bodily reading the Lotus Sutra" (shikidoku 色読). In so doing, according to him, he validated the 13th ("Fortitude") chapter of the Lotus Sutra in which a host of bodhisattvas promise to face numerous trials that follow in the wake of upholding and spreading the sutra in the evil age following the death of the Buddha: slander and abuse; attack by swords and staves; enmity from kings, ministers, and respected monks; and repeated banishment.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2014-52">[52]</a>: 154  On two occasions, however, the persecution was aimed at his followers. First, in 1271, in conjunction with the arrest and attempted execution of Nichiren and his subsequent exile to Sado, many of his disciples were arrested, banished, or had lands confiscated by the government. At that time, Nichiren stated, most recanted their faith in order to escape the government's actions. In contrast, during the Atsuhara episode twenty lay peasant-farmer followers were arrested on questionable charges and tortured; three were ultimately executed. This time none recanted their faith.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2014-52">[52]</a>: 155–156  Some of his prominent followers in other parts of the country were also being persecuted but maintained their faith as well.<a href="#cite_note-Christensen2001-50">[50]</a>: 117  Although Nichiren was situated in Minobu, far from the scene of the persecution, the <a href="/wiki/Fuji,_Shizuoka" title="Fuji, Shizuoka">Fuji district</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka Prefecture</a>, Nichiren held his community together in the face of significant oppression through a sophisticated display of legal and rhetorical responses. He also drew on a wide array of support from the network of leading monks and lay disciples he had raised, some of whom were also experiencing persecution at the hands of the government.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2014-52">[52]</a>: 165, 172  Throughout the events he wrote many letters to his disciples in which he gave context to the unfolding events by asserting that severe trials have deep significance. According to Stone, "By standing firm under interrogation, the Atsuhara peasants had proved their faith in Nichiren's eyes, graduating in his estimation from 'ignorant people' to devotees meriting equally with himself the name of 'practitioners of the Lotus Sutra.'"<a href="#cite_note-Stone2014-52">[52]</a>: 166, 168–169  During this time Nichiren inscribed 114 mandalas that are extant today, 49 of which have been identified as being inscribed for individual lay followers and which may have served to deepen the bond between teacher and disciple. In addition, a few very large mandalas were inscribed, apparently intended for use at gathering places, suggesting the existence of some type of <a href="/wiki/Conventicle" title="Conventicle">conventicle</a> structure.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999c-35">[35]</a>: 446  The Atsuhara Affair also gave Nichiren the opportunity to better define what was to become Nichiren Buddhism. He stressed that meeting great trials was a part of the practice of the Lotus Sutra; the great persecutions of Atsuhara were not results of karmic retribution but were the historical unfolding of the Buddhist Dharma. The vague "single good of the true vehicle" which he advocated in the Risshō ankoku ron now took final form as chanting the Lotus Sutra's daimoku or title which he described as the heart of the "origin teaching" (honmon 本門) of the Lotus Sutra. This, he now claimed, lay hidden in the depths of the 16th ("The Life Span of the Tathāgata") chapter, never before being revealed, but intended by the Buddha solely for the beginning of the Final Dharma Age.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2014-52">[52]</a>: 175–176, 186  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nichiren's_writings">Nichiren's writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nichiren's writings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nichiren#Writings" title="Nichiren">Nichiren § Writings</a></div> A prolific writer, Nichiren's personal communiques among his followers as well as numerous treatises detail his view of the correct form of practice for the Latter Day of the Law (<a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">mappō</a>); lay out his views on other Buddhist schools, particularly those of influence during his lifetime; and elucidate his interpretations of Buddhist teachings that preceded his. These writings are collectively known as Gosho (御書) or Nichiren ibun (日蓮遺文).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mori2003-55">[55]</a> Out of 162 historically identified followers of Nichiren, 47 were women. Many of his writings were to women followers in which he displays strong empathy for their struggles, and continually stressed the Lotus Sutra's teaching that all people, men and women equally, can become enlightened just as they are. His voice is sensitive and kind which differs from the strident picture painted about him by critics.<a href="#cite_note-Matsunaga1988-56">[56]</a>: 165 <a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>: 141 <a href="#cite_note-Mori2003-55">[55]</a>: 280–281  Which of these writings, including the Ongi Kuden (orally transmitted teachings), are deemed authentic or <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> is a matter of debate within the various schools of today's Nichiren Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> His Rissho Ankoku Ron, preserved at Shochuzan <a href="/wiki/Hokeky%C5%8D-ji_(Ichikawa)" title="Hokekyō-ji (Ichikawa)">Hokekyo-ji</a>, is one of the <a href="/wiki/National_Treasures_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasures of Japan">National Treasures of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Nichiren_development_in_Japan">Post-Nichiren development in Japan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-Nichiren development in Japan">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_Medieval_Japan">Development in Medieval Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development in Medieval Japan">edit</a>]</div> After Nichiren's death in 1282 the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> weakened largely due to financial and political stresses resulting from defending the country from the Mongols. It was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a> (1336–1573), which in turn was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a> (1573–1600), and then the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> (1600–1868). During these time periods, collectively comprising Japan's medieval history, Nichiren Buddhism experienced considerable fracturing, growth, turbulence and decline. A prevailing characteristic of the movement in medieval Japan was its lack of understanding of Nichiren's own spiritual realization. Serious commentaries about Nichiren's theology did not appear for almost two hundred years. This contributed to divisive doctrinal confrontations that were often superficial and dogmatic.<a href="#cite_note-Matsunaga1988-56">[56]</a>: 174  This long history of foundings, divisions, and mergers have led to today's 37 legally incorporated Nichiren Buddhist groups.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2005-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>: 312  In the modern period, Nichiren Buddhism experienced a revival, largely initiated by lay people and lay movements.<a href="#cite_note-Kitagawa2010-39">[39]</a>: 93–95, 122 <a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>: 251 <a href="#cite_note-Hardacre1984-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_major_lineages">Development of the major lineages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development of the major lineages">edit</a>]</div> Several denominations comprise the umbrella term "Nichiren Buddhism" which was known at the time as the Hokkeshū (Lotus School) or Nichirenshū (Nichiren School).<a href="#cite_note-Bowring2005-37">[37]</a>: 383 <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>: 166  The splintering of Nichiren's teachings into different schools began several years after Nichiren's passing. Despite their differences, however, the Nichiren groups shared commonalities: asserting the primacy of the Lotus Sutra, tracing Nichiren as their founder, centering religious practice on chanting Namu-myoho-renge-kyo, using the Gohonzon in meditative practice, insisting on the need for propagation, and participating in remonstrations with the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Bowring2005-37">[37]</a>: 398  The movement was supported financially by local warlords or stewards (jitõ) who often founded tightly organized clan temples (ujidera) that were frequently led by sons who became priests.<a href="#cite_note-Matsunaga1988-56">[56]</a>: 169  Most Nichiren schools point to the founding date of their respective head or main temple (for example, <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shū">Nichiren Shū</a> the year 1281, <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a> the year 1288, and <a href="/wiki/Kempon_Hokke" title="Kempon Hokke">Kempon Hokke Shu</a> the year 1384) although they did not legally incorporate as religious bodies until the late 19th and early 20th century. A last wave of temple mergers took place in the 1950s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The roots of this splintering can be traced to the organization of the Nichiren community during his life. In 1282, one year before his death, Nichiren named "six senior priests" (rokurōsō) disciple to lead his community: <a href="/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_Shonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikkō Shonin">Nikkō Shonin</a> (日興), <a href="/wiki/Nissh%C5%8D" title="Nisshō">Nisshō</a> (日昭), <a href="/wiki/Nichir%C5%8D" title="Nichirō">Nichirō</a> (日朗), <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%8D" title="Nikō">Nikō</a> (日向), <a href="/wiki/Nitch%C5%8D" title="Nitchō">Nitchō</a> (日頂), and <a href="/wiki/Nichiji" title="Nichiji">Nichiji</a> (日持). Each had led communities of followers in different parts of the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kanto</a> region of Japan and these groups, after Nichiren's death, ultimately morphed into lineages of schools.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 303  <a href="/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_Shonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikkō Shonin">Nikkō Shonin</a>, Nichirō, and Nisshō were the core of the Minobu (also known as the Nikō or Kuon-ji) monryu or school. Nikō became the second chief abbot of Minobu (Nichiren is considered by this school to be the first). Nichirō's direct lineage was called the Nichirō or Hikigayatsu monryu. Nisshō's lineage became the Nisshō or Hama monryu. Nitchō formed the Nakayama lineage but later returned to become a follower of Nikkō. Nichiji, originally another follower of Nikkō, eventually traveled to the Asian continent (ca. 1295) on a missionary journey and some scholarship suggests he reached northern China, Manchuria, and possibly Mongolia. <a href="/wiki/Kuon-ji" title="Kuon-ji">Kuon-ji</a> Temple in <a href="/wiki/Minobu,_Yamanashi" title="Minobu, Yamanashi">Mount Minobu</a> eventually became the head temple of today's <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shū">Nichiren Shū</a>, the largest branch among traditional schools, encompassing the schools and temples tracing their origins to Nikō, Nichirō, Nisshō, Nitchō, and Nichiji. The lay and/or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">new religious movements</a> <a href="/wiki/Reiy%C5%ABkai" title="Reiyūkai">Reiyūkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nipponzan-My%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dji-Daisanga" title="Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga">Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga</a> stem from this lineage.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 303 <a href="#cite_note-Fogel-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikkō (priest)">Nikkō</a> left <a href="/wiki/Kuon-ji" title="Kuon-ji">Kuon-ji</a> in 1289 and became the founder of what was to be called the Nikkō monryu or lineage. He founded a center at the foot of Mount Fuji which would later be known as the <a href="/wiki/Taisekiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisekiji">Taisekiji</a> temple of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 335–336  <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> is the largest independent lay organization that shares roots with this lineage.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>: 119–120  Fault lines between the various Nichiren groups crystallized over several issues: <dl><dd>Local gods. A deeply embedded and ritualized part of Japanese village life, Nichiren schools clashed over the practice of honoring local gods (<a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a>) by lay disciples of Nichiren. Some argued that this practice was a necessary accommodation. The group led by the monk Nikkō objected to such <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 335–336 </dd> <dd>Content of Lotus Sūtra. Some schools (called Itchi) argued that all chapters of the sūtra should be equally valued and others (called Shōretsu) claimed that the latter half was superior to the former half. (See below for more details.)</dd> <dd>Identity of Nichiren. Some of his later disciples identified him with <a href="/wiki/Visistacaritra" class="mw-redirect" title="Visistacaritra">Visistacaritra</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattvas_of_the_Earth" title="Bodhisattvas of the Earth">Bodhisattvas of the Earth</a> who were entrusted in Chapter Twenty-Two to propagate the Lotus Sūtra. The Nikkō group identified Nichiren as the <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">original and eternal Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 355 <a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>: 117–119 <a href="#cite_note-Lopez2016-32">[32]</a>: 102–104 </dd> <dd>Identification with Tiantai school. The Nisshō group began to identify itself as a <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> school, having no objections to its esoteric practices, perhaps as an expedient means to avoid persecution from Tiantai, Pure Land, and Shingon followers. This deepened the rift with Nikkō.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>: 141 </dd> <dd>The Three Gems. All schools of Buddhism speak of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">The Three Gems</a> (the Buddha, the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>) but define it differently. Over the centuries the Nichiren schools have come to understand it differently as well. The Minobu school has come to identify the Buddha as Shakyamuni whereas the Nikkō school identifies it as Nichiren. For Minobu the Dharma is Namu-myoho-renge-kyo, the Nikkō school identifies it as the Namu-myoho-renge-kyo that is hidden in the 16th "Lifespan" Chapter of the Lotus Sutra (the Gohonzon). Currently, <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shoshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shoshu">Nichiren Shoshu</a> claims this specifically refers to the <a href="/wiki/Dai_Gohonzon" title="Dai Gohonzon">Dai Gohonzon</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> holds it represents all Gohonzon. The Sangha, sometimes translated as "the priest", is also interpreted differently. Minobu defines it as Nichiren; Nichiren Shoshu as Nikkō representing its priesthood; and the Soka Gakkai as Nikkō representing the harmonious community of practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>: 120–123, 132 <a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>: 106 <a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>: 71 <a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>: 582–583 </dd></dl> The cleavage between Nichiren groups has also been classified by the so-called Itchi (meaning unity or harmony) and Shoretsu (a contraction of two words meaning superior/inferior) lineages.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 304–366  <ul><li>The Itchi lineage today comprises most of the traditional schools within Nichiren Buddhism, of which the <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shū">Nichiren Shū</a> is the biggest representative, although it also includes some Nikkō temples. In this lineage the whole of the Lotus Sutra, both the so-called theoretical (shakumon or "Imprinted Gate") and essential (honmon or "Original Gate") chapters, are venerated.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>: 192  While great attention is given to the 2nd and 16th chapter of the Lotus Sutra, other parts of the sutra are recited.</li> <li>The Shoretsu lineage comprises most temples and lay groups following the Nikkō monryu. The Shoretsu group values the supremacy of the essential over the theoretical part of the Lotus Sutra. Therefore, solely the 2nd and 16th chapters of the Lotus Sutra are recited.<a href="#cite_note-philtar1-80">[80]</a> There are additional subdivisions in the Shoretsu group which splintered over whether the entire second half was of equal importance, the eight chapters of the second half when the assembly participates in "The Ceremony of the Air," or specifically Chapter Sixteen (Lifespan of the Tathāgata).<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 304–366 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin_of_the_Fuji_School">Origin of the Fuji School</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Origin of the Fuji School">edit</a>]</div> Although there were rivalries and unique interpretations among the early Hokkeshũ lineages, none were as deep and distinct as the divide between the Nikkō or Fuji school and the rest of the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 334  Animosity and discord among the six senior disciples started after the second death anniversary of Nichiren's 100th Day Memorial ceremony (23 January 1283) when the rotation system as agreed upon the "Shuso Gosenge Kiroku" (English: Record document of founder's demise) and Rimbo Cho (English: Rotation Wheel System) to clean and maintain Nichiren's grave.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the third anniversary of Nichiren's passing (13 October 1284), these arrangements seemed to have broken down. Nikkō claimed that the other five senior priests no longer returned to Nichiren's tomb in Mount Minobu, citing signs of neglect at the gravesite. He took up residency and overall responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Kuonji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuonji">Kuonji</a> temple while Nikō served as its doctrinal instructor. Before long tensions grew between the two concerning the behavior of Hakii Nanbu Rokurō Sanenaga, the steward of the Minobu district and the temple's patron.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 335  Nikkō accused Sanenaga of unorthodox practices deemed to be <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> such as crafting a standing statue of <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> as an object of worship, providing funding for the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> in Fuji, and visiting and worshiping at the <a href="/wiki/Mishima_Taisha" title="Mishima Taisha">Mishima Taisha</a> Shinto shrine which was an honorary shrine of the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō clan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">shogunate</a>. Nikkō regarded the latter as a violation of Nichiren's Rissho ankoku ron.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 335  In addition, Nikkō made accusatory charges that after Nichiren's death, other disciples slowly began to gradually deviate from what Nikkō viewed as Nichiren's orthodox teachings. Chief among these complaints was the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> practices of some of the disciples to worship images of <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a>. Nikkō admonished other disciple priests for signing their names "Tendai Shamon" (of the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> Buddhist school) in documents they sent to the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a> government. Furthermore, Nikkō alleged that the other disciples disregarded some of Nichiren's writings written in <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a> rather than in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> syllabary.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sanenaga defended his actions, claiming that it was customary for his political family to provide monetary donations and make homage to the Shinto shrine of the Kamakura shogunate. Nikō tolerated Sanenaga's acts, claiming that similar incidents occurred previously with the knowledge of Nichiren. Sanenaga sided with Nikō and Nikkō departed in 1289 from Minobu. He returned to his home in <a href="/wiki/Suruga_Province" title="Suruga Province">Suruga Province</a> and established two temples: <a href="/wiki/Taiseki-ji" title="Taiseki-ji">Taiseki-ji</a> in the Fuji district and <a href="/wiki/Ikegami_Honmon-ji" title="Ikegami Honmon-ji">Honmonji</a> in Omosu district. He spent most of his life at the latter, where he trained his followers.