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id="toc-Early_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_Tennessee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_Tennessee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Move to Tennessee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_Tennessee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johnson's_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johnson's_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Johnson's slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johnson's_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political rise</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_rise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political rise subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tennessee_politician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennessee_politician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tennessee politician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennessee_politician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Representative_(1843–1853)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Representative_(1843–1853)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States Representative (1843–1853)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Representative_(1843–1853)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Tennessee_(1853–1857)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Tennessee_(1853–1857)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Tennessee_(1853–1857)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>United States Senator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homestead_Bill_advocate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homestead_Bill_advocate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Homestead Bill advocate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homestead_Bill_advocate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secession_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secession_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Secession crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secession_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_Governor_of_Tennessee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_Governor_of_Tennessee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Military Governor of Tennessee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_Governor_of_Tennessee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vice presidency (1865)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1865–1869)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1865–1869)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency (1865–1869)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1865–1869)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1865–1869) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1865–1869)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Accession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Presidential Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_with_the_Republicans:_1866" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_with_the_Republicans:_1866"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Break with the Republicans: 1866</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_the_Republicans:_1866-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Radical Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impeachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impeachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Impeachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impeachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Administration and Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_initiated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_initiated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Reforms initiated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_initiated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Completion_of_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completion_of_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Completion of term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completion_of_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1869–1875)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1869–1875)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-presidency (1869–1875)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1869–1875)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1869–1875) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1869–1875)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Return to the Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical reputation and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Johnson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%8D_%E1%8C%86%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95" title="አንድሪው ጆንሰን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንድሪው ጆንሰን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Johnson" title="Andreas Johnson – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Andreas Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="أندرو جونسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أندرو جونسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endr%C3%BC_Conson" title="Endrü Conson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Endrü Conson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اندرو جانسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اندرو جانسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="অ্যান্ড্রু জন‌সন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্ড্রু জন‌সন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эндру Джонсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эндру Джонсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эндру Джонсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эндру Джонсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Андрю Джонсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андрю Джонсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эндрю Джонсон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эндрю Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AB_%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އެންޑްރޫ ޖޯންސަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެންޑްރޫ ޖޯންސަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Άντριου Τζόνσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άντριου Τζόνσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اندرو جانسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندرو جانسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8A_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%86" title="أندرۊ جانسؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="أندرۊ جانسؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8_%EC%A1%B4%EC%8A%A8" title="앤드루 존슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앤드루 존슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էնդրյու Ջոնսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էնդրյու Ջոնսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="एंड्र्यू जॉनसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एंड्र्यू जॉनसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אנדרו ג'ונסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדרו ג'ונסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಡ್ಯ್ರೂ ಜಾನ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಡ್ಯ್ರೂ ಜಾನ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ენდრიუ ჯონსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენდრიუ ჯონსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эндрю Джонсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эндрю Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Johnson" title="Andreas Johnson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Andreas Johnson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endr%C5%AB_D%C5%BEonsons" title="Endrū Džonsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Endrū Džonsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_(amerikai_eln%C3%B6k)" title="Andrew Johnson (amerikai elnök) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Andrew Johnson (amerikai elnök)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ആൻഡ്രൂ ജോൺസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൻഡ്രൂ ജോൺസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="अँड्रु जॉन्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँड्रु जॉन्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ენდრიუ ჯონსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენდრიუ ჯონსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اندرو چونسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اندرو چونسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="اندرو جانسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اندرو جانسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эндрю Джонсон – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эндрю Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အင်ဒရူး ဂျွန်ဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဒရူး ဂျွန်ဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="एन्ड्रयु जोन्सन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एन्ड्रयु जोन्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="アンドリュー・ジョンソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドリュー・ジョンソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਐਂਡਰਿਊ ਜੌਹਨਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਂਡਰਿਊ ਜੌਹਨਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="اینڈریو جانسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اینڈریو جانسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="اندرو جانسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اندرو جانسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E" title="Джонсон, Эндрю – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джонсон, Эндрю" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%B2_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇන්ඩෲ ජොන්සන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇන්ඩෲ ජොන්සන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ئەندرو جۆنسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندرو جۆنسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ендру Џонсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ендру Џонсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D2%AF_%D2%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Әндрү Җонсон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әндрү Җонсон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="แอนดรูว์ จอห์นสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอนดรูว์ จอห์นสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%82" title="ᎡᏂᏗ ᏣᏂᏌᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᏂᏗ ᏣᏂᏌᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Andrew Johnson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ендрю Джонсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ендрю Джонсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1865 to 1869</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Andrew Johnson (disambiguation)">Andrew Johnson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Andrew Johnson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders,_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monochrome photograph of the upper body of Andrew Johnson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2634" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870–1875</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">None<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Abraham Lincoln</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1875 – July 31, 1875</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Brownlow">William G. Brownlow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">David M. Key</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 8, 1857 – March 4, 1862</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">James C. Jones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">David T. Patterson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Military Governor of Tennessee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 12, 1862 – March 4, 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Abraham Lincoln</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Isham G. Harris</a><br />(as Governor)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Brownlow">William G. Brownlow</a><br />(as Governor)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">15th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 17, 1853 – November 3, 1857</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Campbell" title="William B. Campbell">William B. Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Isham G. Harris</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from Tennessee's <span data-sort-value="Tennessee01 !"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 1st congressional district">1st</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1853</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dickens_Arnold" title="Thomas Dickens Arnold">Thomas Dickens Arnold</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brookins_Campbell" title="Brookins Campbell">Brookins Campbell</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1808-12-29</span>)</span>December 29, 1808<br /><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 31, 1875<span style="display:none">(1875-07-31)</span> (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabethton,_Tennessee" title="Elizabethton, Tennessee">Elizabethton, Tennessee</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Cemetery" title="Andrew Johnson National Cemetery">Andrew Johnson National Cemetery</a>, Greeneville, Tennessee, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (from 1839)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (before 1839)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_Party_(New_York)" title="Working Men's Party (New York)">Mechanics' (Working Men's)</a> (1829–1835)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse35_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed33–36_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed33–36-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a> (1864–1868)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza McCardle</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 17, 1827">1827</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Johnson_Patterson" title="Martha Johnson Patterson">Martha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Charles Johnson (Tennessee)">Charles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Johnson_Stover" title="Mary Johnson Stover">Mary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Robert Johnson (Tennessee)">Robert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_Jr." title="Andrew Johnson Jr.">Andrew Jr.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Johnson_(father_of_Andrew_Johnson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Johnson (father of Andrew Johnson)">Jacob Johnson</a></li> <li>Mary McDonough</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>tailor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrew Johnson's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Andrew_Johnson_Signature.svg/128px-Andrew_Johnson_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Andrew_Johnson_Signature.svg/192px-Andrew_Johnson_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Andrew_Johnson_Signature.svg/256px-Andrew_Johnson_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="84" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1862–1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Brigadier General (as Military Governor of Tennessee)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_face,_c1870-1880-Edit1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_face%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_face%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_face%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_face%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_face%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_face%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1641" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Andrew Johnson</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_career">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Johnson and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historical_reputation_and_legacy">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Bibliography of Andrew Johnson">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">15th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Governor_of_Tennessee_(1853–1857)">Governorship</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">16th Vice President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vice_presidency_(1865)">Vice presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson%27s_drunk_vice-presidential_inaugural_address" title="Andrew Johnson's drunk vice-presidential inaugural address">Drunk V.P. inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">17th President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Inauguration of Andrew Johnson">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897#Johnson_administration,_1865–1869" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson#Administration" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Cabinet appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson">Judicial appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclusion_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Conclusion of the American Civil War">Conclusion of Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">Efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Vice presidential and Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>1864 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">National Union national convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Post-presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Post-presidency_and_return_to_Senate_(1869–1875)">Return to Senate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Death">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Cemetery" title="Andrew Johnson National Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site" title="Andrew Johnson National Historic Site">Historic Site</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Family</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza McCardle Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Johnson_Patterson" title="Martha Johnson Patterson">Martha Johnson Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Charles Johnson (Tennessee)">Charles Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Johnson_Stover" title="Mary Johnson Stover">Mary Johnson Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Robert Johnson (Tennessee)">Robert Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_Jr." title="Andrew Johnson Jr.">Frank Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andrew_Johnson_series" title="Template:Andrew Johnson series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Johnson_series" title="Template talk:Andrew Johnson series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Johnson_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Johnson series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Andrew Johnson</b> (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a>, as he was <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> at that time. Johnson was a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> who ran with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a> ticket, coming to office as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> concluded. He favored quick restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">seceded states to the Union</a> without protection for the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">newly freed people</a> who were formerly <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved</a> as well as pardoning ex-Confederates. This led to conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>-dominated Congress, culminating in <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">his impeachment</a> by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">acquitted in the Senate</a> by one vote. </p><p>Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in <a href="/wiki/Greeneville,_Tennessee" title="Greeneville, Tennessee">Greeneville, Tennessee</a>, serving as an alderman and mayor before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835. After briefly serving in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">Tennessee Senate</a>, Johnson was elected to the House of Representatives in 1843, where he served five two-year terms. He became governor of Tennessee for four years, and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857. During his congressional service, he sought passage of the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Bill">Homestead Bill</a> which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. Southern slave states seceded to form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, including Tennessee, but Johnson remained firmly with the Union. He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not promptly resign his seat upon learning of his state's secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as Military Governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. In 1864, Johnson was a logical choice as running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity in his re-election campaign, and became vice president after a victorious election in <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>. </p><p>Johnson implemented his own form of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Reconstruction">Presidential Reconstruction</a>, a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to reform their civil governments. Southern states returned many of their old leaders and passed <a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a> to deprive the freedmen of many civil liberties, but Congressional Republicans refused to seat legislators from those states and advanced legislation to overrule the Southern actions. Johnson vetoed their bills, and Congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson opposed the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> which gave citizenship to former slaves. In 1866, he went on an <a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">unprecedented national tour</a> promoting his executive policies, seeking to break Republican opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002231_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel2002231-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the conflict grew between the branches of government, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a> restricting Johnson's ability to fire Cabinet officials. He persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>, but ended up being impeached by the House of Representatives and narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate. He did not win <a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination</a> and left office the following year. </p><p>Johnson returned to Tennessee after his presidency and gained some vindication when he was elected to the Senate in 1875, making him the only president to afterwards serve in the Senate. He died five months into his term. Johnson's strong opposition to federally guaranteed rights for black Americans is widely criticized. Historians <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Notable_scholar_surveys" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">have consistently ranked him</a> one of the worst presidents in American history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnsons_First_Home_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Andrew_Johnsons_First_Home_2006.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnsons_First_Home_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Andrew_Johnsons_First_Home_2006.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnsons_First_Home_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Andrew_Johnsons_First_Home_2006.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnsons_First_Home_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Johnson's birthplace and childhood home, located at the <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_House" title="Mordecai House">Mordecai Historic Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Andrew Johnson was born in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>, on December 29, 1808, to Jacob Johnson (1778–1812) and Mary ("Polly") McDonough (1783–1856), a laundress. He was of <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a brother William, four years his senior, and an older sister Elizabeth, who died in childhood. Johnson's birth in a two-room shack was a political asset in the mid-19th century, and he frequently reminded voters of his humble origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed17–18_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed17–18-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002225_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel2002225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob Johnson was a poor man, as had been his father, William Johnson, but he became town constable of Raleigh before marrying and starting a family. Jacob Johnson had been a <a href="/wiki/Porter_(carrier)" title="Porter (carrier)">porter</a> for the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_North_Carolina" title="State Bank of North Carolina">State Bank of North Carolina</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/William_Polk_(colonel)" title="William Polk (colonel)">William Polk</a>, a relative of President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Jacob and Mary were illiterate, and had worked as tavern servants, while Johnson never attended school<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002225_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel2002225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grew up in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002225_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel2002225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob died of an apparent heart attack while ringing the town bell, shortly after rescuing three drowning men, when his son Andrew was three.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polly Johnson worked as a washerwoman and became the sole support of her family. Her occupation was then looked down on, as it often took her into other homes unaccompanied. Since Andrew did not resemble either of his siblings, there are rumors that he may have been fathered by another man. Polly Johnson eventually remarried to a man named Turner Doughtry, who was as poor as she was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed18–22_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed18–22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson's mother apprenticed her son William to a tailor, James Selby. Andrew also became an apprentice in Selby's shop at age ten and was legally bound to serve until his 21st birthday. Johnson lived with his mother for part of his service, and one of Selby's employees taught him rudimentary literacy skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed22–23_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed22–23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His education was augmented by citizens who would come to Selby's shop to read to the tailors as they worked. Even before he became an apprentice, Johnson came to listen. The readings instilled in him a lifelong love of learning, and one of his biographers, <a href="/wiki/Annette_Gordon-Reed" title="Annette Gordon-Reed">Annette Gordon-Reed</a>, suggests that Johnson, later a gifted public speaker, learned the art as he threaded needles and cut cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed26_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed26-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_(Asheville_News,_August_20,_1869,_Page_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_%28Asheville_News%2C_August_20%2C_1869%2C_Page_4%29.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_%28Asheville_News%2C_August_20%2C_1869%2C_Page_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_%28Asheville_News%2C_August_20%2C_1869%2C_Page_4%29.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_%28Asheville_News%2C_August_20%2C_1869%2C_Page_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_%28Asheville_News%2C_August_20%2C_1869%2C_Page_4%29.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnson_s_Indenture_%28Asheville_News%2C_August_20%2C_1869%2C_Page_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>"Andrew Johnson's Indenture" (<i>Asheville News</i>, August 20, 1869, Page 4)</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson was not happy at James Selby's, and after about five years, both he and his brother ran away. Selby responded by placing a reward for their return: "Ten Dollars Reward. Ran away from the subscriber, two apprentice boys, legally bound, named William and Andrew Johnson ... [payment] to any person who will deliver said apprentices to me in Raleigh, or I will give the above reward for Andrew Johnson alone."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers went to <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_North_Carolina" title="Carthage, North Carolina">Carthage, North Carolina</a>, where Andrew Johnson worked as a tailor for several months. Fearing he would be arrested and returned to Raleigh, Johnson moved to <a href="/wiki/Laurens,_South_Carolina" title="Laurens, South Carolina">Laurens, South Carolina</a>. He found work quickly, met his first love, Mary Wood, and made her a quilt as a gift. However, she rejected his marriage proposal. He returned to Raleigh, hoping to buy out his apprenticeship, but could not come to terms with Selby. Unable to stay in Raleigh, where he risked being apprehended for abandoning Selby, he decided to move west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse23–26_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse23–26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed27–29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed27–29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_Tennessee">Move to Tennessee</h3></div> <p>Johnson left North Carolina for Tennessee, traveling mostly on foot. After a brief period in <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Mooresville,_Alabama" title="Mooresville, Alabama">Mooresville, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse23–26_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse23–26-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed29–30_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed29–30-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then worked as a tailor in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Tennessee" title="Columbia, Tennessee">Columbia, Tennessee</a>, but was called back to Raleigh by his mother and stepfather, who saw limited opportunities there and who wished to emigrate west. Johnson and his party traveled through the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greeneville,_Tennessee" title="Greeneville, Tennessee">Greeneville, Tennessee</a>. Andrew Johnson fell in love with the town at first sight, and when he became prosperous purchased the land where he had first camped and planted a tree in commemoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed28–29_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed28–29-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locket_portraits_of_Andrew_and_Eliza_(McCardle)_Johnson_created_1840s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locket_portraits_of_Andrew_and_Eliza_%28McCardle%29_Johnson_created_1840s.jpg/220px-Locket_portraits_of_Andrew_and_Eliza_%28McCardle%29_Johnson_created_1840s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locket_portraits_of_Andrew_and_Eliza_%28McCardle%29_Johnson_created_1840s.jpg/330px-Locket_portraits_of_Andrew_and_Eliza_%28McCardle%29_Johnson_created_1840s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locket_portraits_of_Andrew_and_Eliza_%28McCardle%29_Johnson_created_1840s.jpg/440px-Locket_portraits_of_Andrew_and_Eliza_%28McCardle%29_Johnson_created_1840s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Locket" title="Locket">Locket</a> portraits of Andrew and Eliza (McCardle) Johnson, created 1840s</figcaption></figure> <p>In Greeneville, Johnson established a successful tailoring business in the front of his home. In 1827, at the age of 18, he married 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza McCardle</a>, the daughter of a local shoemaker. The pair were married by Justice of the Peace <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Lincoln" title="Mordecai Lincoln">Mordecai Lincoln</a>, first cousin of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" title="Thomas Lincoln">Thomas Lincoln</a>, whose son would become president. The Johnsons were married for almost 50 years and had five children: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Johnson_Patterson" title="Martha Johnson Patterson">Martha</a> (1828), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Charles Johnson (Tennessee)">Charles</a> (1830), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Johnson_Stover" title="Mary Johnson Stover">Mary</a> (1832), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Robert Johnson (Tennessee)">Robert</a> (1834), and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_Jr." title="Andrew Johnson Jr.">Andrew Jr.</a> (1852). Though she had <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, Eliza supported her husband's endeavors. She taught him mathematics skills and tutored him to improve his writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse27–29_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse27–29-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed31–32_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed31–32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shy and retiring by nature, Eliza Johnson usually remained in Greeneville during Johnson's political rise. She was not often seen during her husband's presidency; their daughter Martha usually served as official hostess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed32_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed32-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson's tailoring business prospered during the early years of the marriage, enabling him to hire help and giving him the funds to invest profitably in real estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed32–33_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed32–33-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later boasted of his talents as a tailor, "my work never ripped or gave way".