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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The appearance of the <i>Gojōmoku</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_appearance_of_the_Gojōmoku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_the_danka_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_the_danka_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consequences of the <i>danka</i> system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences_of_the_danka_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consequences of the <i>danka</i> system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_the_danka_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_distortions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_distortions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structural distortions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_distortions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_advent_of_"funerary_Buddhism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_advent_of_"funerary_Buddhism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The advent of "funerary Buddhism"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_advent_of_"funerary_Buddhism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Haibutsu_kishaku_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Haibutsu_kishaku_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The <i>Haibutsu kishaku</i> movement</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="/wiki/File:%E5%AE%97%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A5%E6%94%B9%E5%B8%B3_Shumon_Jinbetsu_Aratamecho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%AE%97%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A5%E6%94%B9%E5%B8%B3_Shumon_Jinbetsu_Aratamecho.jpg/275px-%E5%AE%97%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A5%E6%94%B9%E5%B8%B3_Shumon_Jinbetsu_Aratamecho.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%AE%97%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A5%E6%94%B9%E5%B8%B3_Shumon_Jinbetsu_Aratamecho.jpg/413px-%E5%AE%97%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A5%E6%94%B9%E5%B8%B3_Shumon_Jinbetsu_Aratamecho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/%E5%AE%97%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A5%E6%94%B9%E5%B8%B3_Shumon_Jinbetsu_Aratamecho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The <i>shūmon ninbetsu aratamechō</i>, or danka register, of a village called Kumagawa near <a href="/wiki/Fussa,_Tokyo" title="Fussa, Tokyo">Fussa, Tokyo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>danka system</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">檀家制度</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>danka seido</i></i></span>)</span>, also known as <b>jidan system</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寺檀制度</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>jidan seido</i></i></span>)</span>, is a system of voluntary and long-term affiliation between <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> temples and households in use in Japan since the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marcure_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, households (the <i>danka</i>) financially support a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a> which, in exchange, provides for their spiritual needs.<sup id="cite_ref-marcure_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its existence long predates the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1868), the system is best known for its repressive use made at that time by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa</a>, who made the affiliation with a Buddhist temple <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">compulsory</a> to all citizens. </p><p>During the Tokugawa shogunate, the system was turned into a citizen registration network; supposedly intended to stop the diffusion of Christianity and help detect <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Christians_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden Christians of Japan">hidden Christians</a>, it soon became a government-mandated and Buddhist temple-run system to monitor and control the population as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, it survived intact long after Christianity in Japan was thought to have been eradicated. The system as it existed in Tokugawa times is sometimes called <i>terauke</i> system<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寺請制度</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">terauke seido</i></span>)</span> because of the certification (or <i>terauke</i>, because the <i>tera</i>, or temple would issue an <i>uke</i>, or certificate) issued by a Buddhist temple that a citizen was not a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-hur_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hur-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mandatory <i>danka</i> system was officially abolished during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a> period, but continues nonetheless to exists as a voluntary association between the two sides, constitutes a major part of the income of most temples and defines as before the relationship between households and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-marcure_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_terauke">The <i>terauke</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The terauke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>danka</i> system changed drastically in 1638 when, in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> (1637–38), the <a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a> decided to stamp out the Christian religion using it as a tool.<sup id="cite_ref-hur_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hur-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between temple and <i>danka</i>, until then voluntary, was formalized and made compulsory: Buddhist temples were ordered to start writing <i>terauke</i> certificates for all their <i>danka</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">檀家</span></span>)</span>, while households on their part had the duty to become <i>danka</i> of the closest Buddhist temple, regardless of its sect (Nichiren, Jōdo, Rinzai, etc.), and to obtain from it a <i>terauke</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although never written into law,<sup id="cite_ref-hur_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hur-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this use of the system nonetheless quickly became a universal and extremely important feature of Tokugawa Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administratively speaking, all Japanese, Shinto priests included, became an integral part of the Buddhist bureaucratic organization, which in turn referred to the Tokugawa. </p><p>The system had three tiers, with at the lowest the temple which issued the <i>terauke</i>. Local government officials would then collect all <i>terauke</i>, bind them in ledgers called <i>shūmon ninbetsu aratamechō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宗門人別改帳</span></span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-hur_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hur-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and submit them to higher authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose was to force Christians to become affiliated to a Buddhist temple, while making the monitoring of suspected Christians easier.