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 335–336  According to Stone, it is not absolutely clear that Nikkō intended to completely break from the other senior disciples and start his own school. However, his followers claimed that he was the only one of the six senior disciples who maintained the purity of Nichiren's legacy. Two documents appeared, first mentioned and discovered by Taiseki-ji High Priest Nikkyo Shonin in 1488, claiming Nichiren transferred his teaching exclusively to Nikkō but their authenticity has been questioned. Taiseki-ji does not dispute that the original documents are missing but holds that certified copies are preserved in their repositories. In contrast, other Nichiren sects vehemently claim them as forgeries since they are not in the original handwriting of Nichiren or Nikkō, holding they were copied down by Nikkō's disciples after his death."<a href="#cite_note-Montgomery1991-81">[81]</a>: 169 <a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 336  In addition to using the letters to defend its claim to orthodoxy, the documents may have served to justify Taiseki-ji's claimed superiority over other Nikkō temples, especially <a href="/wiki/Ikegami_Honmon-ji" title="Ikegami Honmon-ji">Ikegami Honmon-ji</a>, the site of Nichiren's tomb. Even though there had been efforts by temples of the Nikkō lineage in the late 19th century to unify into one single separate Nichiren school the Kommon-ha, today's Nichiren Shōshū comprises only the Taiseki-ji temple and its dependent temples. It is not identical to the historical Nikkō or Fuji lineage. Parts of the Kommon-ha, the Honmon-Shu, eventually became part of Nichiren Shu in the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Shinshukyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinshukyo">Japanese new religious movements</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dka_Gakkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōka Gakkai">Sōka Gakkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dshinkai" title="Shōshinkai">Shōshinkai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8Dkai" title="Kenshōkai">Kenshōkai</a> trace their origins to the Nichiren Shōshū school and they all eventually branched from it.<a href="#cite_note-Chryssides_1999-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15th_century_through_the_early_19th_century">15th century through the early 19th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 15th century through the early 19th century">edit</a>]</div> In the early 14th century Hokkeshū followers spread the teachings westward and established congregations (Jpn. shū) into the imperial capital of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and as far as <a href="/wiki/Bizen_Province" title="Bizen Province">Bizen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitch%C5%AB_Province" title="Bitchū Province">Bitchu</a>. During this time there is documentation of face-to-face public debates between Hokkeshū and <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nembutsu</a> adherents.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>: 101  By the end of the century Hokkeshū temples had been founded all over <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, only being outnumbered by Zen temples. The demographic base of support in Kyoto were members of the merchant class (Jpn. machishū), some of whom had acquired great wealth. Tanabe hypothesizes they were drawn to this faith because of Nichiren's emphasis on the "third realm" (Jpn. daisan hōmon) of the Lotus Sutra, staked out in chapters 10–22, which emphasize practice in the mundane world.<a href="#cite_note-Tanabe1989-84">[84]</a>: 43–45, 50  In the 15th century, the political and social order began to collapse and Hokkeshū followers armed themselves. The <a href="/wiki/Hokke-ikki" title="Hokke-ikki">Hokke-ikki</a> was an uprising in 1532 of Hokke followers against the followers of the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> school in 1532. Initially successful it became the most powerful religious group in Kyoto but its fortunes were reversed in 1536 when Mt. Hiei armed forces destroyed twenty-one Hokkeshū temples and killed some 58,000 of its followers. In 1542 permission was granted by the government to rebuild the destroyed temples and the Hokke machishū played a crucial role in rebuilding the commerce, industry, and arts in Kyoto. Their influence in the arts and literature continued through the Momoyama (1568–1615) and Edo (1615–1868) periods and many of the most famous artists and literati were drawn from their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-Kitagawa2010-39">[39]</a>: 122 <a href="#cite_note-Tanabe1989-84">[84]</a>: 50  Although the various sects of Nichiren Buddhism were administratively independent, there is evidence of cooperation between them. For example, in 1466 the major Hokke temples in Kyoto signed the Kanshō-era accord (Kanshō meiyaku) to protect themselves against threats from Mt. Hiei.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 304 <a href="#cite_note-Montgomery1991-81">[81]</a>: 160  Despite strong sectarian differences, there is also evidence of interactions between Hokkeshū and Tendai scholar-monks.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1999a-1">[1]</a>: 352  During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, with the consolidation of power by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, increased pressure was placed major Buddhist schools and Nichiren temples to conform to governmental policies. Some Hokkeshū adherents, the followers of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Fuju-fuse" title="Fuju-fuse">Fuju-fuse</a> lineage, adamantly bucked this policy based on their readings of Nichiren's teachings to neither take (fuju) nor give (fuse) offerings from non-believers. Suppressed, adherents often held their meetings clandestinely which led to the <a href="/wiki/Fuju-fuse#The_persecution" title="Fuju-fuse">Fuju-fuse persecution</a> and numerous executions of believers in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>: 150  During this time of persecution, most likely to prevent young priests from adopting a passion for propagation, Nichiren seminaries emphasized Tendai studies with only a few top-ranking students permitted to study some of Nichiren's writings.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1994-86">[86]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> the majority of Hokkeshū temples were subsumed into the shogunate's <a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a>, an imposed nationwide parish system designed to ensure religious peace and root out Christianity. In this system Buddhist temples, in addition to their ceremonial duties, were forced to carry out state administrative functions. Thereby they became agents of the government and were prohibited to engage in any missionary activities.<a href="#cite_note-philtar1-80">[80]</a> Hokkeshū temples were now obligated, just like those of other Buddhist schools, to focus on funeral and memorial services (Sōshiki bukkyō) as their main activity.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>: 247  Stagnation was often the price for the protected status.<a href="#cite_note-Matsunaga1988-56">[56]</a>: 306  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century:_From_Tokugawa_to_Meiji_periods">19th century: From Tokugawa to Meiji periods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 19th century: From Tokugawa to Meiji periods">edit</a>]</div> Nichiren Buddhism was deeply influenced by the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Tokugawa</a> (1600–1868) to <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji</a> (1868–1912) periods in nineteenth-century Japan. The changeover from early modern (kinsei) to modern (kindai) was marked by the transformation of late-feudal institutions into modern ones as well as the political transition from shogunal to imperial rule and the economic shift from national isolation to integration in the world economy. This entailed creating a centralized state, stitching together some 260 feudal domains ruled by hereditary leaders (daimyō), and moving from a caste social system to a meritocracy based on educational achievement. Although commonly perceived as a singular event called the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the transition was full of twists and turns that began in the <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">later Tokugawa years</a> and continued decades after the 1867–1868 demise of the shogunate and launch of imperial rule.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>: 3–4, 14  By this time <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a> was often characterized by <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> in which local <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">nativistic</a> worship was incorporated into Buddhist practice. For example, Tendai, Shingon, Jodō, and Nichiren temples often had chapels within them dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari</a> Shinto worship.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>: 266  Within Nichiren Buddhism there was a phenomenon of Hokke Shintō (Lotus Shinto), closely influenced by <a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Shint%C5%8D" title="Yoshida Shintō">Yoshida Shintō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Anti-Buddhist sentiment had been building throughout the latter part of the Tokugawa period (1603–1868). Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Tominaga_Nakamoto" title="Tominaga Nakamoto">Tominaga Nakamoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirata_Atsutane" title="Hirata Atsutane">Hirata Atsutane</a> attacked the theoretical roots of Buddhism. Critics included promoters of Confucianism, nativism, Shinto-inspired Restorationists, and modernizers. Buddhism was critiqued as a needless drain on public resources and also as an insidious foreign influence that had obscured the indigenous Japanese spirit.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Under attack by two policies of the day, <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">shinbutsu bunri</a> (Separation of Shinto Deities and Buddhas) and <a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">haibutsu kishaku</a> (Eradication of Buddhism), Japanese Buddhism during the Tokugawa-to-Meiji transition proved to be a crisis of survival. The new government promoted policies that reduced the material resources available to Buddhist temples and downgraded their role in the religious, political, and social life of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Collcutt2014-93">[93]</a>: 143, 153–156  The policies of shibutsu bunri were implemented at the local level throughout Japan but were particularly intense in three domains that were the most active in the Restoration: Satsuma, Choshii, and Tosa. In Satsuma, for example, by 1872 all of its 1000+ Buddhist temples had been abolished, their monks laicized, and their landholdings confiscated. Throughout the country thousands of Buddhist temples and, at a minimum, tens of thousands of Buddhist sutras, paintings, statues, temple bells and other ritual objects were destroyed, stolen, lost, or sold during the early years of the restoration.<a href="#cite_note-Collcutt2014-93">[93]</a>: 157, 160  Starting in the second decade of the restoration, pushback against these policies came from Western powers interested in providing a safe harbor for Christianity and Buddhist leaders who proposed an alliance of Shinto and Buddhism to resist Christianity. As part of this accommodation, Buddhist priests were forced to promote key teachings of Shinto and provide support for national policies.<a href="#cite_note-Collcutt2014-93">[93]</a>: 98  Nichiren Buddhism, like the other Buddhist schools, struggled between accommodation and confrontation. The Nichiren scholar Udana-in Nichiki (1800–1859) argued for a policy of co-existence with other schools of Buddhism, Confucianism, Nativism, and European religions.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1994-86">[86]</a>: 246–247  His disciple Arai Nissatsu (1830–1888) forged an alliance of several Nichiren branches and became the first superintendent of the present <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shū">Nichiren Shū</a> which was incorporated in 1876. Nissatsu was active in Buddhist intersect cooperation to resist the government's hostile policies, adopted the government's "Great Teaching" policy that was Shinto-derived, and promoted intersectarian understanding. In the process, however, he reinterpreted some of Nichiren's important teachings.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1994-86">[86]</a>: 248–249  Among those arguing against accommodation were Nichiren scholar and lay believer Ogawa Taidō (1814–1878) and the cleric Honda Nisshō (1867–1931) of the <a href="/wiki/Kempon_Hokke" title="Kempon Hokke">Kempon Hokke</a> denomination.<a href="#cite_note-Stone1994-86">[86]</a>: 249–250  After the above events and centuries of splintering based on dogma and institutional histories, the following major Nichiren temple schools, according to Matsunaga, were officially recognized in the Meiji era: <ul><li>1874: <a href="/wiki/Nichiren-sh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren-shū">Nichiren-shū</a> (formerly Minobu monryū). This school's headquarters was at <a href="/wiki/Kuon-ji" title="Kuon-ji">Kuon-ji</a> temple and held the Itchi perspective that advocated the equal treatment of all sections of the Lotus Sutra. However, it also included five schools that maintained the Shoretsu perspective which emphasized the latter half of the Lotus Sutra: Myōmanji, Happon, Honjōji, Honryūji, and Fuji-ha</li> <li>1876: The Fuju-fuse-ha was recognized by the government after years of clandestine operation following episodes of persecution. In 1882 a second Fuju-fuse sect was recognized, the Fuju-Fuse Kōmon-ha.</li> <li>1891: The five Shoretsu schools changed their names</li></ul> <dl><dd>Myōmanji-ha became <a href="/wiki/Kempon_Hokke" title="Kempon Hokke">Kempon Hokke</a> based at Myōmanji, Kyoto</dd> <dd>Happon-ha became Honmon Hokkeshū based in Honjōji, Niigata</dd> <dd>Honjōji-ha became Hokkeshū based in Honryūji, Kyoto</dd> <dd>Honryūji-ha became Honmyō Hokkeshū, also based in Honryūji, Kyoto</dd> <dd>Fuji-ha became Honmonshū in Monmonji, <a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture" title="Shizuoka Prefecture">Shizuoka</a></dd></dl> <ul><li>1900: The <a href="/wiki/Taisekiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisekiji">Taisekiji</a> temple of Shizuoka broke off from the Honmonshū and became Nichirenshū Fuji-ha. In 1913, this group was renamed <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a> which was popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> lay organization. Although the latter has a sizeable membership and it is one of the important <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a> (shinshūkyō), it is not included in many treatments of Nichiren lineages.<a href="#cite_note-Matsunaga1988-56">[56]</a>: 180–181 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_modern_Japanese_history">Development in modern Japanese history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Development in modern Japanese history">edit</a>]</div> Nichiren Buddhism went through many reforms in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Period">Meiji Period</a> during a time of persecution, <a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a> (廃仏毀釈), when the government attempted to eradicate mainstream Japanese Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the interdependent <a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a> between the state and Buddhist temples was dismantled which left the latter without its funding. Buddhist institutions had to align themselves to the new nationalistic agenda or perish.<a href="#cite_note-Covell2006-95">[95]</a>: 220, 226–227 <a href="#cite_note-Gier2016-96">[96]</a>: 184–185 <a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>: 237–241 <a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Many of these reform efforts were led by lay people.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hardacre1984-66">[66]</a>: 209 <a href="#cite_note-Stone2005-63">[63]</a> The trend toward lay centrality was prominent in Nichiren Buddhism as well, predating the Meiji period.<a href="#cite_note-Hardacre1984-66">[66]</a>: 209 <a href="#cite_note-Tanabe1989-84">[84]</a> Some Nichiren reformers in the Meiji period attempted to inject a nationalistic interpretation of Nichiren's teachings; others called for globalist perspectives. According to Japanese researcher Yoshiro Tamura, the term "<a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a>" applies broadly to the following three categories: <ol><li>The ultranationalistic preoccupation with Nichiren that contributed to Japan's militaristic effort before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li> <li>Socialist activists and writers during the prewar and postwar eras who promoted a vision of an ideal world society inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> and according to their own views of Nichiren.</li> <li>Organized religious bodies that were inspired by Nichiren's teachings.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 424 </li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_form_of_nationalism">As a form of nationalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As a form of nationalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></div> Both Nichiren and his followers have been associated with fervent <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> specifically identified as <a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> and the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-kodera-101">[101]</a> The nationalistic interpretation of Nichiren's teachings were inspired by lay Buddhist movements like <a href="/wiki/Kokuch%C5%ABkai" title="Kokuchūkai">Kokuchūkai</a> and resulted in violent historical events such as the <a href="/wiki/May_15_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 15 Incident">May 15 Incident</a> and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Blood_Incident" title="League of Blood Incident">League of Blood Incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Among the key proponents of this interpretation are <a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Chigaku" title="Tanaka Chigaku">Chigaku Tanaka</a> who founded the <a href="/wiki/Kokuch%C5%ABkai" title="Kokuchūkai">Kokuchūkai</a> (English: Nation's Pillar Society). Tanaka was charismatic and through his writings and lecturers attracted many followers such as <a href="/wiki/Kanji_Ishiwara" title="Kanji Ishiwara">Kanji Ishiwara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 427–428  Nisshō Honda advocated the unification of Japanese Buddhists to support the imperial state.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 428 <a href="#cite_note-Covell2006-95">[95]</a>: 230  Other ultra-nationalist activists who based their ideas on Nichiren were <a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Ikki Kita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissh%C5%8D_Inoue" title="Nisshō Inoue">Nisshō Inoue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 429  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_form_of_socialism">As a form of socialism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: As a form of socialism">edit</a>]</div> Nichirenism also includes several intellectuals and activists who reacted against the prewar ultranationalistic interpretations and argued for an egalitarian and socialist vision of society based on Nichiren's teachings and the Lotus Sutra. These figures ran against the growing tide of Japanese militarism and were subjected to political harassment and persecution.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 425  A leading figure in this group was <a href="/wiki/Gir%C5%8D_Seno%27o" class="mw-redirect" title="Girō Seno'o">Girō Seno</a> who formed the <a href="/wiki/Gir%C5%8D_Seno%27o#Youth_League_for_Revitalizing_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Girō Seno'o">New Buddhist Youth League</a> (Shinkō Bukkyō Seinen Dōmei). Originally influenced by the ideals of Tanaka and Honda, Giro Seno came to reject ultra-nationalism and argued for humanism, socialism, pacifism, and democracy as a new interpretation of Nichiren's beliefs. He was imprisoned for two years under the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law#Public_Security_Preservation_Law_of_1925" title="Peace Preservation Law">National Security Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The same fate was also endured by <a href="/wiki/Tsunesaburo_Makiguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsunesaburo Makiguchi">Tsunesaburo Makiguchi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> who refused the religious dictum of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> display accepted by <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shoshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shoshu">Nichiren Shoshu</a> for the Soka Kyoiku Gakkai, his lay organization composed of primarily secretaries and teachers until it grew to become <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Within_new_social_and_religious_movements">Within new social and religious movements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Within new social and religious movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></div> Several Nichiren-inspired religious movements arose and appealed primarily to this segment of society with a message of alleviating suffering salvation for many poor urban workers.