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19793_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19793-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a voracious reader. Books about famous orators aroused his interest in political dialogue, and he had private debates on the issues of the day with customers who held opposing views. He also took part in debates at <a href="/wiki/Greeneville_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeneville College">Greeneville College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse31_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse31-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johnson's_slaves"><span id="Johnson.27s_slaves"></span>Johnson's slaves</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Johnson and slavery">Andrew Johnson and slavery</a></div> <p>In 1843, Johnson purchased his first slave, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Johnson" title="Dolly Johnson">Dolly</a>, who was 14 years old at the time. Dolly had three children—<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnson_Forby" title="Elizabeth Johnson Forby">Liz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Johnson_Smith" title="Florence Johnson Smith">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Andrew_Johnson" title="William Andrew Johnson">William</a>. Soon after his purchase of Dolly, he purchased Dolly's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Sam_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Sam Johnson (Tennessee)">Sam</a>. Sam Johnson and his wife Margaret had nine children. Sam became a commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> and was known for being a proud man who negotiated the nature of his work with the Johnson family. Notably, he received some monetary compensation for his labors and negotiated with Andrew Johnson to receive a tract of land which Andrew Johnson gave him for free in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-park_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Johnson_(Tennessee).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Johnson_%28Tennessee%29.jpg/220px-Sam_Johnson_%28Tennessee%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Sam_Johnson_%28Tennessee%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>In a 1928 Andrew Johnson biography, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Sam Johnson (Tennessee)">Sam Johnson</a> (~1830–after 1901) was described having been Johnson's "favorite slave"<sup id="cite_ref-Winston1928_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winston1928-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1857, Andrew Johnson purchased <a href="/wiki/Henry_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Henry Johnson (Tennessee)">Henry</a>, who was 13 at the time and would later accompany the Johnson family to the White House. Ultimately, Johnson owned at least ten slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-park_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrew Johnson freed his slaves on August 8, 1863; they remained with him as paid servants. A year later, Johnson, as military governor of Tennessee, proclaimed the freedom of Tennessee's slaves. Sam and Margaret, Johnson's former slaves, lived in his tailor shop while he was president, without rent.<sup id="cite_ref-park_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sign of appreciation for proclaiming freedom, Andrew Johnson was given a watch by newly emancipated people in Tennessee inscribed with "for his Untiring Energy in the Cause of Freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rise">Political rise</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennessee_politician">Tennessee politician</h3></div> <p>Johnson helped organize a <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_Party_(New_York)" title="Working Men's Party (New York)">Mechanics' (Working Men's)</a> ticket in the 1829 Greeneville municipal election. He was elected town alderman, along with his friends Blackston McDannel and Mordecai Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse35_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse35-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed33–36_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed33–36-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a> in 1831, a state convention was called to pass a new constitution, including provisions to <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disenfranchise</a> free people of color. The convention also wanted to reform real estate tax rates, and provide ways of funding improvements to Tennessee's infrastructure. The constitution was submitted for a public vote, and Johnson spoke widely for its adoption; the successful campaign provided him with statewide exposure. On January 4, 1834, his fellow aldermen elected him mayor of Greeneville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse33,_36_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse33,_36-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed36–37_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed36–37-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1835, Johnson made a bid for election to the <a href="/wiki/Open_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Open seat">"floater" (open) seat</a> which <a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Tennessee" title="Greene County, Tennessee">Greene County</a> shared with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Tennessee" title="Washington County, Tennessee">Washington County</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">Tennessee House of Representatives</a>. According to his biographer, <a href="/wiki/Hans_L._Trefousse" title="Hans L. Trefousse">Hans L. Trefousse</a>, Johnson "demolished" the opposition in debate and won the election with almost a two to one margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse36_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse36-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed37_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed37-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his Greeneville days, Johnson joined the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Army_National_Guard" title="Tennessee Army National Guard">Tennessee Militia</a> as a member of the 90th Regiment. He attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a>, though while an enrolled member, Johnson was fined for an unknown offense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse14,_25_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse14,_25-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, he was often addressed or referred to by his rank. </p><p>In his first term in the legislature, which met in the state capital of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, Johnson did not consistently vote with either the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> or the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, though he revered President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, a Democrat and fellow Tennessean. The major parties were still determining their core values and policy proposals, with the party system in a state of flux. The Whig Party had organized in opposition to Jackson, fearing the concentration of power in the Executive Branch of the government; Johnson differed from the Whigs as he opposed more than minimal government spending and spoke against aid for the railroads, while his constituents hoped for improvements in transportation. After <a href="/wiki/Brookins_Campbell" title="Brookins Campbell">Brookins Campbell</a> and the Whigs defeated Johnson for reelection in 1837, Johnson would not lose another race for thirty years. In 1839, he sought to regain his seat, initially as a Whig, but when another candidate sought the Whig nomination, he ran as a Democrat and was elected. From that time he supported the Democratic party and built a powerful political machine in Greene County.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson became a strong advocate of the Democratic Party, noted for his oratory, and in an era when public speaking both informed the public and entertained it, people flocked to hear him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed42_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed42-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, Johnson was selected as a presidential elector for Tennessee, giving him more statewide publicity. Although Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> was defeated by former Ohio senator <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, Johnson was instrumental in keeping Greene County in the Democratic column.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse43_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse43-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">Tennessee Senate</a> in 1841, where he served a two-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-CongBio_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongBio-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had achieved financial success in his tailoring business, but sold it to concentrate on politics. He had also acquired additional real estate, including a larger home and a farm (where his mother and stepfather took residence), and among his assets numbered eight or nine slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse45–46_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse45–46-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Representative_(1843–1853)"><span id="United_States_Representative_.281843.E2.80.931853.29"></span>United States Representative (1843–1853)</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Congressman_(1843–1853)"></span> Having served in both houses of the state legislature, Johnson saw election to Congress as the next step in his political career. He engaged in a number of political maneuvers to gain Democratic support, including the displacement of the Whig postmaster in Greeneville, and defeated <a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_Tennessee" title="Jonesborough, Tennessee">Jonesborough</a> lawyer John A. Aiken by 5,495 votes to 4,892.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder-LeinZuczuk55_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder-LeinZuczuk55-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse51–53_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse51–53-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Washington, he joined a new Democratic majority in the House of Representatives. Johnson advocated for the interests of the poor, maintained an anti-<a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> stance, argued for only limited spending by the government and opposed protective tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse53_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse53-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Eliza remaining in Greeneville, Congressman Johnson shunned social functions in favor of study in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse56_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse56-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a fellow Tennessee Democrat, <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">was elected president</a> in 1844, and Johnson had campaigned for him, the two men had difficult relations, and President Polk refused some of his patronage suggestions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed44_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed44-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson believed, as did many Southern Democrats, that the Constitution protected private property, including slaves, and thus prohibited the federal and state governments from abolishing slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed43–44_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed43–44-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He won a second term in 1845 against <a href="/wiki/William_Gannaway_Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gannaway Brownlow">William G. Brownlow</a>, presenting himself as the defender of the poor against the aristocracy. In his second term, Johnson supported the Polk administration's decision to fight the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a>, seen by some Northerners as an attempt to gain territory to expand slavery westward, and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, a proposal to ban slavery in any territory gained from Mexico. He introduced for the first time his Homestead Bill, to grant 160 acres (65 ha) to people willing to settle the land and gain title to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse61–63_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse61–63-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed45–46_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed45–46-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This issue was especially important to Johnson because of his own humble beginnings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse61–63_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse61–63-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed47–49_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed47–49-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1848</a>, the Democrats split over the slavery issue, and abolitionists formed the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, with former president Van Buren as their nominee. Johnson supported the Democratic candidate, former Michigan senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>. With the party split, Whig nominee General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> was easily victorious, and carried Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse69–71_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse69–71-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's relations with Polk remained poor; the President recorded of his final New Year's reception in 1849 that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Among the visitors I observed in the crowd today was Hon. Andrew Johnson of the Ho. Repts. [House of Representatives] Though he represents a Democratic District in Tennessee (my own State) this is the first time I have seen him during the present session of Congress. Professing to be a Democrat, he has been politically, if not personally hostile to me during my whole term. He is very vindictive and perverse in his temper and conduct. If he had the manliness and independence to declare his opposition openly, he knows he could not be elected by his constituents. I am not aware that I have ever given him cause for offense.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Johnson, due to national interest in new railroad construction and in response to the need for better transportation in his own district, also supported government assistance for the <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee,_Virginia_and_Georgia_Railway" title="East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway">East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse73_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse73-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew-johnson-house-tn1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Andrew-johnson-house-tn1.jpg/220px-Andrew-johnson-house-tn1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Andrew-johnson-house-tn1.jpg/330px-Andrew-johnson-house-tn1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Andrew-johnson-house-tn1.jpg/440px-Andrew-johnson-house-tn1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>The Andrew Johnson House, built in 1851 in <a href="/wiki/Greeneville,_Tennessee" title="Greeneville, Tennessee">Greeneville, Tennessee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During his campaign for a fourth term, Johnson concentrated on three issues: slavery, homesteads and judicial elections. He defeated his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_G._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel G. Taylor">Nathaniel G. Taylor</a>, in August 1849, with a greater margin of victory than in previous campaigns. When the House convened in December, the party division caused by the Free Soil Party precluded the formation of the majority needed to elect a Speaker. Johnson proposed adoption of a rule allowing election of a Speaker by a plurality; some weeks later others took up a similar proposal, and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a> was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse74–75_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse74–75-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the Speaker election had concluded and Congress was ready to conduct legislative business, the issue of slavery took center stage. Northerners sought to admit California, a free state, to the Union. Kentucky's <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> introduced in the Senate a series of resolutions, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, to admit California and pass legislation sought by each side. Johnson voted for all the provisions except for the abolition of the slave trade in the nation's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse75–76_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse75–76-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pressed resolutions for constitutional amendments to provide for popular election of senators (then elected by state legislatures) and of the president (chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>), and limiting the tenure of federal judges to 12 years. These were all defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse78_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse78-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of Democrats nominated <a href="/wiki/Landon_Carter_Haynes" title="Landon Carter Haynes">Landon Carter Haynes</a> to oppose Johnson as he sought a fifth term; the Whigs were so pleased with the internecine battle among the Democrats in the general election that they did not nominate a candidate of their own. The campaign included fierce debates: Johnson's main issue was the passage of the Homestead Bill; Haynes contended it would facilitate abolition. Johnson won the election by more than 1,600 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse78_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse78-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he was not enamored of the party's presidential nominee in <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>, former New Hampshire senator <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>, Johnson campaigned for him. Pierce was elected, but he failed to carry Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse81_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse81-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852, Johnson managed to get the House to pass his Homestead Bill, but it failed in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed49_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed49-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whigs had gained control of the Tennessee legislature, and, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_Henry,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus Henry, Sr.">Gustavus Henry</a>, redrew the boundaries of Johnson's First District to make it a safe seat for their party. The <i>Nashville Union</i> termed this "Henry-mandering";<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse82_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse82-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lamented Johnson, "I have no political future."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19795_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19795-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Tennessee_(1853–1857)"><span id="Governor_of_Tennessee_.281853.E2.80.931857.29"></span>Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_by_William_Brown_Cooper.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Andrew_Johnson_by_William_Brown_Cooper.png/220px-Andrew_Johnson_by_William_Brown_Cooper.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Andrew_Johnson_by_William_Brown_Cooper.png/330px-Andrew_Johnson_by_William_Brown_Cooper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Andrew_Johnson_by_William_Brown_Cooper.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Johnson, 1856, attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Brown_Cooper" title="William Brown Cooper">William Brown Cooper</a></figcaption></figure> <p>If Johnson considered retiring from politics upon deciding not to seek reelection, he soon changed his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed51_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed51-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His political friends began to maneuver to get him the nomination for governor. The Democratic convention unanimously named him, though some party members were not happy at his selection. The Whigs had won the past two gubernatorial elections, and still controlled the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse84–85_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse84–85-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That party nominated Henry, making the "Henry-mandering" of the First District an immediate issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse84–85_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse84–85-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men debated in county seats the length of Tennessee before the meetings were called off two weeks before the August 1853 election due to illness in Henry's family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed51_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed51-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse87–88_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse87–88-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson won the election by 63,413 votes to 61,163; some votes for him were cast in return for his promise to support Whig <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Green_Taylor" title="Nathaniel Green Taylor">Nathaniel Taylor</a> for his old seat in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse88_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse88-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder-LeinZuczuk119_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder-LeinZuczuk119-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tennessee's governor had little power: Johnson could propose legislation but not veto it, and most appointments were made by the Whig-controlled legislature. Nevertheless, the office was a "<a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">bully pulpit</a>" that allowed him to publicize himself and his political views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed52–53_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed52–53-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He succeeded in getting the appointments he wanted in return for his endorsement of <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>, a Whig, for one of the state's U.S. Senate seats. In his first biennial speech, Johnson urged simplification of the state judicial system, abolition of the Bank of Tennessee, and establishment of an agency to provide uniformity in weights and measures; the last was passed. Johnson was critical of the Tennessee common school system and suggested funding be increased via taxes, either statewide or county by county—a mixture of the two was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse92_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse92-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforms carried out during Johnson's time as governor included the foundation of the State's public library (making books available to all) and its first public school system, and the initiation of regular state fairs to benefit craftsmen and farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmalley[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP_s3-82-JusCpgPA35_35]_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP_s3-82-JusCpgPA35_35]-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Whig Party was on its final decline nationally, it remained strong in Tennessee, and the outlook for Democrats there in 1855 was poor. Feeling that reelection as governor was necessary to give him a chance at the higher offices he sought, Johnson agreed to make the run. <a href="/wiki/Meredith_P._Gentry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith P. Gentry">Meredith P. Gentry</a> received the Whig nomination. A series of more than a dozen vitriolic debates ensued. The issues in the campaign were slavery, the prohibition of alcohol, and the <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> positions of the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothing Party">Know Nothing Party</a>. Johnson favored the first, but opposed the others. Gentry was more equivocal on the alcohol question, and had gained the support of the Know Nothings, a group Johnson portrayed as a secret society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed55–56_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed55–56-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson was unexpectedly victorious, albeit with a narrower margin than in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse95–97_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse95–97-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the presidential election of <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a> approached, Johnson hoped to be nominated; some Tennessee county conventions designated him a "<a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a>". His position that the best interests of the Union were served by slavery in some areas made him a practical compromise candidate for president. He was never a major contender; the nomination fell to former Pennsylvania senator <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. Though he was not impressed by either, Johnson campaigned for Buchanan and his running mate, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>, who were elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse103–104_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse103–104-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson decided not to seek a third term as governor, with an eye towards election to the U.S. Senate. In 1857, while returning from Washington, his train derailed, causing serious damage to his right arm. This injury would trouble him in the years to come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse104–105_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse104–105-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Senator">United States Senator</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homestead_Bill_advocate">Homestead Bill advocate</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_by_Vannerson,_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andrew_Johnson_by_Vannerson%2C_1859.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson_by_Vannerson%2C_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andrew_Johnson_by_Vannerson%2C_1859.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson_by_Vannerson%2C_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andrew_Johnson_by_Vannerson%2C_1859.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnson_by_Vannerson%2C_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="3803" /></a><figcaption>Senator Johnson, 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>The victors in the 1857 state legislative campaign would, once they convened in October, elect a United States Senator. Former Whig governor <a href="/wiki/William_B._Campbell" title="William B. Campbell">William B. Campbell</a> wrote to his uncle, "The great anxiety of the Whigs is to elect a majority in the legislature so as to defeat Andrew Johnson for senator. Should the Democrats have the majority, he will certainly be their choice, and there is no man living to whom the Americans<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Whigs have as much antipathy as Johnson."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse105–106_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse105–106-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor spoke widely in the campaign, and his party won the gubernatorial race and control of the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse106_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse106-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's final address as governor gave him the chance to influence his electors, and he made proposals popular among Democrats. Two days later the legislature elected him to the Senate. The opposition was appalled, with the Richmond <i>Whig</i> newspaper referring to him as "the vilest radical and most unscrupulous demagogue in the Union".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse105–107_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse105–107-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson gained high office due to his proven record as a man popular among the small farmers and self-employed tradesmen who made up much of Tennessee's electorate. He called them the "<a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a>"; he was less popular among the planters and lawyers who led the state Democratic Party, but none could match him as a vote-getter. After his death, one Tennessee voter wrote of him, "Johnson was always the same to everyone ... the honors heaped upon him did not make him forget to be kind to the humblest citizen."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19794_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19794-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Always seen in impeccably tailored clothing, he cut an impressive figure,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse111_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse111-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had the stamina to endure lengthy campaigns with daily travel over bad roads leading to another speech or debate. Mostly denied the party's machinery, he relied on a network of friends, advisers, and contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19795_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19795-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One friend, Hugh Douglas, stated in a letter to him, "you have been in the way of our would be great men for a long time. At heart many of us never wanted you to be Governor only none of the rest of us Could have been elected at the time and we only wanted to use you. Then we did not want you to go to the Senate but <i>the people would send you</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed54–55_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed54–55-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new senator took his seat when Congress convened in December 1857 (the term of his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">James C. Jones</a>, had expired in March). He came to Washington as usual without his wife and family; Eliza would visit Washington only once during Johnson's first time as senator, in 1860. Johnson immediately set about introducing the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Bill">Homestead Bill</a> in the Senate, but as most senators who supported it were Northern (many associated with the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>), the matter became caught up in suspicions over the slavery issue. Southern senators felt that those who took advantage of the provisions of the Homestead Bill were more likely to be Northern non-slaveholders. The issue of slavery had been complicated by the Supreme Court's ruling earlier in the year in <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> that slavery could not be prohibited in the territories. Johnson, a slaveholding senator from a Southern state, made a major speech in the Senate the following May in an attempt to convince his colleagues that the Homestead Bill and slavery were not incompatible. Nevertheless, Southern opposition was key to defeating the legislation, 30–22.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse110–112_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse110–112-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed58–59_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed58–59-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, it failed on a procedural vote when Vice President Breckinridge broke a tie against the bill, and in 1860, a watered-down version passed both houses, only to be vetoed by Buchanan at the urging of Southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse116,_121_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse116,_121-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson continued his opposition to spending, chairing a committee to control it. </p><p>He argued against funding to build infrastructure in Washington, D.C., stating that it was unfair to expect state citizens to pay for the city's streets, even if it was the seat of government. He opposed spending money for troops to put down <a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">the revolt</a> by the Mormons in <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>, arguing for temporary volunteers as the United States should not have a standing army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse114_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse114-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secession_crisis">Secession crisis</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson,_seated,_facing_left_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andrew_Johnson%2C_seated%2C_facing_left_1860.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_seated%2C_facing_left_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andrew_Johnson%2C_seated%2C_facing_left_1860.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_seated%2C_facing_left_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Andrew_Johnson%2C_seated%2C_facing_left_1860.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_seated%2C_facing_left_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="3941" /></a><figcaption>Johnson in 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1859, abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> and sympathizers <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">raided the federal arsenal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry</a>, Virginia (today West Virginia). Tensions in Washington between pro- and anti-slavery forces increased greatly. Johnson gave a major speech in the Senate in December, decrying Northerners who would endanger the Union by seeking to outlaw slavery. The Tennessee senator stated that "all men are created equal" from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> did not apply to African Americans, since the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Illinois" title="Constitution of Illinois">Constitution of Illinois</a> contained that phrase—and that document barred voting by African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse119_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse119-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed59_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed59-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson, by this time, was a wealthy man who owned 14 slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002226_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel2002226-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson hoped that he would be a compromise candidate for the presidential nomination as the Democratic Party tore itself apart over the slavery question. Busy with the Homestead Bill during the <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Democratic National Convention">1860 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, he sent two of his sons and his chief political adviser to represent his interests in the backroom deal-making. The convention deadlocked, with no candidate able to gain the required two-thirds vote, but the sides were too far apart to consider Johnson as a compromise. The party split, with Northerners backing Illinois Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> while Southerners, including Johnson, supported Vice President Breckinridge for president. With former Tennessee senator <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> running a fourth-party candidacy and further dividing the vote, the Republican Party elected its first president, former Illinois representative <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">The election of Lincoln</a>, known to be against the spread of slavery, was unacceptable to many in the South. Although secession from the Union had not been an issue in the campaign, talk of it began in the Southern states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse123–127_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse123–127-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed60–63_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed60–63-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson took to the Senate floor after the election, giving a speech well received in the North, "I will not give up this government ... No; I intend to stand by it ... and I invite every man who is a patriot to ... rally around the altar of our common country ... and swear by our God, and all that is sacred and holy, that the Constitution shall be saved, and the Union preserved."