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The very first registries in existence are dated between 1638 and 1640 and, unsurprisingly, are found in areas where the Christian religion was strong, for example <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, its province and <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registries in other areas are not found until the second half of the 17th century, but individual <i>terauke</i>, which clearly served the same purpose, are.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because in 1664 the bakufu ordered to all <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a> the establishment in their domain of an officer of religious investigation called magistrate of religion<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宗門奉行</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shūmon bugyō</i></span>)</span> or magistrate of temples and shrines<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寺社奉行</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jisha bugyō</i></span>)</span>, from the following year registries of religious affiliation started being produced nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1671 the registry's format was standardized. The document had to record all peasant households, state the number of men and women of each town, plus the totals for all districts and the province.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intendant had to keep the registry and send a one-page summary to higher authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, all departures from the community due to marriage, work or death were to be recorded. This registry format was maintained unchanged until 1870, three years into the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the order explicitly states that "Naturally, it is appropriate to investigate many things, and not only at the time of inquiry into religion",<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the system clearly had from the beginning purposes that went beyond religion. The result was an <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> equivalent of today's household registry, set apart only by the temple's obligation to specify a family temple and the citizens' to obtain a <i>terauke</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some regions, the right to issue certificates was called <i>shūhanken</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宗判権</span></span>)</span>, a right which gradually became a source of great power for the temples.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only was a certificate issued after payment of a fee, but it gave religious authorities the power of life and death over parishioners.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This document had to be obtained every year after an inspection at one's temple of affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-hur_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hur-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who for some reason could not obtain a temple certification were recorded as <a href="/wiki/Hinin" title="Hinin">hinin</a> (<i>non-persons</i>) and thereafter subject to discrimination,<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply executed as Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-hur_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hur-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only peasants, but even samurai and Shintō priests could not live or function within society without a <i>terauke</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had assumed a role similar to that of identity papers now. It was necessary to marry, to travel, to gain access to certain jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1729 the breaking of ties between a temple and a <i>danka</i> (or <i>ridan</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">離壇</span></span>)</span>) was formally outlawed, making the link between a <i>danka</i> and a temple impossible to break.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eliminated competition for parishioners between temples, giving a man and his family no possibility to change temple of affiliation. By the late 17th century the system had become an integral part of the Tokugawa state apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-hur_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hur-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also contributed to the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> orthodoxy; the <i>danka</i> system was used to stamp out <i><a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-sh%C5%AB" title="Ikkō-shū">Ikkō-shū</a></i> and other schools of Buddhism deemed "deviant" in the Tokugawa era.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_appearance_of_the_Gojōmoku"><span id="The_appearance_of_the_Goj.C5.8Dmoku"></span>The appearance of the <i>Gojōmoku</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The appearance of the Gojōmoku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The life of the <i>dankas</i> were later made even more difficult by a document that greatly expanded a temple's powers over those affiliated to it. Purporting to be a <i>bakufu</i> law regulating in great detail the certification of religious affiliation process, it appeared around 1735 and had thereafter large circulation all over Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dated 1613 and called "Individual Rules Concerning the Certification of Religious Affiliation for Danka"(<i>Gojōmoku Shūmon Danna Ukeai No Okite</i> (御条目宗門旦那請合之掟), usually abbreviated in just <i>Gojōmoku</i>), it is demonstrably a forgery, probably created by the temples themselves, whose interests it serves.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That the document is a fake is proven beyond doubt by the fact that it lists among the forbidden religions not only Christianity, but also the <a href="/wiki/Fuju-fuse" title="Fuju-fuse">Fuju-fuse</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">不受不施</span></span>)</span> and Hiden<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">悲田</span></span>)</span> subschools of the <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a>. Since the two schools were outlawed respectively in 1669 and 1691, the date of issue must have been deliberately misstated.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The likely reason this particular date was chosen is that it is the year in which Tokugawa Ieyasu's "Order to Expel Christian Priests"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伴天連追放令</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Bateren Tsuihōrei</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> was issued, and because the following year temples were ordered to start issuing <i>terauke</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The document is often found in temples and collections all over the country and it appears to have been believed genuine even by most <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> historians.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gojōmoku, which gives temples additional power over parishioners, is mentioned occasionally by temple registries and, when a <i>danka</i> did not meet its conditions, the temple certification was not issued.