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 425  <a href="/wiki/Honmon_Butsury%C5%AB-sh%C5%AB" title="Honmon Butsuryū-shū">Honmon Butsuryū-shū</a>, an early example of lay-based religious movements of the modern period inspired by Nichiren, was founded several years before the Meiji Restoration. <a href="/wiki/Reiyukai" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiyukai">Reiyukai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rissho_Koseikai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rissho Koseikai">Rissho Koseikai</a> stemming from <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shu">Nichiren Shu</a> while <a href="/wiki/Kenshokai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenshokai">Kenshokai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> once affiliated<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shoshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shoshu">Nichiren Shoshu</a> and the Japanese principle Shin(信 ), Gyo (行), Gaku (学)" as "Faith, Practices, Study", are more recent examples of lay-inspired movements drawing from Nichiren's teachings and life.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 433  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_culture_and_literature">In culture and literature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In culture and literature">edit</a>]</div> Nichiren Buddhism has had a major impact on Japan's literary and cultural life. Japanese literary figure <a href="/wiki/Takayama_Chogy%C5%AB" title="Takayama Chogyū">Takayama Chogyū</a> and children's author <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Miyazawa" title="Kenji Miyazawa">Kenji Miyazawa</a> praised Nichiren's teachings. A prominent researcher, <a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Anesaki" title="Masaharu Anesaki">Masaharu Anesaki</a>, was encouraged to study Nichiren which led to the work Nichiren: The Buddhist Prophet which introduced Nichiren to the West.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 430–431  Non-Buddhist Japanese individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Uchimura_Kanz%C5%8D" title="Uchimura Kanzō">Uchimura Kanzō</a> listed Nichiren as one of five historical figures who best represented Japan, while <a href="/wiki/Tadao_Yanaihara" title="Tadao Yanaihara">Tadao Yanaihara</a> described Nichiren as one of the four historical figures he most admired.<a href="#cite_note-Habito1999-30">[30]</a>: 430–433  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Globalization">Globalization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Globalization">edit</a>]</div> While various sects and organizations have had a presence in nations outside Japan for over a century, the genuine expansion of Nichiren Buddhism overseas started in 1960 when Soka Gakkai president <a href="/wiki/Daisaku_Ikeda" title="Daisaku Ikeda">Daisaku Ikeda</a> initiated his group's worldwide propagation efforts stemming from a few hundred transplanted Japanese to over 3500 families by 1962.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Nichiren Buddhism is now practiced in many countries outside of Japan. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> scholar Charles S. Prebish coined the typology of "two Buddhisms" to delineate the divide between forms of Buddhism that appealed either primarily to people of the Asian diaspora or to Euro-American converts.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Nattier, on the other hand, proposes a three-way typology. "Import" or "elite" Buddhism refers to a class of people who have the time and means to seek Buddhist teachers to appropriate certain Buddhist techniques such as meditation. "Export or evangelical" Buddhism refers to groups that actively proselytize for new members in their local organizations. "Baggage" or "ethnic" Buddhism refers to diaspora Buddhists, usually of a single ethnic group, who have relocated more for social and economic advancement than for evangelical purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Cheah-113">[113]</a>: 16  Another taxonomy divides Western Buddhist groups into three different categories: evangelical, church-like, and meditational.<a href="#cite_note-Hickey2010-114">[114]</a> Nichiren Shu has been classified into the church-like category.<a href="#cite_note-Hickey2010-114">[114]</a>: 5  One of several Japanese Buddhist schools that followed in the wake of Japanese military conquest and colonization, Nichiren Shu opened a temple in Pusan, Korea in 1881. Its fortunes rose and diminished with the political tides but eventually failed.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> It also established missions in Sakhalin, Manchuria, and Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-Hirai_2015-116">[116]</a> A Nichiren Shu mission was established in Hawaii in 1900. By 1920 it established temples at Pahala, Honolulu, Wailuku and Maui.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 1955, it officially started a mission in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Usarski&Shoji2016-118">[118]</a>: 283  In 1991, it established the Nichiren Buddhist International Center in 1991 and in 2002 built a center in Hayward, California, to help overseas missions.<a href="#cite_note-Hirai_2015-116">[116]</a> However, Nichiren Shu does not widely propagate in the West.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Some have characterized the <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> as evangelical<a href="#cite_note-Hickey2010-114">[114]</a>: 5  but others claim that it broke out of the "Two Buddhisms" paradigm. It is quite multi-ethnic and it has taken hold among native populations in locations including Korea, Malaysia, Brazil, Europe, parts of Africa, India, and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Metraux2016-120">[120]</a> The growth of the Soka Gakkai was sparked by repeated missionary trips beginning in the early 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Daisaku_Ikeda" title="Daisaku Ikeda">Daisaku Ikeda</a>, its third president.<a href="#cite_note-Usarski&Shoji2016-118">[118]</a>: 285  In 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">Soka Gakkai International</a> was launched in Guam.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2013-121">[121]</a>: 107–108  In the United States it has attracted a diverse membership including a significant demographic of African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Since the 1970s, it has created institutions, publications and exhibitions to support its overall theme of "peace, culture, and education."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> There is academic research on various national organizations affiliated with this movement:<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>: 54  the United States,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Italy,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Scotland,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Southeast Asia,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Germany,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rissho_Kosei_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rissho Kosei Kai">Rissho Kosei Kai</a> focuses on using its teachings to promote a culture of religiosity through inter-religious dialogue. In 1967, it launched the "Faith to All Men Movement" to awaken a globalized religiosity. It has over 2 million members and 300 Dharma centers in 20 countries throughout the world including Frankfurt and Moorslede. It is active in interfaith organizations, including the International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF) and Religions for Peace (WCRP). It has consultative states with the United Nations and since 1983 issues an annual Peace Prize to individuals or organizations worldwide that work for peace and development and promote interreligious cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke2013-137">[137]</a>: 23 <a href="#cite_note-Marshall2013-121">[121]</a>: 108  The <a href="/wiki/Reiyukai" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiyukai">Reiyukai</a> conducts more typical missionary activities in the West. It has a membership of between five hundred and one thousand members in Europe, concentrated in Italy, Spain, England and France. The approximately 1,500 members of the <a href="/wiki/Nipponzan-My%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dji-Daisanga" title="Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga">Nihonzan Myohoji</a> have built peace pagodas, conducted parades beating the drum while chanting the daimoku, and encouraged themselves and others to create world peace.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke2013-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shoshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shoshu">Nichiren Shoshu</a> has six temples in the United States led by Japanese priests and supported by lay Asians and non-Asians.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> There is one temple in Brazil and the residing priest serves as a "circuit rider" to attend to other locations.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_major_schools_and_organizations">Lists of major schools and organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lists of major schools and organizations">edit</a>]</div> The following lists are based on English-language Wikipedia articles and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%93%AE%E5%AE%97" class="extiw" title="ja:日蓮宗">Nichiren Buddhism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerical_Nichiren_Buddhist_schools_and_their_head_temples">Clerical Nichiren Buddhist schools and their head temples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Clerical Nichiren Buddhist schools and their head temples">edit</a>]</div> In alphabetical order (Japanese characters preceded by "ja:" link to articles in the Japanese Wikipedia). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Romanized English </th> <th>Japanese </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuju-fuse" title="Fuju-fuse">Fuju-fuse Nichiren Kōmon Shū</a> </td> <td>不受不施日蓮講門宗本山本覚寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hokke Nichiren Shū </td> <td>法華日蓮宗総本山 <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:宝龍寺">ja:宝龍寺</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hokkeshū, Honmon Ryū </td> <td>法華宗（本門流）大本山光長寺・鷲山寺・本興寺･本能寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hokkeshū, Jinmon Ryū </td> <td>法華宗（陣門流）総本山本成寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hokkeshū, Shinmon Ryū </td> <td>法華宗（真門流）総本山本隆寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hompa Nichiren Shū </td> <td>本派日蓮宗総本山宗祖寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honke Nichiren Shū (Hyōgo) </td> <td>本化日蓮宗（兵庫）総本山妙見寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honke Nichiren Shū (Kyōto) </td> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%8C%96%E6%97%A5%E8%93%AE%E5%AE%97" class="extiw" title="ja:本化日蓮宗">ja:本化日蓮宗</a>（京都）本山石塔寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hommon_Butsuryu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hommon Butsuryu">Honmon Butsuryū Shū</a> </td> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%96%80%E4%BD%9B%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%97" class="extiw" title="ja:本門佛立宗">ja:本門佛立宗</a> 大本山宥清寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honmon Hokke Shū: Daihonzan Myōren-ji </td> <td>本門法華宗大本山妙蓮寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honmon Kyōō Shū </td> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%96%80%E7%B5%8C%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%97" class="extiw" title="ja:本門経王宗">ja:本門経王宗</a> 本山日宏寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kempon_Hokke" title="Kempon Hokke">Kempon Hokke</a> Shu: Sōhonzan Myōman-ji </td> <td>総本山妙満寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nichiren Hokke Shū </td> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%93%AE%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E5%AE%97" class="extiw" title="ja:日蓮法華宗">ja:日蓮法華宗</a> 大本山正福寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nichiren Honshū: Honzan Yōbō-ji </td> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%93%AE%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%97" class="extiw" title="ja:日蓮本宗">ja:日蓮本宗</a> 本山 <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%81%E6%B3%95%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:要法寺">ja:要法寺</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nichiren Kōmon Shū </td> <td>日蓮講門宗 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a>: Sōhonzan <a href="/wiki/Taiseki-ji" title="Taiseki-ji">Taiseki-ji</a> </td> <td>日蓮正宗総本山大石寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nichiren Shū <a href="/wiki/Fuju-fuse" title="Fuju-fuse">Fuju-fuse</a>-ha: Sozan Myōkaku-ji </td> <td>日蓮宗不受不施派祖山妙覚寺 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shu">Nichiren Shū</a>: Sozan Minobuzan <a href="/wiki/Kuon-ji" title="Kuon-ji">Kuon-ji</a> </td> <td>日蓮宗祖山身延山 <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%85%E9%81%A0%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:久遠寺">ja:久遠寺</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nichirenshū Fuju-fuse-ha </td> <td>日蓮宗不受不施派 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shōbō Hokke Shū </td> <td>正法法華宗本山 <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:大教寺">ja:大教寺</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_movements_and_lay_organizations">20th-century movements and lay organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 20th-century movements and lay organizations">edit</a>]</div> In alphabetical order (Japanese characters preceded by "ja:" link to articles in the Japanese Wikipedia): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bussho_Gonenkai_Ky%C5%8Ddan" title="Bussho Gonenkai Kyōdan">Bussho Gonenkai Kyōdan</a>, founded in 1950 by Kaichi Sekiguchi and Tomino Sekiguchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8Dkai" title="Kenshōkai">Fuji Taisekiji Kenshōkai</a> (also, just Kenshōkai) <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%AF%BA%E9%A1%95%E6%AD%A3%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:富士大石寺顕正会">ja:富士大石寺顕正会</a>, founded in 1942 and expelled from Nichiren Shoshu in 1974<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkek%C5%8D" title="Hokkekō">Hokkekō</a>, lay organization affiliated with Nichiren Shōshū</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuch%C5%ABkai" title="Kokuchūkai">Kokuchūkai</a> <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%9F%B1%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:国柱会">ja:国柱会</a> (also 國柱会), a nationalist group founded in 1914 by <a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Chigaku" title="Tanaka Chigaku">Tanaka Chigaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dchikai_Ky%C5%8Ddan" title="Myōchikai Kyōdan">Myōchikai Kyōdan</a>, founded in 1950 by Miyamoto Mitsu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dd%C5%8Dkai_Ky%C5%8Ddan" title="Myōdōkai Kyōdan">Myōdōkai Kyōdan</a>, founded in 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipponzan-My%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dji-Daisanga" title="Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga">Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga</a>, founded in 1917 by <a href="/wiki/Nichidatsu_Fujii" title="Nichidatsu Fujii">Nichidatsu Fujii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiy%C5%ABkai" title="Reiyūkai">Reiyūkai</a> (Spiritual-Friendship-Association), founded in 1920 by Kakutaro Kubo and Kimi Kotani, Reiyūkai considers itself the grandfather of lay-based new religions devoted to the Lotus Sutra and ancestor veneration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a>, founded in 1938 by <a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> and <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dk%C5%8D_Naganuma" title="Myōkō Naganuma">Myōkō Naganuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dshinkai" title="Shōshinkai">Shōshinkai</a>, founded in 1980.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>, founded in Japan in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Tsunesabur%C5%8D_Makiguchi" title="Tsunesaburō Makiguchi">Tsunesaburō Makiguchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai_International" title="Soka Gakkai International">Soka Gakkai International</a> founded in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Daisaku_Ikeda" title="Daisaku Ikeda">Daisaku Ikeda</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotodama" title="Kotodama">Kotodama</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stone1999a-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999a_1-21">v</a> Stone, Jaqueline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbO_KctXdecC&dq=Shoretsu+lineage+stone&pg=PA325">Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429031822/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbO_KctXdecC&pg=PA325&lpg=PA325&dq=Shoretsu+lineage+stone&source=bl&ots=vK0sXXZ0Tb&sig=cDC21UGAiDwkAa0NC6nOIfSVoUQ&hl=de&sa=X&ei=jv7nUtr9B4jAtQa22YCgCw&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Shoretsu%20lineage%20stone&f=false">Archived</a> 29 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawai'i Press, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Richard K. Payne, Re-Visioning Kamakura Buddhism (Studies in East Asian Buddhism) (Studies in East Asian Buddhism, 11), University of Hawaii Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824820787" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824820787">978-0824820787</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Iida_1987-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Iida_1987_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIida1987" class="citation book cs1">Iida, Shotaro (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FtbfAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA89.w.13.0.34">"Chapter 5: 700 Years After Nichiren"</a>. In Nicholls, William (ed.). Modernity and Religion. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 98–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-154-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-154-5"><bdi>978-0-88920-154-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181111/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FtbfAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA89.w.13.0.34">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+700+Years+After+Nichiren&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Religion&rft.pages=98-105&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-154-5&rft.aulast=Iida&rft.aufirst=Shotaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DFtbfAgAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26output%3Dreader%26hl%3Den%26pg%3DGBS.PA89.w.13.0.34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arai_1893-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Arai_1893_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArai1893" class="citation book cs1">Arai, Nissatsu (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=WE0uAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-WE0uAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1">Outlines of the Doctrine of the Nichiren Sect, Submitted to the Parliament of the World's Religions</a>. Tokyo, Japan: Central Office of the Nichiren Sect. p. vi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225085829/https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=WE0uAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-WE0uAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2017. <q>One who wants to know how high was his virtue, how profound and extensive was his learning, how heroic and grand was his character, and how gigantic and epoch-making was his mission, needs only to read his works.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Nichiren+Sect%2C+Submitted+to+the+Parliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=Central+Office+of+the+Nichiren+Sect&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Arai&rft.aufirst=Nissatsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DWE0uAAAAYAAJ%26rdid%3Dbook-WE0uAAAAYAAJ%26rdot%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.totetu.org/assets/media/paper/k018_258.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913042930/http://www.totetu.org/assets/media/paper/k018_258.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.totetu.org%2Fassets%2Fmedia%2Fpaper%2Fk018_258.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2009" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane and Merv (2009). Chanting in the Hillsides. 