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<li id="toc-Colonial_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Colonial administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II_–_transition_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II_–_transition_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Post-World War II – transition to independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II_–_transition_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography and environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_pressures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_pressures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Environmental pressures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_pressures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Impact of climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyclones_and_king_tides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyclones_and_king_tides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Cyclones and king tides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyclones_and_king_tides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyclones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyclones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Cyclones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyclones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_tides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_tides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 King tides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_tides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Water and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Parliamentary democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Legal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Defence and law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Dance and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_single-outrigger_canoe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_single-outrigger_canoe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Traditional single-outrigger canoe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_single-outrigger_canoe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_and_leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_and_leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sport and leisure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_and_leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_government_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_government_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy and government services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_government_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy and government services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_government_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Telecommunications and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography_and_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography_and_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Filmography and bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filmography_and_bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Filmography and bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Filmography_and_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Filmography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tuvalu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 209 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-209" aria-hidden="true" > 209 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%89%AB%E1%88%89" title="ቱቫሉ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱቫሉ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="टुवालु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टुवालु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufalu" title="Tufalu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tufalu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="توفالو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توفالو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuv%C3%A1lu" title="Tuválu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuválu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="تووالو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تووالو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81" title="টুভালু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টুভালু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubalu" title="Tubalu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tubalu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུ་ཝ་ལུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུ་ཝ་ལུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twfalw" title="Twfalw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twfalw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="توڤالو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="توڤالو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%AB" title="ތުވާލޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުވާލޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="टुभालु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टुभालु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τουβαλού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουβαλού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalo" title="Tuvalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tuvalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="تووالو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تووالو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBval%C3%BB" title="Tûvalû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tûvalû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwalu" title="Tuwalu – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Tuwalu" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAval%C3%BA" title="Túvalú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Túvalú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubhalu" title="Tubhalu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tubhalu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="टुवालु – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="टुवालु" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%B0%9C%EB%A3%A8" title="투발루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투발루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Տուվալու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տուվալու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="तुवालू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुवालू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81" title="টুভালু – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="টুভালু" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAval%C3%BA" title="Túvalú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Túvalú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95" title="טובאלו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טובאלו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ತುವಾಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತುವಾಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3" title="ტუვალუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუვალუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalua" title="Tuvalua – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tuvalua" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touvalou" title="Touvalou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Touvalou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBval%C3%BB" title="Tûvalû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tûvalû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovalo" title="Tovalo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tovalo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81" title="തുവാലു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുവാലു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABwaru" title="Tūwaru – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tūwaru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82" title="तुवालू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुवालू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3" title="ტუვალუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტუვალუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="توڤالو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توڤالو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="تووالو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تووالو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯇꯨꯚꯥꯂꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯨꯚꯥꯂꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တူဗားလူနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တူဗားလူနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="तुभालु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तुभालु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB" title="ツバル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツバル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwaalu" title="Tuwaalu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tuwaalu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwaluu" title="Tuwaluu – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tuwaluu" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82" title="ਤੁਵਾਲੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਵਾਲੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="टुवालु – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टुवालु" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="ٹووالو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹووالو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="تووالو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تووالو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvaru" title="Tuvaru – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tuvaru" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwalu" title="Tuwalu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tuwalu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94" title="ටුවාලු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටුවාලු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="ٽوالو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽوالو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88" title="تووڤالوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تووڤالوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81" title="துவாலு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துவாலு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းထူးဝႃႇလူႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းထူးဝႃႇလူႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9" title="ประเทศตูวาลู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศตูวาลู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%ABvalu" title="Tūvalu – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tūvalu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%9A%E1%8F%A9%E1%8E%B7" title="ᏚᏩᎷ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏚᏩᎷ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тувалу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тувалу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="تووالو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تووالو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuwalu" title="Tuwalu – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Tuwalu" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva%C5%82u" title="Tuvału – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tuvału" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu%C3%A4ns" title="Tuvaluäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tuvaluäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF" title="吐瓦魯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="吐瓦魯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%93%A6%E7%9B%A7" title="圖瓦盧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圖瓦盧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufalu" title="Tufalu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tufalu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%93%A6%E7%9B%A7" title="圖瓦盧 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圖瓦盧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tuvalu" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tuvalu&params=8_31_15_S_179_11_55_E_">8°31′15″S 179°11′55″E / 8.52083°S 179.19861°E / -8.52083; 179.19861</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colony_of_Tuvalu&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Tuvalu">Colony of Tuvalu</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Oceania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tuvalu (disambiguation)">Tuvalu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ellice Islands" redirects here. For Ellis Island in New York, see <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tuval" title="Tuval">Tuval</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Tuvalu</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tuvalu"><img alt="Flag of Tuvalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/125px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/188px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/250px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tuvalu" title="Flag of Tuvalu">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvalu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Tuvalu"><img alt="Coat of arms of Tuvalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvalu.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvalu.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvalu.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tuvalu" title="Coat of arms of Tuvalu"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Tuvalu mo te <a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a>) "Tuvalu for the Almighty"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_mo_te_Atua" title="Tuvalu mo te Atua">Tuvalu mo te Atua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a>) Tuvalu for the Almighty</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuvalu_on_the_globe_(Polynesia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Tuvalu"><img alt="Location of Tuvalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tuvalu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/250px-Tuvalu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tuvalu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/375px-Tuvalu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tuvalu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/500px-Tuvalu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="861" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tuvalu&params=8_31_S_179_12_E_type:city">8°31′S 179°12′E / 8.517°S 179.200°E / -8.517; 179.200</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>96% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tuvalu" title="Demographics of Tuvalu">Tuvaluans</a></li><li>4% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-US2022-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">94.8% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">—86.0% <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational Christian Church of Tuvalu">Church of Tuvalu</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">—8.8% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.3% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.7% <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.2% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvaluan people">Tuvaluan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tuvalu" title="Politics of Tuvalu">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Tuvalu" title="Governor-General of Tuvalu">Governor-General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tofiga_Vaevalu_Falani" title="Tofiga Vaevalu Falani">Tofiga Vaevalu Falani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tuvalu" title="Prime Minister of Tuvalu">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feleti_Teo" title="Feleti Teo">Feleti Teo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tuvalu" title="Parliament of Tuvalu">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from the United Kingdom </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1978</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tuvalu" title="Geography of Tuvalu">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 km2 (10 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">192nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tuvalu" title="Demographics of Tuvalu">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,900 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">194th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2017 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,645</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">458/km2 (1,186.2/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">27th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $68.603 million<a href="#cite_note-imf2-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,076<a href="#cite_note-imf2-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $63 million<a href="#cite_note-imf2-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,113<a href="#cite_note-imf2-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2010)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 39.1<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.653<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">132nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_dollar" title="Tuvaluan dollar">Tuvaluan dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a></li></ul> </div> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">AUD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Tuvalu" title="Telephone numbers in Tuvalu">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B688" class="mw-redirect" title="+688">+688</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TV" title="ISO 3166-2:TV">TV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tv" title=".tv">.tv</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Tuvalu (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tuːˈvɑːluː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/En-us-Tuvalu.ogg\/En-us-Tuvalu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Tuvalu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/En-us-Tuvalu.ogg/En-us-Tuvalu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Tuvalu.ogg" title="File:En-us-Tuvalu.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">too-VAH-loo</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> subregion of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, about midway between <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. It lies east-northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a> (which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>), northeast of <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, southeast of <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, northwest of <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, and north of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. Tuvalu is composed of three <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> islands and six <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> spread out between the <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_south" title="5th parallel south">5°</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_south" title="10th parallel south">10° south</a> and between the <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> of <a href="/wiki/176th_meridian_east" title="176th meridian east">176°</a> and <a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180°</a>. They lie west of the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MAP-8">[8]</a> The 2017 census determined that Tuvalu had a population of 10,645,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> making it <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">the second-least populous country in the world</a>, behind <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, and the least populous country where <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is an official language. Tuvalu's total land area is 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi). The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> arriving as part of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Polynesian people">migration of Polynesians into the Pacific</a> that began about three thousand years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Howe1-10">[10]</a> Long before European contact with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific islands</a>, Polynesians frequently voyaged by canoe between the islands. <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a> skills enabled them to make elaborately planned journeys in either <a href="/wiki/Catamaran#Development_in_Oceania_and_Asia" title="Catamaran">double-hulled sailing canoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Belwood1-11">[11]</a> Scholars believe that the Polynesians spread out from <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> into the Tuvaluan atolls, which then served as a stepping stone for further migration into the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Belwood2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayard-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirch-14">[14]</a> In 1568, Spanish explorer and <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_de_Neira" title="Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira">Álvaro de Mendaña</a> became the first European known to sail through the archipelago, sighting the island of <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a> during an expedition he was making in search of <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a>. The island of <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> was named Ellice's Island in 1819. Later, the whole group was named Ellice Islands by English hydrographer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_George_Findlay" title="Alexander George Findlay">Alexander George Findlay</a>. In the late 19th century, Great Britain claimed control over the Ellice Islands, designating them as within their sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Between 9 and 16 October 1892, Captain <a href="/wiki/Herbert_William_Sumner_Gibson" title="Herbert William Sumner Gibson">Herbert Gibson</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Curacoa_(1878)" title="HMS Curacoa (1878)">HMS Curacoa</a> declared each of the Ellice Islands a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorates" class="mw-redirect" title="British protectorates">British protectorate</a>. Britain assigned a <a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner" title="Resident commissioner">resident commissioner</a> to administer the Ellice Islands as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a> (BWPT). From 1916 to 1975, they were managed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a> colony. A <a href="/wiki/1974_Ellice_Islands_self-determination_referendum" title="1974 Ellice Islands self-determination referendum">referendum was held in 1974</a> to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration.<a href="#cite_note-PIM174-8-16">[16]</a> As a result, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony legally ceased to exist on 1 October 1975; on 1 January 1976, the old administration was officially separated,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and two separate British colonies, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and Tuvalu, were formed. On 1 October 1978, Tuvalu became fully independent as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> within <a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commonwealth">the Commonwealth</a>, and is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Tuvalu">King of Tuvalu</a>. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1290" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1290">189th member of the United Nations</a>. The islands do not have a significant amount of soil, so the country relies heavily on imports and fishing for food. Licensing fishing permits to international companies, grants and aid projects, and remittances to their families from Tuvaluan seafarers who work on cargo ships are important parts of the economy. Because it is a low-lying island nation, the country is extremely vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tuvalu" title="Climate change in Tuvalu">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It is active in international climate negotiations as part of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Small_Island_States" title="Alliance of Small Island States">Alliance of Small Island States</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuvalu" title="History of Tuvalu">History of Tuvalu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Tuvalu" title="Timeline of the history of Tuvalu">Timeline of the history of Tuvalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tuvalu" title="Outline of Tuvalu">Outline of Tuvalu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Polynesian people">origins of the people of Tuvalu</a> are addressed in the theories regarding the migration into the Pacific that began about 3,000 years ago. During pre-European-contact times, there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howe-19">[19]</a> Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited. This explains the origin of the name, Tuvalu, which means "eight standing together" in <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a> (compare to *walu meaning "eight" in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language#Numerals" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a>). Possible evidence of human-made fires in the <a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Nanumanga" title="Caves of Nanumanga">Caves of Nanumanga</a> suggests humans may have occupied the islands for thousands of years. An important <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">creation myth in the islands of Tuvalu</a> is the story of te Pusi mo te Ali (the Eel and the Flounder), who are said to have created the <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Tuvalu">islands of Tuvalu</a>. Te Ali (the <a href="/wiki/Bothidae" title="Bothidae">flounder</a>) is believed to be the origin of the flat <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> of Tuvalu and te Pusi (the <a href="/wiki/Moray_eel" title="Moray eel">eel</a>) is the model for the <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> palms that are important in the lives of Tuvaluans. The stories of the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island. On <a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PAS-20">[20]</a> Funafuti and <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a>, the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa,<a href="#cite_note-Genesis_1983-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-22">[22]</a> whereas on <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a>, the founding ancestor is described as being from <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Genesis_1983-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_contacts_with_other_cultures">Early contacts with other cultures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early contacts with other cultures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuvalu_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tuvalu_costume.jpg/170px-Tuvalu_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tuvalu_costume.jpg/255px-Tuvalu_costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Tuvalu_costume.jpg/340px-Tuvalu_costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Tuvaluan man in traditional attire drawn by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Agate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Agate">Alfred Agate</a> in 1841, during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanton-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> Tuvalu was first sighted by Europeans on 16 January 1568, during the voyage of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_de_Neira" title="Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira">Álvaro de Mendaña</a> from Spain, who sailed past <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a> and charted it as Isla de Jesús (Spanish for "Island of Jesus") because the previous day was the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name</a>. Mendaña made contact with the islanders but was unable to land.<a href="#cite_note-Estensen2006-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-HEMaude59-25">[25]</a> During Mendaña's second voyage across the Pacific, he passed <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a> on 29 August 1595, which he named La Solitaria.<a href="#cite_note-HEMaude59-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-KSDDM-26">[26]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Byron" title="John Byron">John Byron</a> passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764, during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dolphin_(1751)" title="HMS Dolphin (1751)">Dolphin (1751)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. The first recorded sighting of <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a> by Europeans was by Spanish naval officer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Antonio_Mourelle" title="Francisco Antonio Mourelle">Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa</a> who sailed past it on 5 May 1781 as captain of the frigate La Princesa, when attempting a southern crossing of the Pacific from the Philippines to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. He charted Nanumea as San Augustin.<a href="#cite_note-chambersmunro-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified <a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a> as the island that Mourelle also sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal.<a href="#cite_note-KSDDM-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">[30]</a> Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">[30]</a> Longitude could be reckoned only crudely at the time, as accurate <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">chronometers</a> did not become available until the late 18th century. In 1809, Captain Patterson in the brig Elizabeth sighted Nanumea while passing through the northern Tuvalu waters on a trading voyage from Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia to China.<a href="#cite_note-chambersmunro-28">[28]</a> In May 1819, Arent Schuyler de Peyster, of New York, captain of the armed <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> Rebecca, sailing under British colours,<a href="#cite_note-DeP1-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeP2-32">[32]</a> passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters. De Peyster sighted <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a>, and Funafuti which he named Ellice's Island after an English politician, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ellice_(merchant)" title="Edward Ellice (merchant)">Edward Ellice</a>, the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca's cargo.<a href="#cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-HEMaude86-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-PIM1964-11-34">[34]</a> The name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English <a href="/wiki/Hydrographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrographer">hydrographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_George_Findlay" title="Alexander George Findlay">Alexander George Findlay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1820, the Russian explorer <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Mikhail Lazarev</a> visited Nukufetau as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Isidore_Duperrey" title="Louis-Isidore Duperrey">Louis-Isidore Duperrey</a>, captain of <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">La Coquille</a>, sailed past <a href="/wiki/Nanumanga" title="Nanumanga">Nanumanga</a> in May 1824 during a circumnavigation of the Earth (1822–1825).<a href="#cite_note-DDN-36">[36]</a> A Dutch expedition by the frigate Maria Reigersberg<a href="#cite_note-DW-37">[37]</a> under captain Koerzen, and the corvette Pollux under captain C. Eeg, found <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a> on the morning of 14 June 1825 and named the main island (<a href="/wiki/Fenua_Tapu_(isle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenua Tapu (isle)">Fenua Tapu</a>) as Nederlandsch Eiland.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whalers</a> began roving the Pacific, although they visited Tuvalu only infrequently because of the difficulties of landing on the atolls. The American Captain George Barrett of the <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> whaler Independence II has been identified as the first whaler to hunt the waters around Tuvalu.<a href="#cite_note-HEMaude86-33">[33]</a> He bartered coconuts from the people of <a href="/wiki/Nukulaelae" title="Nukulaelae">Nukulaelae</a> in November 1821, and also visited <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KSDDM-26">[26]</a> He established a shore camp on <a href="/wiki/Sakalua" title="Sakalua">Sakalua</a> islet of <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a>, where coal was used to melt down the whale blubber.<a href="#cite_note-TAH16-39">[39]</a> Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when <a href="/wiki/Elekana" title="Elekana">Elekana</a>, a deacon of a <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manihiki" title="Manihiki">Manihiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, became caught in a storm and drifted for eight weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861.<a href="#cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-MGDM-40">[40]</a> Elekana began <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">preaching</a> Christianity. He was trained at <a href="/wiki/Malua" title="Malua">Malua</a> Theological College, a <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> (LMS) school in Samoa, before beginning his work in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Tuvalu" title="Church of Tuvalu">Church of Tuvalu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">[30]</a> In 1865, the Rev. Archibald Wright Murray of the LMS, a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> congregationalist missionary society, arrived as the first European missionary; he also evangelised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu. By 1878 Protestantism was considered well established, as there were preachers on each island.<a href="#cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">[30]</a> In the later 19th and early 20th centuries, the ministers of what became the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Tuvalu" title="Church of Tuvalu">Church of Tuvalu</a> (Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu) were predominantly Samoans,<a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-41">[41]</a> who influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">music of Tuvalu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MD-42">[42]</a> For less than a year between 1862 and 1863, Peruvian ships engaged in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>" trade, by which they recruited or impressed workers, combed the smaller islands of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> in the eastern Pacific to Tuvalu and the southern atolls of the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati). They sought recruits to fill the extreme labour shortage in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On Funafuti and Nukulaelae, the resident traders facilitated the recruiting of the islanders by the "blackbirders".<a href="#cite_note-Doug_Munro_1987-44">[44]</a> The Rev. Archibald Wright Murray,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> the earliest European missionary in Tuvalu, reported that in 1863 about 170 people were taken from Funafuti and about 250 were taken from Nukulaelae,<a href="#cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">[30]</a> as there were fewer than 100 of the 300 recorded in 1861 as living on Nukulaelae.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The islands came into Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a> by Captain <a href="/wiki/Herbert_William_Sumner_Gibson" title="Herbert William Sumner Gibson">Herbert Gibson</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Curacoa_(1878)" title="HMS Curacoa (1878)">HMS Curacoa</a>, between 9 and 16 October 1892.