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its provisions caused considerable problems between <i>danka</i> and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The document first defined four duties of the <i>danka</i>. </p> <ul><li>Duty to visit the temple on several yearly occasion. Failure to make the visits could cause the removal of the <i>danka'</i>s name from the registry.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Duty to perform two services on the day of the ancestor memorial service. Failure to provide adequate entertainment for the priest meant being branded as a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Duty to make the family temple perform all memorial and funerary services.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Duty of anyone capable of walking to be present at memorial services for ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It then gave five rights to its temple. </p> <ul><li>A <i>danka</i> had to perform certain acts in favor of the temple, including making offerings and providing free labor. Failure to do so meant being branded as a Fuju-fuse sect member.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <i>danka</i> had to obey its temple and give money to its priests.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Regardless of how long a <i>danka</i> group had been faithful, it was always to be subject to religious investigation to determine the possible emergence of heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After someone's death, just looking at the corpse the priest could determine what the defunct's true religion had been.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>danka</i> was always to follow his temple's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-tamamuro_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences_of_the_danka_system">Consequences of the <i>danka</i> system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consequences of the danka system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consequences of two centuries and a half of <i>terauke</i> use and of the bureaucratization of Buddhism were numerous and profound, first of all for Buddhism itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_distortions">Structural distortions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structural distortions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chasm between allowed and forbidden sects became much deeper than it had been.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If on the one hand Buddhism allowed a diversification of its authorized sects, on the other it punished tendencies that put into question the political status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>danka</i> was registered at the closest temple regardless of its religious affiliations, so these became gradually less important.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of all these factors, differences among sects allowed by the government became watered down and Buddhism became more uniform, not least because the Shogunate had a say in matters of religious orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Edo period, Buddhism therefore offered few new ideas (with the possible exception of the reform of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> sects).<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, the development during the same period of Japanese Confucianism and Shinto, and the birth of the so-called "New Religions" produced interesting ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_advent_of_"funerary_Buddhism""><span id="The_advent_of_.22funerary_Buddhism.22"></span>The advent of "funerary Buddhism"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The advent of "funerary Buddhism""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though the original intent of Buddhism was the spreading of the teachings of Buddha, Buddhist temples in Japan today are primarily cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-heine_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heine-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamura214_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The so-called <i>sōshiki bukkyō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">葬式仏教</span></span>)</span> or <i>Funerary Buddhism</i> of today, lampooned for example in <a href="/wiki/Juzo_Itami" title="Juzo Itami">Juzo Itami</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/The_Funeral_(1984_movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Funeral (1984 movie)"><i>The Funeral</i></a>, where Japanese Buddhism's essential function has become confined to the performance of funerals and memorial services, is a direct consequence of the <i>danka</i> system, as is the sale of posthumous names (or <i><a href="/wiki/Kaimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaimyō">kaimyō</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">戒名</span></span>)</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As far as Buddhism was concerned, the defining feature of the <i>danka</i> system during the Edo period was the fact that it guaranteed a steady stream of profits thanks to the mandatory funerary rites.<sup id="cite_ref-heine_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heine-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cash flow is what paid for the majority of the temples in Japan and guaranteed their proliferation, and is inseparable from the <i>danka</i> system.<sup id="cite_ref-heine_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heine-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence the tight association between Buddhism and death that continues to this day. When the formal dissolution of the whole <i>danka</i> system arrived after World War II, it meant for Buddhism a great loss of income, and therefore financial insecurity.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamura214_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamura214-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Haibutsu_kishaku_movement">The <i>Haibutsu kishaku</i> movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Haibutsu kishaku movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of <i>terauke</i> and the widespread resentment it created are considered to be one of the primary causes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">haibutsu kishaku</a></i>, a violent and spontaneous movement that at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> caused the destruction of a high number of temples all over Japan. The government's official policy of separation of Shinto and Buddhism (<i><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></i>) of the time, while not directly responsible for this destruction, provided the trigger that released pent-up energy. Considering Buddhism's close association with the Tokugawa, it cannot be a surprise that Buddhist monks were regarded as state agents and that several sectors of the Edo society began trying to find alternate ways to satisfy their spiritual needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheid_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of its history, Buddhism had however decisive advantages over both <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> that during the Meiji era made it impossible to replace it with either.<sup id="cite_ref-leiden_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leiden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its many rituals (the <i>jūsan butsuji</i>, or thirteen Buddhist rituals), Buddhism could better help people cope with death.