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World Religions in America: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664224752" title="Special:BookSources/9780664224752"><bdi>9780664224752</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181013/https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&q=neusner+world+religions+in+america">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. 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Harvard University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181000/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Ub0KAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nichiren%2C+the+Buddhist+Prophet&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Anesaki&rft.aufirst=Masaharu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DUb0KAAAAYAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26output%3Dreader%26hl%3Den%26pg%3DGBS.PA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimazono2004" class="citation book cs1">Shimazono, Susumu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DouBAgAAQBAJ&q=clarke+encyclopedia+of+new+religious+movements">"Daimoku (Invocation)"</a>. In Clarke, Peter (ed.). Encyclopedia of new religious movements. Routledge. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134499700" title="Special:BookSources/9781134499700"><bdi>9781134499700</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181004/https://books.google.com/books?id=DouBAgAAQBAJ&q=clarke+encyclopedia+of+new+religious+movements">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020. <q>Moreover, many Nichiren-inspired new religions (see New Religious Movement) are lay Buddhist movements. The training and practices do not require advanced scholarly knowledge. They offer a type of Buddhism that ordinary people preoccupied with their families and occupations can practice without becoming priests and having to dedicate themselves exclusively to spiritual matters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daimoku+%28Invocation%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+new+religious+movements&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134499700&rft.aulast=Shimazono&rft.aufirst=Susumu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDouBAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dclarke%2Bencyclopedia%2Bof%2Bnew%2Breligious%2Bmovements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachacek_and_Wilson2000" class="citation book cs1">Machacek and Wilson (2000). Global Citizens. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924039-5"><bdi>978-0-19-924039-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Citizens&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924039-5&rft.au=Machacek+and+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetzold1995" class="citation book cs1">Petzold, Bruno (1995). Ichimura, Shohei (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZH29oiIuIkC&q=nichiren+five+fold+comparison&pg=PA627">The classification of Buddhism : comprising the classification of Buddhist doctrines in India, China and Japan = Bukkyō-kyōhan</a>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 627. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447033732" title="Special:BookSources/9783447033732"><bdi>9783447033732</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181001/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZH29oiIuIkC&q=nichiren+five+fold+comparison&pg=PA627">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+classification+of+Buddhism+%3A+comprising+the+classification+of+Buddhist+doctrines+in+India%2C+China+and+Japan+%3D+Bukky%C5%8D-ky%C5%8Dhan&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=627&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783447033732&rft.aulast=Petzold&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZH29oiIuIkC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bfive%2Bfold%2Bcomparison%26pg%3DPA627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2012" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Jacqueline I (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/The%20Sin%20of%20Slandering%20the%20True%20Dharma%20in%20Nichiren's%20Thought%20(2012).pdf">"The Sin of "Slandering the True Dharma" in Nichiren's Thought"</a> (PDF). Sins and Sinners : Perspectives from Asian Religions. Granoff, P. E. (Phyllis Emily, 1947–), Shinohara, Koichi (1941–). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004232006" title="Special:BookSources/9789004232006"><bdi>9789004232006</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809194690">809194690</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124441/http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/The%20Sin%20of%20Slandering%20the%20True%20Dharma%20in%20Nichiren%27s%20Thought%20%282012%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sin+of+%22Slandering+the+True+Dharma%22+in+Nichiren%27s+Thought&rft.btitle=Sins+and+Sinners+%3A+Perspectives+from+Asian+Religions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809194690&rft.isbn=9789004232006&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~jstone%2FArticles%2520on%2520the%2520Lotus%2520Sutra%2520Tendai%2520and%2520Nichiren%2520Buddhism%2FThe%2520Sin%2520of%2520Slandering%2520the%2520True%2520Dharma%2520in%2520Nichiren%27s%2520Thought%2520%282012%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHein2014" class="citation book cs1">Hein, Patrick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDFQBwAAQBAJ&q=%22nichiren+shu%22+saint&pg=PA67">The Goddess and the Dragon: A Study on Identity Strength and Psychosocial Resilience in Japan</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443868723" title="Special:BookSources/9781443868723"><bdi>9781443868723</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181125/https://books.google.com/books?id=GDFQBwAAQBAJ&q=%22nichiren+shu%22+saint&pg=PA67">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+and+the+Dragon%3A+A+Study+on+Identity+Strength+and+Psychosocial+Resilience+in+Japan&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443868723&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDFQBwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522nichiren%2Bshu%2522%2Bsaint%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornille_1998-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Cornille_1998_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornille1998" class="citation book cs1">Cornille, Catherine (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VLsaTp5xYhMC&q=cornille+nichiren">"Canon formation in new religious movements: The case of the Japanese new religions"</a>. In Debeek, A. Van; Van der Toorn, Karel (eds.). Canonization and Decanonization. Brill. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004112469" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004112469"><bdi>978-9004112469</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181002/https://books.google.com/books?id=VLsaTp5xYhMC&q=cornille+nichiren">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+formation+in+new+religious+movements%3A+The+case+of+the+Japanese+new+religions&rft.btitle=Canonization+and+Decanonization&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9004112469&rft.aulast=Cornille&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVLsaTp5xYhMC%26q%3Dcornille%2Bnichiren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2000" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Phillip (2000). "Foreword". In Macacheck, David W; Wilson, Bryan R. (eds.). Global Citizens. Oxford University Press. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924039-5"><bdi>978-0-19-924039-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Global+Citizens&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924039-5&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbelaere1998" class="citation book cs1">Dobbelaere, Karel (1998). Soka Gakkai. Signature Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-153-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56085-153-0"><bdi>978-1-56085-153-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soka+Gakkai&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56085-153-0&rft.aulast=Dobbelaere&rft.aufirst=Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionfacts.com/nichiren">"Nichiren: Fast Facts and Introduction"</a>. Religion Facts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224025050/http://www.religionfacts.com/nichiren">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+Facts&rft.atitle=Nichiren%3A+Fast+Facts+and+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionfacts.com%2Fnichiren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> SGDB 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=1321">Lotus Sutra of the Wonderful Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520071631/http://www.sgilibrary.org/search_dict.php?id=1321">Archived</a> 20 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Kenkyusha 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichiren1990" class="citation book cs1">Nichiren (1990). Yampolsky, Philip B (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings00nich">Selected writings of Nichiren</a>. Translated by Burton Watson; et al. New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings00nich/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231072601" title="Special:BookSources/9780231072601"><bdi>9780231072601</bdi></a>. <q>Nam-myoho-renge-kyo appears in the center of the Treasure Tower with the Buddhas Shakyamuni and Taho seated to the right and left and the four Bodhisattvas of the Earth, led by Jogyo, flank them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+writings+of+Nichiren&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780231072601&rft.au=Nichiren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectedwritings00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetraux1996" class="citation book cs1">Metraux, Daniel (1996). "The Soka Gakkai: Buddhism and the Creation of a Harmonious and Peaceful Society". In King, Sallie; Queen, Christopher (eds.). Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements In Asia. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 366–367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2844-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2844-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-2844-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Soka+Gakkai%3A+Buddhism+and+the+Creation+of+a+Harmonious+and+Peaceful+Society&rft.btitle=Engaged+Buddhism%3A+Buddhist+Liberation+Movements+In+Asia&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=366-367&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2844-3&rft.aulast=Metraux&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetraux" class="citation book cs1">Metraux. Engaged Buddhism. p. 368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaged+Buddhism&rft.pages=368&rft.au=Metraux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetraux" class="citation book cs1">Metraux. Engaged Buddhism. p. 367.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaged+Buddhism&rft.pages=367&rft.au=Metraux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sato1999-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Sato1999_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSato1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sato, Hiroo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2687">"Nichiren's View of Nation and Religion"</a>. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 26/3-4. Habito, Ruben: 319–320. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701053350/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2687">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Nichiren%27s+View+of+Nation+and+Religion&rft.volume=26%2F3-4&rft.pages=319-320&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Hiroo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst1998" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, Jane (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520216976/page/86">Nichiren Shoshu and the Soka Gakkai</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520216976/page/86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20460-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20460-7"><bdi>978-0-520-20460-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nichiren+Shoshu+and+the+Soka+Gakkai&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20460-7&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780520216976%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1991" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Daniel (1991). Fire In The Lotus. London: Mand ala (Harper Collins). p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85274-091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85274-091-7"><bdi>978-1-85274-091-7</bdi></a>. <q>Basically, the Hommon No Kaidan is any place where a believer keeps the sutra.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+In+The+Lotus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Mand+ala+%28Harper+Collins%29&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85274-091-7&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst" class="citation book cs1">Hurst. The Faces of Buddhism IN America. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faces+of+Buddhism+IN+America&rft.pages=84&rft.au=Hurst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne_1998-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Payne_1998_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1998" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Richard K. (1998). "Introduction". Re-visioning "Kamakura" Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824820787" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824820787"><bdi>978-0824820787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Re-visioning+%22Kamakura%22+Buddhism&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0824820787&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeiserStone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Teiser" title="Stephen F. Teiser">Teiser, Stephen F.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Stone" title="Jacqueline Stone">Stone, Jacqueline I.</a> (2009). "Interpreting the Lotus Sutra". Readings of the Lotus Sūtra. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231142892" title="Special:BookSources/9780231142892"><bdi>9780231142892</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255015350">255015350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interpreting+the+Lotus+Sutra&rft.btitle=Readings+of+the+Lotus+S%C5%ABtra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255015350&rft.isbn=9780231142892&rft.aulast=Teiser&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft.au=Stone%2C+Jacqueline+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habito1999-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito1999_30-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabito1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Habito, Ruben L.F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbsitalia.it/public/materiale/554.pdf">"The Uses of Nichiren in Modern Japanese History"</a> (PDF). Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 26/3–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110175348/http://www.hbsitalia.it/public/materiale/554.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Uses+of+Nichiren+in+Modern+Japanese+History&rft.volume=26%2F3%E2%80%934&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Habito&rft.aufirst=Ruben+L.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbsitalia.it%2Fpublic%2Fmateriale%2F554.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabito2009" class="citation book cs1">Habito, Ruben L. F. (2009). "Bodily Reading of the Lotus Sutra". Readings of the Lotus Sūtra, Kindle Edition. Teiser, Stephen F., Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse. New York: Columbia University Press. 4727 (Kindle locations). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231520430" title="Special:BookSources/9780231520430"><bdi>9780231520430</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255015350">255015350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bodily+Reading+of+the+Lotus+Sutra&rft.btitle=Readings+of+the+Lotus+S%C5%ABtra%2C+Kindle+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4727+%28Kindle+locations%29&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255015350&rft.isbn=9780231520430&rft.aulast=Habito&rft.aufirst=Ruben+L.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lopez2016-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez2016_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lopez2016_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2016" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTL9CwAAQBAJ&q=lopez+biography+of+the+lotus+sutra">The Lotus Sūtra : a biograph</a>. Princeton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400883349" title="Special:BookSources/9781400883349"><bdi>9781400883349</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959534116">959534116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181006/https://books.google.com/books?id=FTL9CwAAQBAJ&q=lopez+biography+of+the+lotus+sutra">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lotus+S%C5%ABtra+%3A+a+biograph&rft.place=Princeton&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959534116&rft.isbn=9781400883349&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTL9CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlopez%2Bbiography%2Bof%2Bthe%2Blotus%2Bsutra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone1999d-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999d_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1999" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Jacqueline I. (1999). "Priest Nisshin's Ordeals". Religions of Japan in practice. Tanabe, George J., Jr., 1943–. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691057897" title="Special:BookSources/9780691057897"><bdi>9780691057897</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39930710">39930710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Priest+Nisshin%27s+Ordeals&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Japan+in+practice&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39930710&rft.isbn=9780691057897&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsumi1988–1999" class="citation book cs1">Osumi, Kazuyo (1988–1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtTc_Aa22MwC&q=kamakura+buddhism+honen">"Buddhism in the Kamakura period"</a>. The Cambridge history of Japan. Hall, John Whitney, 1916–1997., 山村, 耕造. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521223546" title="Special:BookSources/9780521223546"><bdi>9780521223546</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17483588">17483588</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181132/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtTc_Aa22MwC&q=kamakura+buddhism+honen">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+the+Kamakura+period&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988%2F1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17483588&rft.isbn=9780521223546&rft.aulast=Osumi&rft.aufirst=Kazuyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtTc_Aa22MwC%26q%3Dkamakura%2Bbuddhism%2Bhonen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone1999c-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999c_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999c_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999c_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999c_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999c_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1999c_35-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stone, Jacueline I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/Biographical%20Studies%20of%20Nichiren%20(1999).pdf">"Biographical Studies on Nichiren"</a> (PDF). Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 26/3–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328140344/http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/Biographical%20Studies%20of%20Nichiren%20(1999).