CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gilbert and Ellice Islands - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"55acbf9e-6b18-4c41-aa39-b2395dd598bb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands","wgTitle":"Gilbert and Ellice Islands","wgCurRevisionId":1259294861,"wgRevisionId":1259294861,"wgArticleId":285176,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from March 2024","Use dmy dates from March 2024","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Articles containing German-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","EngvarB from August 2014","Gilbert and Ellice Islands", "British Western Pacific Territories","Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania","States and territories established in 1892","States and territories disestablished in 1976","1892 establishments in Oceania","1976 establishments in Oceania","1892 establishments in the British Empire","1976 disestablishments in the British Empire","20th century in Kiribati","Kiribati and the Commonwealth of Nations","Tuvalu and the Commonwealth of Nations","Eastern Indo-Pacific","Marine ecoregions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands","wgRelevantArticleId":285176,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor" :{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":1.26,"lon":173.02},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1050859","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user": "ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gilbert and Ellice Islands - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands rootpage-Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_discovery_and_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_discovery_and_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European discovery and naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_discovery_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Spheres_of_influence'_in_the_western_and_central_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Spheres_of_influence'_in_the_western_and_central_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>'Spheres of influence' in the western and central Pacific</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-'Spheres_of_influence'_in_the_western_and_central_Pacific-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 'Spheres of influence' in the western and central Pacific subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-'Spheres_of_influence'_in_the_western_and_central_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Pacific_Islanders_Protection_Act_1872_&_1875" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pacific_Islanders_Protection_Act_1872_&_1875"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The <i>Pacific Islanders Protection Act</i> 1872 & 1875</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pacific_Islanders_Protection_Act_1872_&_1875-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protectorate_administered_as_part_of_the_British_Western_Pacific_Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protectorate_administered_as_part_of_the_British_Western_Pacific_Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protectorate_administered_as_part_of_the_British_Western_Pacific_Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_Colony_(GEIC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_Colony_(GEIC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (GEIC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_Colony_(GEIC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_self-determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_self-determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Transition to self-determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_self-determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_and_the_transition_to_parliamentary_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_and_the_transition_to_parliamentary_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Elections and the transition to parliamentary government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_the_transition_to_parliamentary_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Dissolution of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postal_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Postal history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inizi_Gilbert_hag_Ellice" title="Inizi Gilbert hag Ellice – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inizi Gilbert hag Ellice" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Gilbert_i_Ellice" title="Illes Gilbert i Ellice – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Gilbert i Ellice" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert-_und_Elliceinseln" title="Gilbert- und Elliceinseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gilbert- und Elliceinseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Gilbert_y_Ellice" title="Islas Gilbert y Ellice – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas Gilbert y Ellice" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insularoj_Gilbert_kaj_Ellice" title="Insularoj Gilbert kaj Ellice – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Insularoj Gilbert kaj Ellice" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_eta_Ellice_uharteak" title="Gilbert eta Ellice uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilbert eta Ellice uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جزایر گیلبرت و الیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر گیلبرت و الیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Gilbert_et_Ellice" title="Îles Gilbert et Ellice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Gilbert et Ellice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="길버트 엘리스 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="길버트 엘리스 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Gilbert_dan_Ellice" title="Kepulauan Gilbert dan Ellice – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Gilbert dan Ellice" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_Gilbert_ed_Ellice" title="Isole Gilbert ed Ellice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole Gilbert ed Ellice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_ir_Eliso_salos" title="Gilberto ir Eliso salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gilberto ir Eliso salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="ဂီးလ်ဘတ်နှင့် အဲလစ်ကျွန်းစု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂီးလ်ဘတ်နှင့် အဲလစ်ကျွန်းစု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert-_en_Ellice-eilanden" title="Gilbert- en Ellice-eilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gilbert- en Ellice-eilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%B3%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="ギルバートおよびエリス諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギルバートおよびエリス諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert-_og_Ellice%C3%B8yene" title="Gilbert- og Elliceøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gilbert- og Elliceøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Gilberta_i_Lagunowe" title="Wyspy Gilberta i Lagunowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspy Gilberta i Lagunowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhas_Gilbert_e_Ellice" title="Ilhas Gilbert e Ellice – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilhas Gilbert e Ellice" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Gilbert_%C8%99i_Ellice" title="Insulele Gilbert și Ellice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulele Gilbert și Ellice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Острова Гилберта и Эллис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Острова Гилберта и Эллис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert-_ja_Ellicesaaret" title="Gilbert- ja Ellicesaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gilbert- ja Ellicesaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_och_Ellice%C3%B6arna" title="Gilbert och Elliceöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gilbert och Elliceöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_ve_Ellice_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Gilbert ve Ellice Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gilbert ve Ellice Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جزائر گلبرٹ و الیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزائر گلبرٹ و الیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Gilbert_v%C3%A0_Ellice" title="Quần đảo Gilbert và Ellice – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần đảo Gilbert và Ellice" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%92%8C%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="吉尔伯特和埃利斯群岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉尔伯特和埃利斯群岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1050859#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&oldid=1259294861" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&id=1259294861&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGilbert_and_Ellice_Islands"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGilbert_and_Ellice_Islands"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1050859" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&params=1.26_N_173.02_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">173°01′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.26°N 173.02°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.26; 173.02</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1892–1976 British colony in the Pacific</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1892–1976</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_(1937%E2%80%931976).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Gilbert and Ellice Islands"><img alt="Flag of Gilbert and Ellice Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kiribati" title="Flag of Kiribati">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_(1937-1979).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Gilbert and Ellice Islands"><img alt="Coat of arms of Gilbert and Ellice Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937-1979%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937-1979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937-1979%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937-1979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937-1979%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937-1979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kiribati" title="Coat of arms of Kiribati">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King/Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the King/Queen">God Save the King/Queen</a>"<br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationGilbertandEllice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/LocationGilbertandEllice.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (1892–1916)<br /><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Colony</a> of the United Kingdom (1916–1976)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa</a><br />(1895–1908 & 1946–1976)<br /><a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Ocean Island</a> (1908–1942)<br /><a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> (1942–1946)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Ellicean</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gilbertese and Ellicean</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1892–1901 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1952–1976 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Governor of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1892–1895 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richard_Swayne" title="Charles Richard Swayne">Charles Richard Swayne</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1973–1976 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hilary_Smith" title="John Hilary Smith">John Hilary Smith</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Protectorate </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1892</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Colony </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 January 1916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Separation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1976</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1892 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26,430</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1935 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">33,713</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,433</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">53,517</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (1892–1910)<br /><a href="/wiki/Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">Australian pound</a> (1910–66)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a> (1966–76)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories"><b>1892</b>:<br />British Western Pacific Territories</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands"><b>1945</b>:<br />Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_and_Enderbury_Islands" title="Canton and Enderbury Islands"><b>1939</b>:<br />Canton and Enderbury Islands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands"><b>1941</b>:<br />Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau"><b>1949</b>:<br />Union Islands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/20px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands"><b>1976</b>:<br />Gilbert Islands</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_Islands_%281976%E2%80%931979%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_Islands_%281976%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_Islands_%281976%E2%80%931979%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_Islands_%281976%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_Islands_%281976%E2%80%931979%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Gilbert_Islands_%281976%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Tuvalu">Colony of Tuvalu</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281976%E2%80%931978%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281976%E2%80%931978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281976%E2%80%931978%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281976%E2%80%931978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281976%E2%80%931978%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tuvalu_%281976%E2%80%931978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> (NZ)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gilbert and Ellice Islands</b> (<b>GEIC</b> as a colony) in the Pacific Ocean were part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> from 1892 to 1976. They were a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">protectorate</a> from 1892 to 12 January 1916, and then a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">colony</a> until 1 January 1976, and were administered as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a> (BWPT) until they became independent. The history of GEIC was mainly characterized by <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_Banaba_and_Nauru" title="Phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru">phosphate mining on Ocean Island</a>. In October 1975, these islands were divided by force of law into two separate colonies, and they became independent nations shortly thereafter: the Ellice Islands became <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> in 1978, and the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a> with <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Banaba</a> (Ocean Island) became part of <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> in 1979. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TURNER(1884)_MAP_OF_THE_TOKELU,_ELLICE_AND_GILBERT_ISLANDS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TURNER%281884%29_MAP_OF_THE_TOKELU%2C_ELLICE_AND_GILBERT_ISLANDS.jpg/250px-TURNER%281884%29_MAP_OF_THE_TOKELU%2C_ELLICE_AND_GILBERT_ISLANDS.