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse131_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse131-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson172–173_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson172–173-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Southern senators announced they would resign if their states seceded, he reminded Mississippi Senator <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> that if Southerners would only hold to their seats, the Democrats would control the Senate, and could defend the South's interests against any infringement by Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse134_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse134-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon-Reed points out that while Johnson's belief in an indissoluble Union was sincere, he had alienated Southern leaders, including Davis, who would soon be <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">the president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, formed by the seceding states. If the Tennessean had backed the Confederacy, he would have had small influence in its government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed64_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed64-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson returned home when his state took up the issue of secession. His successor as governor, <a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Isham G. Harris</a>, and the legislature organized a referendum on whether to have a constitutional convention to authorize secession; when that failed, they put the question of leaving the Union to a popular vote. Despite threats on Johnson's life, and actual assaults, he campaigned against both questions, sometimes speaking with a gun on the lectern before him. Although Johnson's <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">eastern region of Tennessee</a> was largely against secession, the second referendum passed, and in June 1861, Tennessee joined the Confederacy. Believing he would be killed if he stayed, Johnson fled through the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a>, where his party was in fact shot at. He left his wife and family in Greeneville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19798_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19798-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse138–143_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse138–143-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the only member from a seceded state to remain in the Senate and the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionist</a>, Johnson had Lincoln's ear in the early months of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse143_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse143-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With most of Tennessee in Confederate hands, Johnson spent congressional recesses in Kentucky and Ohio, trying in vain to convince any Union commander who would listen to conduct an operation into East Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse140–148_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse140–148-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_Governor_of_Tennessee">Military Governor of Tennessee</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="General"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andy_Johnson,_Military_Gov._of_Tenn_LCCN2003654038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Andy_Johnson%2C_Military_Gov._of_Tenn_LCCN2003654038.jpg/220px-Andy_Johnson%2C_Military_Gov._of_Tenn_LCCN2003654038.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Andy_Johnson%2C_Military_Gov._of_Tenn_LCCN2003654038.jpg/330px-Andy_Johnson%2C_Military_Gov._of_Tenn_LCCN2003654038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Andy_Johnson%2C_Military_Gov._of_Tenn_LCCN2003654038.jpg/440px-Andy_Johnson%2C_Military_Gov._of_Tenn_LCCN2003654038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5072" data-file-height="6632" /></a><figcaption>Johnson as military governor</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson's first tenure in the Senate came to a conclusion in March 1862 when Lincoln appointed him military governor of Tennessee. Much of the central and western portions of that seceded state had been recovered. Although some argued that civil government should simply resume once the Confederates were defeated in an area, Lincoln chose to use his power as commander in chief to appoint military governors over Union-controlled Southern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed69–70_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed69–70-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate quickly confirmed Johnson's nomination along with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse153_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse153-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Confederates confiscated his land and his slaves, and turned his home into a military hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse151_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse151-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1862, after his departure from the Senate and in the absence of most Southern legislators, the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Bill">Homestead Bill</a> was finally enacted. Along with legislation for <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-grant college">land-grant colleges</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a>, the Homestead Bill has been credited with opening the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> to settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner21,_661_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner21,_661-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As military governor, Johnson sought to eliminate rebel influence in the state. He demanded loyalty oaths from public officials, and shut down all newspapers owned by Confederate sympathizers. Much of eastern Tennessee remained in Confederate hands, and the ebb and flow of war during 1862 sometimes brought Confederate control again close to Nashville. However, the Confederates allowed his wife and family to pass through the lines to join him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19799_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19799-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed71–72_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed71–72-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson undertook the defense of Nashville as well as he could, though the city was continually harassed by cavalry raids led by General <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a>. Relief from Union regulars did not come until General <a href="/wiki/William_S._Rosecrans" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Rosecrans">William S. Rosecrans</a> defeated the Confederates at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murfreesboro" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Murfreesboro">Murfreesboro</a> in early 1863. Much of eastern Tennessee was captured later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse162_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse162-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Lincoln issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> in January 1863, declaring freedom for all slaves in Confederate-held areas, he exempted Tennessee at Johnson's request. The proclamation increased the debate over what should become of the slaves after the war, as not all Unionists supported abolition. Johnson finally decided that slavery had to end. He wrote, "If the institution of slavery ... seeks to overthrow it [the Government], then the Government has a clear right to destroy it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed72_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed72-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reluctantly supported efforts to enlist former slaves into the Union Army, feeling that African-Americans should perform menial tasks to release white Americans to do the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed73_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed73-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he succeeded in recruiting 20,000 black soldiers to serve the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse168–170_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse168–170-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1865)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281865.29"></span>Vice presidency (1865)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/220px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/330px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/440px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="5052" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the Lincoln and Johnson ticket by <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1860, Lincoln's running mate had been Senator <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> of Maine. Although Hamlin had served competently, was in good health, and was willing to run again, Johnson emerged as running mate for Lincoln's reelection bid in <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse177_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse177-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln considered several <a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a> for the ticket in 1864, and sent an agent to sound out General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> as a possible running mate. In May 1864, the president dispatched General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel Sickles</a> to Nashville on a fact-finding mission. Although Sickles denied that he was there either to investigate or interview the military governor, Johnson biographer Hans L. Trefousse believes that Sickles's trip was connected to Johnson's subsequent nomination for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse177_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse177-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Castel" title="Albert E. Castel">Albert Castel</a> in his account of Johnson's presidency, Lincoln was impressed by Johnson's administration of Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19799_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19799-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon-Reed points out that while the Lincoln-Hamlin ticket might have been considered geographically balanced in 1860, "having Johnson, the <i>southern</i> War Democrat, on the ticket sent the right message about the folly of secession and the continuing capacity for union within the country."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed76_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed76-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor was the desire of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a> to frustrate the vice-presidential candidacy of fellow New Yorker and former senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a>, a War Democrat, as Seward would probably have had to yield his place if another New Yorker became vice president. Johnson, once he was told by reporters the likely purpose of Sickles' visit, was active on his own behalf, delivering speeches and having his political friends work behind the scenes to boost his candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse178_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse178-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To sound a theme of unity in 1864, Lincoln ran under the banner of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a>, rather than that of the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed76_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed76-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">the party's convention</a> in Baltimore in June, Lincoln was easily nominated, although there had been some talk of replacing him with a cabinet officer or one of the more successful generals. After the convention backed Lincoln, former Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a> offered a resolution to nominate Hamlin, but it was defeated. Johnson was nominated for vice president by C.M. Allen of Indiana with an Iowa delegate seconding it. On the first ballot, Johnson led with 200 votes to 150 for Hamlin and 108 for Dickinson. On the second ballot, Kentucky switched its vote for Johnson, beginning a stampede. Johnson was named on the second ballot with 491 votes to Hamlin's 17 and eight for Dickinson; the nomination was made unanimous. Lincoln expressed pleasure at the result, "Andy Johnson, I think, is a good man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse178–180_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse178–180-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When word reached Nashville, a crowd assembled and the military governor obliged with a speech contending his selection as a Southerner meant that the rebel states had not actually left the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse178–180_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse178–180-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/220px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/330px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/440px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>1865 cartoon showing Lincoln and Johnson using their talents as rail-splitter and tailor to repair the Union</figcaption></figure> <p>Although it was unusual at the time for a national candidate to actively campaign, Johnson gave a number of speeches in Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. He also sought to boost his chances in Tennessee while reestablishing civil government by making the loyalty oath even more restrictive, in that voters would now have to swear that they opposed making a settlement with the Confederacy. The Democratic candidate for president, <a href="/wiki/George_McClellan" class="mw-redirect" title="George McClellan">George McClellan</a>, hoped to avoid additional bloodshed by negotiation, and so the stricter loyalty oath effectively disenfranchised his supporters. Lincoln declined to override Johnson, and their ticket took the state by 25,000 votes. Congress refused to count Tennessee's electoral votes, but Lincoln and Johnson did not need them, having won in most states that had voted, and easily secured the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse181–185_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse181–185-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Now Vice President-elect, Johnson was eager to complete the work of reestablishing civilian government in Tennessee, although the timetable for the election of a new governor did not allow it to take place until after Inauguration Day, March 4. He hoped to remain in Nashville to complete his task, but was told by Lincoln's advisers that he could not stay, but would be sworn in with Lincoln. In these months, Union troops finished the retaking of eastern Tennessee, including Greeneville. Just before his departure, the voters of Tennessee ratified a new constitution, which abolished slavery, on February 22, 1865. One of Johnson's final acts as military governor was to certify the results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse183–187_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse183–187-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson traveled to Washington to be sworn into office, although according to Gordon-Reed, "in light of what happened on March 4, 1865, it might have been better if Johnson had stayed in Nashville."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed82_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed82-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson may have been ill; Castel cited typhoid fever,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19799_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19799-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Gordon-Reed notes that there is no independent evidence for that diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed82_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed82-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of March 3, Johnson attended a party in his honor at which he drank heavily. <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">Hung over</a> the following morning at the Capitol, he asked Vice President Hamlin for some whiskey. Hamlin produced a bottle, and Johnson took two stiff drinks, stating "I need all the strength for the occasion I can have." In the Senate Chamber, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson%27s_drunk_vice-presidential_inaugural_address" title="Andrew Johnson's drunk vice-presidential inaugural address">Johnson delivered a rambling address</a> as Lincoln, the Congress, and dignitaries looked on. Almost incoherent at times, he finally meandered to a halt, whereupon Hamlin hastily swore him in as vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19799–10_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19799–10-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln, who had watched sadly during the debacle, then went to his own swearing-in outside the Capitol, and delivered his acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Second Inaugural Address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed85_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed85-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the weeks after the inauguration, Johnson only presided over the Senate briefly, and hid from public ridicule at the Maryland home of a friend, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis Preston Blair</a>. When he did return to Washington, it was with the intent of leaving for Tennessee to reestablish his family in Greeneville. Instead, he remained after word came that General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> had captured the Confederate capital of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, presaging the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197910_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197910-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln stated, in response to criticism of Johnson's behavior, that "I have known Andy Johnson for many years; he made a bad slip the other day, but you need not be scared; Andy ain't a drunkard."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse191_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse191-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1865–1869)"><span id="Presidency_.281865.E2.80.931869.29"></span>Presidency (1865–1869)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Presidency of Andrew Johnson</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession">Accession</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson_inauguration_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Johnson_inauguration_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Johnson_inauguration_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Johnson_inauguration_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Johnson_inauguration_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Johnson_inauguration_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Johnson_inauguration_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary woodcut of Johnson being sworn in by Chief Justice Chase as Cabinet members look on, April 15, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>On the afternoon of April 14, 1865, Lincoln and Johnson met for the first time since the inauguration. Trefousse states that Johnson wanted to "induce Lincoln not to be too lenient with traitors"; Gordon-Reed agrees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed87_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed87-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse192_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse192-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That night, President Lincoln was shot and mortally wounded at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, a Confederate sympathizer. The shooting of the President was part of a conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, Johnson, and Seward the same night. Seward barely survived his wounds, while Johnson escaped attack as his would-be assassin, <a href="/wiki/George_Atzerodt" title="George Atzerodt">George Atzerodt</a>, got drunk instead of killing the vice president. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_J._Farwell" title="Leonard J. Farwell">Leonard J. Farwell</a>, a fellow boarder at the <a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kirkwood House (Washington, D.C.)">Kirkwood House</a>, awoke Johnson with news of Lincoln's shooting. Johnson rushed to the President's deathbed, where he remained a short time, on his return promising, "They shall suffer for this. They shall suffer for this."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse193–194_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse193–194-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln died at 7:22 am the next morning; <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Inauguration of Andrew Johnson">Johnson's swearing-in</a> occurred between 10 and 11 am with Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> presiding in the presence of most of the Cabinet. Johnson's demeanor was described by the newspapers as "solemn and dignified".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse194_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse194-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Cabinet members had last seen Johnson, apparently drunk, at the inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed90_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed90-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At noon, Johnson conducted his first Cabinet meeting in the Treasury Secretary's office, and asked all members to remain in their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse194–195_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse194–195-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The events of the assassination resulted in speculation, then and subsequently, concerning Johnson and what the conspirators might have intended for him. In the vain hope of having his life spared after his capture, Atzerodt spoke much about the conspiracy, but did not say anything to indicate that the plotted assassination of Johnson was merely a ruse. Conspiracy theorists point to the fact that on the day of the assassination, Booth came to the Kirkwood House and left one of his cards with Johnson's private secretary, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Browning" title="William A. Browning">William A. Browning</a>. The message on it was: "Don't wish to disturb you. Are you at home? J. Wilkes Booth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed90–92_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed90–92-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson presided with dignity over Lincoln's funeral ceremonies in Washington, before his predecessor's body was sent home to <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, for interment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed93_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed93-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Lincoln's death, Union General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a> reported he had, without consulting Washington, reached an armistice agreement with Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> for the surrender of Confederate forces in North Carolina in exchange for the existing state government remaining in power, with private property rights (slaves) to be respected. This did not even grant freedom to those in slavery. This was not acceptable to Johnson or the Cabinet, who sent word for Sherman to secure the surrender without making political deals, which he did. Further, Johnson placed a $100,000 bounty (equivalent to $1.99 million in 2023) on Confederate President Davis, then a fugitive, which gave Johnson the reputation of a man who would be tough on the South. More controversially, he permitted the execution of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Surratt" title="Mary Surratt">Mary Surratt</a> for her part in Lincoln's assassination. Surratt was executed with three others, including Atzerodt, on July 7, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed93–95_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed93–95-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Andrew_Johnson_portrait.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Andrew_Johnson_portrait.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Andrew_Johnson_portrait.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnson_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of President Johnson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon taking office, Johnson faced the question of what to do with the former Confederacy. President Lincoln had authorized loyalist governments in Virginia, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee as the Union came to control large parts of those states and advocated a <a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">ten percent plan</a> that would allow elections after ten percent of the voters in any state took an oath of future loyalty to the Union. Congress considered this too lenient; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">its own plan</a>, requiring a majority of voters to take the loyalty oath, passed both houses in 1864, but Lincoln <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket vetoed</a> it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald26_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald26-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson had three goals in Reconstruction. He sought a speedy restoration of the states, on the grounds that they had never truly left the Union, and thus should again be recognized once loyal citizens formed a government. To Johnson, African-American suffrage was a delay and a distraction; it had always been a state responsibility to decide who should vote. Second, political power in the Southern states should pass from the planter class to his beloved "plebeians". Johnson feared that the freedmen, many of whom were still economically bound to their former masters, might vote at their direction. Johnson's third priority was election in his own right in 1868, a feat no one who had succeeded a deceased president had managed to accomplish, attempting to secure a Democratic anti-Congressional Reconstruction coalition in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197928–29_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197928–29-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republicans had formed a number of factions. The <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republicans</a> sought voting and other civil rights for African Americans. They believed that the freedmen could be induced to vote Republican in gratitude for emancipation, and that black votes could keep the Republicans in power and Southern Democrats, including former rebels, out of influence. They believed that top Confederates should be punished. The Moderate Republicans sought to keep the Democrats out of power at a national level, and prevent former rebels from resuming power. They were not as enthusiastic about the idea of African-American suffrage as their Radical colleagues, either because of their own local political concerns, or because they believed that the freedman would be likely to cast his vote badly. Northern Democrats favored the unconditional restoration of the Southern states. They did not support African-American suffrage, which might threaten Democratic control in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197918–21_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197918–21-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_Reconstruction">Presidential Reconstruction</h4></div> <p>Johnson was initially left to devise a Reconstruction policy without legislative intervention, as Congress was not due to meet again until December 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald28_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald28-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical Republicans told the President that the Southern states were economically in a state of chaos and urged him to use his leverage to insist on rights for freedmen as a condition of restoration to the Union. But Johnson, with the support of other officials including Seward, insisted that the franchise was a state, not a federal matter. The Cabinet was divided on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse215–216,_234–235_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse215–216,_234–235-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson's first Reconstruction actions were two proclamations, with the unanimous backing of his Cabinet, on May 29. One recognized the Virginia government led by provisional Governor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Pierpont" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Pierpont">Francis Pierpont</a>. The second provided amnesty for all ex-rebels except those holding property valued at $20,000 or more; it also appointed a temporary governor for North Carolina and authorized elections. Neither of these proclamations included provisions regarding <a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">black suffrage</a> or freedmen's rights. The President ordered constitutional conventions in other former rebel states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse216–217_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse216–217-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Southern states began the process of forming governments, Johnson's policies received considerable public support in the North, which he took as unconditional backing for quick reinstatement of the South. While he received such support from the white South, he underestimated the determination of Northerners to ensure that the war had not been fought for nothing. It was important, in Northern public opinion, that the South acknowledge its defeat, that slavery be ended, and that the lot of African Americans be improved. Voting rights were less important at the time—only a handful of Northern states (mostly in New England) gave African-American men the right to vote on the same basis as whites, and in late 1865, Connecticut, Wisconsin, and Minnesota voted down African-American suffrage proposals by large margins. Northern public opinion tolerated Johnson's inaction on black suffrage as an experiment, to be allowed if it quickened Southern acceptance of defeat. Instead, white Southerners felt emboldened. A number of Southern states passed <a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a>, binding African-American laborers to farms on annual contracts they could not quit, and allowing law enforcement at whim to arrest them for vagrancy and rent out their labor. Most Southerners elected to Congress were former Confederates, with the most prominent being Georgia Senator-designate and former Confederate vice president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephens">Alexander Stephens</a>. Congress assembled in early December 1865; Johnson's conciliatory <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">annual message</a> to them was well received. Nevertheless, Congress refused to seat the Southern legislators and established a committee to recommend appropriate Reconstruction legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197950–59_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197950–59-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northerners were outraged at the idea of unrepentant Confederate leaders, such as Stephens, rejoining the federal government at a time when emotional wounds from the war remained raw. They saw the Black Codes placing African Americans in a position barely above slavery. Republicans also feared that restoration of the Southern states would return the Democrats to power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald35_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald35-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197958–59_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197958–59-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, according to <a href="/wiki/David_O._Stewart" title="David O. Stewart">David O. Stewart</a> in his book on Johnson's impeachment, "the violence and poverty that oppressed the South would galvanize the opposition to Johnson".