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Biographical+Studies+on+Nichiren&rft.volume=26%2F3%E2%80%934&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacueline+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~jstone%2FArticles%2520on%2520the%2520Lotus%2520Sutra%2520Tendai%2520and%2520Nichiren%2520Buddhism%2FBiographical%2520Studies%2520of%2520Nichiren%2520%281999%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Heine, Steven (January 2005). "Japanese Buddhism: A Cultural History (review)". Philosophy East and West. 55/1: 125–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2004.0043">10.1353/pew.2004.0043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170501042">170501042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Japanese+Buddhism%3A+A+Cultural+History+%28review%29&rft.volume=55%2F1&rft.pages=125-126&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2004.0043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170501042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowring2005-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowring2005_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowring2005_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowring2005_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowring, Richard John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzeODCVG26UC&q=hokkeshu&pg=PA428">The religious traditions of Japan, 500–1600</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521851190" title="Special:BookSources/9780521851190"><bdi>9780521851190</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60667980">60667980</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181007/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzeODCVG26UC&q=hokkeshu&pg=PA428">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religious+traditions+of+Japan%2C+500%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60667980&rft.isbn=9780521851190&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Richard+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzeODCVG26UC%26q%3Dhokkeshu%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habito2009-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Habito2009_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito2009_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito2009_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito2009_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito2009_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito2009_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito2009_38-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Habito2009_38-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabito2009" class="citation book cs1">Habito, Ruben L. F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVaFa_8Dj-AC&q=nichiren+%22twenty+years%22&pg=PT204">Readings of the Lotus Sūtra</a>. Teiser, Stephen F., Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231520430" title="Special:BookSources/9780231520430"><bdi>9780231520430</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255015350">255015350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181006/https://books.google.com/books?id=wVaFa_8Dj-AC&q=nichiren+%22twenty+years%22&pg=PT204">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+of+the+Lotus+S%C5%ABtra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255015350&rft.isbn=9780231520430&rft.aulast=Habito&rft.aufirst=Ruben+L.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVaFa_8Dj-AC%26q%3Dnichiren%2B%2522twenty%2Byears%2522%26pg%3DPT204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitagawa2010-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitagawa2010_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitagawa2010_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitagawa2010_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2010" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lani3dFCC9UC&q=Mount+Hiei+monasteries+politically+powerful+kamakura&pg=PA105">Religion in Japanese History</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231515092" title="Special:BookSources/9780231515092"><bdi>9780231515092</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181005/https://books.google.com/books?id=lani3dFCC9UC&q=Mount+Hiei+monasteries+politically+powerful+kamakura&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Japanese+History&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780231515092&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlani3dFCC9UC%26q%3DMount%2BHiei%2Bmonasteries%2Bpolitically%2Bpowerful%2Bkamakura%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-See2014-40"><a href="#cite_ref-See2014_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSee2014" class="citation book cs1">See, Tony (2014). "Deleuze and Mahayana Buddhism: Immanence and Original Enlightenment Thought". In Hanping., Chiu (ed.). Deleuze and Asia. Lee, Yu-lin., Bogue, Ronald. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443868884" title="Special:BookSources/9781443868884"><bdi>9781443868884</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893739540">893739540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deleuze+and+Mahayana+Buddhism%3A+Immanence+and+Original+Enlightenment+Thought&rft.btitle=Deleuze+and+Asia&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893739540&rft.isbn=9781443868884&rft.aulast=See&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2013-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2013_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2013_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Jacqueline (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/Nenbutsu%20Leads%20to%20the%20Avici%20Hell--Nichiren%27s%20Critique%20of%20the%20Pure%20Land%20Teachings%20%20(2013).pdf">"Nenbutsu Leads to the Avici Hell: Nichiren's Critique of the Pure Land Teachings"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Lotus Sutra. Rissho University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326104232/http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/Nenbutsu%20Leads%20to%20the%20Avici%20Hell--Nichiren%27s%20Critique%20of%20the%20Pure%20Land%20Teachings%20%20%282013%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+International+Conference+on+the+Lotus+Sutra&rft.atitle=Nenbutsu+Leads+to+the+Avici+Hell%3A+Nichiren%27s+Critique+of+the+Pure+Land+Teachings&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~jstone%2FArticles%2520on%2520the%2520Lotus%2520Sutra%2520Tendai%2520and%2520Nichiren%2520Buddhism%2FNenbutsu%2520Leads%2520to%2520the%2520Avici%2520Hell--Nichiren%2527s%2520Critique%2520of%2520the%2520Pure%2520Land%2520Teachings%2520%2520%282013%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> cf. "four dictums" (四箇の格言 shika no kakugen) entries in The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, p. 215, and Kyōgaku Yōgo Kaisetsu Shū, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Yampolsky1990-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yampolsky1990_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yampolsky1990_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYampolsky,_Philip_B.1990" class="citation book cs1">Yampolsky, Philip B., ed. (1990). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings00nich">Selected writings of Nichiren</a>. Translated by Burton Watson; et al. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231072601" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231072601"><bdi>978-0231072601</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21035153">21035153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Selected+writings+of+Nichiren&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21035153&rft.isbn=978-0231072601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectedwritings00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabito2009" class="citation book cs1">Habito, Ruben L. F. (2009). "Bodily Reading of the Lotus Sutra". Readings of the Lotus Sūtra, Kindle Edition. Teiser, Stephen F., Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse. New York: Columbia University Press. 5585–5590 (Kindle locations). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231520430" title="Special:BookSources/9780231520430"><bdi>9780231520430</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255015350">255015350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bodily+Reading+of+the+Lotus+Sutra&rft.btitle=Readings+of+the+Lotus+S%C5%ABtra%2C+Kindle+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5585-5590+%28Kindle+locations%29&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255015350&rft.isbn=9780231520430&rft.aulast=Habito&rft.aufirst=Ruben+L.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbain2014" class="citation book cs1">Urbain, Olivier, ed. (2014). A Forum for Peace: Daisaku Ikeda's Proposals to the UN. New York: I. B. Taurus. pp. 479–486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780768397" title="Special:BookSources/9781780768397"><bdi>9781780768397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forum+for+Peace%3A+Daisaku+Ikeda%27s+Proposals+to+the+UN&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=479-486&rft.pub=I.+B.+Taurus&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781780768397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2013" class="citation book cs1">Swanson, Paul (16 December 2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Keown, Damien, 1951–, Prebish, Charles S. London. p. 548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136985881" title="Special:BookSources/9781136985881"><bdi>9781136985881</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865579062">865579062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=548&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865579062&rft.isbn=9781136985881&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2012" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Jacqueline I (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/The%20Sin%20of%20Slandering%20the%20True%20Dharma%20in%20Nichiren's%20Thought%20(2012).pdf">"The sin of slandering the true Dharma in Nichiren's thought"</a> (PDF). Sins and sinners : perspectives from Asian religions. Granoff, P. E. (Phyllis Emily), 1947–, Shinohara, Koichi, 1941–. Leiden: Brill. pp. 128–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004232006" title="Special:BookSources/9789004232006"><bdi>9789004232006</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809194690">809194690</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124441/http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/The%20Sin%20of%20Slandering%20the%20True%20Dharma%20in%20Nichiren%27s%20Thought%20%282012%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+sin+of+slandering+the+true+Dharma+in+Nichiren%27s+thought&rft.btitle=Sins+and+sinners+%3A+perspectives+from+Asian+religions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=128-130&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809194690&rft.isbn=9789004232006&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~jstone%2FArticles%2520on%2520the%2520Lotus%2520Sutra%2520Tendai%2520and%2520Nichiren%2520Buddhism%2FThe%2520Sin%2520of%2520Slandering%2520the%2520True%2520Dharma%2520in%2520Nichiren%27s%2520Thought%2520%282012%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrMahalingam2002" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Brian; Mahalingam, Indira (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&q=nichiren">Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy</a>. Routledge. p. 702. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134960583" title="Special:BookSources/9781134960583"><bdi>9781134960583</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181009/https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&q=nichiren">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+Encyclopedia+of+Asian+Philosophy&rft.pages=702&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134960583&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Mahalingam%2C+Indira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxIwrBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnichiren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolce1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dolce, Lucia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2689">"Criticism and Appropriation Nichiren's Attitude toward Esoteric Buddhism"</a>. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 26/3–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602150120/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2689">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Criticism+and+Appropriation+Nichiren%27s+Attitude+toward+Esoteric+Buddhism&rft.volume=26%2F3%E2%80%934&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dolce&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christensen2001-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christensen2001_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christensen2001_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2001" class="citation book cs1">Christensen, Jack Arden (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KsztCdAZo9oC&q=izu">Nichiren: leader of Buddhist reformation in Japan</a>. Fremont, CA: Jain Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875730868" title="Special:BookSources/9780875730868"><bdi>9780875730868</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43030590">43030590</a>. Retrieved 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nichiren%3A+leader+of+Buddhist+reformation+in+Japan&rft.place=Fremont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43030590&rft.isbn=9780875730868&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Jack+Arden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKsztCdAZo9oC%26q%3Dizu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/T/58">"ten major writings – Dictionary of Buddhism – Nichiren Buddhism Library"</a>. www.nichirenlibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214190827/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/T/58">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nichirenlibrary.org&rft.atitle=ten+major+writings+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Buddhism+%E2%80%93+Nichiren+Buddhism+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichirenlibrary.org%2Fen%2Fdic%2FContent%2FT%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2014-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2014_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2014_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2014_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2014_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2014_52-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2014_52-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Jacqueline I. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4334">"The Atsuhara Affair: The Lotus Sutra, Persecution, and Religious Identity in the Early Nichiren Tradition"</a>. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 41/1: 153–189. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602211423/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4334">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Atsuhara+Affair%3A+The+Lotus+Sutra%2C+Persecution%2C+and+Religious+Identity+in+the+Early+Nichiren+Tradition&rft.volume=41%2F1&rft.pages=153-189&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F4334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/A/109">"Atsuhara Persecution – Dictionary of Buddhism – Nichiren Buddhism Library"</a>. www.nichirenlibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171106045048/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/A/109">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nichirenlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Atsuhara+Persecution+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Buddhism+%E2%80%93+Nichiren+Buddhism+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichirenlibrary.org%2Fen%2Fdic%2FContent%2FA%2F109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/G/66">"Gosho – Dictionary of Buddhism – Nichiren Buddhism Library"</a>. www.nichirenlibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927130703/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/G/66">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nichirenlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Gosho+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Buddhism+%E2%80%93+Nichiren+Buddhism+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichirenlibrary.org%2Fen%2Fdic%2FContent%2FG%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mori2003-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mori2003_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mori2003_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMori2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mori, Ichiu (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2816">"Nichiren's View of Women"</a>. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 30/3–4: 280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180602013922/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2816">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018 – via Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Nichiren%27s+View+of+Women&rft.volume=30%2F3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=280&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mori&rft.aufirst=Ichiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matsunaga1988-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matsunaga1988_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matsunaga1988_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matsunaga1988_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matsunaga1988_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matsunaga1988_56-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsunaga1988" class="citation book cs1">Matsunaga, Alicia (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationofjapa0000mats">Foundation of Japanese Buddhism. Vol. II, The mass movement (Kamakura & Muromachi periods)</a>. Matsunaga, Daigan. Los Angeles: Buddhist Books International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0914910282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0914910282"><bdi>978-0914910282</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/137242947">137242947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundation+of+Japanese+Buddhism.+Vol.+II%2C+The+mass+movement+%28Kamakura+%26+Muromachi+periods%29&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Buddhist+Books+International&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F137242947&rft.isbn=978-0914910282&rft.aulast=Matsunaga&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationofjapa0000mats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoushiki2017" class="citation book cs1">Koushiki, Choudhury (6 March 2017). Finding peace: an Oriental quest. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788193315040" title="Special:BookSources/9788193315040"><bdi>9788193315040</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/974496695">974496695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+peace%3A+an+Oriental+quest&rft.place=London&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F974496695&rft.isbn=9788193315040&rft.aulast=Koushiki&rft.aufirst=Choudhury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Stone, Jacqueline I. (1990).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Dissertation/Some%20Disputed%20Writings%20in%20the%20Nichiren%20Corpus%20Textual,%20Herme.pdf">Some disputed writings in the Nichiren corpus: Textual, hermeneutical and historical problems</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030015535/http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Dissertation/Some%20Disputed%20Writings%20in%20the%20Nichiren%20Corpus%20Textual,%20Herme.pdf">Archived</a> 30 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, dissertation, Los Angeles: University of California; retrieved 26 July 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Sueki Fumehiko: Nichirens Problematic Works, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 26/3-4, 261–280, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nichirenscoffeehouse.net/gosho.html">"Listing of Authenticated Gosho (Goibun) of Nichiren DaiShonin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130326155457/http://nichirenscoffeehouse.net/gosho.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listing+of+Authenticated+Gosho+%28Goibun%29+of+Nichiren+DaiShonin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnichirenscoffeehouse.net%2Fgosho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130211215156/http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/tokubetsu/091010/shoukai/02_index_02.htm">"Nichiren and His Time: Rissho ankoku ron"</a>. Kyoto National Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/tokubetsu/091010/shoukai/02_index_02.htm">the original</a> on 11 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nichiren+and+His+Time%3A+Rissho+ankoku+ron&rft.pub=Kyoto+National+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyohaku.go.jp%2Feng%2Ftokubetsu%2F091010%2Fshoukai%2F02_index_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nichiren-shu.org/AboutUs/major/hokekyoji.html">"Nichiren Shu Portal"</a>. www.nichiren-shu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008235401/http://nichiren-shu.org/AboutUs/major/hokekyoji.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nichiren-shu.org&rft.atitle=Nichiren+Shu+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichiren-shu.org%2FAboutUs%2Fmajor%2Fhokekyoji.