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TURNER%281884%29_MAP_OF_THE_TOKELU%2C_ELLICE_AND_GILBERT_ISLANDS.jpg/375px-TURNER%281884%29_MAP_OF_THE_TOKELU%2C_ELLICE_AND_GILBERT_ISLANDS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/TURNER%281884%29_MAP_OF_THE_TOKELU%2C_ELLICE_AND_GILBERT_ISLANDS.jpg/500px-TURNER%281884%29_MAP_OF_THE_TOKELU%2C_ELLICE_AND_GILBERT_ISLANDS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Southern Gilbert Islands, Ellice Islands and <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-Name_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes also known as <i>Kingsmill Islands</i> or <i>King's-Mill Islands</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a chain of sixteen <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> and coral islands in the western Pacific Ocean. They are part of <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>, and traditionally part of the <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. The Gilbert Islands are the main part of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Republic of Kiribati</a> ("Kiribati" is the <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a> rendition of "Gilberts"<sup id="cite_ref-Name_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The atolls of the Gilbert Islands are arranged in an approximate north-to-south line. </p><p>Geographically, the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> is the dividing line between the northern Gilbert Islands and the southern Gilbert Islands. South of the Gilbert Islands lie the Ellice Islands (now called <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>), which were previously politically connected as part of the GEIC.<sup id="cite_ref-Maritime_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maritime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Ellice Islands</a> comprise three <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> islands and six true <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>, spread out between the <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_south" title="5th parallel south">5°</a> to <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_south" title="10th parallel south">10° south</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> of <a href="/wiki/176th_meridian_east" title="176th meridian east">176°</a> to <a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180°</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MAP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ellice Islands are midway between <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and they, too, lie in the <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregion</a> of Oceania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_discovery_and_naming">European discovery and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European discovery and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1568, when Spanish navigator <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_de_Neira" title="Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira">Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira</a> was commissioned to explore the South Pacific, he sailed relatively close to the Gilbert Islands. He sailed between the <a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a>, but without sighting land. He ultimately sailed past what he called "Isla de Jesús", (probably <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a>, amongst the <a href="/wiki/Ellice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellice Islands">Ellice island group</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1606, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Pedro Fernandes de Queirós</a> sighted two of the islands in the Gilbert island group: <a href="/wiki/Butaritari" title="Butaritari">Butaritari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makin_(islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makin (islands)">Makin</a>, which he named the Buen Viaje Islands ('good trip' islands in Spanish).<sup id="cite_ref-HEMaude59_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEMaude59-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1788, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gilbert_(captain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Gilbert (captain)">Thomas Gilbert</a>, a British captain, encountered the archipelago while commanding one of two ships of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> that were looking for an outer passage route from <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>. In 1820, a Russian admiral, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johann_von_Krusenstern" title="Adam Johann von Krusenstern">Johann von Krusenstern</a>, named the group "îles Gilbert" (French for Gilbert Islands) in honor of Captain Gilbert's earlier voyage. Around that time, the French captain <a href="/wiki/Louis-Isidore_Duperrey" title="Louis-Isidore Duperrey">Louis Duperrey</a> became the first to map the whole Gilbert Islands archipelago. He commanded <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)"><i>La Coquille</i></a>, circumnavigating the globe between 1822 and 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-KSDDM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSDDM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded sighting by Europeans of an Ellice Island was on 16 January 1568, during the voyage of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_de_Neira" title="Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira">Álvaro de Mendaña</a> from Spain, who sailed past <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a> and charted it as <i>Isla de Jesús</i> (Spanish for "Island of Jesus") because the previous day was the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name</a>. Mendaña made contact with the islanders but was unable to land.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HEMaude59b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEMaude59b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Mendaña's second voyage across the Pacific, he passed <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a> on 29 August 1595, which he named <i>La Solitaria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HEMaude59_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEMaude59-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KSDDMb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSDDMb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Byron" title="John Byron">John Byron</a> passed through the Ellice islands in 1764, during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dolphin_(1751)" title="HMS Dolphin (1751)"><i>Dolphin</i> (1751)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He charted the atolls as <i>Lagoon Islands</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a> was sighted by Spanish naval officer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Mourelle" title="Francisco Antonio Mourelle">Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa</a> who sailed past it on 5 May 1781 with frigate <i>La Princesa</i>, when attempting a southern crossing of the Pacific from the Philippines to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. He charted Nanumea as <i>San Augustin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1809, Captain Patterson in the brig <i>Elizabeth</i> sighted Nanumea while passing through the northern Tuvalu waters on a trading voyage from Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia to China.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain Arent de Peyster sighted the rest of the Ellice island group in 1819, while sailing the ship <i>Rebecca</i>. He named <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> atoll "Ellice's Island", after <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellice,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Ellice, Sr.">Edward Ellice</a>, a British politician and merchant who owned the ship's cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAHLK_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHLK-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the work of English hydrographer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_George_Findlay" title="Alexander George Findlay">Alexander George Findlay</a> was published, the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands in the Ellice Island group, which is now called <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makin_Islander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Makin_Islander.jpg/200px-Makin_Islander.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Makin_Islander.jpg/300px-Makin_Islander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Makin_Islander.jpg/400px-Makin_Islander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a native of the <a href="/wiki/Makin_(atoll)" title="Makin (atoll)">Makin islands</a>, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Agate" title="Alfred Thomas Agate">Alfred Thomas Agate</a> (1841)</figcaption></figure> <p>Two ships of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition,_1838-1842" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842">United States Exploring Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Peacock_(1813)#USS_Peacock_.281828.29" title="USS Peacock (1813)">USS <i>Peacock</i> (1828)</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Flying_Fish_(1838)" title="USS Flying Fish (1838)">USS <i>Flying Fish</i> (1838)</a>, under the command of Captain Hudson, surveyed the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tabiteuea" title="Tabiteuea">Tabiteuea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonouti" title="Nonouti">Nonouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranuka" title="Aranuka">Aranuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maiana" title="Maiana">Maiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuria_(islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuria (islands)">Kuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marakei" title="Marakei">Marakei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butaritari" title="Butaritari">Butaritari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makin_(islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makin (islands)">Makin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton1975212,_217,_219–221,_224–237,_240,_245–246_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton1975212,_217,_219–221,_224–237,_240,_245–246-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (then called the Kingsmill Islands or Kingsmill Group in English). While in the Gilberts, they devoted considerable time to mapping and charting <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> and anchorages.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Agate" title="Alfred Thomas Agate">Alfred Thomas Agate</a> made drawings of men of <a href="/wiki/Butaritari" title="Butaritari">Butaritari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makin_(atoll)" title="Makin (atoll)">Makin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="'Spheres_of_influence'_in_the_western_and_central_Pacific"><span id=".27Spheres_of_influence.27_in_the_western_and_central_Pacific"></span>'Spheres of influence' in the western and central Pacific</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 'Spheres of influence' in the western and central Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1876 Britain and Germany <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Declarations_about_the_Western_Pacific_Ocean" title="Anglo-German Declarations about the Western Pacific Ocean">agreed to divide up</a> the western and central Pacific, with each claiming a 'sphere of influence'.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHNPT-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the previous decade German traders had become active in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>. In 1877 the Governor of Fiji was given the additional title of High Commissioner for the Western Pacific. However, the claim of a 'sphere of influence' that included the Ellice Islands and the Gilbert Islands did not result in the immediate move to govern those islands.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHNPT-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ships from the navies of the United States of America and European powers that visited the Gilbert and Ellice Islands included: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ships of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Station">Australian Station</a>, were involved in suppressing the coercive labour recruitment practices, known as <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a> in the South Pacific Ocean. </p><p>1872, from 10 to 14 October, the <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Blanche_(1867)" title="HMS Blanche (1867)">HMS <i>Blanche</i> (1867)</a>, under Captain Cortland Herbert Simpson, visited Tawara, Abaiang and Butaritari. Also in 1872, the sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Basilisk_(1848)" title="HMS Basilisk (1848)"><i>Basilisk</i> (1848)</a>, under Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Moresby" title="John Moresby">John Moresby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JM_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> visited the Gilberts, and the <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Barrosa_(1860)" title="HMS Barrosa (1860)">HMS <i>Barossa</i> (1860)</a>, under Captain Lewis James Moore, visited Tabiteuea. </p><p>1873, from 28 to 30 June, the <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Alacrity_(1872)" title="HMS Alacrity (1872)">HMS <i>Alacrity</i> (1872)</a>, under Captain Francis W. Sanders, lands islanders on Tabiteuea and Maiana who had been kidnapped in 1871 by the brig <i>Carl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Steam_frigate" title="Steam frigate">screw sloop</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dido_(1869)" title="HMS Dido (1869)">HMS <i>Dido</i> (1869)</a> also visited the Gilberts in 1873. </p><p>1874, in August, the screw sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Rosario_(1860)" title="HMS Rosario (1860)">HMS <i>Rosario</i> (1860)</a>, under Commander Arthur Edward Dupuis, visited Tawara and Abaiang searching for <a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">William "Bully" Hayes</a>, who was notorious for his <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-AR1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AR2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1875, the survey ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Myrmidon_(1867)" title="HMS Myrmidon (1867)">HMS <i>Myrmidon</i> (1867)</a>, under Commander Richard Hare, visited the Gilberts. </p><p>1876, from April to June, the schooner <a href="/wiki/HMS_Renard_(1873)" title="HMS Renard (1873)">HMS <i>Renard</i> (1873)</a>, under Lieutenant Horace J. M. Pugh, visited Abaiang and Tawara, regarding the murders in 1874, of Cornelius Sullivan on Tarawa, and St. John C. Keyes on Abaiang. The screw sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sappho_(1873)" title="HMS Sappho (1873)">HMS <i>Sappho</i> (1873)</a>, under Commander Noel Stephen Fox Digby, was also sent to the Gilberts in support of HMS <i>Renard</i>. </p><p>1881, from 13 May to 6 June, the corvette HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Emerald_(1876)" title="HMS Emerald (1876)"><i>Emerald</i> (1876)</a>, under Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Maxwell_(Royal_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Maxwell (Royal Navy)">William Maxwell</a>, visited the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. </p><p>1883, from 26 May to 10 June, the sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Espiegle_(1880)" title="HMS Espiegle (1880)">HMS <i>Espiegle</i> (1880)</a>, under Captain <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Bridge" title="Cyprian Bridge">Cyprian Bridge</a>, visited the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. </p><p>1884, from 13 June to 26 July, the survey ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dart_(1882)" title="HMS Dart (1882)">HMS <i>Dart</i> (1882)</a>, under Lieutenant-Commander W. W. Moore, visited the Gilbert and Ellice Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-DAR_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1886, from 10 May to 26 June, the sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Miranda_(1879)" title="HMS Miranda (1879)">HMS <i>Miranda</i></a>, under Commander Eustace Rooke, visited the Gilbert and Ellice Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-JRCD_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRCD-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ROO_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROO-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1892, from 14 April to 30 August, the screw sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royalist_(1883)" title="HMS Royalist (1883)">HMS <i>Royalist</i></a>, under Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._M._Davis" title="Edward H. M. Davis">Edward Davis</a>, visited the Gilbert and Ellice Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-JRCD_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRCD-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BM_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1825, the schooner <a href="/wiki/USS_Dolphin_(1821)" title="USS Dolphin (1821)">USS <i>Dolphin</i> (1821)</a>, under Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Paulding" title="Hiram Paulding">Hiram Paulding</a>, visited Nikunau and Tabiteuea.