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart26_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart26-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Break_with_the_Republicans:_1866">Break with the Republicans: 1866</h4></div> <p>Congress was reluctant to confront the President, and initially only sought to fine-tune Johnson's policies towards the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald36_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald36-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Trefousse, "If there was a time when Johnson could have come to an agreement with the moderates of the Republican Party, it was the period following the return of Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse240_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse240-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President was unhappy about the provocative actions of the Southern states, and about the continued control by the antebellum elite there, but made no statement publicly, believing that Southerners had a right to act as they did, even if it was unwise to do so. By late January 1866, he was convinced that winning a showdown with the Radical Republicans was necessary to his political plans – both for the success of Reconstruction and for reelection in 1868. He would have preferred that the conflict arise over the legislative efforts to enfranchise African Americans in the District of Columbia, a proposal that had been defeated overwhelmingly in an all-white referendum. A bill to accomplish this passed the House of Representatives, but to Johnson's disappointment, stalled in the Senate before he could veto it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197962–68_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197962–68-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg/220px-Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg/330px-Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Nast_on_Andrew_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> cartoon of Johnson disposing of the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> as African Americans go flying</figcaption></figure> <p>Illinois Senator <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>, leader of the Moderate Republicans and Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, was anxious to reach an understanding with the President. He ushered through Congress a bill extending the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> beyond its scheduled abolition in 1867, and the first Civil Rights Bill, to grant citizenship to the freedmen. Trumbull met several times with Johnson and was convinced the President would sign the measures (Johnson rarely contradicted visitors, often fooling those who met with him into thinking he was in accord). In fact, the President opposed both bills as infringements on state sovereignty. Additionally, both of Trumbull's bills were unpopular among white Southerners, whom Johnson hoped to include in his new party. Johnson vetoed the Freedman's Bureau bill on February 18, 1866, to the delight of white Southerners and the puzzled anger of Republican legislators. He considered himself vindicated when a move to override his veto failed in the Senate the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197962–68_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197962–68-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson believed that the Radicals would now be isolated and defeated and that the moderate Republicans would form behind him; he did not understand that Moderates also wanted to see African Americans treated fairly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner248–249_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner248–249-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 22, 1866, <a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Birthday" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington's Birthday">Washington's Birthday</a>, Johnson gave an impromptu speech to supporters who had marched to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and called for an address in honor of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">the first president</a>. In his hour-long speech, he instead referred to himself over 200 times. More damagingly, he also spoke of "men ... still opposed to the Union" to whom he could not extend the hand of friendship he gave to the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart51–52_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart51–52-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner249_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner249-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When called upon by the crowd to say who they were, Johnson named Pennsylvania Congressman <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>, and abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a>, and accused them of plotting his assassination. Republicans viewed the address as a declaration of war, while one Democratic ally estimated Johnson's speech cost the party 200,000 votes in the 1866 congressional midterm elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart51–53_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart51–53-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although strongly urged by moderates to sign the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a>, Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27. In his veto message, he objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when 11 out of 36 states were unrepresented in the Congress, and that it "discriminated" in favor of African Americans and against whites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner250–251_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner250–251-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197970_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197970-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within three weeks, Congress had overridden his veto, the first time that had been done on a major bill in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197971_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197971-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veto, often seen as a key mistake of Johnson's presidency, convinced moderates there was no hope of working with him. Historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, in his volume on Reconstruction, views it as "the most disastrous miscalculation of his political career". According to Stewart, the veto was "for many his defining blunder, setting a tone of perpetual confrontation with Congress that prevailed for the rest of his presidency".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart53_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart53-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress also proposed the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> to the states. Written by Trumbull and others, it was sent for ratification by state legislatures in a process in which the president plays no part, though Johnson opposed it. The amendment was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution, but also went further. The amendment extended citizenship to every person born in the United States (except Indians on reservations), penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen, and most importantly, created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts. It also guaranteed that the federal debt would be paid and forbade repayment of Confederate war debts. Further, it disqualified many former Confederates from office, although the disability could be removed — by Congress, not the president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse252_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse252-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both houses passed the Freedmen's Bureau Act a second time, and again the President vetoed it; this time, the veto was overridden. By the summer of 1866, when Congress finally adjourned, Johnson's method of restoring states to the Union by executive fiat, without safeguards for the freedmen, was in deep trouble. His home state of Tennessee ratified the Fourteenth Amendment despite the President's opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse253–254_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse253–254-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Tennessee did so, Congress immediately seated its proposed delegation, embarrassing Johnson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197975–76_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197975–76-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to compromise failed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart57–58_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart57–58-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a political war ensued between the united Republicans on one side, and on the other, Johnson and his Northern and Southern allies in the Democratic Party. He called a convention of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a>. Republicans had returned to using their previous identifier; Johnson intended to use the discarded name to unite his supporters and gain election to a full term, in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart60–62_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart60–62-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battleground was the <a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1866 United States House of Representatives elections">election of 1866</a>; Southern states were not allowed to vote. Johnson campaigned vigorously, undertaking a public speaking tour, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a>". The trip, including speeches in Chicago, St. Louis, Indianapolis, and Columbus, proved politically disastrous, with the President making controversial comparisons between himself and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and engaging in arguments with hecklers. These exchanges were attacked as beneath the dignity of the presidency. The Republicans won by a landslide, increasing their two-thirds majority in Congress, and made plans to control Reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse271_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse271-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson blamed the Democrats for giving only lukewarm support to the National Union movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197988–89_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197988–89-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radical_Reconstruction">Radical Reconstruction</h4></div> <p>Even with the Republican victory in November 1866, Johnson considered himself in a strong position. The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> had not yet been ratified by enough states to go into force, with Tennessee alone among the Southern or <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> in voting for it. As the amendment required ratification by three-quarters of the states to become part of the Constitution, he believed the deadlock would be broken in his favor, leading to his election in 1868. Once it reconvened in December 1866, an energized Congress began passing legislation, often over a presidential veto; this included the District of Columbia voting bill. Congress admitted Nebraska to the Union over a veto, and the Republicans gained two senators and a state that promptly ratified the amendment. Johnson's veto of a bill for statehood for <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a> was sustained; enough senators agreed that a district with a population of 30,000 was not yet worthy of statehood to win the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979107–109_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979107–109-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1867, Congressman Stevens introduced legislation to dissolve the Southern state governments and reconstitute them into five military districts, under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. The states would begin again by holding constitutional conventions. African Americans could vote for or become delegates; former Confederates could not. In the legislative process, Congress added to the bill that restoration to the Union would follow the state's ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, and completion of the process of adding it to the Constitution. Johnson and the Southerners attempted a compromise, whereby the South would agree to a modified version of the amendment without the disqualification of former Confederates, and for limited black suffrage. The Republicans insisted on the full language of the amendment, and the deal fell through. Although Johnson could have pocket vetoed the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">First Reconstruction Act</a> as it was presented to him less than ten days before the end of the Thirty-Ninth Congress, he chose to veto it directly on March 2, 1867; Congress overruled him the same day. Also on March 2, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a> over the President's veto, in response to statements during the Swing Around the Circle that he planned to fire Cabinet secretaries who did not agree with him. This bill, requiring Senate approval for the firing of Cabinet members during the tenure of the president who appointed them and for one month afterwards, was immediately controversial, with some senators doubting that it was constitutional or that its terms applied to Johnson, whose key Cabinet officers were Lincoln holdovers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979107–109_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979107–109-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impeachment">Impeachment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_situation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_situation.jpg/220px-The_situation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_situation.jpg/330px-The_situation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_situation.jpg/440px-The_situation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>"The Situation", a <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i> editorial cartoon, shows Secretary of War Stanton aiming a cannon labeled "Congress" to defeat Johnson. The rammer is "Tenure of Office Bill" and cannonballs on the floor are "Justice".</figcaption></figure> <p>Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> was an able and hard-working man, but difficult to deal with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart62–64_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart62–64-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson both admired and was exasperated by his War Secretary, who, in combination with <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> Grant, worked to undermine the president's Southern policy from within his own administration. Johnson considered firing Stanton, but respected him for his wartime service as secretary. Stanton, for his part, feared allowing Johnson to appoint his successor and refused to resign, despite his public disagreements with his president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart64–66_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart64–66-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Congress met for a few weeks in March 1867, then adjourned, leaving the House Committee on the Judiciary behind, tasked in the <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_against_Andrew_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="First impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson">first impeachment inquiry against Johnson</a> with reporting back to the full House whether there were grounds for Johnson to be impeached. This committee duly met, examined the President's bank accounts, and summoned members of the Cabinet to testify. When a federal court released former Confederate president Davis on bail on May 13 (he had been captured shortly after the war), the committee investigated whether the President had impeded the prosecution. It learned that Johnson was eager to have Davis tried. A bipartisan majority of the committee voted down impeachment charges; the committee adjourned on June 3.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979126–127_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979126–127-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in June, Johnson and Stanton battled over the question of whether the military officers placed in command of the South could override the civil authorities. The President had Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a> issue an opinion backing his position that they could not. Johnson sought to pin down Stanton either as for, and thus endorsing Johnson's position, or against, showing himself to be opposed to his president and the rest of the Cabinet. Stanton evaded the point in meetings and written communications. When Congress reconvened in July, it passed a Reconstruction Act against Johnson's position, waited for his veto, overrode it, and went home. In addition to clarifying the powers of the generals, the legislation also deprived the President of control over the Army in the South. With Congress in recess until November, Johnson decided to fire Stanton and relieve one of the military commanders, General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>, who had dismissed the governor of Texas and installed a replacement with little popular support. Johnson was initially deterred by a strong objection from Grant, but on August 5, the President demanded Stanton's resignation; the secretary refused to quit with Congress out of session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979128–135_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979128–135-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson then suspended him pending the next meeting of Congress as permitted under the Tenure of Office Act; Grant agreed to serve as temporary replacement while continuing to lead the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979135–137_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979135–137-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant, under protest, followed Johnson's order transferring Sheridan and another of the district commanders, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel Sickles</a>, who had angered Johnson by firmly following Congress's plan. The President also issued a proclamation pardoning most Confederates, exempting those who held office under the Confederacy, or who had served in federal office before the war but had breached their oaths. Although Republicans expressed anger with his actions, the 1867 elections generally went Democratic. No seats in Congress were directly elected in the polling, but the Democrats took control of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio General Assembly</a>, allowing them to defeat for reelection one of Johnson's strongest opponents, Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a>. Voters in Ohio, Connecticut, and Minnesota turned down propositions to grant African Americans the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart95–97_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart95–97-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adverse results momentarily put a stop to Republican calls to impeach Johnson, who was elated by the elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979146_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979146-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, once Congress met in November, the Judiciary Committee reversed itself and passed a resolution of impeachment against Johnson. After much debate about whether anything the President had done was a high crime or misdemeanor, the standard under the Constitution, the resolution was defeated by the House of Representatives on December 7, 1867, by a vote of 57 in favor to 108 opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart109–111_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart109–111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson notified Congress of Stanton's suspension and Grant's interim appointment. In January 1868, the Senate disapproved of his action, and reinstated Stanton, contending the President had violated the Tenure of Office Act. Grant stepped aside over Johnson's objection, causing a complete break between them. Johnson then dismissed Stanton and appointed <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a> to replace him. Stanton refused to leave his office, and on February 24, 1868, the House impeached the President for intentionally violating the Tenure of Office Act, by a vote of 128 to 47. The House subsequently adopted <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">eleven articles of impeachment</a>, for the most part alleging that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act, and had questioned the legitimacy of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse313–316_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse313–316-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%281%29.jpg/220px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%281%29.jpg/330px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%281%29.jpg/440px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Johnson's impeachment trial in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_R._Davis" title="Theodore R. Davis">Theodore R. Davis</a>, published in <i>Harper's Weekly</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_T._Brown,_sergeant-at-arms,_serving_the_summons_on_President_Johnson_-_sketched_by_T.R._Davis._LCCN92520335_(1)_(3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/George_T._Brown%2C_sergeant-at-arms%2C_serving_the_summons_on_President_Johnson_-_sketched_by_T.R._Davis._LCCN92520335_%281%29_%283x4%29.jpg/220px-George_T._Brown%2C_sergeant-at-arms%2C_serving_the_summons_on_President_Johnson_-_sketched_by_T.R._Davis._LCCN92520335_%281%29_%283x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/George_T._Brown%2C_sergeant-at-arms%2C_serving_the_summons_on_President_Johnson_-_sketched_by_T.R._Davis._LCCN92520335_%281%29_%283x4%29.jpg/330px-George_T._Brown%2C_sergeant-at-arms%2C_serving_the_summons_on_President_Johnson_-_sketched_by_T.R._Davis._LCCN92520335_%281%29_%283x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/George_T._Brown%2C_sergeant-at-arms%2C_serving_the_summons_on_President_Johnson_-_sketched_by_T.R._Davis._LCCN92520335_%281%29_%283x4%29.jpg/440px-George_T._Brown%2C_sergeant-at-arms%2C_serving_the_summons_on_President_Johnson_-_sketched_by_T.R._Davis._LCCN92520335_%281%29_%283x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate</a> George T. Brown delivering a <a href="/wiki/Summons" title="Summons">summons</a> for the impeachment trial to Johnson at the White House on March 7, 1868</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_consulting_with_his_counsel_(Harper%27s_Weekly_March_14,_1868).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Andrew_Johnson_consulting_with_his_counsel_%28Harper%27s_Weekly_March_14%2C_1868%29.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson_consulting_with_his_counsel_%28Harper%27s_Weekly_March_14%2C_1868%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Andrew_Johnson_consulting_with_his_counsel_%28Harper%27s_Weekly_March_14%2C_1868%29.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson_consulting_with_his_counsel_%28Harper%27s_Weekly_March_14%2C_1868%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Andrew_Johnson_consulting_with_his_counsel_%28Harper%27s_Weekly_March_14%2C_1868%29.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnson_consulting_with_his_counsel_%28Harper%27s_Weekly_March_14%2C_1868%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Johnson consulting with his counsel for the trial</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 5, 1868, the impeachment trial began in the Senate and lasted almost three months; Congressmen <a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">George S. Boutwell</a>, Benjamin Butler and Thaddeus Stevens acted as managers for the House, or prosecutors, and <a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_R._Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin R. Curtis">Benjamin R. Curtis</a> and former Attorney General Stanbery were Johnson's counsel; Chief Justice Chase served as presiding judge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse316,_336_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse316,_336-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defense relied on the provision of the Tenure of Office Act that made it applicable only to appointees of the current administration. Since Lincoln had appointed Stanton, the defense maintained Johnson had not violated the act, and also argued that the President had the right to test the constitutionality of an act of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse319_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse319-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's counsel insisted that he make no appearance at the trial, nor publicly comment about the proceedings, and except for a pair of interviews in April, he complied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197981_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197981-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson maneuvered to gain an acquittal; for example, he pledged to Iowa Senator <a href="/wiki/James_W._Grimes" title="James W. Grimes">James W. Grimes</a> that he would not interfere with Congress's Reconstruction efforts. Grimes reported to a group of Moderates, many of whom voted for acquittal, that he believed the President would keep his word. Johnson also promised to install the respected <a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">John Schofield</a> as War Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed138–139_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed138–139-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kansas Senator <a href="/wiki/Edmund_G._Ross" title="Edmund G. Ross">Edmund G. Ross</a> received assurances that the new, Radical-influenced constitutions ratified in South Carolina and Arkansas would be transmitted to the Congress without delay, an action which would give him and other senators political cover to vote for acquittal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse323–324_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse323–324-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One reason senators were reluctant to remove the President was that his successor would have been Ohio Senator Wade, the <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">president <i>pro tempore</i></a> of the Senate. Wade, a <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a> who left office in early 1869, was a Radical who supported such measures as women's suffrage, placing him beyond the pale politically in much of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed139_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed139-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart307_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart307-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a President Wade was seen as an obstacle to Grant's ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse330_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse330-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the dealmaking, Johnson was confident of the result in advance of the verdict, and in the days leading up to the ballot, newspapers reported that Stevens and his Radicals had given up. On May 16, the Senate voted on the 11th article of impeachment, accusing Johnson of firing Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office of Act once the Senate had overturned his suspension. Thirty-five senators voted "guilty" and 19 "not guilty", thus falling short by a single vote of the two-thirds majority required for conviction under the Constitution. Ten Republicans—Senators Grimes, Ross, Trumbull, <a href="/wiki/James_Dixon" title="James Dixon">James Dixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rood_Doolittle" class="mw-redirect" title="James Rood Doolittle">James Rood Doolittle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sheldon_Norton" title="Daniel Sheldon Norton">Daniel Sheldon Norton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt Fessenden">William Pitt Fessenden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Fowler" title="Joseph S. Fowler">Joseph S. Fowler</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">John B. Henderson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Van_Winkle" title="Peter G. Van Winkle">Peter G. Van Winkle</a>—voted to acquit the President. With Stevens bitterly disappointed at the result, the Senate then adjourned for the <a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a>; Grant was nominated for president. The Senate returned on May 26 and voted on the second and third articles, with identical 35–19 results. Faced with those results, Johnson's opponents gave up and dismissed proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse323–328_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse323–328-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart340–341_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart340–341-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton "relinquished" his office on May 26, and the Senate subsequently confirmed Schofield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979195_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979195-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Johnson renominated Stanbery to return to his position as attorney general after his service as a defense manager, the Senate refused to confirm him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse336_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse336-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allegations were made at the time and again later that bribery dictated the outcome of the trial. Even when it was in progress, Representative Butler began an investigation, held contentious hearings, and issued a report, unendorsed by any other congressman. Butler focused on a New York–based "Astor House Group", supposedly led by <a href="/wiki/Political_boss" title="Political boss">political boss</a> and editor <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a>. This organization was said to have raised large sums of money from whiskey interests through Cincinnati lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Woolley_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Woolley (lawyer) (page does not exist)">Charles Woolley</a> to bribe senators to acquit Johnson. Butler went so far as to imprison Woolley in the Capitol building when he refused to answer questions, but failed to prove bribery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart240–247,_284–292_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart240–247,_284–292-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <p>Soon after taking office as president, Johnson reached an accord with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> that there would be no change in foreign policy. In practice, this meant that Seward would continue to run things as he had under Lincoln. Seward and Lincoln had been rivals for the nomination in 1860; the victor hoped that Seward would succeed him as president in 1869. At the time of Johnson's accession, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">the French had intervened in Mexico</a>, sending troops there. While many politicians had indulged in saber rattling over the Mexican matter, Seward preferred quiet diplomacy, warning the French through diplomatic channels that their presence in Mexico was unacceptable. Although the President preferred a more aggressive approach, Seward persuaded him to follow his lead. In April 1866, the French government informed Seward that its troops would be brought home in stages, to conclude by November 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197940–41_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197940–41-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 14, 1866, Johnson and his cabinet gave a reception for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii" title="Queen Emma of Hawaii">Queen Emma of Hawaii</a> who was returning to Hawaii after her trip to Britain and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward was an <a href="/wiki/Expansionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionist">expansionist</a>, and sought opportunities to gain territory for the United States. After the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in the 1850s, the Russian government saw its <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">North American colony</a> (today Alaska) as a financial liability, and feared losing control to Britain whose troops would easily swoop in and annex the territory from neighboring Canada in any future conflict. Negotiations between Russia and the U.S. over the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">sale of Alaska</a> were halted due to the outbreak of the Civil War, but after the U.S. victory in the war, talks resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia instructed its minister in Washington, Baron <a href="/wiki/Eduard_de_Stoeckl" title="Eduard de Stoeckl">Eduard de Stoeckl</a>, to negotiate a sale. De Stoeckl did so deftly, getting Seward to raise his offer from $5 million (coincidentally, the minimum that Russia had instructed de Stoeckl to accept) to $7 million, and then getting $200,000 added by raising various objections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979120_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979120-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sum of $7.2 million is equivalent to $157 million in present-day terms.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 30, 1867, de Stoeckl and Seward signed the treaty, working quickly as the Senate was about to adjourn. Johnson and Seward took the signed document to the President's Room in the Capitol, only to be told there was no time to deal with the matter before adjournment. The President summoned the Senate into session to meet on April 1; that body approved the treaty, 37–2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979120–122_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979120–122-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emboldened by his success in Alaska, Seward sought acquisitions elsewhere. His only success was staking an American claim to uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> in the Pacific, which would be officially claimed by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley#Peace_and_territorial_gain" title="William McKinley">in 1898</a>. He came close with the <a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> as Denmark agreed to sell and the local population approved the transfer in a plebiscite, but the Senate never voted on the treaty and it expired.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another treaty that fared badly was the Johnson-Clarendon convention, negotiated in settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a>, for damages to American shipping from British-built Confederate raiders. Negotiated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Minister to Britain</a>, former Maryland senator <a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a>, in late 1868, it was ignored by the Senate during the remainder of the President's term. The treaty was rejected after he left office, and the Grant administration later negotiated considerably better terms from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979204–205_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979204–205-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse349_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse349-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_Cabinet">Administration and Cabinet</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 232px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 230px; height: 270px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -45px; left: -45px; width: 325px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JOHNSON,_Andrew-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="BEP engraved portrait of Johnson as President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/JOHNSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/325px-JOHNSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/JOHNSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/488px-JOHNSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/JOHNSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/650px-JOHNSON%2C_Andrew-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8616" data-file-height="10868" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:JOHNSON,_Andrew-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:JOHNSON, Andrew-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">BEP</a> engraved portrait of Johnson as President </div> </div> </div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:0; margin-right:0; float:none; clear:none;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Andrew Johnson cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">Andrew Johnson</th><td>1865–1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">none</th><td>1865–1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></th><td>1865–1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a></th><td>1865–1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></th><td>1865–1868<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">John Schofield</a></th><td>1868–1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a></th><td>1865–1866</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a></th><td>1866–1868</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a></th><td>1868–1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison Jr.