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2005-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2005_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2005_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone" class="citation web cs1">Stone, Jacqueline I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nichiren-school">"Nichiren School"</a>. Encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216143836/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nichiren-school">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Nichiren+School&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnichiren-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2013" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&q=nichiren+temples+merge">An introduction to Buddhism : teachings, history and practices</a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521859424" title="Special:BookSources/9780521859424"><bdi>9780521859424</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/822518354">822518354</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181011/https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&q=nichiren+temples+merge">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Buddhism+%3A+teachings%2C+history+and+practices&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F822518354&rft.isbn=9780521859424&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Btemples%2Bmerge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssides2012" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George D. (2012). Historical dictionary of new religious movements (Second ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810861947" title="Special:BookSources/9780810861947"><bdi>9780810861947</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828618014">828618014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+new+religious+movements&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828618014&rft.isbn=9780810861947&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardacre1984-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre1984_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre1984_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardacre1984_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardacre1989" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, helen (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O03rvTi0vwAC&q=meiji%20buddhism%20lay%20nichiren&pg=PA209">"The Lotus Sutra in Modern Japan"</a>. The Lotus Sutra in Japanese culture. Tanabe, George J., Jr., 1943–, Tanabe, Willa J. (Willa Jane), 1945–, International Conference on the Lotus Sutra and Japanese Culture (1st : 1984 : University of Hawaii). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824811983" title="Special:BookSources/9780824811983"><bdi>9780824811983</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18960211">18960211</a>. <q>In all areas of Japanese religions, the trend to lay centrality is among the most conspicuous historical developments of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By lay centrality I mean an increasingly important role for laity in all aspects of religious life and a weakening of the distinction between clerical and lay status. Lay centrality characterizes the nineteenth- and twentieth-century history of both Buddhism and Shinto and is closely related to the appearance of new religious groups outside the ecclesiastical hierarchy of either tradition. Lay centrality in Buddhism was stimulated after the Meiji Restoration by haibutsu kishaku (movement to destroy Buddhism), which became the occasion for serious reform within temple Buddhism. Early Meiji Buddhism witnessed the appearance of popularizers, ecumenical thought, and moves to initiate laity in the precepts, all aspects of the trend to lay centrality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lotus+Sutra+in+Modern+Japan&rft.btitle=The+Lotus+Sutra+in+Japanese+culture&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18960211&rft.isbn=9780824811983&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO03rvTi0vwAC%26q%3Dmeiji%2520buddhism%2520lay%2520nichiren%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwood2003" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MJrFwCHJQkC&q=nichiren+shu&pg=PA166">"East Asian religions in today's America"</a>. World religions in America : an introduction. Neusner, Jacob, 1932–2016. (3rd ed.). Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664224752" title="Special:BookSources/9780664224752"><bdi>9780664224752</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51613938">51613938</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181012/https://books.google.com/books?id=0MJrFwCHJQkC&q=nichiren+shu&pg=PA166">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Asian+religions+in+today%27s+America&rft.btitle=World+religions+in+America+%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Ky.&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51613938&rft.isbn=9780664224752&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MJrFwCHJQkC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bshu%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Shimpan Bukkyō Tetsugaku Daijiten, p. 1368 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fogel-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Fogel_69-0">^</a> Joshua A. Fogel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDGsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29">The literature of travel in the Japanese rediscovery of China, 1862–1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102111552/https://books.google.com/books?id=fDGsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29">Archived</a> 2 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2567-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2567-5">0-8047-2567-5</a>. Stanford University Press, 1996. p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> 仏敎哲学大辞典 — Shim-pan Bukkyō Tetsugaku Dai-Jiten, <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> publications. Shinomachi, Tokyo. pp. 1365–1368 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/N/47#para-0">"Nichiren school – Dictionary of Buddhism – Nichiren Buddhism Library"</a>. www.nichirenlibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193154/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/N/47#para-0">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nichirenlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Nichiren+school+%E2%80%93+Dictionary+of+Buddhism+%E2%80%93+Nichiren+Buddhism+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichirenlibrary.org%2Fen%2Fdic%2FContent%2FN%2F47%23para-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaschke,_Dereck.Ashcraft,_W._Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Daschke, Dereck.; Ashcraft, W. Michael, eds. (2005). New religious movements: a documentary reader. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814707029" title="Special:BookSources/9780814707029"><bdi>9780814707029</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57531548">57531548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+religious+movements%3A+a+documentary+reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57531548&rft.isbn=9780814707029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimazono,_Susumu2004" class="citation book cs1">Shimazono, Susumu (2004). From salvation to spirituality : popular religious movements in modern Japan. Melbourne, Vic.: Trans Pacific Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1876843120" title="Special:BookSources/978-1876843120"><bdi>978-1876843120</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56456928">56456928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+salvation+to+spirituality+%3A+popular+religious+movements+in+modern+Japan&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Vic.&rft.pub=Trans+Pacific+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56456928&rft.isbn=978-1876843120&rft.au=Shimazono%2C+Susumu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeal2015" class="citation book cs1">Deal, William E. (31 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDH-CAAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+lineages&pg=PA141">A cultural history of Japanese Buddhism</a>. Ruppert, Brian Douglas, 1962–. Chichester, West Sussex, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118608319" title="Special:BookSources/9781118608319"><bdi>9781118608319</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904194715">904194715</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181011/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDH-CAAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+lineages&pg=PA141">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+cultural+history+of+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904194715&rft.isbn=9781118608319&rft.aulast=Deal&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDH-CAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnichiren%2Blineages%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2004" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Diane (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqwzJt9XGpoC&q=dharma+in+nichiren+shu+gohonzon&pg=PA123">The Buddhist experience in America</a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313324918" title="Special:BookSources/9780313324918"><bdi>9780313324918</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55534989">55534989</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181010/https://books.google.com/books?id=SqwzJt9XGpoC&q=dharma+in+nichiren+shu+gohonzon&pg=PA123">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+experience+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55534989&rft.isbn=9780313324918&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqwzJt9XGpoC%26q%3Ddharma%2Bin%2Bnichiren%2Bshu%2Bgohonzon%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2012" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Seager, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ex4pG4KuW1MC&q=nichiren+">"triple+refuge"&pg=PA106 Buddhism in America</a> (Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231159739" title="Special:BookSources/9780231159739"><bdi>9780231159739</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/753913907">753913907</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181013/https://books.google.com/books?id=ex4pG4KuW1MC&q=nichiren+%22triple+refuge%22&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F753913907&rft.isbn=9780231159739&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Seager%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dex4pG4KuW1MC%26q%3Dnichiren%2B%22triple%2Brefuge%22%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHein2014" class="citation book cs1">Hein, Patrick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDFQBwAAQBAJ&q=nakayama+nichiren&pg=PA71">The Goddess and the Dragon : a Study on Identity Strength and Psychosocial Resilience in Japan</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443868723" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443868723"><bdi>978-1443868723</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892799135">892799135</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181017/https://books.google.com/books?id=GDFQBwAAQBAJ&q=nakayama+nichiren&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+and+the+Dragon+%3A+a+Study+on+Identity+Strength+and+Psychosocial+Resilience+in+Japan&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892799135&rft.isbn=978-1443868723&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDFQBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnakayama%2Bnichiren%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell,_Robert_E._JrLopez,_Donald_S.2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. Jr; Lopez, Donald S., eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&q=%22origin+teaching%22+%22trace+teaching%22&pg=PA355">The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400848058" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400848058"><bdi>978-1400848058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864788798">864788798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864788798&rft.isbn=978-1400848058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522origin%2Bteaching%2522%2B%2522trace%2Bteaching%2522%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation book cs1">Keown, Damien (2003). A dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191579172" title="Special:BookSources/9780191579172"><bdi>9780191579172</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/574561654">574561654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F574561654&rft.isbn=9780191579172&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-philtar1-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philtar1_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-philtar1_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/easia/nich.html">"Nichiren Buddhism"</a>. Philtar.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205012223/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/easia/nich.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nichiren+Buddhism&rft.pub=Philtar.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philtar.ac.uk%2Fencyclopedia%2Feasia%2Fnich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montgomery1991-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery1991_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery1991_81-1">b</a> Montgomery, Daniel (1991). Fire in the Lotus, The Dynamic Religion of Nichiren, London: Mandala, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852740914" title="Special:BookSources/1852740914">1852740914</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chryssides_1999-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Chryssides_1999_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssides1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Chryssides" title="George D. Chryssides">Chryssides, George D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXGvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220">"New Forms of Buddhism"</a>. Exploring New Religions. London: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International</a>. pp. 220–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5959-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5959-5"><bdi>0-8264-5959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Forms+of+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Exploring+New+Religions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=220-223&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8264-5959-5&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXGvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbins,_James_C.2002" class="citation book cs1">Dobbins, James C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb3BImNUdRAC&q=nichiren+kanto+kyoto&pg=PA101">Jōdo Shinshū : Shin Buddhism in medieval Japan</a>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824826208" title="Special:BookSources/9780824826208"><bdi>9780824826208</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48958350">48958350</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181016/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb3BImNUdRAC&q=nichiren+kanto+kyoto&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C5%8Ddo+Shinsh%C5%AB+%3A+Shin+Buddhism+in+medieval+Japan&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48958350&rft.isbn=9780824826208&rft.au=Dobbins%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXb3BImNUdRAC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bkanto%2Bkyoto%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanabe1989-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanabe1989_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanabe1989_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanabe1989_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamura1989" class="citation book cs1">Tamura, Yoshio (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O03rvTi0vwAC&q=meiji%20buddhism%20lay%20nichiren&pg=PA51">The Ideas of the Lotus Sutra, In: George Joji Tanabe; Willa Jane Tanabe, eds. The Lotus Sutra in Japanese Culture</a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1198-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-1198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideas+of+the+Lotus+Sutra%2C+In%3A+George+Joji+Tanabe%3B+Willa+Jane+Tanabe%2C+eds.+The+Lotus+Sutra+in+Japanese+Culture&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1198-3&rft.aulast=Tamura&rft.aufirst=Yoshio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO03rvTi0vwAC%26q%3Dmeiji%2520buddhism%2520lay%2520nichiren%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosco1996" class="citation book cs1">Nosco, Peter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsLDwvmnt_oC&q=fuju+fuse&pg=PA150">"Keeping the faith: Bakuhan policy towards religions in seventeenth century Japan"</a>. Religion in Japan : arrows to heaven and earth. Kornicki, Peter F. (Peter Francis), McMullen, James, 1939–. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521550284" title="Special:BookSources/9780521550284"><bdi>9780521550284</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32236452">32236452</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181026/https://books.google.com/books?id=gsLDwvmnt_oC&q=fuju+fuse&pg=PA150">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Keeping+the+faith%3A+Bakuhan+policy+towards+religions+in+seventeenth+century+Japan&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Japan+%3A+arrows+to+heaven+and+earth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32236452&rft.isbn=9780521550284&rft.aulast=Nosco&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsLDwvmnt_oC%26q%3Dfuju%2Bfuse%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone1994-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1994_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1994_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1994_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone1994_86-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stone, Jacqueline (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/Rebuking%20the%20Enemies%20of%20the%20Lotus%20-%20Nichirenist%20Exclusivism%20in.pdf">"Rebuking the Enemies of the Lotus: Nichirenist Exclusivism in Historical Perspective"</a> (PDF). Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 21/2–3: 231–259. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815145551/http://www.princeton.edu/~jstone/Articles%20on%20the%20Lotus%20Sutra%20Tendai%20and%20Nichiren%20Buddhism/Rebuking%20the%20Enemies%20of%20the%20Lotus%20-%20Nichirenist%20Exclusivism%20in.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Rebuking+the+Enemies+of+the+Lotus%3A+Nichirenist+Exclusivism+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=21%2F2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=231-259&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~jstone%2FArticles%2520on%2520the%2520Lotus%2520Sutra%2520Tendai%2520and%2520Nichiren%2520Buddhism%2FRebuking%2520the%2520Enemies%2520of%2520the%2520Lotus%2520-%2520Nichirenist%2520Exclusivism%2520in.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2008" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Mariko Namba (2008). "The structure of Japanese Buddhist funerals". Death and the afterlife in Japanese Buddhism. Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse,, Walter, Mariko Namba. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824832049" title="Special:BookSources/9780824832049"><bdi>9780824832049</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/657757860">657757860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+Japanese+Buddhist+funerals&rft.btitle=Death+and+the+afterlife+in+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F657757860&rft.isbn=9780824832049&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Mariko+Namba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenRozman2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Jansen, Marius B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Rozman" title="Gilbert Rozman">Rozman, Gilbert</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7b_AwAAQBAJ">"Overview"</a>. Japan in Transition : From Tokugawa to Meiji. Marius B. Jansen and Gilbert Rozman. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400854301" title="Special:BookSources/9781400854301"><bdi>9781400854301</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884013523">884013523</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181013/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7b_AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview&rft.btitle=Japan+in+Transition+%3A+From+Tokugawa+to+Meiji.&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884013523&rft.isbn=9781400854301&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marius+B.