<sup id="cite_ref-PHD_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHD-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1870, from 15 to 26 May, the sloop <a href="/wiki/USS_Jamestown_(1844)" title="USS Jamestown (1844)">USS <i>Jamestown</i> (1844)</a>, under Captain William Truxtun, visited Tawara, Abaiang and Butaritari. </p><p>1872, in August, the sloop <a href="/wiki/USS_Narragansett_(1859)" title="USS Narragansett (1859)">USS <i>Narragansett</i> (1859)</a> visited Nikunau, Beru, Tabiteuea, Abaiang and Tawara. </p><p>1889, the steam powered sloop <a href="/wiki/USS_Iroquois_(1859)" title="USS Iroquois (1859)">USS <i>Iroquois</i> (1859)</a> visited Butaritari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1874, the corvette <i>L'Ariane</i> visited Arorae and <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Ocean Island</a>. </p><p>1888, the cruiser <i>Le Fabert</i>, under Commander Benoit, visited Nikunau, Nonouti and Butaritari to deliver Father Joseph Leray, Father Edward Bontemps and Brother Conrad Weber, Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MKT_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MKT-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> missionaries to arrive in the Gilberts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SMS_Eber_(1887)" title="SMS Eber (1887)">SMS <i>Eber</i></a> of the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Kaiserliche Marine</a></i></span> (Imperial Navy), was sent to the Pacific to serve in the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a>. In 1888 she visited the Gilberts, and also disarmed the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending their <a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Civil_War" title="Nauruan Civil War">civil war</a> and annexing the island to the German Empire. </p><p>1891, the <a href="/wiki/Steam_corvette" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam corvette">steam corvette</a> SMS <a href="/wiki/SMS_Alexandrine" title="SMS Alexandrine"><i>Alexandrine</i></a> visited the Gilberts (Marakei, Tawara, Abaiang, Abemama and Tabiteuea). Also in 1891, the gunboat <a href="/wiki/SMS_Wolf_(1878)" title="SMS Wolf (1878)">SMS <i>Wolf</i> (1878)</a> visited Tawara, Abaiang and Maiana, and the cruiser SMS <a href="/wiki/SMS_Sperber_(1888)" title="SMS Sperber (1888)"><i>Sperber</i></a> visited Butaritari, Maiana and Tabiteuea.<sup id="cite_ref-JRCD_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRCD-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands">Administration of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administration of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Governor of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Governor of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pacific_Islanders_Protection_Act_1872_&_1875"><span id="The_Pacific_Islanders_Protection_Act_1872_.26_1875"></span>The <i>Pacific Islanders Protection Act</i> 1872 & 1875</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Pacific Islanders Protection Act 1872 & 1875"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_1911_(Mar.)_Pandanus_Pine_1d._carmine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_1911_%28Mar.%29_Pandanus_Pine_1d._carmine.jpg/170px-Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_1911_%28Mar.%29_Pandanus_Pine_1d._carmine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_1911_%28Mar.%29_Pandanus_Pine_1d._carmine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Stamp of the Gilbert & Ellice Islands Protectorates, depicting a <i><a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">Pandanus</a></i> pine (1911)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1872, the United Kingdom passed legislation in an attempt to control the coercive labour recruitment practices known as <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>: the <i>Pacific Islanders Protection Act</i> 1872 (the principal Act), which was amended by the <i>Pacific Islanders Protection Act</i> 1875. The principal Act provided for the Governor of one of the Australian colonies to have the authority to licence British vessels in the South Pacific Ocean to carry "native labourers". The 1875 Act amended that licensing system and stated that any "British vessel may, under the principal Act, be detained, seized, and brought in for adjudication by any officer, all goods and effects found on board such vessel may also be detained, seized, and brought in for adjudication by such officer, either with or without such vessel" with the "High Court of Admiralty of England and every Vice-Admiralty Court in Her Majesty's dominions out of the United Kingdom shall have jurisdiction to try and condemn as forfeited to Her Majesty or restore any vessel, goods, and effects alleged to be detained or seized in pursuance of the principal Act or of this Act".<sup id="cite_ref-PIPA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIPA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1875 Act also provided authority for "Her Majesty to exercise power and jurisdiction over Her subjects within any islands and places in the Pacific Ocean not being within Her Majesty's dominions, nor within the jurisdiction of any civilized power, in the same and as ample a manner as if such power or jurisdiction had been acquired by the cession or conquest of territory",<sup id="cite_ref-PIPA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIPA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the 1875 Act did not specify any Pacific islands to which this authority was to be applied. </p><p>The 1872 & 1875 Acts were intended to work in conjunction with the <i>British Slave Trade Act</i> 1839 to provide the authority to arrest blackbirding ships, and charge their captains and owners with slavery charges. However, this approach to suppressing blackbirding was not successful. In 1869, HMS Commander George Palmer of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Rosario_(1860)" title="HMS Rosario (1860)">HMS Rosario (1860)</a>, commenced a prosecution in the New South Wales courts of Thomas Pritchard and Captain Dagget of the <i>Daphne</i>. Commander Palmer had found the <i>Daphne</i> in harbour at <a href="/wiki/Levuka" title="Levuka">Levuka</a> in Fiji fitted out like an "African slaver", and filled with Islanders on board looking emaciated and having little knowledge of why they were on the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-RLRN_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RLRN-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Daphne</i> was owned by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ross_Lewin" title="Henry Ross Lewin">Henry Ross Lewin</a>, a long time blackbirder who had been commissioned to import south sea islanders for <a href="/wiki/Robert_Towns" title="Robert Towns">Robert Towns</a>' sugar plantations (the entrepreneur after whom <a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a> is named). Despite this, Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stephen" title="Alfred Stephen">Alfred Stephen</a>, the Chief Justice of New South Wales, found Pritchard and Dagget innocent on the grounds that the British Slave Trade Act 1839 did not apply to the South Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protectorate_administered_as_part_of_the_British_Western_Pacific_Territories">Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protectorate administered as part of the British Western Pacific Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1877, the United Kingdom established a protectorate over the islands designated as being <a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a>. </p><p>In 1886, an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Declarations_about_the_Western_Pacific_Ocean" title="Anglo-German Declarations about the Western Pacific Ocean">Anglo-German agreement</a> partitioned the "unclaimed" central Pacific, leaving <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German sphere of influence</a>, while placing <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Ocean Island</a> and the future GEIC in the British sphere of influence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> was established in 1884, and German protectorates were established on the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, in 1885 and 1888, respectively. Then, between 27 May and 17 June 1892, partly in response to the presence of the United States in <a href="/wiki/Butaritari" title="Butaritari">Butaritari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)" title="Captain (Royal Navy)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._M._Davis" title="Edward H. M. Davis">Edward Davis</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royalist_(1883)" title="HMS Royalist (1883)">HMS <i>Royalist</i></a> made the sixteen islands of the Gilbert Islands a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate#British_protectorates" title="Protectorate">British protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JRdd_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JRdd-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 9 and 16 October of the same year, Captain <a href="/wiki/Herbert_William_Sumner_Gibson" title="Herbert William Sumner Gibson">Herbert Gibson</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Curacoa_(1878)" title="HMS Curacoa (1878)">HMS <i>Curacoa</i></a> declared the Ellice Islands to be a British protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHNPT-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government found it administratively convenient to govern the Ellice and Gilberts islands together.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, the <a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a> (BWPT) were administered by a <a href="/wiki/Western_Pacific_Territories#List_of_High_Commissioners_for_the_Western_Pacific_(1877–1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Pacific Territories">high commissioner</a> who resided in Fiji (and later in the <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">British Solomon Islands</a>). Then, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Thurston" title="John Bates Thurston">John Bates Thurston</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richard_Swayne" title="Charles Richard Swayne">Charles Richard Swayne</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Governor of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands">resident commissioner</a> of the Ellice Islands in 1892 and as the first resident commissioner of the Gilbert Islands in 1893. He was succeeded in 1895 by <a href="/wiki/William_Telfer_Campbell" title="William Telfer Campbell">William Telfer Campbell</a>, who established himself on <a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained in office until 1908. Campbell was criticised for his legislative, judicial and administrative management. It was alleged that he extracted forced labour from the islanders. An inquiry into this allegation was held by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_Mahaffy" title="Arthur William Mahaffy">Arthur Mahaffy</a>, a former district officer in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1896–1898) and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (1898-1904),<sup id="cite_ref-BRL7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRL7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he issued his findings, which were published in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-AM1909_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM1909-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, an anonymous correspondent to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Age" title="The New Age">The New Age</a></i> journal described the maladministration of Telfer Campbell, linked it to criticisms of the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate mining in Nauru">Pacific Phosphate Company</a>, which was operating on <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Ocean Island</a>, and challenged Mahaffy's impartiality, because he was a former colonial official in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-AN_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AN-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_TOKELAU_-_Government_Steamer_Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SS_TOKELAU_-_Government_Steamer_Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands.jpg/220px-SS_TOKELAU_-_Government_Steamer_Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SS_TOKELAU_-_Government_Steamer_Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands.jpg/330px-SS_TOKELAU_-_Government_Steamer_Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/SS_TOKELAU_-_Government_Steamer_Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuncurry_(1903)" title="Tuncurry (1903)">SS <i>Tokelau</i></a>: Government Steamer Gilbert & Ellice Islands Protectorates (30 April 1909)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, the government's headquarters was moved to Ocean Island (today known as <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Banaba</a>). Ocean Island had been hastily added to the protectorate in 1900 to take advantage of the improved shipping connections resulting from the <a href="/wiki/British_Phosphate_Commission" title="British Phosphate Commission">Pacific Phosphate Company</a>'s increased activities. On 12 January 1916, the islands' status was changed to that of a Crown Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-PRIVY_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRIVY-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British colonial authorities emphasised that their role was to procure labour for phosphate mining on Ocean Island, and to maintain law and order among the workers.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHNPT-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_Colony_(GEIC)"><span id="Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_Colony_.28GEIC.29"></span>Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (GEIC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (GEIC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Gilbert_Ellice_Islands_1939_3p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stamp_Gilbert_Ellice_Islands_1939_3p.jpg/170px-Stamp_Gilbert_Ellice_Islands_1939_3p.