</a></th><td>1865–1866</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Randall</a></th><td>1866–1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a></th><td>1865–1869</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_Usher" title="John Palmer Usher">John Palmer Usher</a></th><td>1865</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">James Harlan</a></th><td>1865–1866</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning" title="Orville Hickman Browning">Orville Hickman Browning</a></th><td>1866–1869</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson">List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson</a></div> <p>Johnson appointed nine Article III federal judges during his presidency, all to <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>; he did not appoint a justice to serve on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>. In April 1866, he nominated <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a> to fill the vacancy left with the death of <a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">John Catron</a>, but Congress eliminated the seat to prevent the appointment, and to ensure that he did not get to make any appointments eliminated the next vacancy as well, providing that the court would shrink by one justice when one next departed from office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart54_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart54-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson appointed his Greeneville crony, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Milligan" title="Samuel Milligan">Samuel Milligan</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Claims" title="United States Court of Claims">United States Court of Claims</a>, where he served from 1868 until his death in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse363_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse363-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_initiated">Reforms initiated</h3></div> <p>In June 1866, Johnson signed the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act</a> into law, believing that the legislation would assist poor whites. Around 28,000 land claims were successfully patented, although few former slaves benefitted from the law, fraud was rampant, and much of the best land was off-limits, reserved for grants to veterans or railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1868, Johnson signed an eight-hour law passed by Congress that established an eight-hour workday for laborers and mechanics employed by the Federal Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Selcer_65_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selcer_65-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Johnson told members of a Workingmen's party delegation in Baltimore that he could not directly commit himself to an eight-hour day, he nevertheless told the same delegation that he greatly favoured the "shortest number of hours consistent with the interests of all".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmalley[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP_s3-82-JusCpgPA80_80]_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP_s3-82-JusCpgPA80_80]-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Richard F. Selcer, however, the good intentions behind the law were "immediately frustrated" as wages were cut by 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-Selcer_65_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selcer_65-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Completion_of_term">Completion of term</h3></div> <p>Johnson sought nomination by the <a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 Democratic National Convention</a> in New York in July 1868. He remained very popular among Southern whites, and boosted that popularity by issuing, just before the convention, a pardon ending the possibility of criminal proceedings against any Confederate not already indicted, meaning that only Davis and a few others still might face trial. On the first ballot, Johnson was second to former Ohio representative <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>, who had been his Democratic opponent for vice president in 1864. Johnson's support was mostly from the South, and fell away as the ballots passed. On the 22nd ballot, former New York governor <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> was nominated, and the President received only four votes, all from Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse337–339_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse337–339-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson,_Farewell_to_all_my_greatness_cph.3a03724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Andrew_Johnson%2C_Farewell_to_all_my_greatness_cph.3a03724.jpg/220px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_Farewell_to_all_my_greatness_cph.3a03724.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Andrew_Johnson%2C_Farewell_to_all_my_greatness_cph.3a03724.jpg/330px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_Farewell_to_all_my_greatness_cph.3a03724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Andrew_Johnson%2C_Farewell_to_all_my_greatness_cph.3a03724.jpg/440px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_Farewell_to_all_my_greatness_cph.3a03724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>"Farewell, a long farewell, to all my greatness!": <i>Harper's Weekly</i> cartoon mocking Johnson on leaving office</figcaption></figure> <p>The conflict with Congress continued. Johnson sent Congress proposals for amendments to limit the president to a single six-year term and make the president and the Senate directly elected, and for term limits for judges. Congress took no action on them. When the President was slow to officially report ratifications of the Fourteenth Amendment by the new Southern legislatures, Congress passed a bill, again over his veto, requiring him to do so within ten days of receipt. He still delayed as much as he could, but was required, in July 1868, to report the ratifications making the amendment part of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse340–343_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse340–343-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seymour's operatives sought Johnson's support, but he long remained silent on the presidential campaign. It was not until October, with the vote already having taken place in some states, that he mentioned Seymour at all, and he never endorsed him. Nevertheless, Johnson regretted Grant's victory, in part because of their animus from the Stanton affair. In his annual message to Congress in December, Johnson urged the repeal of the Tenure of Office Act and told legislators that had they admitted their Southern colleagues in 1865, all would have been well. He celebrated his 60th birthday in late December with a party for several hundred children, though not including those of <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">President-elect</a> Grant, who did not allow his to go.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse345–347_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse345–347-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Christmas Day 1868, Johnson issued a final amnesty, this one covering everyone, including Davis. He also issued, in his final months in office, pardons for crimes, including one for Dr. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mudd" title="Samuel Mudd">Samuel Mudd</a>, controversially convicted of involvement in the Lincoln assassination (he had set Booth's broken leg) and imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jefferson,_Florida#Active_use:_1860s–1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Jefferson, Florida">Fort Jefferson</a> on Florida's <a href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry Tortugas">Dry Tortugas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse345–347_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse345–347-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 3, the President hosted a large public reception at the White House on his final full day in office. Grant had made it known that he was unwilling to ride in the same carriage as Johnson, as was customary, and Johnson refused to go to the inauguration at all. Despite an effort by Seward to prompt a change of mind, he spent the morning of March 4 finishing last-minute business, and then shortly after noon rode from the White House to the home of a friend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979211–212_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979211–212-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse350–351_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse350–351-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1869–1875)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281869.E2.80.931875.29"></span>Post-presidency (1869–1875)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson,_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Andrew_Johnson%2C_1875.jpg/170px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Andrew_Johnson%2C_1875.jpg/255px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Andrew_Johnson%2C_1875.jpg/340px-Andrew_Johnson%2C_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>Senator Andrew Johnson in 1875 (age 66)</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving the presidency, Johnson remained for some weeks in Washington, then returned to Greeneville for the first time in eight years. He was honored with large public celebrations along the way, especially in Tennessee, where cities hostile to him during the war hung out welcome banners. He had arranged to purchase a large farm near Greeneville to live on after his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse348,_353–354_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse348,_353–354-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some expected Johnson to run for Governor of Tennessee or for the Senate again, while others thought that he would become a railroad executive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse349_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse349-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson found Greeneville boring, and his private life was embittered by the suicide of his son Robert in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed142_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed142-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking vindication for himself, and revenge against his political enemies, he launched a Senate bid soon after returning home. Tennessee had gone Republican, but court rulings restoring the vote to some whites and <a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="Voter suppression in the United States">suppression of the African-American vote</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> led to a Democratic victory in the legislative elections in August 1869. Johnson was seen as a likely victor in the Senate election, although hated by Radical Republicans, and by some Democrats because of his wartime activities. Although he was at one point within a single vote of victory in the legislature's balloting, the Republicans eventually elected <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooper_(U.S._Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cooper (U.S. Senator)">Henry Cooper</a> over Johnson, 54–51.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979214–215_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979214–215-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Tennessee" title="1872 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee">1872, there was a special election</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_at-large_congressional_district#1873–1875:_one_at-large_seat,_among_nine_other_districts" title="Tennessee's at-large congressional district">at-large congressional seat for Tennessee</a>; Johnson initially sought the Democratic nomination, but when he saw that it would go to former Confederate general <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Cheatham" title="Benjamin F. Cheatham">Benjamin F. Cheatham</a>, decided to run as an independent. The former president was defeated, finishing third, but the split in the Democratic Party defeated Cheatham in favor of an old Johnson Unionist ally, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Horace Maynard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979215_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979215-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1873, Johnson contracted <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> during an epidemic but recovered; <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">that year he lost</a> about $73,000 (~$1.69 million in 2023) when the First National Bank of Washington went under, though he was eventually repaid much of the sum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse364–366_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse364–366-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_Senate">Return to the Senate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Whirlgig_of_Time.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Whirlgig_of_Time.jpg/220px-The_Whirlgig_of_Time.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Whirlgig_of_Time.jpg/330px-The_Whirlgig_of_Time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Whirlgig_of_Time.jpg/440px-The_Whirlgig_of_Time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> covered Johnson extensively; here Nast personally welcomes Johnson back to public life, where he may again become target of Nast's work - <i>The Whirlgig of Time</i> "Here we are again!" (<i>Harper's Weekly</i>, February 20, 1875)<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>He began looking towards the next Senate election to take place in the legislature in early 1875. Johnson began to woo the farmers' <a href="/wiki/National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry" title="National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry">Grange movement</a>; with his <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian leanings</a>, he easily gained their support. He spoke throughout the state in his final campaign tour. Few African Americans outside the large towns were now able to vote as Reconstruction faded in Tennessee, setting a pattern that would be repeated in the other Southern states; the white domination would last almost a century. In the Tennessee legislative elections in August, the Democrats elected 92 legislators to the Republicans' eight, and Johnson went to Nashville for the legislative session. When the balloting for the Senate seat began on January 20, 1875, he led with 30 votes, but did not have the required majority as three former Confederate generals, one former colonel, and a former Democratic congressman split the vote with him. Johnson's opponents tried to agree on a single candidate who might gain majority support and defeat him, but failed, and he was elected on January 26 on the 54th ballot, with a margin of a single vote. Nashville erupted in rejoicing;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse334,_370–371_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse334,_370–371-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979216_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979216-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remarked Johnson, "Thank God for the vindication."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed142_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed142-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnson's comeback garnered national attention, with the <i>St. Louis Republican</i> calling it "the most magnificent personal triumph which the history of American politics can show".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979216_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979216-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his swearing-in in the Senate on March 5, 1875, he was greeted with flowers, and sworn in alongside Hamlin (his predecessor as vice president) by incumbent Vice President <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (who as senator had voted for Johnson's ouster). Many Republicans ignored Senator Johnson, though some, such as Ohio's <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> (who had voted for conviction), shook his hand. Johnson remains the only former president to serve in the Senate. He spoke only once in the short session, on March 22 lambasting President Grant for his use of federal troops in support of Louisiana's Reconstruction government. The former president asked, "How far off is military <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>?" and concluded his speech, "may God bless this people and God save the Constitution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979216–217_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979216–217-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stover_farm_residence,_Carter_County,_Tennessee_photographed_circa_1935_Lincoln_Memorial_University_collection_TN_Identifier_li00193.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stover_farm_residence%2C_Carter_County%2C_Tennessee_photographed_circa_1935_Lincoln_Memorial_University_collection_TN_Identifier_li00193.jpg/220px-Stover_farm_residence%2C_Carter_County%2C_Tennessee_photographed_circa_1935_Lincoln_Memorial_University_collection_TN_Identifier_li00193.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stover_farm_residence%2C_Carter_County%2C_Tennessee_photographed_circa_1935_Lincoln_Memorial_University_collection_TN_Identifier_li00193.jpg/330px-Stover_farm_residence%2C_Carter_County%2C_Tennessee_photographed_circa_1935_Lincoln_Memorial_University_collection_TN_Identifier_li00193.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Stover_farm_residence%2C_Carter_County%2C_Tennessee_photographed_circa_1935_Lincoln_Memorial_University_collection_TN_Identifier_li00193.jpg/440px-Stover_farm_residence%2C_Carter_County%2C_Tennessee_photographed_circa_1935_Lincoln_Memorial_University_collection_TN_Identifier_li00193.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>The Stover farmhouse, where Johnson died,<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as photographed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1935</span><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson returned home after the special session concluded. In late July 1875, convinced some of his opponents were defaming him in the Ohio gubernatorial race, he decided to travel there to give speeches. He began the trip on July 28, and broke the journey at his daughter Mary's farm near <a href="/wiki/Elizabethton,_Tennessee" title="Elizabethton, Tennessee">Elizabethton</a>, where his daughter Martha was also staying. That evening he had a stroke, but refused medical treatment until the next day, when he did not improve and two doctors were sent for from Elizabethton. He seemed to respond to their ministrations, but had another stroke on the evening of July 30, and died early the following morning at the age of 66. President Grant had the "painful duty" of announcing the death of the only surviving past president. Northern newspapers, in their obituaries, tended to focus on Johnson's loyalty during the war, while Southern ones paid tribute to his actions as president. Johnson's funeral was held on August 3 in Greeneville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse375–377_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse375–377-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed143_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed143-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried with his body wrapped in an American flag and a copy of the U.S. Constitution placed under his head, according to his wishes. The burial ground was dedicated as the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Cemetery" title="Andrew Johnson National Cemetery">Andrew Johnson National Cemetery</a> in 1906, and with his home and tailor's shop, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site" title="Andrew Johnson National Historic Site">Andrew Johnson National Historic Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse377_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse377-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_reputation_and_legacy">Historical reputation and legacy</h2></div> <p>According to Castel, "historians [of Johnson's presidency] have tended to concentrate to the exclusion of practically everything else upon his role in that titanic event [Reconstruction]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979vii_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979vii-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the remainder of the 19th century, there were few historical evaluations of Johnson and his presidency. Memoirs from Northerners who had dealt with him, such as former vice president Henry Wilson and Maine Senator <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, depicted him as an obstinate boor who tried to favor the South in Reconstruction but was frustrated by Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979218_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979218-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a> in his journal article about the historiography of Reconstruction, "Men of the postwar decades were more concerned with justifying their own position than they were with painstaking search for truth. Thus [Alabama representative and historian] <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Herbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilary Herbert">Hilary Herbert</a> and his corroborators presented a Southern indictment of Northern policies, and Henry Wilson's history was a brief for the North."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeale807_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeale807-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The turn of the 20th century saw the first significant historical evaluations of Johnson. Leading the wave was Pulitzer Prize-winning historian <a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a>, who wrote of the former president:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979218_218-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979218-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Johnson acted in accordance with his nature. He had intellectual force but it worked in a groove. Obstinate rather than firm it undoubtedly seemed to him that following counsel and making concessions were a display of weakness. At all events from his December message to the veto of the Civil Rights Bill he yielded not a jot to Congress. The moderate senators and representatives (who constituted a majority of the Union party) asked him for only a slight compromise; their action was really an entreaty that he would unite with them to preserve Congress and the country from the policy of the radicals ... His quarrel with Congress prevented the readmission into the Union on generous terms of the members of the late Confederacy ... His pride of opinion, his desire to beat, blinded him to the real welfare of the South and of the whole country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes589_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes589-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rhodes ascribed Johnson's faults to his personal weaknesses, and blamed him for the problems of the postbellum South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeale807_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeale807-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early 20th-century historians, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John Burgess</a>, future president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Dunning" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dunning">William Dunning</a>, concurred with Rhodes, believing Johnson flawed and politically inept but concluding that he had tried to carry out Lincoln's plans for the South in good faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979218–219_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979218–219-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author and journalist Jay Tolson suggests that Wilson "depict[ed Reconstruction] as a vindictive program that hurt even repentant southerners while benefiting northern opportunists, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Carpetbaggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpetbaggers">Carpetbaggers</a>, and cynical white southerners, or <a href="/wiki/Scalawags" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalawags">Scalawags</a>, who exploited alliances with blacks for political gain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolson_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolson-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew-johnson-grave-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Andrew-johnson-grave-01.jpg/170px-Andrew-johnson-grave-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Andrew-johnson-grave-01.jpg/255px-Andrew-johnson-grave-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Andrew-johnson-grave-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Johnson in Greeneville, Tennessee</figcaption></figure> <p>Even as Rhodes and his school wrote, another group of historians (<a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a>) was setting out on the full rehabilitation of Johnson, using for the first time primary sources such as his papers, provided by his daughter Martha before her death in 1901, and the diaries of Johnson's Navy Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a>, first published in 1911. The resulting volumes, such as <a href="/wiki/David_M._De_Witt" title="David M. De Witt">David Miller DeWitt</a>'s <i>The Impeachment and Trial of President Andrew Johnson</i> (1903), presented him far more favorably than they did those who had sought to oust him. In <a href="/wiki/James_Schouler" title="James Schouler">James Schouler</a>'s 1913 <i>History of the Reconstruction Period</i>, the author accused Rhodes of being "quite unfair to Johnson", though agreeing that the former president had created many of his own problems through inept political moves. These works had an effect; although historians continued to view Johnson as having deep flaws which sabotaged his presidency, they saw his Reconstruction policies as fundamentally correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979220_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979220-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Castel writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>at the end of the 1920s, an historiographical revolution took place. In the span of three years five widely read books appeared, all highly pro-Johnson. ...They differed in general approach and specific interpretations, but they all glorified Johnson and condemned his enemies. According to these writers, Johnson was a humane, enlightened, and liberal statesman who waged a courageous battle for the Constitution and democracy against scheming and unscrupulous Radicals, who were motivated by a vindictive hatred of the South, partisanship, and a desire to establish the supremacy of Northern "big business". In short, rather than a boor, Johnson was a martyr; instead of a villain, a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979220–21_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979220–21-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Beale wondered in 1940, "is it not time that we studied the history of Reconstruction without first assuming, at least subconsciously, that carpetbaggers and Southern white Republicans were wicked, that Negroes were illiterate incompetents, and that the whole white South owes a debt of gratitude to the restorers of 'white supremacy'?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeale808_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeale808-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these doubts, the favorable view of Johnson survived for a time. In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Van_Heflin" title="Van Heflin">Van Heflin</a> portrayed the former president as a fighter for democracy in the Hollywood film <i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Johnson" title="Tennessee Johnson">Tennessee Johnson</a></i>. In 1948, a poll of his colleagues by historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger">Arthur M. Schlesinger</a> deemed Johnson among the average presidents; in 1956, one by Clinton L. Rossiter named him as one of the near-great chief executives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979221_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979221-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foner notes that at the time of these surveys, "the Reconstruction era that followed the Civil War was regarded as a time of corruption and misgovernment caused by granting black men the right to vote."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner_column_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner_column-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier historians, including Beale, believed that money drove events, and had seen Reconstruction as an economic struggle. They also accepted, for the most part, that reconciliation between North and South should have been the top priority of Reconstruction. In the 1950s, historians began to focus on the African-American experience as central to Reconstruction. They rejected completely any claim of black inferiority, which had marked many earlier historical works, and saw the developing <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> as a second Reconstruction; some <a href="/wiki/Neoabolitionism_(race_relations)" title="Neoabolitionism (race relations)">neoabolitionist</a> writers stated they hoped their work on the postbellum era would advance the cause of civil rights. These authors sympathized with the Radical Republicans for their desire to help the African American, and saw Johnson as callous towards the freedman. In a number of works from 1956 onwards by such historians as <a href="/wiki/Fawn_Brodie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawn Brodie">Fawn Brodie</a>, the former president was depicted as a successful saboteur of efforts to better the freedman's lot. These volumes included major biographies of Stevens and Stanton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979223–225_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979223–225-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconstruction was increasingly seen as a noble effort to integrate the freed slaves into society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolson_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolson-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner_column_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner_column-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 21st century, Johnson is among those commonly mentioned as the worst presidents in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolson_222-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolson-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Glenn W. Lafantasie, who believes <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> the worst president, "Johnson is a particular favorite for the bottom of the pile because of his impeachment ... his complete mishandling of Reconstruction policy ... his bristling personality, and his enormous sense of self-importance."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafantasie_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafantasie-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolson suggests that "Johnson is now scorned for having resisted Radical Republican policies aimed at securing the rights and well-being of the newly emancipated African-Americans."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolson_222-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolson-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon-Reed notes that Johnson, along with his contemporaries Pierce and Buchanan, is generally listed among the five worst presidents, but states "there have never been more difficult times in the life of this nation. The problems these men had to confront were enormous. It would have taken a succession of Lincolns to do them justice."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed56_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed56-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trefousse considers Johnson's legacy to be "the maintenance of white supremacy. His boost to Southern conservatives by undermining Reconstruction was his legacy to the nation, one that would trouble the country for generations to come."