&rft.au=Rozman%2C+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7b_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardacre2016" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, Helen (1 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybljDQAAQBAJ&q=hardacre+shinto">Shinto : a history</a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190621728" title="Special:BookSources/9780190621728"><bdi>9780190621728</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/947145263">947145263</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181023/https://books.google.com/books?id=ybljDQAAQBAJ&q=hardacre+shinto">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto+%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F947145263&rft.isbn=9780190621728&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybljDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhardacre%2Bshinto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=355">"Hokke Shinto"</a>. Encyclopedia of Shinto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623060740/http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=355">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Shinto&rft.atitle=Hokke+Shinto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feos.kokugakuin.ac.jp%2Fmodules%2Fxwords%2Fentry.php%3FentryID%3D355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardacre2003" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, Helen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dw9_ov-GxtQC&q=hokke+shinto&pg=PT267">"Hokke Shinto: Kami in the Nichiren tradition"</a>. Buddhas and Kami in Japan: Honji Suijaku as a Combinatory Paradigm. Fabio Rambelli, Mark Teeuwen (eds.). Routledge. pp. 222–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134431236" title="Special:BookSources/9781134431236"><bdi>9781134431236</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181121/https://books.google.com/books?id=dw9_ov-GxtQC&q=hokke+shinto&pg=PT267">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hokke+Shinto%3A+Kami+in+the+Nichiren+tradition&rft.btitle=Buddhas+and+Kami+in+Japan%3A+Honji+Suijaku+as+a+Combinatory+Paradigm&rft.pages=222-254&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134431236&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddw9_ov-GxtQC%26q%3Dhokke%2Bshinto%26pg%3DPT267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone" class="citation web cs1">Stone, Jacqueline I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenBookReviews/Of-Heretics_and_Martyrs.html">"Zen Books Reviewed: Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Buddhism and Its Persecution by James Edward Ketelaar"</a>. The Zen Site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023154354/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenBookReviews/Of-Heretics_and_Martyrs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Zen+Site&rft.atitle=Zen+Books+Reviewed%3A+Of+Heretics+and+Martyrs+in+Meiji+Japan%3A+Buddhism+and+Its+Persecution+by+James+Edward+Ketelaar&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenBookReviews%2FOf-Heretics_and_Martyrs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collcutt2014-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collcutt2014_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collcutt2014_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collcutt2014_93-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollcutt2014" class="citation book cs1">Collcutt, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7b_AwAAQBAJ">"Buddhism: The threat of eradication"</a>. Japan in Transition : From Tokugawa to Meiji. Marius B. Jansen and Gilbert Rozman. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400854301" title="Special:BookSources/9781400854301"><bdi>9781400854301</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884013523">884013523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism%3A+The+threat+of+eradication&rft.btitle=Japan+in+Transition+%3A+From+Tokugawa+to+Meiji.&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884013523&rft.isbn=9781400854301&rft.aulast=Collcutt&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7b_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/transcultural/article/view/733">"Transcultural Studies"</a>. Archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcultural+Studies&rft.pub=Archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Ftranscultural%2Farticle%2Fview%2F733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Covell2006-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Covell2006_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covell2006_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovell2006" class="citation book cs1">Covell, Stephen G (2006). "8: Buddhism in Japan, The creation of traditions". Buddhism in world cultures : comparative perspectives. Berkwitz, Stephen C., 1969–. 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Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572330634" title="Special:BookSources/9781572330634"><bdi>9781572330634</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47793242">47793242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+wisdom+in+the+New+World+%3A+Americanization+in+two+immigrant+Theravada+Buddhist+temples&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47793242&rft.isbn=9781572330634&rft.aulast=Numrich&rft.aufirst=Paul+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheah-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Cheah_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheah2011" class="citation book cs1">Cheah, Joseph (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m95oAgAAQBAJ&q=prebish">Race and religion in American Buddhism : white supremacy and immigrant adaptation</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199843152" title="Special:BookSources/9780199843152"><bdi>9780199843152</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774295742">774295742</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229032200/https://books.google.com/books?id=m95oAgAAQBAJ&q=prebish">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+religion+in+American+Buddhism+%3A+white+supremacy+and+immigrant+adaptation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774295742&rft.isbn=9780199843152&rft.aulast=Cheah&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm95oAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprebish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickey2010-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hickey2010_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hickey2010_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hickey2010_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hickey, Wakoh Shannon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/112">"Two Buddhisms, Three Buddhisms, and Racism"</a>. Journal of Global Buddhism. 11: 5–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202102222/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/jgb/index.php/jgb/article/view/112">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Buddhism&rft.atitle=Two+Buddhisms%2C+Three+Buddhisms%2C+and+Racism&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Wakoh+Shannon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbuddhism.org%2Fjgb%2Findex.php%2Fjgb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensen1992" class="citation book cs1">Sorensen, Henrik Hjort (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTtC-pyVg9sC&q=nichiren+korea&pg=PA46">"Japanese Missionaries and Their Impact on the Revival of Korean Buddhism at the Close of the Choson Dynasty"</a>. Asian perceptions of nature : papers presented at a workshop, NIAS, Copenhagen, Denmark, October 1991. Henrik Hjort Sorensen, Ole Bruun, Arne Kalland, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. pp. 50, 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788787062121" title="Special:BookSources/9788787062121"><bdi>9788787062121</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28815678">28815678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+Missionaries+and+Their+Impact+on+the+Revival+of+Korean+Buddhism+at+the+Close+of+the+Choson+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Asian+perceptions+of+nature+%3A+papers+presented+at+a+workshop%2C+NIAS%2C+Copenhagen%2C+Denmark%2C+October+1991&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=50%2C+53&rft.pub=Nordic+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28815678&rft.isbn=9788787062121&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Henrik+Hjort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTtC-pyVg9sC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bkorea%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirai_2015-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hirai_2015_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hirai_2015_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirai2015" class="citation book cs1">Hirai, Chishin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taNZCgAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+shu+mission&pg=PA682">"Nichiren shū"</a>. Asian American religious cultures. Lee, Jonathan H. X.,, Matsuoka, Fumitaka,, Yee, Edmond, 1938–, Nakasone, Ronald Y. Santa Barbara. p. 682. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843316" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843316"><bdi>9781598843316</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895731298">895731298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nichiren+sh%C5%AB&rft.btitle=Asian+American+religious+cultures&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=682&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895731298&rft.isbn=9781598843316&rft.aulast=Hirai&rft.aufirst=Chishin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaNZCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bshu%2Bmission%26pg%3DPA682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"A Survey of Education in Hawaii". 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Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior: Bureau of Education. 1920. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Education+in+Hawaii&rft.volume=1920&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Cite magazine requires <code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Usarski&Shoji2016-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Usarski&Shoji2016_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Usarski&Shoji2016_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsarskiShoji2016" class="citation book cs1">Usarski, Frank; Shoji, Rafael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWgbDQAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+shu">"Buddhism, Shinto and Japanese New Religions in Brazil"</a>. Handbook of contemporary religions in Brazil. Schmidt, Bettina E. Leiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004322134" title="Special:BookSources/9789004322134"><bdi>9789004322134</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953617964">953617964</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227150617/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWgbDQAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+shu">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism%2C+Shinto+and+Japanese+New+Religions+in+Brazil&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+contemporary+religions+in+Brazil&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953617964&rft.isbn=9789004322134&rft.aulast=Usarski&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Shoji%2C+Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWgbDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bshu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick.2014" class="citation book cs1">Patrick., Hein (2014). The Goddess and the Dragon : a Study on Identity Strength and Psychosocial Resilience in Japan. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443868723" title="Special:BookSources/9781443868723"><bdi>9781443868723</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892799135">892799135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+and+the+Dragon+%3A+a+Study+on+Identity+Strength+and+Psychosocial+Resilience+in+Japan&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892799135&rft.isbn=9781443868723&rft.aulast=Patrick.&rft.aufirst=Hein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metraux2016-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Metraux2016_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetraux2016" class="citation book cs1">Metraux, Daniel A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe0GDAAAQBAJ">"Soka Gakkai International: Nichiren Japanese Buddhism"</a>. Global Religious Movements Across Borders: Sacred Service. Stephen M. Cherry, Helen Rose Ebaugh. Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317127338" title="Special:BookSources/9781317127338"><bdi>9781317127338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soka+Gakkai+International%3A+Nichiren+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Global+Religious+Movements+Across+Borders%3A+Sacred+Service&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317127338&rft.aulast=Metraux&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOe0GDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2013-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2013_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2013_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2013" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Katherine (2013). Global institutions of religion : ancient movers, modern shakers. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136673443" title="Special:BookSources/9781136673443"><bdi>9781136673443</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/852158691">852158691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+institutions+of+religion+%3A+ancient+movers%2C+modern+shakers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F852158691&rft.isbn=9781136673443&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinn2006" class="citation book cs1">Pinn, Anthony G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eedw2JKjkIUC&q=nichiren+shoshu+temple&pg=PA50">The African American religious experience in America</a>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313325854" title="Special:BookSources/9780313325854"><bdi>9780313325854</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71065068">71065068</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181426/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eedw2JKjkIUC&q=nichiren+shoshu+temple&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+American+religious+experience+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71065068&rft.isbn=9780313325854&rft.aulast=Pinn&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEedw2JKjkIUC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bshoshu%2Btemple%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2000" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, David W. (2000). "Racial Diversity in the Soka Gakkai". Engaged Buddhism in the west. Queen, Christopher S. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications. pp. 184, 190, 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861711598" title="Special:BookSources/9780861711598"><bdi>9780861711598</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844350971">844350971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Racial+Diversity+in+the+Soka+Gakkai&rft.btitle=Engaged+Buddhism+in+the+west&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=184%2C+190%2C+203&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F844350971&rft.isbn=9780861711598&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeager2014" class="citation book cs1">Seager, Richard (17 December 2014). Religion and American cultures : tradition, diversity, and popular expression. Gary Laderman, Luis D. León (Second ed.). Santa Barbara, California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691109" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691109"><bdi>9781610691109</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/897907045">897907045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+American+cultures+%3A+tradition%2C+diversity%2C+and+popular+expression&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897907045&rft.isbn=9781610691109&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachacek2006" class="citation book cs1">Machacek, David W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&q=nichiren+shu+mission&pg=RA3-PA116">"Soka Gakkai: A Human revolution"</a>. Introduction to new and alternative religions in America. Gallagher, Eugene V., Ashcraft, W. Michael, 1955–. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313050787" title="Special:BookSources/9780313050787"><bdi>9780313050787</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/230763437">230763437</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181437/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&q=nichiren+shu+mission&pg=RA3-PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soka+Gakkai%3A+A+Human+revolution&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+new+and+alternative+religions+in+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230763437&rft.isbn=9780313050787&rft.aulast=Machacek&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZiScvbS6-cC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bshu%2Bmission%26pg%3DRA3-PA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeager2006" class="citation book cs1">Seager, Richard H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szm2BQAAQBAJ&q=soka+gakkai+">"peace+culture+and+education"&pg=PA68 "Soka Gakkai International-USA"</a>. Encountering the Dharma : Daisaku Ikeda, Soka Gakkai, and the globalization of Buddhist humanism. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520939042" title="Special:BookSources/9780520939042"><bdi>9780520939042</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/808600561">808600561</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181501/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szm2BQAAQBAJ&q=soka+gakkai+%22peace+culture+and+education%22&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soka+Gakkai+International-USA&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Dharma+%3A+Daisaku+Ikeda%2C+Soka+Gakkai%2C+and+the+globalization+of+Buddhist+humanism&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F808600561&rft.isbn=9780520939042&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzm2BQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsoka%2Bgakkai%2B%22peace%2Bculture%2Band%2Beducation%22%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.Machacek1999" class="citation book cs1">E., Hammond, Phillip; Machacek, David (1999). Soka Gakkai in America : accommodation and conversion. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198293897" title="Special:BookSources/9780198293897"><bdi>9780198293897</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40298264">40298264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soka+Gakkai+in+America+%3A+accommodation+and+conversion&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40298264&rft.isbn=9780198293897&rft.aulast=E.&rft.aufirst=Hammond%2C+Phillip&rft.au=Machacek%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson_and_Dobbelaere1994" class="citation book cs1">Wilson and Dobbelaere, Bryan and Karel (1994). A Time to Chant. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 243–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+to+Chant&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=243-4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wilson+and+Dobbelaere&rft.aufirst=Bryan+and+Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaciotiCapozzi_(tr)2002" class="citation book cs1">Macioti, Maria Immacolata; Capozzi (tr), Richard (2002). The Buddha within ourselves : blossoms of the Lotus Sutra. Lanham: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2189-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2189-2"><bdi>978-0-7618-2189-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+within+ourselves+%3A+blossoms+of+the+Lotus+Sutra&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2189-2&rft.aulast=Macioti&rft.aufirst=Maria+Immacolata&rft.au=Capozzi+%28tr%29%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred1996" class="citation book cs1">Alfred, Metraux, Daniel (1996). The lotus and the maple leaf : the Soka Gakkai Buddhist movement in Canada. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-076180271-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-076180271-6"><bdi>978-076180271-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34076743">34076743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lotus+and+the+maple+leaf+%3A+the+Soka+Gakkai+Buddhist+movement+in+Canada&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34076743&rft.isbn=978-076180271-6&rft.aulast=Alfred&rft.aufirst=Metraux%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OlDP1OXl_zEC&q=nichiren+brazil&pg=PA133">"Globalization and the Pursuit of a Shared Understanding of the Absolute: The Case of Soka Gakkai in Brazil"</a>. Buddhist missionaries in the era of globalization. Learman, Linda, 1950–. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press. pp. 123–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-082482810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-082482810-3"><bdi>978-082482810-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56648172">56648172</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181435/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Buddhist_Missionaries_in_the_Era_of_Glob/OlDP1OXl_zEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=nichiren+brazil&pg=PA133&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Globalization+and+the+Pursuit+of+a+Shared+Understanding+of+the+Absolute%3A+The+Case+of+Soka+Gakkai+in+Brazil&rft.btitle=Buddhist+missionaries+in+the+era+of+globalization&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=123-139&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%C3%AC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56648172&rft.isbn=978-082482810-3&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOlDP1OXl_zEC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bbrazil%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocha2016" class="citation book cs1">Rocha, Cristina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MljDQAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+brazil&pg=PA305">"Buddhism in Latin America"</a>. Oxford Handbook of contemporary Buddhism. Jerryson, Michael K. New York. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-019936239-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-019936239-4"><bdi>978-019936239-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181504/https://books.google.com/books?id=1MljDQAAQBAJ&q=nichiren+brazil&pg=PA305">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+contemporary+Buddhism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=306&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-019936239-4&rft.aulast=Rocha&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MljDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bbrazil%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler,_Jeaneane_D.2009" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2009). Chanting in the Hillsides : the Buddhism of Nichiren Daishonin in Wales and the Borders. Fowler, Merv. Brighton [England]: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184519258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-184519258-7"><bdi>978-184519258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/235028985">235028985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chanting+in+the+Hillsides+%3A+the+Buddhism+of+Nichiren+Daishonin+in+Wales+and+the+Borders&rft.place=Brighton+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F235028985&rft.isbn=978-184519258-7&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Jeaneane+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred2001" class="citation book cs1">Alfred, Metraux, Daniel (2001). The international expansion of a modern Buddhist movement : the Soka Gakkai in Southeast Asia and Australia. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-076181904-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-076181904-2"><bdi>978-076181904-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45195856">45195856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+international+expansion+of+a+modern+Buddhist+movement+%3A+the+Soka+Gakkai+in+Southeast+Asia+and+Australia&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45195856&rft.isbn=978-076181904-2&rft.aulast=Alfred&rft.aufirst=Metraux%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIonescu2013" class="citation book cs1">Ionescu, Sandra (2013). "Adapt or Perish: The Story of Soka Gakkai in Germany". Japanese New Religions in Global Perspective. Clarke, Peter B. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136828652" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136828652"><bdi>978-1136828652</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862613119">862613119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adapt+or+Perish%3A+The+Story+of+Soka+Gakkai+in+Germany&rft.btitle=Japanese+New+Religions+in+Global+Perspective&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862613119&rft.isbn=978-1136828652&rft.aulast=Ionescu&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Pratom Prasertsak Angurarohita, 'Soka Gakkai in Thailand: A Sociological Study of its Emergence, World View, Recruitment Process, and Growth' (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1993) </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke2013-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke2013_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke2013_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2013" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter B. (2013). Japanese New Religions in Global Perspective. Clarke, Peter B. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136828652" title="Special:BookSources/9781136828652"><bdi>9781136828652</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/862613119">862613119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+New+Religions+in+Global+Perspective.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F862613119&rft.isbn=9781136828652&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeager2001" class="citation book cs1">Seager, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd_AICOMwccC&q=nichiren+shoshu+temple&pg=PA112">"Buddhist Chanting in Soka Gakkai International"</a>. Religions of the United States in practice. McDannell, Colleen. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691010014" title="Special:BookSources/9780691010014"><bdi>9780691010014</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47160933">47160933</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220181500/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd_AICOMwccC&q=nichiren+shoshu+temple&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Chanting+in+Soka+Gakkai+International&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+United+States+in+practice&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47160933&rft.isbn=9780691010014&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBd_AICOMwccC%26q%3Dnichiren%2Bshoshu%2Btemple%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst1992" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, Jane D. (1992). Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism and the Soka Gakkai in America : the ethos of a new religious movement. New York: Garland Pub. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815307761" title="Special:BookSources/9780815307761"><bdi>9780815307761</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26503746">26503746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nichiren+Shoshu+Buddhism+and+the+Soka+Gakkai+in+America+%3A+the+ethos+of+a+new+religious+movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Garland+Pub&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26503746&rft.isbn=9780815307761&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Jane+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093436/http://www.nichirenshoshu.or.jp/page/eng/topix/200607_e.htm">""Kenshokai" has no relation to "Nichiren Shoshu""</a>. 4 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nichirenshoshu.or.jp/page/eng/topix/200607_e.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Kenshokai%22+has+no+relation+to+%22Nichiren+Shoshu%22&rft.date=2006-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichirenshoshu.or.jp%2Fpage%2Feng%2Ftopix%2F200607_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANichiren+Buddhism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_of_Nichiren's_writings">Translations of Nichiren's writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Translations of Nichiren's writings">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Gosho Translation Committee: The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, Volume I, Soka Gakkai, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-412-01024-4" title="Special:BookSources/4-412-01024-4">4-412-01024-4</a></li> <li>The Gosho Translation Committee: The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, Volume II, Soka Gakkai, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-412-01350-2" title="Special:BookSources/4-412-01350-2">4-412-01350-2</a></li> <li>Kyotsu Hori (transl.); Sakashita, Jay (ed.): Writings of Nichiren Shonin, Doctrine 1, University of Hawai'i Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2733-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2733-3">0-8248-2733-3</a></li> <li>Tanabe Jr., George (ed.), Hori, Kyotsu: Writings of Nichiren Shonin, Doctrine 2, University of Hawai'i Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2551-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2551-9">0-8248-2551-9</a></li> <li>Kyotsu Hori (transl.), Sakashita, Jay (ed.): Writings of Nichiren Shonin, Doctrine 3, University of Hawai'i Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2931-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2931-X">0-8248-2931-X</a></li> <li>Kyotsu Hori (transl.), Jay Sakashita (ed.): Writings of Nichiren Shonin, Doctrine 4, University of Hawai'i Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-3180-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-3180-2">0-8248-3180-2</a></li> <li>Kyotsu Hori (transl.), Sakashita, Jay (ed.): Writings of Nichiren Shonin, Doctrine 5, University of Hawai'i Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-3301-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-3301-5">0-8248-3301-5</a></li> <li>Kyotsu Hori (transl.), Sakashita, Jay (ed.): Writings of Nichiren Shonin, Doctrine 6, University of Hawai'i Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-3455-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-3455-0">0-8248-3455-0</a></li> <li>Selected Writings of Nichiren. Burton Watson et al., trans.; Philip B. Yampolsky, ed. Columbia University Press, 1990</li> <li>Letters of Nichiren. Burton Watson et al., trans.; Philip B. Yampolsky, ed. Columbia University Press, 1996 Full disclosure statement: Although Soka Gakkai retains the copyrights on the foregoing two works and financed their publication, they show some deviation from similar works published under Soka Gakkai's own name.</li> <li>Website for English-language translations of works essential to the study of Nichiren Buddhism (Soka Gakkai) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222074700/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/">Nichiren Buddhism Library</a></li> <li>Die Schriften Nichiren Daishonins, Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer, trans., Verlag Herder, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3451334542" title="Special:BookSources/978-3451334542">978-3451334542</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: English">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_scholarship">Recent scholarship</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Recent scholarship">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bowring, Paul. Kornicki, Peter, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan. eds. Cambridge University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40352-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40352-9">0-521-40352-9</a> (Referred to in text as Cambridge.)</li> <li>Causton, Richard, "Buddha in Daily Life, An Introduction to the Buddhism of Nichiren Daishonin", 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/071267456X" title="Special:BookSources/071267456X">071267456X</a></li> <li>The Doctrines and Practice of Nichiren Shoshu. Nichiren Shoshu Overseas Bureau, 2002</li> <li>Ikeda, Daisaku, Unlocking the Mysteries of Birth and Death, Little, Brown, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780356154985" title="Special:BookSources/9780356154985">9780356154985</a></li> <li>Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kondansha, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-205938-X" title="Special:BookSources/4-06-205938-X">4-06-205938-X</a>; CD-ROM version, 1999. (Referred to in text as Illustrated.)</li> <li>Lotus Seeds – The Essence of Nichiren Shu Buddhism. Nichiren Buddhist Temple of San Jose, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9705920-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9705920-0-0">0-9705920-0-0</a></li> <li>Matsunaga, Daigan, Matsunaga, Alicia (1988), Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. 2: The Mass Movement (Kamakura and Muromachi Periods), Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International, 1988 (fourth printing). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914910-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-914910-28-0">0-914910-28-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12070/abstract">Metraux, Daniel, The Soka Gakkai International: Global Expansion of a Japanese Buddhist Movement</a>, Religion Compass, v. 7#10.</li> <li>Montgomery, Daniel B., Fire In The Lotus – The Dynamic Buddhism of Nichiren. Mandala – <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85274-091-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85274-091-4">1-85274-091-4</a></li> <li>The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism. Soka Gakkai, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-412-01205-0" title="Special:BookSources/4-412-01205-0">4-412-01205-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530075716/http://www.sgilibrary.org/dict.html">online</a></li> <li>Stone, Jacqueline I., Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism (Studies in East Asian Buddhism), University of Hawaii Press 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824827717" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824827717">978-0824827717</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English-language_works,_late_19th_and_early_20th_centuries">English-language works, late 19th and early 20th centuries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: English-language works, late 19th and early 20th centuries">edit</a>]</div> (listed in chronological order) <ul><li>Asai, Nissatsu (1893), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN40086ucmf_8">Outlines of the Doctrine of the Nichiren Sect: With the Life of Nichiren, the Founder of the Nichiren Sect</a>, edited by the Central Office of the Nichiren Sect.</li> <li>Broughton, B.L. (1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70784/page/n337">"Nichiren Shonin"</a>. In The Maha-Bodhi, vol. 44. Calcutta, The Maha=Bodhi Society. pp. 317–322; 375–391.</li> <li>Lloyd, Arthur (1912), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/chj/chj26.htm">The Creed of Half of Japan 1912</a>. New York: E.P. Dutton & company.</li> <li>Anesaki, Masaharu (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=Ub0KAAAAYAAJ">Nichiren, the Buddhist Prophet</a>, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Reischauer, August Karl (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=muAEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA2">Studies in Japanese Buddhism</a>, New York: Macmillan.</li> <li>Satomi, Kishio (1923), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-gArVnzwM4C">Japanese Civilization, its Significance and Realization: Nichirenism and the Japanese National Principles</a>, Routledge, 2013 (digital reprint).</li> <li>Takakusu, Junjiro (1947), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyJjCx_tEiMC">The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy</a>, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Japanese">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Nichiren Shōshū yōgi (日蓮正宗要義; "The essential tenets of Nichiren Shoshu"). Taiseki-ji, 1978, rev. ed. 1999</li> <li>Shimpan Bukkyō Tetsugaku Daijiten (新版　仏教哲学大辞典: "Grand dictionary of Buddhist philosophy, rev. ed."). Seikyo Shimbunsha, 1985. No ISBN.</li> <li>Nichiren Shōshū-shi no kisoteki kenkyū (日蓮正宗史の基礎的研究; "A study of fundaments of Nichiren Shoshu history"). (Rev.) Yamaguchi Handō. Sankibo Bussho-rin, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7963-0763-X" title="Special:BookSources/4-7963-0763-X">4-7963-0763-X</a></li> <li>Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten (岩波　日本史辞典: "Iwanami dictionary of Japanese history"). Iwanami Shoten, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-00-080093-0" title="Special:BookSources/4-00-080093-0">4-00-080093-0</a> (Referred to in text as Iwanami.)</li> <li>Nichiren Shōshū Nyūmon (日蓮正宗入門; "Introduction to Nichiren Shoshu"). Taiseki-ji, 2002</li> <li>Kyōgaku Yōgo Kaisetsu Shū (教学解説用語集; "Glossary of Nichiren Shoshu Buddhist terms"). (Rev.) Kyōdō Enoki, comp. Watō Henshūshitsu, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichiren_Buddhism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552747/Soka-gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/easia/nich.html">East Asian Religions: Nichiren Buddhism</a></li> <li>Shoryo Tarabini (undated). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602093417/http://nichiren-shu.org/NONA/comparison.pdf">A response to questions from Soka Gakkai practitioners regarding the similarities and differences among Nichiren Shu, Nichiren Shoshu and the Soka Gakkai</a>"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/beginners/decks/nichiren/">Nichiren Buddhism</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org">Tricycle's</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/beginners/">Buddhism for Beginners series</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/nichiren-chanting/">Nichiren Chanting Explained</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tricycle:_The_Buddhist_Review" title="Tricycle: The Buddhist Review">Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lotus_Sūtra" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#fbfac4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lotus_Sutra" title="Template:Lotus Sutra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lotus_Sutra" title="Template talk:Lotus Sutra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lotus_Sutra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lotus Sutra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lotus_Sūtra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sūtra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#fbfac4"><div>Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fbfac4;width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Lotus_Sutra" title="Threefold Lotus Sutra">Threefold Lotus Sutra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Innumerable_Meanings_Sutra" title="Innumerable Meanings Sutra">Innumerable Meanings Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_Meditation_Sutra" title="Samantabhadra Meditation Sutra">Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_lotus_Nelumbo_nucifera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sacred_lotus_Nelumbo_nucifera.jpg/100px-Sacred_lotus_Nelumbo_nucifera.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sacred_lotus_Nelumbo_nucifera.jpg/150px-Sacred_lotus_Nelumbo_nucifera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sacred_lotus_Nelumbo_nucifera.jpg/200px-Sacred_lotus_Nelumbo_nucifera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="2119" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fbfac4;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Buddha" title="Eternal Buddha">Eternal Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Six Pāramitās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Skillful Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_suchnesses" title="Ten suchnesses">Ten suchnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fbfac4;width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bodhisattvas</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bhai%E1%B9%A3ajyar%C4%81ja" title="Bhaiṣajyarāja">Medicine King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Supratisthitacaritra" title="Supratisthitacaritra">Firm Practice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Buddhac%C4%81ritra" title="Viśuddhacāritra">Pure Practice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Bi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADac%C4%81ritra" title="Viśiṣṭacāritra">Superior Practice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anantacaritra" title="Anantacaritra">Unlimited Practice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sad%C4%81paribh%C5%ABta" title="Sadāparibhūta">Never Disrespectful</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prabhutaratna" title="Prabhutaratna">Abundant Treasures Buddha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bh%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3magarjitasvarar%C4%81ja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhīṣmagarjitasvararāja (page does not exist)">Majestic Voice King</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Śākyamuni Buddha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_Meditation_Sutra" title="Samantabhadra Meditation Sutra">Samantabhadra Meditation Sūtra</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Devas</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hārītī</a> (with ten <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rākṣasī</a> daughters)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Longn%C3%BC" title="Longnü">Nāgakanya</a> (daughter of Sāgara <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">Nāgaraja</a> who becomes a Buddha)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Vaiśravaṇa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dh%E1%B9%9Btar%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADra" title="Dhṛtarāṣṭra">Dhṛtarāṣṭra</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvakas</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Aniruddha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kauṇḍinya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahā-Kāśyapa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahā-Kātyāyana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Maha-Maudgalyayana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Śāriputra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#fbfac4"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nichiren Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai Buddhism</a> (J. <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>, K. <a href="/wiki/Cheontae" title="Cheontae">Cheontae</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western 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