<a href="#cite_note-TAHNPT-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trading_firms_and_traders">Trading firms and traders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trading firms and traders">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuvalu_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_TUV_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tuvalu_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TUV_-_UNOCHA.svg/300px-Tuvalu_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TUV_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tuvalu_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TUV_-_UNOCHA.svg/450px-Tuvalu_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TUV_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Tuvalu_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TUV_-_UNOCHA.svg/600px-Tuvalu_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_TUV_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Tuvalu">Islands of Tuvalu</a></figcaption></figure> Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the mid-19th century; the trading companies engaged white (<a href="/wiki/Palagi" title="Palagi">palagi</a>) traders who lived on the islands. John (also known as Jack) O'Brien was the first European to settle in Tuvalu; he became a trader on Funafuti in the 1850s. He married Salai, the daughter of the paramount chief of Funafuti. <a href="/wiki/George_Lewis_Becke" title="George Lewis Becke">Louis Becke</a>, who later found success as a writer, was a trader on <a href="/wiki/Nanumanga" title="Nanumanga">Nanumanga</a> from April 1880 until the trading station was destroyed later that year in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DAG-49">[49]</a> He then became a trader on <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DAG1-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-SON-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-M&D-52">[52]</a> In 1892, Captain <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._M._Davis" title="Edward H. M. Davis">Edward Davis</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royalist_(1883)" title="HMS Royalist (1883)">HMS Royalist</a> reported on trading activities and traders on each of the islands visited. Captain Davis identified the following traders in the Ellice Group: Edmund Duffy (<a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a>); <a href="/wiki/Jack_Buckland" title="Jack Buckland">Jack Buckland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a>); Harry Nitz (<a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a>); Jack O'Brien (Funafuti); <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Restieaux" title="Alfred Restieaux">Alfred Restieaux</a> and Emile Fenisot (<a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Martin_Kleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Martin Kleis">Martin Kleis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a>).<a href="#cite_note-JRdd-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-AM1909-54">[54]</a> During this time, the greatest number of palagi traders lived on the atolls, acting as agents for the trading companies. Some islands would have competing traders, while dryer islands might only have a single trader.<a href="#cite_note-Doug_Munro_1987-44">[44]</a> In the 1890s, structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the <a href="/wiki/Supercargo" title="Supercargo">supercargo</a> (the cargo manager of a trading ship) would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island.<a href="#cite_note-Doug_Munro_1987-44">[44]</a> After the high point in the 1880s,<a href="#cite_note-Doug_Munro_1987-44">[44]</a> the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu declined; the last of them were <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whibley" title="Fred Whibley">Fred Whibley</a> on Niutao, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Restieaux" title="Alfred Restieaux">Alfred Restieaux</a> on Nukufetau,<a href="#cite_note-AR1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR2-56">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Martin_Kleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Martin Kleis">Martin Kleis</a> on Nui.<a href="#cite_note-AM1909-54">[54]</a> By 1909 there were no more resident palagi traders representing the trading companies,<a href="#cite_note-AM1909-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doug_Munro_1987-44">[44]</a> although Whibley, Restieaux and Kleis<a href="#cite_note-TPB12-57">[57]</a> remained in the islands until their deaths. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_expeditions_and_travellers">Scientific expeditions and travellers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific expeditions and travellers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nukufetauman1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Nukufetauman1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>A man from the <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a> atoll, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Agate" title="Alfred Thomas Agate">Alfred Thomas Agate</a> in 1841</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Charles Wilkes</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a> in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> During this expedition, engraver and illustrator <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thomas_Agate" title="Alfred Thomas Agate">Alfred Thomas Agate</a> recorded the dress and tattoo patterns of the men of Nukufetau.<a href="#cite_note-smith-59">[59]</a> In 1885 or 1886, the New Zealand photographer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_(photographer)" title="Thomas Andrew (photographer)">Thomas Andrew</a> visited Funafuti<a href="#cite_note-AT2-60">[60]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AT3-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-AT4-62">[62]</a> In 1890, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Van_de_Grift" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny Van de Grift">Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson</a> and her son <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Osbourne" title="Lloyd Osbourne">Lloyd Osbourne</a> sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henderson_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Thomas Henderson (New Zealand politician)">Henderson and Macfarlane</a> of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-Flude-63">[63]</a> The Janet Nicoll visited three of the Ellice Islands;<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> while Fanny records that they made landfall at Funafuti, Niutao and <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a>, Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti,<a href="#cite_note-RSL-65">[65]</a> as Fanny describes meeting <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Restieaux" title="Alfred Restieaux">Alfred Restieaux</a> and his wife Litia; however they had been living on Nukufetau since the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-AR1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR2-56">[56]</a> An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne. In 1894, Count Rudolf <a href="/wiki/Festetics_family" title="Festetics family">Festetics</a> de Tolna, his wife Eila (née Haggin) and her daughter Blanche Haggin visited Funafuti aboard the yacht Le Tolna.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Count spent several days photographing men and women on Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-QBFR-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-NMK-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H-C-Fassett-Ellice-Is-1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1900, Woman on Funafuti, Tuvalu, then known as Ellice Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/H-C-Fassett-Ellice-Is-1900.jpg/170px-H-C-Fassett-Ellice-Is-1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/H-C-Fassett-Ellice-Is-1900.jpg/255px-H-C-Fassett-Ellice-Is-1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/H-C-Fassett-Ellice-Is-1900.jpg/340px-H-C-Fassett-Ellice-Is-1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Woman on Funafuti (1900) Photography by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Clifford_Fassett" title="Harry Clifford Fassett">Harry Clifford Fassett</a></figcaption></figure> The boreholes on Funafuti, at the site now called Darwin's Drill,<a href="#cite_note-PDN-70">[70]</a> are the result of drilling conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a> for the purpose of investigating the <a href="/wiki/Formation_of_coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of coral reefs">formation of coral reefs</a> to determine whether traces of shallow water organisms could be found at depth in the <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> of Pacific atolls. This investigation followed the work on <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in the Pacific. Drilling occurred in 1896, 1897 and 1898.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> was a member of the 1896 "Funafuti Coral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society", under <a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_Sollas" title="William Johnson Sollas">Professor William Sollas</a> and led the expedition in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Photographers on these trips recorded people, communities, and scenes at Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-USydL-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hedley" title="Charles Hedley">Charles Hedley</a>, a naturalist at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum</a>, accompanied the 1896 expedition, and during his stay on Funafuti he collected <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnological">ethnological</a> objects. The descriptions of these were published in Memoir III of the Australian Museum Sydney between 1896 and 1900. Hedley also wrote the General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti, The Ethnology of Funafuti,<a href="#cite_note-CH2-74">[74]</a> and The Mollusca of Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Serle-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ravenswood_Waite" title="Edgar Ravenswood Waite">Edgar Waite</a> was also part of the 1896 expedition and published The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-ERW-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Rainbow" title="William Joseph Rainbow">William Rainbow</a> described the spiders and insects collected at Funafuti in The insect fauna of Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-WJR-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Clifford_Fassett" title="Harry Clifford Fassett">Harry Clifford Fassett</a>, captain's clerk and photographer, recorded people, communities and scenes at Funafuti in 1900 during a visit of <a href="/wiki/USS_Albatross_(1882)" title="USS Albatross (1882)">USFC Albatross</a> when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a> was investigating the formation of coral reefs on Pacific atolls.<a href="#cite_note-NARA-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_administration">Colonial administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Governor of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Governor of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1939_%26_1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1939_%26_1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg/220px-1939_%26_1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1939_%26_1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg/330px-1939_%26_1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1939_%26_1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg/440px-1939_%26_1956_stamps_of_the_Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Stamps of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands with portraits of King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></figcaption></figure> The Ellice Islands were administered as a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorates" class="mw-redirect" title="British protectorates">British Protectorate</a> from 1892 to 1916, as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">British Western Pacific Territories</a> (BWPT), by a <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner">Resident Commissioner</a> based in the Gilbert Islands. The administration of the BWPT ended in 1916, and the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a> Colony was established, which existed until October 1975. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Second World War</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">British colony</a> the Ellice Islands were aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. Early in the war, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Japanese invaded and occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Butaritari" title="Butaritari">Makin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarawa" title="Tarawa">Tarawa</a> and other islands in what is now <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942,<a href="#cite_note-pacificwrecks1-80">[80]</a> and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborne attacks on the Gilbert Islands (<a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>) that were occupied by Japanese forces.<a href="#cite_note-PMcQ-81">[81]</a> The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships.<a href="#cite_note-LNKFK2-82">[82]</a> On Funafuti, the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Funafuti" title="Naval Base Funafuti">Naval Base Funafuti</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fongafale" title="Fongafale">Fongafale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TAHMT-83">[83]</a> A Naval Construction Battalion (<a href="/wiki/Seabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabees">Seabees</a>) built a seaplane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet, for seaplane operations by both short- and long-range seaplanes, and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale,<a href="#cite_note-pacificwrecks2-84">[84]</a> with runways also constructed to create <a href="/wiki/Nanumea_Airfield" title="Nanumea Airfield">Nanumea Airfield</a><a href="#cite_note-pacificwrecks3-85">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau_Airfield" title="Nukufetau Airfield">Nukufetau Airfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pacificwrecks4-86">[86]</a> USN <a href="/wiki/PT_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="PT Boat">Patrol Torpedo Boats</a> (PTs) and <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a> were based at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Funafuti" title="Naval Base Funafuti">Naval Base Funafuti</a> from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944.<a href="#cite_note-HLB-87">[87]</a> The atolls of Tuvalu acted as staging posts during the preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Battle of Tarawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Battle of Makin</a> that commenced on 20 November 1943, which were part of the implementation of "Operation Galvanic".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-galvanic-89">[89]</a> After the war, the military airfield on Funafuti was developed into <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_International_Airport" title="Funafuti International Airport">Funafuti International Airport</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II_–_transition_to_independence">Post-World War II – transition to independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-World War II – transition to independence">edit</a>]</div> The formation of the United Nations after World War II resulted in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization">United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization</a> committing to a process of decolonisation; as a consequence, the British colonies in the Pacific started on a path to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TAHES-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MG2-91">[91]</a> In 1974, the ministerial government was introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a> Colony through a change to the Constitution. In that year a general election was held,<a href="#cite_note-E1974-92">[92]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/1974_Ellice_Islands_self-determination_referendum" title="1974 Ellice Islands self-determination referendum">referendum was held in 1974</a> to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration.<a href="#cite_note-N-93">[93]</a> As a consequence of the referendum, separation occurred in two stages. The Tuvaluan Order 1975, which took effect on 1 October 1975, recognised Tuvalu as a separate <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a> with its own government.<a href="#cite_note-PIM175-5-94">[94]</a> The second stage occurred on 1 January 1976, when separate administrations were created out of the civil service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.<a href="#cite_note-TAHTito-95">[95]</a>: 169 <a href="#cite_note-TPBN-96">[96]</a> In 1976, Tuvalu adopted the <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_dollar" title="Tuvaluan dollar">Tuvaluan dollar</a>, whose currency circulates alongside the <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DP-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECR-98">[98]</a> which was previously adopted in 1966. Elections to the House of Assembly of the British Colony of Tuvalu were held on 27 August 1977, with <a href="/wiki/Toaripi_Lauti" title="Toaripi Lauti">Toaripi Lauti</a> being appointed chief minister in the House of Assembly of the Colony of Tuvalu on 1 October 1977. The House of Assembly was dissolved in July 1978, with the government of Toaripi Lauti continuing as a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a> until the 1981 elections were held.<a href="#cite_note-IPU81-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Toaripi_Lauti" title="Toaripi Lauti">Toaripi Lauti</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tuvalu" title="Prime Minister of Tuvalu">prime minister</a> on 1 October 1978, when Tuvalu became an independent state.<a href="#cite_note-TAHES-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-TAHTito-95">[95]</a>: 153–177  That date is also celebrated as the country's <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_independence_days" title="List of national independence days">Independence Day</a> and is a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On 26 October 1982, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> made a special royal tour to Tuvalu. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1290" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1290">189th member of the United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 15 November 2022, amidst sea level rises, Tuvalu announced plans as the first country in the world to build a self-digital replica in the <a href="/wiki/Metaverse" title="Metaverse">metaverse</a> in order to preserve its cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 10 November 2023, Tuvalu signed the <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Tuvalu_relations#Australia–Tuvalu_Falepili_Union" title="Australia–Tuvalu relations">Falepili Union</a> treaty with Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FalepiliTreaty1-103">[103]</a> In the Tuvaluan language, Falepili describes the traditional values of good neighbourliness, care and mutual respect.<a href="#cite_note-AUTFU1-104">[104]</a> The Treaty addresses climate change and security,<a href="#cite_note-AUTFU1-104">[104]</a> with security threats encompassing major natural disasters, health pandemics and traditional security threats.<a href="#cite_note-AUTFU1-104">[104]</a> The implementation of the Treaty will involve Australia increasing its contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Trust_Fund" title="Tuvalu Trust Fund">Tuvalu Trust Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Coastal_Adaptation_Project" title="Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project">Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AUTFU1-104">[104]</a> Australia will also provide a pathway for 280 citizens of Tuvalu to migrate to Australia each year, to enable <a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">climate-related mobility</a> for Tuvaluans.<a href="#cite_note-AUTFU1-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-AustraliaTuvaluResidency-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography and environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tuvalu" title="Geography of Tuvalu">Geography of Tuvalu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Agriculture in Tuvalu">Agriculture in Tuvalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Tuvalu" title="Coral reefs of Tuvalu">Coral reefs of Tuvalu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tuvalu" title="Protected areas of Tuvalu">Protected areas of Tuvalu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuvalu-CIA_WFB_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tuvalu-CIA_WFB_Map.png/220px-Tuvalu-CIA_WFB_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Tuvalu-CIA_WFB_Map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Map of Tuvalu, showing major towns and islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuvalu_Funafuti_atoll_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tuvalu_Funafuti_atoll_beach.jpg/220px-Tuvalu_Funafuti_atoll_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tuvalu_Funafuti_atoll_beach.jpg/330px-Tuvalu_Funafuti_atoll_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tuvalu_Funafuti_atoll_beach.jpg/440px-Tuvalu_Funafuti_atoll_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>A beach at Funafuti atoll</figcaption></figure> Tuvalu is a volcanic archipelago, and consists of three <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> islands (<a href="/wiki/Nanumanga" title="Nanumanga">Nanumanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a>) and six true <a href="/wiki/Atolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Atolls">atolls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nukulaelae" title="Nukulaelae">Nukulaelae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-PSK1-106">[106]</a> Its small, scattered group of low-lying atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about 26 square kilometres (10 square miles) making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states by area">fourth smallest country in the world</a>. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a>; however the low-lying atolls and reef islands of Tuvalu are susceptible to seawater flooding during cyclones and storms.<a href="#cite_note-JCon-107">[107]</a> The sea level at the Funafuti tide gauge has risen at 3.9 mm per year, which is approximately twice the global average.<a href="#cite_note-PSK2-108">[108]</a> However, over four decades, there had been a net increase in land area of the islets of 73.5 ha (2.9%), although the changes are not uniform, with 74% increasing and 27% decreasing in size. A 2018 report stated that the rising sea levels are identified as creating an increased transfer of wave energy across reef surfaces, which shifts sand, resulting in accretion to island shorelines.<a href="#cite_note-PSK1-106">[106]</a> The Tuvalu Prime Minister objected to the report's implication that there were "alternate" strategies for Islanders to adapt to rising sea levels, and criticised it for neglecting issues such as <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a> into groundwater tables as a result of sea level rise.<a href="#cite_note-ML-109">[109]</a> Funafuti is the largest atoll, and comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179°7'E and 8°30'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with seven natural reef channels.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Tuvalu" title="Coral reefs of Tuvalu">reef habitats</a> of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti; a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.<a href="#cite_note-TMLSY-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-TMLScR-112">[112]</a> Tuvalu's <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) covers an oceanic area of approximately 900,000 km2.<a href="#cite_note-AJT-113">[113]</a> Tuvalu signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD) in 1992, and ratified it in December 2002.<a href="#cite_note-CBD-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-RT16-115">[115]</a> The predominant vegetation type on the islands of Tuvalu is the cultivated coconut woodland, which covers 43% of the land. The native broadleaf forest is limited to 4.1% of the vegetation types.<a href="#cite_note-RBA-116">[116]</a> Tuvalu contains the <a href="/wiki/Western_Polynesian_tropical_moist_forests" title="Western Polynesian tropical moist forests">Western Polynesian tropical moist forests</a> terrestrial ecoregion.