<sup id="cite_ref-leiden_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leiden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Shinto associates death with pollution, so it is intrinsically less suitable to funerary ceremonies, while Confucianism in Japan did not concern itself much with funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-leiden_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leiden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, Buddhism had a country-wide infrastructure that neither Shinto nor Confucianism could match.<sup id="cite_ref-leiden_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leiden-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_Parishioner_Registration" title="Shrine Parishioner Registration">Shrine Parishioner Registration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-marcure-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marcure_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcure_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcure_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcure (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamamuro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tamamuro_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamamuro Fumio</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hur-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hur_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hur_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hur_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hur_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hur_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hur_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hur_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nam-lin Hur</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheid-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheid_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernhard Scheid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxzuzIszO60C"><i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226412351" title="Special:BookSources/9780226412351"><bdi>9780226412351</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604221558/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxzuzIszO60C">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780226412351&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxzuzIszO60C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanka+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heine-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heine_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heine_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heine_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamura214-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura214_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamura214_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamura (2000:214)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leiden-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leiden_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leiden_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leiden_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leiden_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul B. Watt</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcure1985" class="citation journal cs1">Marcure, Kenneth (Spring 1985). "The Danka System". <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i>. <b>40</b> (1). Tokyo: Sophia University: 39–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2385001">10.2307/2385001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385001">2385001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=The+Danka+System&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-67&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2385001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2385001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Marcure&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanka+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nam-Lin Hur, Death and social order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, anti-Christianity, and the danka system, Harvard University Asia Center, 2007; pp. 1-30 (The Rise of Funerary Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331070517/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/publications/pdfs/Hur%20intro.pdf">Internet archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Scheid" title="Bernhard Scheid">Bernhard Scheid</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705145949/http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/an/Geschichte/Terauke">Inquisition unter buddhistischen Vorzeichen</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> retrieved on March 20, 2008</li> <li>Paul B. Watt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302110710/http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/itinerario/bookreviews-16.html">Review of "Nam-Lin Hur, Death and Social Order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, Anti-Christianity, and the Danka System"</a> retrieved on March 20, 2008</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamura2000" class="citation book cs1">Tamura, Yoshiro (2000). "The Birth of the Japanese nation". <i>Japanese Buddhism – A Cultural History</i> (First ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. pp. 232 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-333-01684-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-333-01684-3"><bdi>4-333-01684-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+the+Japanese+nation&rft.btitle=Japanese+Buddhism+%E2%80%93+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=232+pages&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Kosei+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=4-333-01684-3&rft.aulast=Tamura&rft.aufirst=Yoshiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADanka+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.hamline.edu/files/HeineRev.pdf">Review of "Death and Social Order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, anti-Christianity and the Danka System" by Nam-Lin Hur</a> By Steven Heine, retrieved on October 20, 2008</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tamamuro Fumio (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073943/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/611.pdf">"Local Society and the Temple-Parishioner Relationship within the Bakufu’s Governance Structure"</a>, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 28/3-4, 261–29</li> <li>Tamamuro Fumio (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019211505/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2977">The Development of the Temple-Parishioner System</a>, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 36/1, 11–26</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&oldid=1207511947">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danka_system&oldid=1207511947</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_policy_in_Japan" title="Category:Religious policy in Japan">Religious policy in Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_the_Edo_period" title="Category:Buddhism in the Edo period">Buddhism in the Edo period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2012">Use mdy dates from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2024, at 01:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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