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse352_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse352-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon-Reed states of Johnson: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We know the results of Johnson's failures—that his preternatural stubbornness, his mean and crude racism, his primitive and instrumental understanding of the Constitution stunted his capacity for enlightened and forward-thinking leadership when those qualities were so desperately needed. At the same time, Johnson's story has a miraculous quality to it: the poor boy who systematically rose to the heights, fell from grace, and then fought his way back to a position of honor in the country. For good or ill, "only in America", as they say, could Johnson's story unfold in the way that it did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed144_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed144-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatrum_Johnsonianum" title="Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum">Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum</a></i>, 1867 illustration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Harold" title="Emily Harold">Emily Harold</a>, extramarital affair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_owned_slaves" title="List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves">List of presidents of the United States who owned slaves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Johnson" title="Tennessee Johnson">Tennessee Johnson</a></i>, 1942 film</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson was vice president under <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and became president upon <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's death</a>. As this was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson saw 15 of his vetoes overridden by Congress, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">more than any other President</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wordplay on <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Know Nothings, who were then formally known as the American Party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Replaced <i>ad interim</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> in August 1867 before being reinstated by Congress in January 1868</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse38–42_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 38–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed39–40_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse35-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse35_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse35_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed33–36-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed33–36_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed33–36_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 33–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel2002231-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002231_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel2002">Castel 2002</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNowlan2016" class="citation book cs1">Nowlan, Robert A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0K-nCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA387"><i>The American Presidents From Polk to Hayes: What They Did, What They Said & What Was Said About Them</i></a>. Outskirts Press. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-6572-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4787-6572-1"><bdi>978-1-4787-6572-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidents+From+Polk+to+Hayes%3A+What+They+Did%2C+What+They+Said+%26+What+Was+Said+About+Them&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4787-6572-1&rft.aulast=Nowlan&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0K-nCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed17–18-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed17–18_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel2002225-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002225_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002225_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002225_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel2002">Castel 2002</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk1912" class="citation book cs1">Polk, William Harrison (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/polkfamilykinsme00polk"><i>Polk family and kinsmen</i></a>. New York Public Library. Louisville, Kentucky: Press of the Bradley & Gilbert Co. p. 143 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polk+family+and+kinsmen&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Press+of+the+Bradley+%26+Gilbert+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+Harrison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolkfamilykinsme00polk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse20_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed18–22-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed18–22_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 18–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed22–23-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed22–23_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed26-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed26_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed27_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse23–26-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse23–26_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse23–26_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 23–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed27–29-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed27–29_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed29–30-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed29–30_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed28–29-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed28–29_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse27–29-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse27–29_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed31–32-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed31–32_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed32-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed32_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed32–33-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed32–33_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19793-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19793_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse31-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse31_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-park-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-park_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/anjo/learn/historyculture/slaves.htm">"Slaves of Andrew Johnson"</a>. <i>Andrew Johnson</i>. National Park Service. July 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andrew+Johnson&rft.atitle=Slaves+of+Andrew+Johnson&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fanjo%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fslaves.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winston1928-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winston1928_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Winston" title="Robert W. Winston">Winston, Robert W.</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4432643&seq=133"><i>Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot</i></a>. New York: H. Holt and company. p. 103 – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson%2C+Plebeian+and+Patriot&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=H.+Holt+and+company&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4432643%26seq%3D133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonhardt2007" class="citation book cs1">Donhardt, Gary L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UW32n2HWwRIC&q=%22for+his+untiring+energy+in+the+cause+of+Freedom.%22&pg=PA55"><i>In the Shadow of the Great Rebellion</i></a>. New York: Nova Science Publishers. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-086-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-086-0"><bdi>978-1-60021-086-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Great+Rebellion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60021-086-0&rft.aulast=Donhardt&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUW32n2HWwRIC%26q%3D%2522for%2Bhis%2Buntiring%2Benergy%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcause%2Bof%2BFreedom.%2522%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse33,_36-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse33,_36_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 33, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed36–37-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed36–37_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse36-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse36_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed37-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed37_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse14,_25-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse14,_25_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 14, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed42-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed42_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse43-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse43_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CongBio-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CongBio_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressJ000116" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000116">"Andrew Johnson (id: J000116)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Andrew+Johnson+%28id%3A+J000116%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DJ000116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse45–46-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse45–46_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder-LeinZuczuk55-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder-LeinZuczuk55_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder-LeinZuczuk">Schroeder-Lein & Zuczuk</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse51–53-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse51–53_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse53-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse53_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse56-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse56_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed44-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed44_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed43–44-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed43–44_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse61–63-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse61–63_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse61–63_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 61–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed45–46-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed45–46_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed47–49-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed47–49_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse69–71-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse69–71_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 69–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_K._Polk1910" class="citation book cs1">James K. Polk (1910). Milo M. Quaife (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBsOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265"><i>The diary of James K. Polk during his presidency, 1845 to 1849: now first printed from the original manuscript in the Collections of the Chicago Historical Society</i></a>. Vol. 4. A.C. McClurg & Co. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-929-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-929-1"><bdi>978-1-62376-929-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916144031/https://books.google.com/books?id=MBsOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+diary+of+James+K.+Polk+during+his+presidency%2C+1845+to+1849%3A+now+first+printed+from+the+original+manuscript+in+the+Collections+of+the+Chicago+Historical+Society&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=A.C.+McClurg+%26+Co&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-1-62376-929-1&rft.au=James+K.+Polk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBsOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse73-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse73_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse74–75-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse74–75_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse75–76-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse75–76_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/spring/dcslavery.html">"Slavery and Emancipation in the Nation's Capital"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. August 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+Emancipation+in+the+Nation%27s+Capital&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2010%2Fspring%2Fdcslavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse78-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse78_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse78_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse81-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse81_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed49-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed49_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse82-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse82_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19795-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19795_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19795_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed51-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed51_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed51_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse84–85-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse84–85_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse84–85_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse87–88-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse87–88_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse88-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse88_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder-LeinZuczuk119-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchroeder-LeinZuczuk119_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchroeder-LeinZuczuk">Schroeder-Lein & Zuczuk</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed52–53-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed52–53_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse92-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse92_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmalley[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP_s3-82-JusCpgPA35_35]-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmalley[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP_s3-82-JusCpgPA35_35]_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmalley">Smalley</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_s3-82-JusC&pg=PA35">35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed55–56-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed55–56_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse95–97-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse95–97_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse103–104-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse103–104_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse104–105-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse104–105_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse105–106-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse105–106_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse106-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse106_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse105–107-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse105–107_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19794-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19794_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse111-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse111_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed54–55-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed54–55_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse110–112-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse110–112_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 110–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed58–59-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed58–59_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse116,_121-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse116,_121_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 116, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse114-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse114_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse119-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse119_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed59-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed59_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel2002226-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel2002226_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel2002">Castel 2002</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1860 U.S. Federal Census, Slave Schedule for Nashville's 7th ward, Davidson County, Tennessee</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse123–127-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse123–127_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 123–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed60–63-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed60–63_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 60–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse131-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse131_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson172–173-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson172–173_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson">Johnson</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse134-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse134_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed64-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed64_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19798-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19798_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse138–143-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse138–143_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 138–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse143-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse143_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse140–148-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse140–148_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 140–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed69–70-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed69–70_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse153-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse153_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse151-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse151_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner21,_661-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner21,_661_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner">Foner</a>, pp. 21, 661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19799-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19799_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19799_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19799_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed71–72-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed71–72_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse162-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse162_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed72-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed72_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed73-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed73_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse168–170-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse168–170_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 168–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse177-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse177_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse177_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed76-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed76_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed76_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse178-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse178_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse178–180-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse178–180_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse178–180_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 178–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse181–185-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse181–185_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 181–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse183–187-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse183–187_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 183–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed82-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed82_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed82_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel19799–10-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel19799–10_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed85-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed85_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197910-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197910_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse191-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse191_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed87-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed87_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse192-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse192_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse193–194-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse193–194_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse194-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse194_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed90-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed90_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse194–195-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse194–195_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed90–92-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed90–92_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 90–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed93-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed93_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed93–95-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed93–95_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 93–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald26-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald26_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197928–29-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197928–29_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197918–21-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197918–21_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 18–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald28-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald28_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse215–216,_234–235-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse215–216,_234–235_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 215–216, 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse216–217-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse216–217_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197950–59-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197950–59_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 50–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald35-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald35_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197958–59-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197958–59_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart26-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart26_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald36-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald36_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse240-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse240_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197962–68-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197962–68_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197962–68_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 62–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner248–249-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner248–249_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner">Foner</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart51–52-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart51–52_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner249-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner249_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner">Foner</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart51–53-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart51–53_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner250–251-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner250–251_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner">Foner</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197970-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197970_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197971-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197971_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart53-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart53_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse252-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse252_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse253–254-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse253–254_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197975–76-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197975–76_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart57–58-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart57–58_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart60–62-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart60–62_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse271-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse271_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197988–89-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197988–89_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979107–109-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979107–109_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979107–109_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 107–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart62–64-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart62–64_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 62–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart64–66-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart64–66_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 64–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979126–127-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979126–127_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979128–135-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979128–135_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 128–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979135–137-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979135–137_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 135–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart95–97-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart95–97_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979146-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979146_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart109–111-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart109–111_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 109–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse313–316-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse313–316_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 313–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse316,_336-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse316,_336_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 316, 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse319-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse319_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197981-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197981_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed138–139-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed138–139_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse323–324-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse323–324_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 323–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed139-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed139_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart307-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart307_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse330-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse330_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse323–328-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse323–328_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 323–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart340–341-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart340–341_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 340–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsj&fileName=061/llsj061.db&recNum=942&itemLink=r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj061225)):%230610942&linkText=1">"<i>Senate Journal</i>. 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 16 / May 26, 1868, 943–51"</a>. <i>A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Century+of+Lawmaking+for+a+New+Nation%3A+U.S.+Congressional+Documents+and+Debates%2C+1774%E2%80%931875&rft.atitle=Senate+Journal.+40th+Cong.%2C+2nd+sess.%2C+16+%2F%26%2332%3BMay+26%2C+1868%2C+943%E2%80%9351&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllsj%26fileName%3D061%2Fllsj061.db%26recNum%3D942%26itemLink%3Dr%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28sj061225%29%29%3A%25230610942%26linkText%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979195-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979195_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse336-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse336_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart240–247,_284–292-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart240–247,_284–292_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, pp. 240–247, 284–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel197940–41-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel197940–41_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApoliona2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Haunani_Apoliona" title="S. Haunani Apoliona">Apoliona, Haunani</a> (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskh447eqhe3kks2q2rvzg06-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/KA_WAI_OLA_201001.pdf">"Ke Kuini Emalani ko luna"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ka Wai Ola</i>. Vol. 27, no. 1. Honolulu. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haunaniapoliona.net/cgi-bin/apo?e=d-010off-apoliona--00-1----0--010---4-------0-1l--11en-Zz-1---10-home---00-3-1-00-0-0-110utfZz-8-00&cl=CL3.7&d=D201001&x=1&hl=0">21</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://iskh447eqhe3kks2q2rvzg06-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/KA_WAI_OLA_201001.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ka+Wai+Ola&rft.atitle=Ke+Kuini+Emalani+ko+luna&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Apoliona&rft.aufirst=Haunani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiskh447eqhe3kks2q2rvzg06-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2FKA_WAI_OLA_201001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2011" class="citation book cs1">Byrd, Jodi A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_JNcXnUjZkC&pg=PA177"><i>The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism</i></a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 177–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-3317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-3317-7"><bdi>978-1-4529-3317-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/719427962">719427962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transit+of+Empire%3A+Indigenous+Critiques+of+Colonialism&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=177-183&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F719427962&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-3317-7&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Jodi+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_JNcXnUjZkC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanahele1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kanahele" title="George Kanahele">Kanahele, George S.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WLtlBNRt_V4C"><i>Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen</i></a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 189–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2240-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2240-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-2240-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40890919">40890919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emma%3A+Hawaii%27s+Remarkable+Queen&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=189-226&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40890919&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2240-8&rft.aulast=Kanahele&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWLtlBNRt_V4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaus-M_NaskeHerman_E._Slotnick1994" class="citation book cs1">Claus-M Naske; Herman E. Slotnick (March 15, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xhQl1WDWa0C&pg=PA330"><i>Alaska: A History of the 49th State</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2573-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2573-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-2573-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska%3A+A+History+of+the+49th+State&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1994-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2573-2&rft.au=Claus-M+Naske&rft.au=Herman+E.+Slotnick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xhQl1WDWa0C%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979120-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979120_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979120–122-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979120–122_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 120–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Pletcher1998" class="citation book cs1">David M. Pletcher (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomacyoftrade00plet"><i>The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment: American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865–1900</i></a></span>. University of Missouri Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomacyoftrade00plet/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1127-9"><bdi>978-0-8262-1127-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+Trade+and+Investment%3A+American+Economic+Expansion+in+the+Hemisphere%2C+1865%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1127-9&rft.au=David+M.+Pletcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiplomacyoftrade00plet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979204–205-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979204–205_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse349-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse349_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse349_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart54-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart54_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart">Stewart</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse363-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse363_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/milligan-samuel">"Milligan, Samuel"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present</i>. Federal Judiciary Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+Article+III+Federal+Judges%2C+1789-present&rft.atitle=Milligan%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fjudges%2Fmilligan-samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuczek2006" class="citation book cs1">Zuczek, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QA3hdQzOVC4C&pg=PA595"><i>Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era: M–Z and primary documents</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33075-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Reconstruction+Era%3A+M%E2%80%93Z+and+primary+documents&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33075-9&rft.aulast=Zuczek&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQA3hdQzOVC4C%26pg%3DPA595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selcer_65-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selcer_65_195-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selcer_65_195-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelcer2014" class="citation book cs1">Selcer, Richard F. 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February 20, 1875. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Whirlgig+of+Time&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1875-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015030616422%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse334,_370–371-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse334,_370–371_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 334, 370–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979216-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979216_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979216_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979216–217-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979216–217_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_writers'_projectPappas1939" class="citation book cs1">Federal writers' project; Pappas, Douglas (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015066068928&view=1up&seq=347&q1=%22Daniel%20Stover%22"><i>Tennessee: a guide to the state, compiled and written by the Federal writers' project of the Work projects administration for the state of Tennessee</i></a>. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse377-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse377_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979vii-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979vii_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979218-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979218_218-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979218_218-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeale807-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeale807_219-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeale807_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeale">Beale</a>, p. 807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes589-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes589_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes">Rhodes</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979218–219-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979218–219_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolson-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolson_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolson_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolson_222-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolson_222-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolson">Tolson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979220-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979220_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979220–21-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979220–21_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 220–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeale808-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeale808_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeale">Beale</a>, p. 808.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979221-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979221_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner_column-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner_column_227-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner_column_227-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoner_column">Foner column</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastel1979223–225-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastel1979223–225_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastel1979">Castel 1979</a>, pp. 223–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELafantasie-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELafantasie_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLafantasie">Lafantasie</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed56-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed56_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse352-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse352_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed144-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon-Reed144_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeale" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Beale, Howard K.</a> (July 1940). "On rewriting Reconstruction history". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 807–827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1854452">10.2307/1854452</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1854452">1854452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=On+rewriting+Reconstruction+history&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=807-827&rft.date=1940-07&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1854452%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1854452&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=Howard+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Les_Benedict" title="Michael Les Benedict">Benedict, Michael Les</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/impeachmenttrial00bene"><i>The impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson</i></a>. New York, Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+impeachment+and+trial+of+Andrew+Johnson&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Norton&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Michael+Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimpeachmenttrial00bene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastel1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Castel" title="Albert E. Castel">Castel, Albert E.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofandr00albe"><i>The Presidency of Andrew Johnson</i></a>. American Presidency. Lawrence, Kan.: The Regents Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0190-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-0190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Andrew+Johnson&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kan.&rft.series=American+Presidency&rft.pub=The+Regents+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0190-5&rft.aulast=Castel&rft.aufirst=Albert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofandr00albe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastel2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Castel" title="Albert E. Castel">Castel, Albert E.</a> (2002). "Andrew Johnson". In Graff, Henry (ed.). <i>The Presidents: A Reference History</i> (7th ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. pp. 225–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80551-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andrew+Johnson&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.pages=225-239&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Macmillan+Library+Reference+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80551-1&rft.aulast=Castel&rft.aufirst=Albert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Michael W. (2007). <i>Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South</i>. American Ways (paperback ed.). Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-739-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-739-8"><bdi>978-1-56663-739-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendid+Failure%3A+Postwar+Reconstruction+in+the+American+South&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=American+Ways&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-739-8&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2002) [1988]. <i>Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093716-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093716-4"><bdi>978-0-06-093716-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+America%27s+Unfinished+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093716-4&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner_column" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (December 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/01/AR2006120101509.html">"He's The Worst Ever"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=He%27s+The+Worst+Ever&rft.date=2006-12-03&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F12%2F01%2FAR2006120101509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon-Reed" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Gordon-Reed" title="Annette Gordon-Reed">Gordon-Reed, Annette</a> (2011). <i>Andrew Johnson</i>. The American Presidents Series. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6948-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6948-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-6948-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+American+Presidents+Series&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6948-8&rft.aulast=Gordon-Reed&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafantasie" class="citation news cs1">Lafantasie, Glenn (February 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2011/02/21/worst_president_buchanan/">"Who's the worst president of them all?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Who%27s+the+worst+president+of+them+all%3F&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft.aulast=Lafantasie&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2011%2F02%2F21%2Fworst_president_buchanan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKitrick1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_McKitrick" title="Eric McKitrick">McKitrick, Eric L.</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnsonrec00mcki"><i>Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505707-2"><bdi>978-0-19-505707-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson+and+Reconstruction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505707-2&rft.aulast=McKitrick&rft.aufirst=Eric+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjohnsonrec00mcki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">Rhodes, James Ford</a> (1904). <i>History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+from+the+Compromise+of+1850&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=James+Ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds05rho1906">vol 5 1864–66 online</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds06rhod">vol 6 1866–72 online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder-LeinZuczuk" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.; Zuczuk, Richard (2001). <i>Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-030-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-030-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-030-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson%3A+A+Biographical+Companion&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-030-7&rft.aulast=Schroeder-Lein&rft.aufirst=Glenna+R.&rft.au=Zuczuk%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSefton1980" class="citation book cs1">Sefton, James E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnsonus00seft"><i>Andrew Johnson and the uses of constitutional power</i></a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316779883" title="Special:BookSources/9780316779883"><bdi>9780316779883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson+and+the+uses+of+constitutional+power&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780316779883&rft.aulast=Sefton&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjohnsonus00seft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalley" class="citation book cs1">Smalley, Ruth (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_s3-82-JusC"><i>An Interview with Andrew Johnson</i></a>. Johnson City, TN: Overmountain Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57072-257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57072-257-8"><bdi>978-1-57072-257-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+Andrew+Johnson&rft.place=Johnson+City%2C+TN&rft.pub=Overmountain+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57072-257-8&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_s3-82-JusC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_O._Stewart" title="David O. Stewart">Stewart, David O.</a> (2009). <i>Impeached: the Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4749-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4749-5"><bdi>978-1-4165-4749-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impeached%3A+the+Trial+of+President+Andrew+Johnson+and+the+Fight+for+Lincoln%27s+Legacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-4749-5&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Swanson, Ryan A. "Andrew Johnson and His Governors: An Examination of Failed Reconstruction Leadership." <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly</i> 71.1 (2012): 16–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42628235">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolson" class="citation news cs1">Tolson, Jay (February 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070216/16president.johnson.htm">"The 10 Worst Presidents: No. 3 Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=The+10+Worst+Presidents%3A+No.+3+Andrew+Johnson+%281865%E2%80%931869%29&rft.date=2007-02-16&rft.aulast=Tolson&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fusnews%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F070216%2F16president.johnson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_L._Trefousse" title="Hans L. Trefousse">Trefousse, Hans L.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjohnson00hans"><i>Andrew Johnson: A Biography</i></a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31742-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31742-8&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjohnson00hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWineapple2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Wineapple" title="Brenda Wineapple">Wineapple, Brenda</a> (2019). <i>The Impeachers: The Trial of Andrew Johnson and the Dream of a Just Nation</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9836-8"><bdi>978-0-8129-9836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impeachers%3A+The+Trial+of+Andrew+Johnson+and+the+Dream+of+a+Just+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9836-8&rft.aulast=Wineapple&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson, Andrew</a>; Moore, Frank (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnsonjohnson00andrrich"><i>Speeches of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+of+Andrew+Johnson%2C+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Moore%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnsonjohnson00andrrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Bibliography of Andrew Johnson">Bibliography of Andrew Johnson</a>.</div> <ul><li>Cashdollar, Charles D. “Andrew Johnson and the Philadelphia Election of 1866.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 92, no. 3 (1968): 365–83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20090199">http://www.jstor.org/stable/20090199</a>.</li> <li>Foner, Eric. <i>The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2013).</li> <li>Hardison, Edwin T. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4183&context=utk_graddiss">In the toils of war: Andrew Johnson and the federal occupation of Tennessee, 1862-1865</a>" (PhD thesis; . The University of Tennessee, 1981).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenihan1986" class="citation thesis cs1">Lenihan, Mary Ruth (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3408"><i>Reputation and history: Andrew Johnson's historiographical rise and fall</i></a> (Master of Arts thesis). University of Montana. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/EP36186">EP36186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Reputation+and+history%3A+Andrew+Johnson%27s+historiographical+rise+and+fall&rft.degree=Master+of+Arts&rft.inst=University+of+Montana&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umt.edu%2Fetd%2F3408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jones, Robert B., and Mark E. Byrnes. “‘Rebels Never Forgive’: Former President Andrew Johnson and the Senate Election of 1869.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 66, no. 3 (2007): 250–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42628303">http://www.jstor.org/stable/42628303</a>.</li> <li>LeRoy P. Graf. “Andrew Johnson and the Coming of the War.” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 19, no. 3 (1960): 208–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/42621489">http://www.jstor.org/stable/42621489</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Levine" title="Robert S. Levine">Levine, Robert S.</a> (2021). <i>The Failed Promise: Reconstruction, Frederick Douglass, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Failed+Promise%3A+Reconstruction%2C+Frederick+Douglass%2C+and+the+Impeachment+of+Andrew+Johnson&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Failed-Promise-Reconstruction-Frederick-Impeachment/dp/1324004754">excerpt</a></li> <li>McGuire, Tom. "Andrew Johnson and the northern revolution" (PhD thesis, Columbia University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2007. 3266640).</li> <li>Miller, Zachary A. "False Idol: The Memory of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction in Greeneville, Tennessee 1869-2022" (MA thesis, East Tennessee State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2022. 29384020).</li> <li>O'Brien, John J., III. "The Mechanic Statesman and the Military Chieftain: Andrew Johnson, William B. Campbell and the Meaning of Liberty and Union in Antebellum Tennessee" (PhD thesis, Saint Louis University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2017. 10277975).</li> <li>Wedge, Lucius. "Andrew Johnson and the ministers of Nashville: A study in the relationship between war, politics, and morality" (PhD thesis, University of Akron; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 3671127).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Andrew Johnson</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" class="extiw" title="q:Andrew Johnson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Andrew_Johnson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Andrew Johnson">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Andrew_Johnson" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Andrew Johnson">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressJ000116" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000116">"Andrew Johnson (id: J000116)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Andrew+Johnson+%28id%3A+J000116%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DJ000116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrew+Johnson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/anjo/index.htm">Andrew Johnson National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/ajohnson/">Andrew Johnson: A Resource Guide</a> – <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140526020140/http://millercenter.org/index.php/academic/americanpresident/johnson">Essays on Andrew Johnson and his presidency</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?150104-1/life-portrait-andrew-johnson">"Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, July 9, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches?field_president_target_id%5B17%5D=17#selected-tags">Text of a number of Johnson's speeches</a> at the Miller Center of Public Affairs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Johnson-Andrew">Andrew Johnson Personal Manuscripts and Letters</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shapell_Manuscript_Foundation" title="Shapell Manuscript Foundation">Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/impeachment/index.html">Resolutions of Impeachment</a> from the National Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm15138.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/johnson">Tennessee State Library and Archives/Tennessee Virtual Archive/Andrew Johnson Collection/Andrew Johnson Bicentennial, 1808–2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1650">Works by Andrew Johnson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11289">Works by Andrew Johnson</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Andrew_Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andrew_Johnson" title="Template:Andrew Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Johnson" title="Template talk:Andrew Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andrew_Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">17th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1865–1869)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">16th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">Senator from Tennessee</a> (1857–1862, 1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">15th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> (1853–1857, 1862–1865)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson%27s_drunk_vice-presidential_inaugural_address" title="Andrew Johnson's drunk vice-presidential inaugural address">Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kirkwood House (Washington, D.C.)">Kirkwood House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Inauguration of Andrew Johnson">Inauguration of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson">Judicial appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardons_for_ex-Confederates" title="Pardons for ex-Confederates">Pardons for ex-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">State of the Union, 1865</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1866 State of the Union Address">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Circuits_Act" title="Judicial Circuits Act">Judicial Circuits Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes#Andrew_Johnson" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">Vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">1868 impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li>Politics: <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_National_Union_Convention" title="1866 National Union Convention">1866 National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_and_1867_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections">1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 Democratic Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Cemetery" title="Andrew Johnson National Cemetery">Andrew Johnson National Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site" title="Andrew Johnson National Historic Site">Andrew Johnson National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Andrew_Johnson_Museum_and_Library" title="President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library">President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy%27s_Trip" title="Andy's Trip">Andy's Trip</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Justice_(political_cartoon)" title="Southern Justice (political cartoon)">Southern Justice</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatrum_Johnsonianum" title="Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum">Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Johnson" title="Tennessee Johnson">Tennessee Johnson</a></i> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza McCardle Johnson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Johnson_Patterson" title="Martha Johnson Patterson">Martha Johnson Patterson</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">David T. Patterson</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Charles Johnson (Tennessee)">Charles Johnson</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Johnson_Stover" title="Mary Johnson Stover">Mary Johnson Stover</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Stover" title="Daniel Stover">Daniel Stover</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Robert Johnson (Tennessee)">Robert Johnson</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_Jr." title="Andrew Johnson Jr.">Frank Johnson</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Johnson and slavery">Andrew Johnson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brown_(steward)" title="Henry Brown (steward)">Henry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnson_Forby" title="Elizabeth Johnson Forby">Elizabeth J. Forby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_Johnson" title="Dolly Johnson">Dolly Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Henry Johnson (Tennessee)">Henry Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Johnson_(Tennessee)" title="Sam Johnson (Tennessee)">Sam Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Andrew_Johnson" title="William Andrew Johnson">William A. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Johnson_Smith" title="Florence Johnson Smith">Florence J. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Bibliography of Andrew Johnson">Bibliography of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_alcoholism_debate" title="Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate">Alcoholism debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Harold" title="Emily Harold">Mrs. Harold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Johnson_ledger-removal_allegation" title="Lincoln–Johnson ledger-removal allegation">Ledger-removal allegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buell_Military_Commission" title="Buell Military Commission">Buell Commission records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treason_must_be_made_odious" title="Treason must be made odious">Treason must be made odious</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">← Abraham Lincoln</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">← Hannibal Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Andrew_Johnson" title="Category:Andrew Johnson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dickens_Arnold" title="Thomas Dickens Arnold">Thomas Dickens Arnold</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 1st congressional district">Tennessee's 1st congressional district</a> </b><br />1843–1853 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brookins_Campbell" title="Brookins Campbell">Brookins Campbell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Trousdale" title="William Trousdale">William Trousdale</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> </b><br />1853, 1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Isham G. Harris</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States¹ </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Campbell" title="William B. Campbell">William B. Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> </b><br />1853–1857 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Isham G. Harris</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Isham G. Harris</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Military Governor of Tennessee </b><br />1862–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._East" title="Edward H. East">Edward H. East</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1865–1869 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">James C. Jones</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">United States Senator (Class 1) from Tennessee</a> </b><br />1857–1862 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Alfred O. P. Nicholson</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">David T. Patterson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Gannaway_Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gannaway Brownlow">William Gannaway Brownlow</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">United States Senator (Class 1) from Tennessee</a> </b><br />1875 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooper_(U.S._Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cooper (U.S. Senator)">Henry Cooper</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">David M. Key</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;"><small><b>Notes and references</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>1. Lincoln and Johnson ran on the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a> ticket in 1864.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Andrew_Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Andrew_Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Andrew Johnson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Template:Impeachment and impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Impeachment and impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Impeachment and impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Impeachment_and_impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">impeachment trial</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inquiries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/120px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/180px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg/240px-Thaddeus-stevens2_%281%29_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="629" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/120px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/180px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg/240px-The_Senate_as_a_Court_of_Impeachment_for_the_Trial_of_Andrew_Johnson_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="382" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li> <li>Dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Covode" title="John Covode">John Covode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Ward_Sr." title="Hamilton Ward Sr.">Hamilton Ward Sr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Presiding officer: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>House managers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">George S. Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Thomas Williams (Pennsylvania politician)">Thomas Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Wilson" title="James F. Wilson">James F. Wilson</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>President's counsel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Benjamin R. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck" title="William S. Groesbeck">William S. Groesbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Amos_Rogers_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson">Thomas A. R. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Witnesses for the prosecution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Blodgett" title="Foster Blodgett">Foster Blodgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Burleigh" title="Walter A. Burleigh">Walter A. Burleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O._Clephane" title="James O. Clephane">James O. Clephane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Emory" title="William H. Emory">William H. Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Thomas W. Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Van_Horn" title="Burt Van Horn">Burt Van Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Moorhead" title="James K. Moorhead">James K. Moorhead</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Witnesses for the defense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Armstrong_(journalist)" title="William W. Armstrong (journalist)">William W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Smith_Cox" title="Walter Smith Cox">Walter Smith Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Merrick" title="Richard T. Merrick">Richard T. Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Seward" title="Frederick W. Seward">Frederick W. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnie_Ream" title="Vinnie Ream">Vinnie Ream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage">Profiles in Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Johnson" title="Tennessee Johnson">Tennessee Johnson</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governor_of_Tennessee_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Tennessee" title="Template:Governors of Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Tennessee" title="Template talk:Governors of Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governor_of_Tennessee_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roane" title="Archibald Roane">Roane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Blount" title="Willie Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McMinn" title="Joseph McMinn">McMinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carroll_(Tennessee_politician)" title="William Carroll (Tennessee politician)">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hall_(governor)" title="William Hall (governor)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carroll_(Tennessee_politician)" title="William Carroll (Tennessee politician)">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Cannon" title="Newton Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neill_S._Brown" title="Neill S. Brown">N. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trousdale" title="William Trousdale">Trousdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Campbell" title="William B. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._East" title="Edward H. East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson_Brownlow" title="Parson Brownlow">Brownlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewitt_Clinton_Senter" title="Dewitt Clinton Senter">Senter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Brown" title="John C. Brown">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Porter" title="James D. Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Marks" title="Albert S. Marks">Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hawkins" title="Alvin Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">Bate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Buchanan" title="John P. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turney" title="Peter Turney">Turney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_McMillin" title="Benton McMillin">McMillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Frazier" title="James B. Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I._Cox" title="John I. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_R._Patterson" title="Malcolm R. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_W._Hooper" title="Ben W. Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarke_Rye" title="Thomas Clarke Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_H._Roberts" title="Albert H. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Taylor" title="Alfred A. Taylor">A. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Peay" title="Austin Peay">Peay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hollis_Horton" title="Henry Hollis Horton">Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_McAlister" title="Hill McAlister">McAlister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Browning" title="Gordon Browning">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentice_Cooper" title="Prentice Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nance_McCord" title="Jim Nance McCord">McCord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Browning" title="Gordon Browning">Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Clement" title="Frank G. Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buford_Ellington" title="Buford Ellington">Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Clement" title="Frank G. Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buford_Ellington" title="Buford Ellington">Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Dunn" title="Winfield Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Blanton" title="Ray Blanton">Blanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_McWherter" title="Ned McWherter">McWherter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Sundquist" title="Don Sundquist">Sundquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Bredesen" title="Phil Bredesen">Bredesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haslam" title="Bill Haslam">Haslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)">Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/85px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/128px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/170px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="718" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Tennessee" title="Category:Governors of Tennessee">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="Template:United States senators from Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="Template talk:United States senators from Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">United States senators from Tennessee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">A. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_H._Foster" title="Ephraim H. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_H._Foster" title="Ephraim H. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_L._Turney" title="Hopkins L. Turney">Turney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Jones" title="James C. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson_Brownlow" title="Parson Brownlow">Brownlow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Bailey" title="James E. Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_C._Whitthorne" title="Washington C. Whitthorne">Whitthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bate" title="William B. Bate">Bate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Frazier" title="James B. Frazier">Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Lea_(American_politician,_born_1879)" title="Luke Lea (American politician, born 1879)">Lea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Gore Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Corker" title="Bob Corker">Corker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anderson_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician)">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkin_Whiteside" title="Jenkin Whiteside">Whiteside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Wharton" title="Jesse Wharton">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">A. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_O._Anderson" title="Alexander O. Anderson">A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Jarnagin" title="Spencer Jarnagin">Jarnagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_O._P._Nicholson" title="Alfred O. P. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Fowler" title="Joseph S. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooper_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Henry Cooper (Tennessee politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_G._Harris" title="Isham G. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Turley" title="Thomas B. Turley">Turley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Carmack" title="Edward W. Carmack">Carmack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Love_Taylor" title="Robert Love Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newell_Sanders" title="Newell Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Webb" title="William R. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Shields" title="John K. Shields">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tyson" title="Lawrence Tyson">Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Brock" title="William E. Brock">Brock I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Bachman" title="Nathan L. Bachman">Bachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Berry" title="George L. Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stewart_(politician)" title="Tom Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Walters" title="Herbert S. Walters">Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Bass" title="Ross Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Mathews" title="Harlan Mathews">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Thompson" title="Fred Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Hagerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earle_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Earle (American politician)">Thomas Earle</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Charles C. Foote (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)" title="William Goodell (abolitionist)">William Goodell</a>/S. M. Bell (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">1848 Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other party leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis P. Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Party">North American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Johnson_(1865–1869)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andrew_Johnson_cabinet" title="Template:Andrew Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Johnson_cabinet" title="Template talk:Andrew Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Johnson_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Johnson cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Andrew_Johnson_(1865–1869)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865–1869)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> (1865–1869)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png/100px-Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png/150px-Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png/200px-Andrew_Johnson_-_3a53290u.png 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="3731" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a> (1865–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">John Schofield</a> (1868–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a> (1865–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a> (1866–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a> (1868–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison Jr.</a> (1865–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Alexander Randall</a> (1866–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a> (1865–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_Usher" title="John Palmer Usher">John Palmer Usher</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">James Harlan</a> (1865–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Hickman_Browning" title="Orville Hickman Browning">Orville Hickman Browning</a> (1866–1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reconstruction_era" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reconstruction_Era" title="Template talk:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction_Era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reconstruction Era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reconstruction_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Federal government</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Congress <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress" title="39th United States Congress">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress" title="40th United States Congress">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41st_United_States_Congress" title="41st United States Congress">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_United_States_Congress" title="42nd United States Congress">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_United_States_Congress" title="43rd United States Congress">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_United_States_Congress" title="44th United States Congress">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress" title="45th United States Congress">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Conservative Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Conservative Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">African-American senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives#Reconstruction_and_early_post-Reconstruction_era,_1870–1887" title="List of African-American United States representatives">African-American representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction">United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction" title="United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction">United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Federal bureaucracy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">State governments</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_politicians_during_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mitchell_Ashley" title="James Mitchell Ashley">James Mitchell Ashley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_during_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Women during the Reconstruction era">Women during the Reconstruction era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Presidential</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">National Union Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">DNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1876 Greenback National Convention">Greenback Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1876 Prohibition National Convention">Prohibition Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1864–65 United States Senate elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1866–67 United States Senate elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1868–69 United States Senate elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1870–71 United States Senate elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1872–73 United States Senate elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1874–75 United States Senate elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1876–77 United States Senate elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864%E2%80%9365_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1864–65 United States House of Representatives elections">1864–65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866%E2%80%9367_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections">1866–67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868%E2%80%9369_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections">1868–69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870%E2%80%9371_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections">1870–71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872%E2%80%9373_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections">1872–73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874%E2%80%9375_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections">1874–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections">1876–77</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1863 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1863_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Virginia_gubernatorial_elections" title="1863 Virginia gubernatorial elections">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1864 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1864 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1865 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1865_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1865 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1867 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1868 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1868_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1868 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1869 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1869_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1869 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1870 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1870_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1870 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1871 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1872 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1872 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1873_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Mississippi gubernatorial election">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Texas gubernatorial election">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Virginia gubernatorial election">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1873 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1874 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1874_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Delaware_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Delaware gubernatorial election">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 New Jersey gubernatorial election">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Nevada gubernatorial election">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Oregon gubernatorial election">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1874 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1875 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Iowa_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Iowa gubernatorial election">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Kentucky gubernatorial election">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maryland gubernatorial election">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Minnesota gubernatorial election">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Ohio_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Ohio gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">WI</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>1876 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1876_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Alabama gubernatorial election">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Colorado gubernatorial election">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="April 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Apr.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1876_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="November 1876 Connecticut gubernatorial election">CT <i>Nov.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Florida gubernatorial election">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Illinois gubernatorial election">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Indiana gubernatorial election">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Kansas gubernatorial election">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Louisiana gubernatorial election">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Maine gubernatorial election">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Michigan_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Michigan gubernatorial election">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Missouri gubernatorial election">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_North_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 North Carolina gubernatorial election">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_South_Carolina_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 South Carolina gubernatorial election">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 Vermont gubernatorial election">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1876 West Virginia gubernatorial election">WV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">U.S. elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Equality_of_the_Sexes_and_the_Condition_of_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (page does not exist)">The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="Woman in the Nineteenth Century">Woman in the Nineteenth Century</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act" title="District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act">District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862" title="Militia Act of 1862">Militia Act of 1862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._143" title="General Order No. 143">General Order No. 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" title="Reconstruction era">Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Loyal_National_League" title="Women's Loyal National League">Women's Loyal National League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">1863 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_elections" title="1864 United States elections">1864 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1865</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Address</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Field_Orders_No._15" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Field Orders No. 15">Special Field Orders No. 15 </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau_bills" title="Freedmen's Bureau bills">Freedmen's Bureau bills</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederates surrender at Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_University" title="Shaw University">Shaw University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(United_States)" title="New Departure (United States)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1865 State of the Union Address">1865 State of the Union Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Founding of the Ku Klux Klan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1866</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_massacre_of_1866" title="Memphis massacre of 1866">Memphis massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Massacre_of_1866" title="New Orleans Massacre of 1866">New Orleans Massacre of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Conference_and_Cherokee_Reconstruction_Treaty_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866">Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Organic_Act#Treaty_of_Washington_(1866)" title="Oklahoma Organic Act">Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866</a></li> <li>Tennessee readmitted to Union</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petition_for_Universal_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petition for Universal Freedom (page does not exist)">Petition for Universal Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Union" title="National Labor Union">National Labor Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan" title="Ex parte Milligan">Ex parte Milligan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Kidnapping_Act_of_1866" title="Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866">Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1866_United_States_elections" title="1866 United States elections">1866 elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1867</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_Army_Act" title="Command of Army Act">Command of Army Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lodge_Treaty#Indian_Peace_Commission" title="Medicine Lodge Treaty">Indian Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_conventions_of_1867&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional conventions of 1867 (page does not exist)">Constitutional conventions of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peonage_Act_of_1867" title="Peonage Act of 1867">Peonage Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1867 State of the Union Address">1867 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1868</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">Impeachment managers investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment_adopted_against_Andrew_Johnson" title="Articles of impeachment adopted against Andrew Johnson">Articles of impeachment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas readmitted to Union</li> <li>Florida readmitted to Union</li> <li>North Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>South Carolina readmitted to Union</li> <li>Louisiana readmitted to Union</li> <li>Alabama readmitted to Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas_massacre" title="Opelousas massacre">Opelousas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Fourth Reconstruction Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Stanton" title="Georgia v. Stanton">Georgia v. Stanton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_elections" title="1868 United States elections">1868 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1868 State of the Union Address">1868 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1869</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims"><i>Alabama</i> Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Indian_Commissioners" title="Board of Indian Commissioners">Board of Indian Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Credit_Act_of_1869" title="Public Credit Act of 1869">Public Credit Act of 1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday (1869)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1869 State of the Union Address">1869 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoffner_Act" title="Shoffner Act">Shoffner Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_elections" title="1870 United States elections">1870 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1870 State of the Union Address">1870 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1871</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ku_Klux_Klan_hearings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ku Klux Klan hearings (page does not exist)">Ku Klux Klan hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Second Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcorn_State_University" title="Alcorn State University">Alcorn State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian race riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#New_York_custom_house_ring" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">New York custom house ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_commission" title="Civil service commission">Civil service commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">United States expedition to Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1871 State of the Union Address">1871 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_War" title="Modoc War">Modoc War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act" title="Salary Grab Act">Salary Grab Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_Act" title="Amnesty Act">Amnesty Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_elections" title="1872 United States elections">1872 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1872 State of the Union Address">1872 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1873</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginius_Affair" title="Virginius Affair"><i>Virginius</i> Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1873 State of the Union Address">1873 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1874</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_massacre" title="Coushatta massacre">Coushatta massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_War" title="Red River War">Red River War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Massacre_of_1874" title="Election Massacre of 1874">Election Massacre of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_massacre" title="Vicksburg massacre">Vicksburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_incident" title="Sanborn incident">Sanborn incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Moiety_Acts" title="Anti-Moiety Acts">Anti-Moiety Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_States_elections" title="1874 United States elections">1874 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1874 State of the Union Address">1874 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1875</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">Civil Rights Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Plan" title="Mississippi Plan">Mississippi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Clifton Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazoo_City_Riot_of_1875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazoo City Riot of 1875 (page does not exist)">Yazoo City Riot of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Ring" title="Whiskey Ring">Whiskey Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Compromise" title="Wheeler Compromise">Wheeler Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Department_of_Interior" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Delano affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Boyd">Pratt & Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1875 State of the Union Address">1875 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1876</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellenton_massacre" title="Ellenton massacre">Ellenton massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reese" title="United States v. Reese">United States v. Reese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trader_post_scandal" title="Trader post scandal">Trader post scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandals_of_the_Ulysses_S._Grant_administration#Cattellism" title="Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration">Cattellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_burglary_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe burglary conspiracy">Safe burglary conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_elections" title="1876 United States elections">1876 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1876 State of the Union Address">1876 State of the Union Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">1877</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_War" title="Nez Perce War">Nez Perce War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act" title="Posse Comitatus Act">Posse Comitatus Act</a> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Harris" title="United States v. Harris">United States v. Harris</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Bibliography of the Reconstruction era">Bibliography of the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shepherd_Pike" title="James Shepherd Pike">James Shepherd Pike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Prostrate_State:_South_Carolina_under_Negro_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (page does not exist)">The Prostrate State</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Commonwealth">The American Commonwealth</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragic_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragic Era (page does not exist)">The Tragic Era</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lynwood_Fleming" title="Walter Lynwood Fleming">Walter Lynwood Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Reconstruction_in_America" title="Black Reconstruction in America">Black Reconstruction in America</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joel_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joel Williamson (page does not exist)">Joel Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Brock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Brock (page does not exist)">William R. Brock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Crisis" title="The American Crisis">The American Crisis</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Slavery_to_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Slavery to Freedom (page does not exist)">From Slavery to Freedom</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=After_Slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="After Slavery (page does not exist)">After Slavery</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Litwack" title="Leon Litwack">Leon Litwack</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Been_in_the_Storm_So_Long" title="Been in the Storm So Long">Been in the Storm So Long</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction:_America%27s_Unfinished_Revolution,_1863%E2%80%931877" title="Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Stampp" title="Kenneth M. Stampp">Kenneth M. Stampp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hahn" title="Steven Hahn">Steven Hahn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_Under_Our_Feet" title="A Nation Under Our Feet">A Nation Under Our Feet</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Founding" title="The Second Founding">The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Old_Mistress" title="A Visit from the Old Mistress">A Visit from the Old Mistress</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_Jr." title="Thomas Dixon Jr.">Thomas Dixon Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Leopard%27s_Spots" title="The Leopard's Spots">The Leopard's Spots</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clansman:_A_Historical_Romance_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan" title="The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan">The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Blight" title="David W. Blight">David W. Blight</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_and_Reunion" title="Race and Reunion">Race and Reunion</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">History of the United States (1865–1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecapping" title="Whitecapping">Whitecapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstruction_Era" title="Category:Reconstruction Era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">← 1856</a>) <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4F990C;"><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Democratic Party (Southern)</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions#“Breckinridge_Democrats”_convention" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></b> (incumbent VP)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F59100;"><b><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William C. Rives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (Northern)</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Conventions</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">Herschel V. Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1860 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1860)_1864_United_States_presidential_election_(1868_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1864 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1860)_1864_United_States_presidential_election_(1868_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">← 1860</a>) <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #B22222;"><b><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andrew Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovell_Rousseau" title="Lovell Rousseau">Lovell Rousseau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President:</b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Seymour" title="Thomas H. Seymour">Thomas H. Seymour</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cass" title="George Washington Cass">George W. Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Dodge" title="Augustus C. Dodge">Augustus C. Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Daniel W. Voorhees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1864 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1864_and_1865_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_and_1865_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 and 1865 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/19px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/29px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/38px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/21px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/42px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennessee" title="Portal:Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8612#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8612#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8612#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110706355">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73872723">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35845/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhqwWrrjQxb7tkj4t7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118776282">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79056304">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12054667c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12054667c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36109029">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011211102&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1343238">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068928327">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90572370">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000249414&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000457202">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtv22z3n0x2cr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810585319505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/261212">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279142705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511328606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14796898">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07214873?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e54f173b-740d-46d7-bfce-c14a76a2f1f0">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000116">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1213649">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118776282.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118776282">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027311392">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582826">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r030tj">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62f7kw8">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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