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_pressures">Environmental pressures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environmental pressures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuvalu_-_Funafuti_-_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tuvalu_-_Funafuti_-_Beach.jpg/220px-Tuvalu_-_Funafuti_-_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tuvalu_-_Funafuti_-_Beach.jpg/330px-Tuvalu_-_Funafuti_-_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tuvalu_-_Funafuti_-_Beach.jpg/440px-Tuvalu_-_Funafuti_-_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="2892" /></a><figcaption>A wharf and beach at Funafuti atoll</figcaption></figure> The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon on <a href="/wiki/Fongafale" title="Fongafale">Fongafale</a> was modified during World War II when the airfield (now <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_International_Airport" title="Funafuti International Airport">Funafuti International Airport</a>) was constructed. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Borrow_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Borrow pit">borrow pits</a> impacted the fresh-water <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>. In the low-lying areas of Funafuti, the sea water can be seen bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools with each high tide.<a href="#cite_note-MKM-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHK1-119">[119]</a> In 2014, the Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project was approved so that 10 borrow pits would be filled with sand from the lagoon, leaving Tafua Pond, which is a natural pond. The New Zealand Government funded the BPR project.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The project was carried out in 2015, with 365,000 sqm of sand being dredged from the lagoon to fill the holes and improve living conditions on the island. This project increased the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> During World War II, several piers were also constructed on <a href="/wiki/Fongafale" title="Fongafale">Fongafale</a> in the Funafuti Lagoon; beach areas were filled and deep-water access channels were excavated. These alterations to the reef and shoreline resulted in changes to wave patterns, with less sand accumulating to form the beaches, compared to former times. Attempts to stabilise the shoreline did not achieve the desired effect.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In December 2022, work on the Funafuti reclamation project commenced, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Coastal_Adaptation_Project" title="Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project">Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project</a>. Sand was dredged from the lagoon to construct a platform on <a href="/wiki/Fongafale" title="Fongafale">Fongafale</a> islet that is 780 metres (2,560 ft) meters long and 100 metres (330 ft) meters wide, giving a total area of approximately 7.8 ha. (19.27 acres), which is designed to remain above sea level rise and the reach of storm waves beyond the year 2100.<a href="#cite_note-LB-123">[123]</a> The platform starts from the northern boundary of the Queen Elizabeth Park (QEP) reclamation area and extends to the northern Tausoa Beach <a href="/wiki/Groyne" title="Groyne">Groyne</a> and the Catalina Ramp Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-TCAP-F1-124">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs_of_Tuvalu" title="Coral reefs of Tuvalu">reefs at Funafuti</a> suffered damage during the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> events that occurred between 1998 and 2001, with an average of 70% of the Staghorn (<a href="/wiki/Acropora" title="Acropora">Acropora</a> spp.) corals becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-SOCR2004-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-RevLT-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-JW-127">[127]</a> A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques;<a href="#cite_note-CRRP-128">[128]</a> and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a> through the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise, through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production.<a href="#cite_note-JICA-130">[130]</a> The rising population has resulted in an increased demand on fish stocks, which are under stress,<a href="#cite_note-RevLT-126">[126]</a> although the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_Conservation_Area" title="Funafuti Conservation Area">Funafuti Conservation Area</a> has provided a fishing exclusion area to help sustain the fish population across the Funafuti lagoon.<a href="#cite_note-FRFSP-131">[131]</a> Population pressure on the resources of Funafuti, and inadequate sanitation systems, have resulted in pollution.<a href="#cite_note-Krales-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The Waste Operations and Services Act of 2009 provides the legal framework for waste management and pollution control projects funded by the European Union directed at organic waste composting in eco-sanitation systems.<a href="#cite_note-TWWSP-134">[134]</a> The Environment Protection (Litter and Waste Control) Regulation 2013 is intended to improve the management of the importation of non-biodegradable materials. <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">Plastic waste</a> is a problem in Tuvalu, for much imported food and other commodities are supplied in plastic containers or packaging. In 2023 the governments of Tuvalu and other islands vulnerable to climate change (<a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>) launched the "Port Vila Call for a Just Transition to a Fossil Fuel Free Pacific", calling for the phase out <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> and the 'rapid and <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">just transition</a>' to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and strengthening <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a> including introducing the crime of <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2011_Tuvalu_drought" title="2011 Tuvalu drought">2011 Tuvalu drought</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuvalu_Meteorology_Service.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tuvalu_Meteorology_Service.jpg/220px-Tuvalu_Meteorology_Service.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tuvalu_Meteorology_Service.jpg/330px-Tuvalu_Meteorology_Service.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tuvalu_Meteorology_Service.jpg/440px-Tuvalu_Meteorology_Service.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Meteorological_Service" title="Tuvalu Meteorological Service">Tuvalu Meteorological Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fongafale" title="Fongafale">Fongafale</a>, Funafuti atoll</figcaption></figure> Tuvalu experiences two distinct seasons, a wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October.<a href="#cite_note-CFCT-138">[138]</a> Westerly gales and heavy rain are the predominant weather conditions from November to April, the period that is known as Tau-o-lalo, with tropical temperatures moderated by easterly winds from May to October. Tuvalu experiences the effects of <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a>, which is caused by changes in ocean temperatures in the equatorial and central Pacific. El Niño effects increase the chances of tropical storms and <a href="/wiki/Cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclones">cyclones</a>, while La Niñan effects increase the chances of drought. Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between 200 and 400 mm (8 and 16 in) of rainfall per month. The central Pacific Ocean experiences changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA1-139">[139]</a> <div style="width:75%"> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> (Köppen Af) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6 (87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4 (86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7 (78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">413.7 (16.29) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">360.6 (14.20) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">324.3 (12.77) </td> <td style="background: #007400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">255.8 (10.07) </td> <td style="background: #007A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">259.8 (10.23) </td> <td style="background: #00B000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">216.6 (8.53) </td> <td style="background: #008400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">253.1 (9.96) </td> <td style="background: #006200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">275.9 (10.86) </td> <td style="background: #00AF00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">217.5 (8.56) </td> <td style="background: #007000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">266.5 (10.49) </td> <td style="background: #005500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">275.9 (10.86) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">393.9 (15.51) </td> <td style="background: #004100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,512.6 (138.29) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">20 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">223 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">82 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.8 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.3 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220.1 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.5 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.0 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,347.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><a href="#cite_note-FunafutiDWD-140">[140]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_climate_change">Impact of climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact of climate change">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tuvalu" title="Climate change in Tuvalu">Climate change in Tuvalu</a></div> As low-lying islands lacking a surrounding shallow shelf, the communities of Tuvalu are especially susceptible to changes in sea level and undissipated storms.<a href="#cite_note-SS-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-IV-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> At its highest, Tuvalu is only 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level. Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> It is estimated that a sea level rise of 20–40 centimetres (7.9–15.7 inches) in the next 100 years could make Tuvalu uninhabitable.<a href="#cite_note-Patel-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-HJA-146">[146]</a> A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enele_Sopoaga" title="Enele Sopoaga">Enele Sopoaga</a>, the prime minister of Tuvalu at the time, responded to the research by stating that Tuvalu is not expanding and has gained no additional habitable land.<a href="#cite_note-PSK-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Sopoaga has also said that evacuating the islands is the last resort.<a href="#cite_note-G19-150">[150]</a> Whether there are measurable changes in the sea level relative to the islands of Tuvalu is a contentious issue.<a href="#cite_note-VG-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-IB111213-152">[152]</a> There were problems associated with the pre-1993 sea level records from Funafuti which resulted in improvements in the recording technology to provide more reliable data for analysis.<a href="#cite_note-HJA-146">[146]</a> The degree of uncertainty as to estimates of sea level change relative to the islands of Tuvalu was reflected in the conclusions made in 2002 from the available data.<a href="#cite_note-HJA-146">[146]</a> The uncertainty as to the accuracy of the data from this tide gauge resulted in a modern Aquatrak acoustic gauge being installed in 1993 by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology" title="Bureau of Meteorology">Australian National Tidal Facility</a> (NTF) as part of the AusAID-sponsored South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project.