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stamp_Gilbert_Ellice_Islands_1939_3p.jpg/255px-Stamp_Gilbert_Ellice_Islands_1939_3p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Stamp_Gilbert_Ellice_Islands_1939_3p.jpg/340px-Stamp_Gilbert_Ellice_Islands_1939_3p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>1939 stamp of the Gilbert and Ellice Island Colony</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> on 12 January 1916 by the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Order in Council, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the year 1916, the Union Islands (<a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>) were also annexed to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony. On 28 November 1919, Great Britain reasserted its claim to <a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Christmas Island</a> and annexed it to the colony. </p><p>In July 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Phosphate_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Phosphate Company">Pacific Phosphate Company</a> was liquidated and its assets sold to the <a href="/wiki/British_Phosphate_Commission" title="British Phosphate Commission">British Phosphate Commission</a> (BPC), a consortium established by the governments of Great Britain, Australia and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_Banaba_and_Nauru" title="Phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru">mining of the phosphate on Ocean Island</a> represented the main revenue of the colony until it ended in 1979. </p><p>In 1925, Great Britain asked New Zealand to accept responsibility for the administration of the Union Islands (Tokelau) and invited the United States to annex <a href="/wiki/Swains_Island" title="Swains Island">Swains Island</a>. On 4 March 1925, the United States officially annexed Swains Island as part of the territory of <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>. On 11 February 1926, an Order in Council transferred responsibility for administration of the Union Islands (Tokelau) to New Zealand which in turn placed administration of the islands under its <a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Western Samoan</a> mandate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabuaeran_Kiribati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tabuaeran_Kiribati.jpg/220px-Tabuaeran_Kiribati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tabuaeran_Kiribati.jpg/330px-Tabuaeran_Kiribati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tabuaeran_Kiribati.jpg/440px-Tabuaeran_Kiribati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Fanning Island or Tabuaeran</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tabuaeran" title="Tabuaeran">Fanning Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teraina" title="Teraina">Washington Island</a> also became included in the colony together with the Union Islands (now known as <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>); <a href="/wiki/Kiritimati" title="Kiritimati">Christmas Island</a> was included in 1919 but was unofficially contested by the USA under its <a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> of 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Union Islands</a> were transferred to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1926, but formally only in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony continued to be administered by a Resident Commissioner. In 1930 the Resident Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grimble" title="Arthur Grimble">Arthur Grimble</a>, issued revised laws, <i>Regulations for the good Order and Cleanliness of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands</i>, which replaced laws created during the BWTP.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHNPT-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, British officials tried to choose a less cumbersome name for the GEIC. Critics jocularly called the arbitrary collection of atolls scattered across the central Pacific the "<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivans</a>" (a reference to the famous light opera composers). One official suggested renaming the islands "Quateria" (after the word "quarters"), because the main inhabited archipelago extends over four notable quarters of the globe: It lies partly north and partly south of the equator, and also partly east and partly west of the international dateline. There were indigenous names, such as <b>Tungaru</b> and <b>Tuvalu</b>, but they were used to refer to only some of the islands in the group; they did not include the mostly uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line</a> island groups, or <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Banaba</a> (also called Ocean Island), whose <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">phosphate rocks</a> provided half of the GEIC's tax revenue. Further complicating the naming problem, the <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> atolls were made part of the colony for a decade (1916–1926), and at one point a governor of Fiji, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Thurston" title="John Bates Thurston">J.B. Thurston</a>, suggested adding <a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a> to the colony to enable a more organized administration of islands that were scattered over such a vast expanse of water. In 1969, after political issues arose that had led to the creation, four years earlier, of the <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_National_Party" title="Gilbertese National Party">Gilbertese National Party</a>, the hybrid term "Tungavalu" was suggested (combining the indigenous names for the islands of Tungaru and Tuvalu); the idea was rejected because of political tensions between those islands.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 December 1936, the population of the Crown Colony totalled 34,443 inhabitants, including 32,390 Gilbert and Ellice Islanders, 262 Europeans and 923 Chinese ("Mongoloids"). <a href="/wiki/Henry_Evans_Maude" title="Henry Evans Maude">Henry Evans Maude</a>, the land commissioner of the colony, considered the then colony overcrowded. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> were added to the colony in 1937 with the view of a <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands_Settlement_Scheme" title="Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme">Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald,_B._K._1982_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald,_B._K._1982-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 August 1936, a party from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Leith_(U36)" title="HMS Leith (U36)">HMS <i>Leith</i></a> landed on <a href="/wiki/Canton_Island" title="Canton Island">Canton Island</a> in the Phoenix Group and planted a sign asserting British sovereignty in the name of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>. On 18 March 1937, Great Britain annexed the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Howland_and_Baker_Islands" title="Howland and Baker Islands">Howland and Baker Islands</a>) to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D3A_wreck_in_the_Gilberts_1943.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/D3A_wreck_in_the_Gilberts_1943.jpeg/220px-D3A_wreck_in_the_Gilberts_1943.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/D3A_wreck_in_the_Gilberts_1943.jpeg/330px-D3A_wreck_in_the_Gilberts_1943.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/D3A_wreck_in_the_Gilberts_1943.jpeg/440px-D3A_wreck_in_the_Gilberts_1943.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Aichi D3A</a> Japanese plane wrecked in Tarawa</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Banaba</a> (Ocean Island) remained the headquarters of the colony until the British evacuation in 1942 during the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> when Ocean Island and the Gilbert Islands were <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">occupied by the Japanese</a>. The United States forces landed in <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> on 2 October 1942 and on <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a> in August 1943 and constructed an airfield on each island and other bases. The atolls of Tuvalu acted as a staging post during the preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Battle of Tarawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Battle of Makin</a> that commenced on 20 November 1943. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fox-Strangways" title="Vivian Fox-Strangways">Vivian Fox-Strangways</a>, was the Resident Commissioner of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony in 1941, who was located on Funafuti.<sup id="cite_ref-LNKFK2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LNKFK2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OCE-3a-Oceania-Japanese_Occupation-10_Shillings_ND_(1942).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/OCE-3a-Oceania-Japanese_Occupation-10_Shillings_ND_%281942%29.jpg/220px-OCE-3a-Oceania-Japanese_Occupation-10_Shillings_ND_%281942%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/OCE-3a-Oceania-Japanese_Occupation-10_Shillings_ND_%281942%29.jpg/330px-OCE-3a-Oceania-Japanese_Occupation-10_Shillings_ND_%281942%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/OCE-3a-Oceania-Japanese_Occupation-10_Shillings_ND_%281942%29.jpg/440px-OCE-3a-Oceania-Japanese_Occupation-10_Shillings_ND_%281942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4906" data-file-height="4796" /></a><figcaption>10 shillings note of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_government-issued_Oceanian_Pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese government-issued Oceanian Pound">Japanese occupation currency</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, the colony headquarters was re-established on <a href="/wiki/Tarawa_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarawa Atoll">Tarawa</a>, first on <a href="/wiki/Betio" title="Betio">Betio</a> islet and subsequently on <a href="/wiki/Bairiki" title="Bairiki">Bairiki islet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald,_B._K._1982_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald,_B._K._1982-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WM_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PIM1950-3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1950-3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1945, Fox-Strangways was replaced as Resident Commissioner by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Evans_Maude" title="Henry Evans Maude">Henry Evans Maude</a> (1946 to 1949). He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Peel_(Leicester_MP)" title="John Peel (Leicester MP)">John Peel</a>, who retired in 1951. </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Tokelau" title="Constitutional history of Tokelau">Tokelau Act of 1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> was transferred to New Zealand. The five islands of the Central and Southern <a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line Islands</a> were added to the colony in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald,_B._K._1982_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdonald,_B._K._1982-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_self-determination">Transition to self-determination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transition to self-determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg/220px-1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg/330px-1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg/440px-1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>1956 stamps of the Gilbert and Ellice Island Colony</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa</a>, in the Gilbert Islands, was made the administrative capital, replacing Ocean Island. The headquarters of the Colony were transferred from <a href="/wiki/Betio" title="Betio">Betio</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bairiki" title="Bairiki">Bairiki</a>. This development included establishing the <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_School_(Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands)" title="King George V School (Gilbert and Ellice Islands)">King George V Secondary School for boys</a> and the Elaine Bernacchi Secondary School for girls.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHES_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHES-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Colony Conference was organised at <a href="/wiki/Marakei" title="Marakei">Marakei</a> in 1956, which was attended by officials and representatives (magistrates) from each island in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, conferences were held every two years until 1962. The development of administration continued with the creation in 1963 of an Advisory Council of five officials and 12 representatives who were appointed by the Resident Commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHTI_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHTI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAHES_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHES-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964 an Executive Council was established with eight officials and eight representatives. The representative members were elected in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Advisory Council election held in 1964. The Resident Commissioner was now required to consult the Executive Council regarding the creation of laws to make decisions that affected the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHTI_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHTI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands_1968_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands_1968_stamp.jpg/220px-Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands_1968_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Gilbert_%26_Ellice_Islands_1968_stamp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>1968 Gilbert & Ellice stamp, after <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a> first introduction, representing the coat of arms of the colony (1937–1976)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tungaru Association was created by <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Uatioa" title="Reuben Uatioa">Reuben Uatioa</a> to "promote Gilbertese culture and interests", and in 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_National_Party" title="Gilbertese National Party">Gilbertese National Party</a>, first political party of the colony, was established with the same leader, protesting about the lack of consideration that British rulers have towards Gilbertese, preferring somehow the Ellicean civil servants. The Elliceans (further Tuvaluans) were concerned about their minority status in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. In 1974, ethnic differences within the colony caused the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> of the Ellice Islands to vote for separation from the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a> (later Kiribati). On 1 October 1975, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, but the separation was completed on 1 January 1976. </p><p>A Constitution was introduced in 1967, which created a House of Representatives for the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony that comprised seven appointed officials and 23 members elected by the islanders. Tuvalu elected four members of the House of Representatives. The 1967 Constitution also established the Governing Council. The House of Representatives only had the authority to recommend laws; the Governing Council had the authority to enact laws following a recommendation from the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHTI_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHTI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A select committee of the House of Representatives was established to consider whether the constitution should be changed to give legislative power to the House of Representatives. The proposal was that Ellice Islanders would be allocated 4 seats out of 24 member parliament, which reflected the differences in populations between Ellice Islanders and Gilbertese.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1966-8_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1966-8-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became apparent that the Elliceans were concerned about their minority status on the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, and the Elliceans wanted equal representation to that of the Gilbertese. A new constitution was introduced in 1971, which provided that each of the Ellice Islands (except <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a>) elected one representative. However, that did not end the Tuvaluan movement for separation.