<a href="#cite_note-JRH-153">[153]</a> The 2011 report of the Pacific Climate Change Science Program published by the Australian Government,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> concludes: "The sea-level rise near Tuvalu measured by satellite altimeters since 1993 is about 5 mm (0.2 in) per year."<a href="#cite_note-CCP2ch15-155">[155]</a> Tuvalu has adopted a national plan of action as the observable transformations over the last ten to fifteen years show Tuvaluans that there have been changes to the sea levels.<a href="#cite_note-NAP-156">[156]</a> These include sea water bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools at high tide and the flooding of low-lying areas including the airport during <a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">spring tides</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_tide" title="King tide">king tides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MKM-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHK1-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cham-159">[159]</a> In November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kofe" title="Simon Kofe">Simon Kofe</a>, Minister for Justice, Communication & Foreign Affairs, proclaimed that in response to rising sea levels and the perceived failures by the outside world to combat global warming, the country would be uploading a virtual version of itself to the metaverse in an effort to preserve its history and culture.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The major concerns about climate change has led to the launching and development of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). These adaptation measures are needed to decrease the amount and volume of the negative effects from climate change. NAPA has selected seven adaptation projects with all different themes. These are: coastal, agricultural, water, health, fisheries (two different projects) and disaster. For example, a 'target' of one of these projects, like the project 'coastal', is 'increasing resilience of coastal areas and settlement to climate change'. And for the project 'water' it is 'adaptation to frequent water shortages through increasing household water capacity, water collection accessories, and water conservation techniques'.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Coastal_Adaptation_Project" title="Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project">Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project</a> (TCAP) was launched in 2017 for the purpose on enhancing the resilience of the islands of Tuvalu to meet the challenges resulting from higher sea levels.<a href="#cite_note-GCF-162">[162]</a> Tuvalu was the first country in the Pacific to access climate finance from <a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a>, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GCF-162">[162]</a> In December 2022, work on the Funafuti reclamation project commenced. The project is to dredge sand from the lagoon to construct a platform on <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> that is 780 metres (2,560 ft) meters long and 100 metres (330 ft) meters wide, giving a total area of approximately 7.8 ha. (19.27 acres), which is designed to remain above sea level rise and the reach of storm waves beyond the year 2100.<a href="#cite_note-GCF-162">[162]</a> The Australian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> (DFAT) also provided funding for the TCAP. Further projects that are part of TCAP are capital works on the outer islands of <a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanumaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanumaga">Nanumaga</a> aimed at reducing exposure to coastal damage resulting from storms.<a href="#cite_note-GCF-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyclones_and_king_tides">Cyclones and king tides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cyclones and king tides">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyclones">Cyclones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cyclones">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_side_Funafuti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ocean_side_Funafuti.jpg/220px-Ocean_side_Funafuti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ocean_side_Funafuti.jpg/330px-Ocean_side_Funafuti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ocean_side_Funafuti.jpg/440px-Ocean_side_Funafuti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ocean side of Funafuti atoll showing the storm dunes, the highest point on the atoll</figcaption></figure> Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this country are vulnerable to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> and by the threat of current and future <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krales-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMH1-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMH2-164">[164]</a> A warning system, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium</a> satellite network, was introduced in 2016 to allow outlying islands to be better prepared for natural disasters.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Tuvalu thus has the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Bebe" title="Cyclone Bebe">Cyclone Bebe</a>, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972.<a href="#cite_note-BOM1975-167">[167]</a> Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 95% of structures on the island, with 6 people lost in the cyclone.<a href="#cite_note-JRBebe-168">[168]</a> Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.<a href="#cite_note-PIM1973-5-169">[169]</a> George Westbrook, a trader on Funafuti, recorded a cyclone that struck Funafuti on 23–24 December 1883.<a href="#cite_note-BKE-170">[170]</a> A cyclone struck Nukulaelae on 17–18 March 1886.<a href="#cite_note-BKE-170">[170]</a> A cyclone caused severe damage to the islands in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-TAH2-171">[171]</a> Tuvalu experienced an average of three cyclones per decade between the 1940s and 1970s; however, eight occurred in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-JCon-107">[107]</a> The impact of individual cyclones is subject to variables including the force of the winds and also whether a cyclone coincides with high tides. Funafuti's <a href="/wiki/Pukasavilivili" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukasavilivili">Tepuka Vili Vili</a> <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islet</a> was devastated by <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Meli" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclone Meli">Cyclone Meli</a> in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a <a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_South_Pacific_cyclone_season#Samoa_Depression" title="1989–90 South Pacific cyclone season">tropical depression</a> that affected the islands a few days later, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Ofa" title="Cyclone Ofa">Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa</a> had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops.<a href="#cite_note-STD-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tuv_Disaster-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Gavin" title="Cyclone Gavin">Cyclone Gavin</a> was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season, with Cyclones <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Hina" title="Cyclone Hina">Hina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Keli" title="Cyclone Keli">Keli</a> following later in the season. In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Pam" title="Cyclone Pam">Cyclone Pam</a> resulted in waves of 3 to 5 metres (9.8 to 16.4 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands, causing damage to houses, crops and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-TuvaluReport-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-RNZI19-175">[175]</a> A state of emergency was declared. On Nui, the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated.<a href="#cite_note-SBS15-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-RNZI14-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-RNZI15-178">[178]</a> The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau caused many families to shelter in evacuation centres or with other families.<a href="#cite_note-RW22-179">[179]</a> Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu);<a href="#cite_note-UNDP2-180">[180]</a> with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops.<a href="#cite_note-RW30-181">[181]</a> Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao and Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with from 60 to 100 houses flooded, with the waves also causing damage to the health facility.<a href="#cite_note-RW30-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasafua" title="Vasafua">Vasafua</a> islet, part of the <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_Conservation_Area" title="Funafuti Conservation Area">Funafuti Conservation Area</a>, was severely damaged by Cyclone Pam. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.<a href="#cite_note-VIV-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-TO13-183">[183]</a> The Tuvalu Government carried out assessments of the damage caused by Cyclone Pam to the islands and has provided medical aid, food as well as assistance for the cleaning-up of storm debris. Government and Non-Government Organisations provided assistance technical, funding and material support to Tuvalu to assist with recovery, including <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF_East_Asia_and_Pacific_Regional_Office" title="UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office">UNICEF EAPRO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Development_Information_Programme" title="Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme">UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">OCHA</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">DFAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Red_Cross" title="New Zealand Red Cross">New Zealand Red Cross</a> & <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">IFRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji_National_University" title="Fiji National University">Fiji National University</a> and governments of New Zealand, Netherlands, UAE, Taiwan and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-WHO04-184">[184]</a> Despite passing over 500 km (310 mi) to the south of the island nation, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Tino" title="Cyclone Tino">Cyclone Tino</a> and its associated convergence zone impacted the whole of Tuvalu between January 16 - 19 of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Tuvalu_SWB_1-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swept-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="King_tides">King tides</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: King tides">edit</a>]</div> Tuvalu is also affected by <a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">perigean spring tide</a> events which raise the sea level higher than a normal <a href="/wiki/High_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="High tide">high tide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The highest peak tide recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Meteorological_Service" title="Tuvalu Meteorological Service">Tuvalu Meteorological Service</a> is 3.4 metres (11 ft), on 24 February 2006 and again on 19 February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> As a result of the historical sea level rise, the <a href="/wiki/King_tide" title="King tide">king tide</a> events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a> effects or local storms and waves.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-PDV-24-2-15-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_sanitation">Water and sanitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water and sanitation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a> is the principal source of fresh water in Tuvalu. Nukufetau, Vaitupu and Nanumea are the only islands with sustainable groundwater supplies. The effectiveness of rainwater harvesting is diminished because of poor maintenance of roofs, gutters and pipes.<a href="#cite_note-FTMN-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Aid programmes of Australia and the European Union have been directed to improving the storage capacity on Funafuti and in the outer islands.