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1972-11_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1972-11-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974 <a href="/wiki/Individual_ministerial_responsibility" title="Individual ministerial responsibility">Ministerial government</a> was introduced in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony through a change to the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHTI_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHTI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1977, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (GEIC) was designated <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a> (country code "GE"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_and_the_transition_to_parliamentary_government">Elections and the transition to parliamentary government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elections and the transition to parliamentary government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1967 constitution created a House of Representatives (parliament), whose members were elected in the following elections: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_general_election" title="1967 Gilbert and Ellice Islands general election">1967 Gilbert and Ellice Islands general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_general_election" title="1971 Gilbert and Ellice Islands general election">1971 Gilbert and Ellice Islands general election</a><sup id="cite_ref-PIM1971-5_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1971-5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_general_election" title="1974 Gilbert and Ellice Islands general election">1974 Gilbert and Ellice Islands general election</a><sup id="cite_ref-E1974_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E1974-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_colony">Dissolution of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dissolution of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A referendum was held in <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Ellice Islands</a>, including Elliceans living in <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Ocean Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa</a>, from July to September 1974, using a rolling ballot, to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM174-8_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM174-8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGH_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGH-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the referendum, was that 3,799 Elliceans voted for separation from the Gilbert Islands and continuance of British rule as a separate colony, and 293 Elliceans voted to remain as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony. There were 40 spoilt papers.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1974-11_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1974-11-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/1974_Ellice_Islands_self-determination_referendum" title="1974 Ellice Islands self-determination referendum">1974 Ellice Islands self-determination referendum</a>, separation occurred in two stages. The Tuvaluan Order 1975 made by the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a>, which took effect on 1 October 1975, recognised <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> as a separate British dependency with its own government. The second stage occurred on 1 January 1976 when two separate administrations were created out of the civil service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-TAHTI_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHTI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British conducted a formal inquiry into Tuvaluan attitudes towards secession, and announced that a referendum was to be held, in which Tuvaluans could choose to remain with the Gilberts or secede. They were told that if they separated they would not receive royalties from the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_Banaba_and_Nauru" title="Phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru">Ocean Island phosphate</a> or other assets of the colony. Despite this, 3,799 Tuvaluans (92%) voted to secede, while 293 voted against separation. On 1 October 1975, legal separation from the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati), took place. On 1 January 1976, full administration of the new colony was transferred from <a href="/wiki/South_Tarawa" title="South Tarawa">South Tarawa</a> to Funafuti. Tuvalu became an independent constitutional monarchy and the 38th member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> on 1 October 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TAHTI_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAHTI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TPBN_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPBN-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gilbert Islands attained independence on 12 July 1979 under the name <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> by the Kiribati Independence Order 1979, as a republic with Commonwealth membership. That day the colonial flag was lowered for the last time with a parade commemorating both the newly independent state and in memorial of the intense battles fought on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa in World War II</a>. The parade included many dignitaries from home and abroad. The name Kiribati (pronounced kʲiriˈbas) is the local writing rendition of "Gilberts" in the <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese language</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Banaba</a>, formerly rich in phosphates before <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_Banaba_and_Nauru" title="Phosphate mining in Banaba and Nauru">becoming fully depleted in the latter colonial years</a>, also sued for independence in 1979 and boycotted the Kiribati ceremonies. The <a href="/wiki/Banabans" class="mw-redirect" title="Banabans">Banabans</a> wanted greater autonomy and reparations of around $250 million for revenue they had not received and for environmental destruction caused by phosphate mining practices similar to those on <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>. The British authorities had relocated most of the population to <a href="/wiki/Rabi_Island" title="Rabi Island">Rabi Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, after 1945, but by the 1970s some were returning to Banaba. The British rejected the Banaban independence proposal, and the island remained under the jurisdiction of Kiribati. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_history">Social history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy" title="Donald Gilbert Kennedy">Donald Gilbert Kennedy</a> was the headmaster of Elisefou (New Ellice) on <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a>. He was instrumental in establishing the first co-operative store (<i>fusi</i>) on Vaitupu, which became a model for the bulk purchasing and selling cooperative stores established in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony to replace the stores operated by <a href="/wiki/Palangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Palangi">Palangi</a> traders.<sup id="cite_ref-LH1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LH1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, there were 33,713 people in the Colony. (Compared to 1934 when the figures were): Gilbertese, 29,291 (28,654); Ellice Islanders, 4,154 (4,042); Europeans, 244 (254); Chinese (exclusive of indentured labourers), 24 (41).<sup id="cite_ref-PIM36-4_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM36-4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, there were 6,924 children receiving primary standard education through 4 government schools and 79 mission schools operated by the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> (LMS) and the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Society of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart Order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM36-5_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM36-5-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the Gilbert Islands, instruction was given in the Gilbertese language, except at the <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_and_Elaine_Bernacchi_School" title="King George V and Elaine Bernacchi School">King George V. School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa</a>) and the Sacred Heart Boys' School (<a href="/wiki/Butaritari" title="Butaritari">Butaritari</a>), where instruction was delivered in English. In the Ellice Islands, instruction was delivered in the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan language</a>, due to the influence of the early LMS Samoan missionaries and the affinity of the Ellice language with Samoan.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM36-5_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM36-5-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1935 two students of the King George V. School were sent to the Central Medical School at Suva, Fiji. This made 4 students, 2 Gilbertese and 2 Ellice Islanders being trained as Native Medical Practitioners (as medical practitioners from the islands were described).<sup id="cite_ref-PIM36-5_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM36-5-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight former students of King George V. School were employed as Native Medical Practitioners in the Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM36-5_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM36-5-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, the enrolments were: in 12 government schools (722 pupils); the London Missionary Society (4,392); the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Mission (3,088); and the Seventh Day Adventist Mission, which established schools in the Gilberts in 1950 (165).<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1955-3_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1955-3-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New premises for the King George V. School were opened on Bikenibeu, Tarawa, with 109 students, some of whom came from the Government Temporary School at Abemama and other boys came from Elisefou school on <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a>, which was also closed.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1955-3_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1955-3-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new curriculum was introduced for primary schools which included instruction in English to the older aged students.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1955-3_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1955-3-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of proficiency in the English language was limiting the performance of students at the secondary school level and those seeking to attend universities in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1955-3_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1955-3-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gilbert and Ellice Islands were represented at the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a> at <a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, by tennis players, and also table tennis players who won a bronze medal.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1966-10_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1966-10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A larger team was sent to the 1966 Pacific Games at <a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, including athletes to compete in the half-mile, mile and the high jump event.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1966-10_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1966-10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965 <a href="/wiki/King_George_V_and_Elaine_Bernacchi_School" title="King George V and Elaine Bernacchi School">King George V and Elaine Bernacchi School</a> were merged.<sup id="cite_ref-Talup242_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talup242-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A census in 1968 counted the population of the colony at 53,517 residents. 44,206 were in the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>, 5,782 in the <a href="/wiki/Ellice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellice Islands">Ellice Islands</a>, 2,192 in <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Ocean Island</a> and 1,180 in the <a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line Islands</a>. From this total 7,465 were "Polynesians" (mostly from the Ellice Islands) and 1,155 "Others" (Europeans and Mongoloids).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postal_history">Postal history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Postal history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Postage stamps and postal history of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a></div> <p>The Gilbert and Ellice Islands used their own postage stamps from 1911. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some 19th century texts, <i>Kingsmills</i> was applied to the entire Gilberts group. In other 19th century texts, a subset of the northern Gilbert islands was known as <b>Scarborough Islands</b> and a subset of the southern Gilberts as the <b>Kingsmill Group</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingsmill_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingsmill-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The visit to the Gilbert Islands (then called the Kingsmill Islands) is described in <i>United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842</i> The extensive report of the expedition has been digitized by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other acts on the same subject: <i>Pacific Island Labourers Act</i> 1880; <i>Pearl-Shell and Bêche-de-mer Fishery Act</i> 1881; <i>Native Labourers Protection Act</i> 1884.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarawa was chosen as the capital of the protectorate mainly because its lagoon has an opening large enough for ships to comfortably pass through. (Tarawa means «the pass» in the <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This process started on 10 November 1915 when, by Order in Council, the protectorate became the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. To this was added <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Ocean Island</a> on 27 January 1916, along with the northern Line Islands that had been annexed in 1888, which included Washington (Teraina) and Fanning (Tabuaeran), where a trans-Pacific cable station was to be built. Later in 1916, the Tokelau group was added; Christmas Island (Kiritimati) followed in 1919. The new Crown Colony, known in Whitehallspeak as GEIC, then sprawled over 5,000,000 km2 of ocean."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate was annexed and made a colony by the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Order in Council, 1915 (S.R. & 0. 1915, TII, p. 315); see also Orders in Council, 27 January, 29 February 1916 (S.R. & 0. 1916, Nos. 99, 167); Order in Council, 1919 (S.R. 8; 0. 1919, No. 773)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Union Islands (Revocation) Order in Council, 1948, after reciting the agreement by the governments of the United Kingdom and New Zealand that the islands should become part of New Zealand, revoked the Union Islands (No. 2) Order in Council, 1925, with effect from a date fixed by the Governor-General of New Zealand.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">obsolete racial grouping</a> of various peoples indigenous to large parts of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and other places. In the context of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands census of 1968, 'Mongoloid' was used in the census results to identify residents of Chinese ancestry.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Name-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Name_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Name_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reilly Ridgell. <i>Pacific Nations and Territories: The Islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.</i> 3rd. Ed. Honolulu: Bess Press, 1995. p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingsmill-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingsmill_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</i>. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam Webster, 1997. p. 594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maritime-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maritime_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DEPOSIT/tuv_mzn98_2013_AgreementBetweenTuvaluandKiribati.pdf">"Agreement between Tuvalu and Kiribati concerning their Maritime Boundary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 29 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+between+Tuvalu+and+Kiribati+concerning+their+Maritime+Boundary&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdepts%2Flos%2FLEGISLATIONANDTREATIES%2FPDFFILES%2FDEPOSIT%2Ftuv_mzn98_2013_AgreementBetweenTuvaluandKiribati.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAP_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapsland.com/oceania/tuvalu">"Maps of Tuvalu"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Tuvalu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsland.com%2Foceania%2Ftuvalu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maude, pp. 53–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEMaude59-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEMaude59_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEMaude59_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaude1959" class="citation journal cs1">Maude, H.E. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235215/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_68_1959/Volume_68%2C_No._4/Spanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific%2C_by_H._E._Maude%2C_p_285-326/p1">"Spanish Discoveries in the Central Pacific: A Study in Identification"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 284–326. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_68_1959/Volume_68,_No._4/Spanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific,_by_H._E._Maude,_p_285-326/p1">the original</a> on 10 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Spanish+Discoveries+in+the+Central+Pacific%3A+A+Study+in+Identification&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=284-326&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Maude&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_68_1959%2FVolume_68%2C_No._4%2FSpanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific%2C_by_H._E._Maude%2C_p_285-326%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Celsus, O.F.M. <i>La Austrialia del Espiritu Santo. The Journal of Fray Martín de Munilla O.F.M. and other documents relating to the Voyage of Pedro Fernández de Quirós to the South Sea (1605-1606) and the Franciscan Missionary Plan (1617-1627)</i> Cambridge, 1966, pages 39, 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSDDM-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KSDDM_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers,_Keith_S.Munro,_Doug1980" class="citation journal cs1">Chambers, Keith S.; Munro, Doug (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215134048/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_89_1980/Volume_89%2C_No._2/The_%26apos%3Bmystery%26apos%3B_of_Gran_Cocal%3A_European_discovery_and_mis-discovery_in_Tuvalu%2C_by_Doug_Munro%2C_p_167-198/p1">"The Mystery of Gran Cocal: European Discovery and Mis-Discovery in Tuvalu"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 167–198. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_89_1980/Volume_89,_No._2/The_%26apos%3Bmystery%26apos%3B_of_Gran_Cocal%3A_European_discovery_and_mis-discovery_in_Tuvalu,_by_Doug_Munro,_p_167-198/p1">the original</a> on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+Gran+Cocal%3A+European+Discovery+and+Mis-Discovery+in+Tuvalu&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-198&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Keith+S.&rft.au=Munro%2C+Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_89_1980%2FVolume_89%2C_No._2%2FThe_%2526apos%253Bmystery%2526apos%253B_of_Gran_Cocal%253A_European_discovery_and_mis-discovery_in_Tuvalu%2C_by_Doug_Munro%2C_p_167-198%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maude, H.E. "Spanish discoveries in the Central Pacific. A study in identification", in <i>Journal of the Polynesian Society,</i> Wellington, LXVIII, (1959), pages 299,303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEMaude59b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HEMaude59b_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaude1959" class="citation journal cs1">Maude, H.E. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235215/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_68_1959/Volume_68%2C_No._4/Spanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific%2C_by_H._E._Maude%2C_p_285-326/p1">"Spanish Discoveries in the Central Pacific: A Study in Identification"</a>. <i>Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 284–326. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_68_1959/Volume_68,_No._4/Spanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific,_by_H._E._Maude,_p_285-326/p1">the original</a> on 10 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Spanish+Discoveries+in+the+Central+Pacific%3A+A+Study+in+Identification&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=284-326&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Maude&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_68_1959%2FVolume_68%2C_No._4%2FSpanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific%2C_by_H._E._Maude%2C_p_285-326%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSDDMb-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KSDDMb_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers,_Keith_S.Munro,_Doug1980" class="citation journal cs1">Chambers, Keith S. & Munro, Doug (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215134048/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_89_1980/Volume_89%2C_No._2/The_%26apos%3Bmystery%26apos%3B_of_Gran_Cocal%3A_European_discovery_and_mis-discovery_in_Tuvalu%2C_by_Doug_Munro%2C_p_167-198/p1">"The Mystery of Gran Cocal: European Discovery and Mis-Discovery in Tuvalu"</a>. <i>Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>89</b> (2): 167–198. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_89_1980/Volume_89,_No._2/The_%26apos%3Bmystery%26apos%3B_of_Gran_Cocal%3A_European_discovery_and_mis-discovery_in_Tuvalu,_by_Doug_Munro,_p_167-198/p1">the original</a> on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Mystery+of+Gran+Cocal%3A+European+Discovery+and+Mis-Discovery+in+Tuvalu&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-198&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Keith+S.&rft.au=Munro%2C+Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_89_1980%2FVolume_89%2C_No._2%2FThe_%2526apos%253Bmystery%2526apos%253B_of_Gran_Cocal%253A_European_discovery_and_mis-discovery_in_Tuvalu%2C_by_Doug_Munro%2C_p_167-198%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarnavigator.net/circumnavigation.htm">"Circumnavigation: Notable global maritime circumnavigations"</a>. Solarnavigator.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circumnavigation%3A+Notable+global+maritime+circumnavigations&rft.pub=Solarnavigator.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solarnavigator.net%2Fcircumnavigation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith S. Chambers & Doug Munro, <i>The Mystery of Gran Cocal: European Discovery and Mis-Discovery in Tuvalu</i>, 89(2) (1980) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_the_Polynesian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of the Polynesian Society">The Journal of the Polynesian Society</a></i>, pages 167-198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laumua Kofe, Palagi and Pastors, <i>Tuvalu: A History</i>, Chapter 15, (USP / Tuvalu government)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miscellanies: by an officer</i>, Volume 1, Chapter LXXX By John Watts De Peyster, A.E. Chasmer & Co. (1888).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAHLK-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAHLK_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaumua_Kofe1983" class="citation book cs1">Laumua Kofe (1983). "Chapter 15, Palagi and Pastors". In Laracy, Hugh (ed.). <i>Tuvalu: A History</i>. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 103–104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%2C+Palagi+and+Pastors&rft.btitle=Tuvalu%3A+A+History&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific%2FGovernment+of+Tuvalu&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Laumua+Kofe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Findlay Alexander George, <i>A Directory for the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean: With Description of Its Coasts, Islands, Etc. from the Strait of Magalhaens to the Arctic Sea</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton1975212,_217,_219–221,_224–237,_240,_245–246-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton1975212,_217,_219–221,_224–237,_240,_245–246_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanton1975">Stanton 1975</a>, pp. 212, 217, 219–221, 224–237, 240, 245–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Report of the Wilkes Expedition</i>, volume 5, chapter 2, pp. 35–75, 'Ellice's and Kingsmill's Group', <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/">http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler, David B. – 1968 <i>The Wilkes Expedition. The First United States Exploring Expedition</i> (1838–42). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_between_Great_Britain_and_Germany_relating_to_the_Demarcation_of_the_Spheres_of_Influence">"Declaration between the Governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the Demarcation of the British and German Spheres of Influence in the Western Pacific, signed at Berlin, April 6, 1886"</a>. 1886<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+between+the+Governments+of+Great+Britain+and+the+German+Empire+relating+to+the+Demarcation+of+the+British+and+German+Spheres+of+Influence+in+the+Western+Pacific%2C+signed+at+Berlin%2C+April+6%2C+1886&rft.date=1886&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FTreaty_between_Great_Britain_and_Germany_relating_to_the_Demarcation_of_the_Spheres_of_Influence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAHNPT-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHNPT_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeo1983" class="citation book cs1">Teo, Noatia P. (1983). "Chapter 17, Colonial Rule". In Larcy, Hugh (ed.). <i>Tuvalu: A History</i>. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 127–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17%2C+Colonial+Rule&rft.btitle=Tuvalu%3A+A+History&rft.pages=127-139&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific%2FGovernment+of+Tuvalu&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=Noatia+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JM_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeale2006" class="citation web cs1">Beale, Howard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/moresby-john-4241">"John Moresby (1830–1922)"</a>. Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Moresby+%281830%E2%80%931922%29&rft.pub=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography%2C+Volume+5&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fmoresby-john-4241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AC_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5871969">"The Pacific Labour Trade"</a>. <i>The Argus (Melbourne, Vic.)</i>: 6. 20 September 1873.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus+%28Melbourne%2C+Vic.%29&rft.atitle=The+Pacific+Labour+Trade&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1873-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F5871969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AR1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestieaux" class="citation book cs1">Restieaux, Alfred. <i>Recollections of a South Seas Trader – Reminiscences of Alfred Restieaux</i>. National Library of New Zealand, MS 7022-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+a+South+Seas+Trader+%E2%80%93+Reminiscences+of+Alfred+Restieaux&rft.pub=National+Library+of+New+Zealand%2C+MS+7022-2&rft.aulast=Restieaux&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AR2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestieaux" class="citation book cs1">Restieaux, Alfred. <i>Reminiscences - Alfred Restieaux Part 2 (Pacific Islands)</i>. National Library of New Zealand, MS-Papers-0061-079A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+-+Alfred+Restieaux+Part+2+%28Pacific+Islands%29&rft.pub=National+Library+of+New+Zealand%2C+MS-Papers-0061-079A&rft.aulast=Restieaux&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAR-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAR_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Moore, W.U., Lt. Reports of Proceedings of H.M.S. 'Dart' in the Fiji, Ellice, Gilbert, Marshall, New Britain, &c., Gr oups, from May to September, 1884. in: RNAS XVI, 26. Government Printer, Sydney.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRCD-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JRCD_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JRCD_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JRCD_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The proceedings of H.M.S. "Royalist", Captain E.H.M. Davis, R.N., May-August, 1892, in the Gilbert, Ellice and Marshall Islands</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+proceedings+of+H.M.S.+%22Royalist%22%2C+Captain+E.H.M.+Davis%2C+R.N.%2C+May-August%2C+1892%2C+in+the+Gilbert%2C+Ellice+and+Marshall+Islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROO-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ROO_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Rooke, Eustace. Reports of Commander Eustace Rooke, HMS Miranda, of Proceedings when visiting Islands of the Union Group, Sophia and Rotuman Islands, the Ellice Group and the Gilbert Group. April to July 1886. 29pp (NS National Archives). Royal Navy, Australian Station, Gov't Printer, Sydney.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=40382">"Admiral Edward H M Davis (Biographical details)"</a>. The British Museum. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admiral+Edward+H+M+Davis+%28Biographical+details%29&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fterm_details.aspx%3FbioId%3D40382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHD-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHD_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulding, Hiram. <i>Journal of a Cruise of the United States Schooner Dolphin, Among the Islands of the Pacific Ocean; and a Visit to the Mulgrave Islands, in Pursuit of the Mutineers of the Whale Ship Globe.</i> New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1831.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MKT-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MKT_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitkiribati.travel/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/4Tarawa-Guide-2019-final.pdf">"Tourism Authority of Kiribati"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mauri – Kiribati, Tawara and Gilberts</i>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mauri+%E2%80%93+Kiribati%2C+Tawara+and+Gilberts&rft.atitle=Tourism+Authority+of+Kiribati&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitkiribati.travel%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2F4Tarawa-Guide-2019-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Stevenson, Robert Louis</a> (November 1888) [1892]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730185043/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848fh/s848fh7.html">"VII_The Samoan Camps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Footnote_to_History:_Eight_Years_of_Trouble_in_Samoa" title="A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa">A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa</a></i>. Cassell. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1857-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-1857-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227258432">227258432</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848fh/s848fh7.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII_The+Samoan+Camps&rft.btitle=A+Footnote+to+History%3A+Eight+Years+of+Trouble+in+Samoa&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1888-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F227258432&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1857-9&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fs%2Fstevenson%2Frobert_louis%2Fs848fh%2Fs848fh7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIPA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PIPA_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIPA_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Imperial).1875" class="citation web cs1">(Imperial). (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalunitygovernment.org/content/pacific-islanders-protection-act-1875">"Pacific Islanders Protection Act, ss. 6-11"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+Islanders+Protection+Act%2C+ss.+6-11&rft.date=1875&rft.au=%28Imperial%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalunitygovernment.org%2Fcontent%2Fpacific-islanders-protection-act-1875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RLRN-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RLRN_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_Doug2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, Doug (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40346570">"Hunting the Blackbirder: Ross Lewin and the Royal Navy"</a>. <i>The Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 37–53. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40346570">40346570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=Hunting+the+Blackbirder%3A+Ross+Lewin+and+the+Royal+Navy&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-53&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40346570%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40346570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1871" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, George (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/kidnappinginsou02palmgoog"><i>Kidnapping in the South Seas. Being a narrative of a three months' cruise of H.M. ship Rosario</i></a>. New York Public Library. Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kidnapping+in+the+South+Seas.+Being+a+narrative+of+a+three+months%27+cruise+of+H.M.+ship+Rosario&rft.pub=Edinburgh%2C+Edmonston+and+Douglas&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkidnappinginsou02palmgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortensen2000" class="citation web cs1">Mortensen, Reid (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/journals/fJSPL/vol04/7.shtml">"Slaving in Australian Courts: Blackbirding cases, 1869-1871"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slaving+in+Australian+Courts%3A+Blackbirding+cases%2C+1869-1871&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Mortensen&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Fjournals%2FfJSPL%2Fvol04%2F7.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/101178/1/Series%20N_%20Section%202_%20The%20Reluctant%20Empire%20Builders.pdf">The Reluctant Empire Builders</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JRdd-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JRdd_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The proceedings of H.M.S. "Royalist", Captain E.H.M. Davis, R.N., May-August, 1892, in the Gilbert, Ellice and Marshall Islands</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+proceedings+of+H.M.S.+%22Royalist%22%2C+Captain+E.H.M.+Davis%2C+R.N.%2C+May-August%2C+1892%2C+in+the+Gilbert%2C+Ellice+and+Marshall+Islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Kiribati</i>, Michael Ravell Walsh, 2020, pages 170-171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Precedence of Tarawa Atoll</i> by <a href="/wiki/H.E._Maude" class="mw-redirect" title="H.E. Maude">H.E. Maude</a> and Edwin Jr. Doran, First published: June 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRL7-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRL7_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2014" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, David Russell (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch073.pdf">"Chapter 7 Expansion of the Protectorate 1898–1900"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific</i>. ANU Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925022032" title="Special:BookSources/9781925022032"><bdi>9781925022032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7+Expansion+of+the+Protectorate+1898%E2%80%931900&rft.btitle=The+Naturalist+and+his+%22Beautiful+Islands%22%3A+Charles+Morris+Woodford+in+the+Western+Pacific&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2014-10&rft.isbn=9781925022032&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=David+Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp298111%2Fpdf%2Fch073.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AM1909-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AM1909_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahaffy1910" class="citation book cs1">Mahaffy, Arthur (1910). "(CO 225/86/26804)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2367/"><i>Report by Mr. Arthur Mahaffy on a visit to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands</i></a>. Great Britain, Colonial Office, High Commission for Western Pacific Islands (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28CO+225%2F86%2F26804%29&rft.btitle=Report+by+Mr.+Arthur+Mahaffy+on+a+visit+to+the+Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands&rft.pub=Great+Britain%2C+Colonial+Office%2C+High+Commission+for+Western+Pacific+Islands+%28London%3A+His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office%29&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Mahaffy&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AN-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AN_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.lib.brown.edu/pdfs/1140814207532014.pdf">"Modern buccaneers in the West Pacific"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New Age</i>: 136–140. 5 June 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Age&rft.atitle=Modern+buccaneers+in+the+West+Pacific&rft.pages=136-140&rft.date=1913-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.lib.brown.edu%2Fpdfs%2F1140814207532014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRIVY-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRIVY_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Annexation of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands to his Majesty's dominions: at the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 10th day of November, 1915</i>. Great Britain, Privy Council, Gilbert and Ellice Islands Order in Council, 1915 (Suva, Fiji: Government Printer). 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annexation+of+the+Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands+to+his+Majesty%27s+dominions%3A+at+the+Court+at+Buckingham+Palace%2C+the+10th+day+of+November%2C+1915&rft.pub=Great+Britain%2C+Privy+Council%2C+Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands+Order+in+Council%2C+1915+%28Suva%2C+Fiji%3A+Government+Printer%29&rft.date=1916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. David McIntyre: Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands, Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014), page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014736/http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/disputedpage.htm">"FORMERLY DISPUTED ISLANDS"</a>. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/disputedpage.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FORMERLY+DISPUTED+ISLANDS&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Office+of+Insular+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.gov%2Foia%2FIslandpages%2Fdisputedpage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Chappell, Water Nations: Colonial Bordering, Exploitation, and Indigenous Nation-Building in Kiribati and Tuvalu, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a>, 2016, <i>Pacific-Asia Inquiry</i> (U. Guam), Volume 7, Number 1 (Fall), pages 8-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macdonald,_B._K._1982-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald,_B._K._1982_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald,_B._K._1982_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macdonald,_B._K._1982_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2001" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Barrie Keith (2001). <i>Cinderellas of the Empire: Towards a History of Kiribati and Tuvalu</i>. Canberra: (<a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> Press, (first published 1982). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-02-0335-X" title="Special:BookSources/982-02-0335-X"><bdi>982-02-0335-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinderellas+of+the+Empire%3A+Towards+a+History+of+Kiribati+and+Tuvalu&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=%28Australian+National+University+Press%2C+%28first+published+1982%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=982-02-0335-X&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Barrie+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LNKFK2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LNKFK2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLifuka,_Neli1978" class="citation book cs1">Lifuka, Neli (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033725/https://www.307bg.net/memoirs/WWII_in_Tuvalu.pdf">"War Years In Funafuti"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Klaus-Friedrich Koch (ed.). <i>Logs in the current of the sea : Neli Lifuka's story of Kioa and the Vaitupu colonists</i>. Australian National University Press/Press of the Langdon Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0708103626" title="Special:BookSources/0708103626"><bdi>0708103626</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://307bg.net/memoirs/WWII_in_Tuvalu.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+Years+In+Funafuti&rft.btitle=Logs+in+the+current+of+the+sea+%3A+Neli+Lifuka%27s+story+of+Kioa+and+the+Vaitupu+colonists&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press%2FPress+of+the+Langdon+Associates&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0708103626&rft.au=Lifuka%2C+Neli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F307bg.net%2Fmemoirs%2FWWII_in_Tuvalu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maude, H. E., & Doran, E., Jr. (1966). The precedence of Tarawa Atoll. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 56, 269-289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WM-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WM_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald1985" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Barrie Keith (1985). <i>The Phosphateers: A history of the British Phosphate Commissioners and the Christmas Island Phosphate Commission</i>. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522843026" title="Special:BookSources/9780522843026"><bdi>9780522843026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phosphateers%3A+A+history+of+the+British+Phosphate+Commissioners+and+the+Christmas+Island+Phosphate+Commission&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Vic.&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780522843026&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Barrie+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1950-3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM1950-3_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-370007069/view?partId=nla.obj-370194776#page/n7/mode/1up">"G. and E. Colony's Headquarters"</a>. <i>XX(8) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. March 1950<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XX%288%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=G.+and+E.+Colony%27s+Headquarters&rft.date=1950-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-370007069%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-370194776%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAHES-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TAHES_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHES_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnele_Sapoaga1983" class="citation book cs1">Enele Sapoaga (1983). "Chapter 19, Post-War Development". In Laracy, Hugh (ed.). <i>Tuvalu: A History</i>. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 146–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19%2C+Post-War+Development&rft.btitle=Tuvalu%3A+A+History&rft.pages=146-152&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific%2FGovernment+of+Tuvalu&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Enele+Sapoaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAHTI-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TAHTI_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHTI_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHTI_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHTI_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHTI_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TAHTI_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTito_Isala1983" class="citation book cs1">Tito Isala (1983). "Chapter 20, Secession and Independence". In Laracy, Hugh (ed.). <i>Tuvalu: A History</i>. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 153–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+20%2C+Secession+and+Independence&rft.btitle=Tuvalu%3A+A+History&rft.pages=153-177&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific%2FGovernment+of+Tuvalu&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Tito+Isala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1966-8-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM1966-8_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-331794735/view?sectionId=nla.obj-337321157&partId=nla.obj-331829698#page/n13/mode/1up">"Gilbertese Unmoved By British Plan For "Ellice In Wonderland"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>37(8) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 1 August 1966<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=37%288%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=Gilbertese+Unmoved+By+British+Plan+For+%22Ellice+In+Wonderland%22&rft.date=1966-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-331794735%2Fview%3FsectionId%3Dnla.obj-337321157%26partId%3Dnla.obj-331829698%23page%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1972-11-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM1972-11_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-334879361/view?sectionId=nla.obj-356546224&partId=nla.obj-334976693#page/n10/mode/1up">"The Ellice Islanders Say They Want To Secede From GEIC"</a>. <i>43(11) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 1 November 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=43%2811%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Ellice+Islanders+Say+They+Want+To+Secede+From+GEIC&rft.date=1972-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-334879361%2Fview%3FsectionId%3Dnla.obj-356546224%26partId%3Dnla.obj-334976693%23page%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1971-5-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM1971-5_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-332069776/view?sectionId=nla.obj-337518629&partId=nla.obj-332125698#page/n25/mode/1up">"New-look Gilbert and Ellice politics may spark ailing public interest"</a>. <i>42(5) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 1 May 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=42%285%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=New-look+Gilbert+and+Ellice+politics+may+spark+ailing+public+interest&rft.date=1971-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-332069776%2Fview%3FsectionId%3Dnla.obj-337518629%26partId%3Dnla.obj-332125698%23page%2Fn25%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E1974-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E1974_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>General election, 1974 : report / Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony</i>. Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. Tarawa: Central Government Office. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+election%2C+1974+%3A+report+%2F+Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands+Colony&rft.pub=Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands+Colony.+Tarawa%3A+Central+Government+Office&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM174-8-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM174-8_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-333436664/view?sectionId=nla.obj-338519758&partId=nla.obj-333504166#page/n17/mode/1up">"Moment of Decision for Ellice"</a>. <i>45(8) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 1 August 1974<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=45%288%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=Moment+of+Decision+for+Ellice&rft.date=1974-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-333436664%2Fview%3FsectionId%3Dnla.obj-338519758%26partId%3Dnla.obj-333504166%23page%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGH-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NGH_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001) <i>Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II</i>, p. 831, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924959-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924959-8">0-19-924959-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1974-11-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM1974-11_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-333519384/view?sectionId=nla.obj-338557955&partId=nla.obj-333573184#page/n9/mode/1up">"Ellice votes the 'E' out of the GEIC"</a>. <i>45(11) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 1 November 1974<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=45%2811%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=Ellice+votes+the+%27E%27+out+of+the+GEIC&rft.date=1974-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-333519384%2Fview%3FsectionId%3Dnla.obj-338557955%26partId%3Dnla.obj-333573184%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._David_McIntyre" class="citation web cs1">W. David McIntyre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202095641/https://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-7-1-2012-McIntyre.pdf">"The Partition of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Island Studies Journal, Vol. 7, No.1, 2012</i>. pp. 135–146. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-7-1-2012-McIntyre.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Island+Studies+Journal%2C+Vol.+7%2C+No.1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=The+Partition+of+the+Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands&rft.pages=135-146&rft.au=W.+David+McIntyre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandstudies.ca%2Fsites%2Fislandstudies.ca%2Ffiles%2FISJ-7-1-2012-McIntyre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TPBN-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TPBN_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2012" class="citation journal cs1">McIntyre, W. David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202095641/https://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-7-1-2012-McIntyre.pdf">"The Partition of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Island Studies Journal</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 135–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24043%2Fisj.266">10.24043/isj.266</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130336446">130336446</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islandstudies.ca/sites/islandstudies.ca/files/ISJ-7-1-2012-McIntyre.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Island+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Partition+of+the+Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islands&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-146&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24043%2Fisj.266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130336446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=W.+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandstudies.ca%2Fsites%2Fislandstudies.ca%2Ffiles%2FISJ-7-1-2012-McIntyre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LH1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LH1_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaracy,_Hugh2013" class="citation book cs1">Laracy, Hugh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p260041/pdf/ch113.pdf">"Chapter 11 - Donald Gilbert Kennedy (1897-1967) An outsider in the Colonial Service"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Watriama and Co: Further Pacific Islands Portraits</i>. Australian National University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921666322" title="Special:BookSources/9781921666322"><bdi>9781921666322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11+-+Donald+Gilbert+Kennedy+%281897-1967%29+An+outsider+in+the+Colonial+Service&rft.btitle=Watriama+and+Co%3A+Further+Pacific+Islands+Portraits&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781921666322&rft.au=Laracy%2C+Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp260041%2Fpdf%2Fch113.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM36-4-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM36-4_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-312578920/view?partId=nla.obj-312617919#page/n19/mode/1up">"Better Standard of Living – Advance of Gilbert and Ellice Natives"</a>. <i>VII(4) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 24 November 1936<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VII%284%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=Better+Standard+of+Living+%E2%80%93+Advance+of+Gilbert+and+Ellice+Natives&rft.date=1936-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-312578920%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-312617919%23page%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM36-5-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PIM36-5_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIM36-5_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIM36-5_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIM36-5_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-312578920/view?partId=nla.obj-312617919#page/n19/mode/1up">"Education of Gilbert and Ellice Islanders"</a>. <i>VII(4) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 24 November 1936<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VII%284%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=Education+of+Gilbert+and+Ellice+Islanders&rft.date=1936-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-312578920%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-312617919%23page%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1955-3-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PIM1955-3_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIM1955-3_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIM1955-3_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIM1955-3_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422459/view?partId=nla.obj-319572819#page/n74/mode/1up">"G. and E. Education – Problems Arising From Lack of English"</a>. <i>XXV(8) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 1 March 1955<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=XXV%288%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=G.+and+E.+Education+%E2%80%93+Problems+Arising+From+Lack+of+English&rft.date=1955-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-319422459%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-319572819%23page%2Fn74%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1966-10-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PIM1966-10_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PIM1966-10_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-370541289/view?sectionId=nla.obj-374701287&partId=nla.obj-370565693#page/n13/mode/1up">"Gilbertese, Ellice Athletes Shape Up For Noumea"</a>. <i>37(10) Pacific Islands Monthly</i>. 1 October 1966<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=37%2810%29+Pacific+Islands+Monthly&rft.atitle=Gilbertese%2C+Ellice+Athletes+Shape+Up+For+Noumea&rft.date=1966-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-370541289%2Fview%3FsectionId%3Dnla.obj-374701287%26partId%3Dnla.obj-370565693%23page%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talup242-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Talup242_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talu, Alaima. "Towards Quality in Education" (Chapter 21, in Part IV: Social Issues). In: Van Trease, Howard (editor). <i>Atoll Politics: The Republic of Kiribati</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a> MacMillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a> Institute of Pacific Studies, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/095833000X" title="Special:BookSources/095833000X">095833000X</a>, 9780958330008. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rg-swcHq9QC&pg=PA242">242</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrie Macdonald, Policy and Practice in an Atoll Territory: British Rule in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, 1882-1970. Canberra, May 1971.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1975" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, W. R. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will"><i>The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520025578" title="Special:BookSources/9780520025578"><bdi>9780520025578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+United+States+Exploring+Expedition+of+1838%E2%80%931842&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780520025578&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatunitedstate00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGilbert+and+Ellice+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barrie Macdonald, <i>Cinderellas of the Empire: towards a history of Kiribati and Tuvalu, Suva, Fiji</i>: Institute of Pacific Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-02-0335-X" title="Special:BookSources/982-02-0335-X">982-02-0335-X</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> Press, first published 1982).</li> <li><i>Kiribati. Aspects of History</i>, by Alaima Talu (ed.) and 24 others authors. Published jointly by: the Institute of Pacific Studies and Extension Services, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Training_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Training and Culture">Ministry of Education, Training and Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Kiribati" title="Cabinet of Kiribati">Kiribati Government</a>, 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Evans_Maude" title="Henry Evans Maude">Henry Evans Maude</a>: <i>The Gilbert Islands observed. A source book of European contacts with, and observations of, the Gilbert Islands and the Gilbertese, from 1537 to 1873.</i> Compiled by H. E. Maude. Homa Press, Adelaide 2006.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Pattern_of_Islands" title="A Pattern of Islands">A Pattern of Islands</a></i> (US title: <i>We Chose the Islands</i>) by Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grimble" title="Arthur Grimble">Arthur Grimble</a>, John Murray & Co, London, 1952 (<i>A Pattern of Islands</i> republished 2011 by Eland, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906011-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906011-45-1">978-1-906011-45-1</a>)</li> <li><i>Return to the Islands</i> by Sir Arthur Grimble, John Murray & Co, London, 1957 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719505706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719505706">978-0719505706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hilary_Smith" title="John Hilary Smith">John Smith</a>, <i>An Island in the Autumn: How the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Gained Independence</i>, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906775261" title="Special:BookSources/9781906775261">9781906775261</a>. Publisher: Librario Publishing.</li> <li><i>Ghost Stories and Other Island Tales</i> by I.E. Butler, published by Tom Butler, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1500505929" title="Special:BookSources/978-1500505929">978-1500505929</a> An account of the life of a young colonial officer in the 1950s in the Gilbert Islands.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050859#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050859#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050859#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312739933">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwtk3yRW6yxgMXMYHPfbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81035233">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555037905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044247">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&params=1.26_N_173.02_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">173°01′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.26°N 173.02°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.26; 173.02</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&oldid=1259294861">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&oldid=1259294861</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Category:Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="Category:British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies_and_protectorates_in_Oceania" title="Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania">Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1892" title="Category:States and territories established in 1892">States and territories established in 1892</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1976" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1976">States and territories disestablished in 1976</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1892_establishments_in_Oceania" title="Category:1892 establishments in Oceania">1892 establishments in Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1976_establishments_in_Oceania" title="Category:1976 establishments in Oceania">1976 establishments in Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1892_establishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1892 establishments in the British Empire">1892 establishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1976_disestablishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1976 disestablishments in the British Empire">1976 disestablishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Kiribati" title="Category:20th century in Kiribati">20th century in Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kiribati_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Kiribati and the Commonwealth of Nations">Kiribati and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuvalu_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Tuvalu and the Commonwealth of Nations">Tuvalu and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Indo-Pacific" title="Category:Eastern Indo-Pacific">Eastern Indo-Pacific</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marine_ecoregions" title="Category:Marine ecoregions">Marine ecoregions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use British English from March 2024">Use British English from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_August_2014" title="Category:EngvarB from August 2014">EngvarB from August 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 11:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-blxk6","wgBackendResponseTime":1775,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.322","walltime":"1.586","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10805,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":247643,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13865,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":232766,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1374.554 1 -total"," 28.15% 387.001 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.39% 266.481 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 13.23% 181.885 21 Template:Cite_web"," 12.54% 172.436 7 Template:Navbox"," 10.50% 144.270 1 Template:British_overseas_territories"," 8.51% 117.038 1 Template:Lang"," 6.64% 91.329 19 Template:Cite_book"," 5.54% 76.171 17 Template:HMS"," 5.40% 74.243 1 Template:ISO_3166_code"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.778","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22189311,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF(Imperial).1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeale2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers,_Keith_S.Munro,_Doug1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEnele_Sapoaga1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt,_Doug2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaracy,_Hugh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaumua_Kofe1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLifuka,_Neli1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahaffy1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaude1959\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortensen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRestieaux\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStanton1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeo1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTito_Isala1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._David_McIntyre\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"British overseas territories\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Gilbert And Ellice Islands\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 17,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 7,\n [\"SMS\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 6,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-blxk6","timestamp":"20241124120459","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gilbert and Ellice Islands","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1050859","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1050859","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-31T08:29:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T11:12:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3f\/Flag_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands_%281937%E2%80%931976%29.svg","headline":"British colony in the Pacific"}</script> </body> </html>