<a href="#cite_note-10EDF-193">[193]</a> Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FTMN-191">[191]</a> In July 2012, a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities.<a href="#cite_note-FTMN-191">[191]</a> Tuvalu is working with the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Applied_Geoscience_Commission" title="South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission">South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission</a> (SOPAC) to implement composting toilets and to improve the treatment of sewage sludge from septic tanks on <a href="/wiki/Fongafale" title="Fongafale">Fongafale</a>, for septic tanks are leaking into the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(hydrology)" title="Lens (hydrology)">freshwater lens</a> in the sub-surface of the atoll as well as the ocean and lagoon. Composting toilets reduce water use by up to 30%.<a href="#cite_note-FTMN-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tuvalu" title="Politics of Tuvalu">Politics of Tuvalu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_office_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Government_office_building.jpg/220px-Government_office_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Government_office_building.jpg/330px-Government_office_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Government_office_building.jpg/440px-Government_office_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Tuvaluan Parliament Chamber</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_democracy">Parliamentary democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parliamentary democracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tuvalu" title="Human rights in Tuvalu">Human rights in Tuvalu</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tuvalu" title="Constitution of Tuvalu">Constitution of Tuvalu</a> states that it is "the supreme law of Tuvalu" and that "all other laws shall be interpreted and applied subject to this Constitution"; it sets out the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">Principles of the Bill of Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">Protection of the Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</a>. On 5 September 2023, Tuvalu's parliament passed the Constitution of Tuvalu Act 2023,<a href="#cite_note-SKJM-196">[196]</a> with the changes to the constitution came into effect on 1 October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-CofT23-197">[197]</a> Tuvalu is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> with <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">King of Tuvalu</a>. Since the King resides in the United Kingdom, he is represented in Tuvalu by a <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of Tuvalu">governor general</a>, whom he appoints upon the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tuvalu" title="Prime Minister of Tuvalu">prime minister of Tuvalu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IPU81-99">[99]</a> Referendums were carried out in <a href="/wiki/1986_Tuvaluan_constitutional_referendum" title="1986 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum">1986</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_Tuvaluan_constitutional_referendum" title="2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum">2008</a> seeking to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic, but on both occasions the monarchy was retained. From 1974 (the creation of the British colony of Tuvalu) until independence, the legislative body of Tuvalu was called the House of the Assembly or Fale I Fono. Following independence in October 1978, the House of the Assembly was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tuvalu" title="Parliament of Tuvalu">Parliament of Tuvalu</a> or Palamene o Tuvalu.<a href="#cite_note-IPU81-99">[99]</a> The place at which the parliament sits is called the Vaiaku maneapa.<a href="#cite_note-TT96-1-198">[198]</a> The maneapa on each island is an open meeting place where the chiefs and elders deliberate and make decisions.<a href="#cite_note-TT96-1-198">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> Parliament has 16 members, with elections held every four years. The members of parliament select the Prime Minister (who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Tuvalu">Speaker of Parliament</a>. The ministers that form the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tuvalu" title="Cabinet of Tuvalu">Cabinet</a> are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. There are no formal political parties; election campaigns are largely based on personal/family ties and reputations. The 2023 amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tuvalu" title="Constitution of Tuvalu">Constitution</a> recognise the <a href="/wiki/Falekaupule" title="Falekaupule">Falekaupule</a> as the traditional governing authorities of the islands of Tuvalu.<a href="#cite_note-SKJM1-199">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_National_Library_and_Archives" title="Tuvalu National Library and Archives">Tuvalu National Library and Archives</a> holds "vital documentation on the cultural, social and political heritage of Tuvalu", including surviving records from the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">colonial</a> administration, as well as Tuvalu government archives.<a href="#cite_note-bl.uk-200">[200]</a> Tuvalu is a state party to the following human rights treaties: the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> (CRC); the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_all_forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> (CEDAW) and; the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> (CRPD).<a href="#cite_note-HR-201">[201]</a> Tuvalu has commitments to ensuring human rights are respected under the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Periodic_Review" title="Universal Periodic Review">Universal Periodic Review</a> (UPR) and the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs). The national strategy plan Te Kete - National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2021-2030 sets out the development agenda of the Government of Tuvalu,<a href="#cite_note-TK21-30-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-TK2020-203">[203]</a> which followed on from Te Kakeega III – National Strategy for Sustainable Development-2016-2020 (TK III). The areas of development in these strategic plans include education; climate change; environment; migration and urbanisation.<a href="#cite_note-TK21-30-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-TK_III-204">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_National_Council_for_Women" title="Tuvalu National Council for Women">Tuvalu National Council for Women</a> acts as an umbrella organisation for non-governmental women's rights groups throughout the country and works closely with the government.<a href="#cite_note-:0-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legal system">edit</a>]</div> There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_dollar" title="Tuvaluan dollar">$T</a>10,000. The superior court is the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Tuvalu" title="High Court of Tuvalu">High Court of Tuvalu</a> as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Tuvalu" title="Law of Tuvalu">Law of Tuvalu</a> and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Tuvalu" title="Court of Appeal of Tuvalu">Court of Appeal of Tuvalu</a>. From the Court of Appeal, there is a right of appeal to His Majesty in Council, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Privy Council</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-SPL-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-PACLIIct-207">[207]</a> With regard to the judiciary, "the first female Island Court magistrate was appointed to the Island Court in Nanumea in the 1980s and another in Nukulaelae in the early 1990s." There were 7 female magistrates in the Island Courts of Tuvalu (as of 2007) in comparison "to the past where only one woman magistrate served in the Magistrate Court of Tuvalu."<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Tuvalu" title="Law of Tuvalu">Law of Tuvalu</a> comprises the Acts voted into law by the Parliament of Tuvalu and statutory instruments that become law; certain Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom (during the time Tuvalu was either a British protectorate or British colony); the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a> (particularly in relation to the ownership of land).<a href="#cite_note-SPL-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-PACLIIct-207">[207]</a> The land tenure system is largely based on kaitasi (extended family ownership).<a href="#cite_note-TvAIP2-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tuvalu" title="Foreign relations of Tuvalu">Foreign relations of Tuvalu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11.01_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E5%90%90%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_(38093830851).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/11.01_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E5%90%90%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_%2838093830851%29.jpg/220px-11.01_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E5%90%90%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_%2838093830851%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/11.01_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E5%90%90%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_%2838093830851%29.jpg/330px-11.01_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E5%90%90%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_%2838093830851%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/11.01_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E5%90%90%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_%2838093830851%29.jpg/440px-11.01_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%83%E6%99%A4%E5%90%90%E7%93%A6%E9%AD%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_%2838093830851%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Taiwan President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> visits Governor-General of Tuvalu <a href="/wiki/Iakoba_Italeli" title="Iakoba Italeli">Iakoba Italeli</a> in November 2017</figcaption></figure> Tuvalu participates in the work of <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pacific_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Pacific Community">the Pacific Community (SPC)</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and the United Nations. It has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. Tuvalu became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> in 1993,<a href="#cite_note-ADB22-210">[210]</a> and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-WB10-211">[211]</a> Tuvalu maintains close relations with Fiji, New Zealand, Australia (which has maintained a <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High Commission</a> in Tuvalu since 2018),<a href="#cite_note-dfatT-v-212">[212]</a> Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. It has diplomatic relations with Taiwan;<a href="#cite_note-RNZI_37244-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-R0919-215">[215]</a> which maintains an embassy in Tuvalu and has a large assistance programme in the islands.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-RNZ23919-217">[217]</a> A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>. In December 2009, the islands stalled talks on climate change at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="United Nations Climate Change Conference">United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting."<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Tuvalu participates in the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Small_Island_States" title="Alliance of Small Island States">Alliance of Small Island States</a> (AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. Under the <a href="/wiki/Majuro_Declaration" title="Majuro Declaration">Majuro Declaration</a>, which was signed on 5 September 2013, Tuvalu has made a commitment to implement power generation of <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a> (between 2013 and 2020), which is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered.<a href="#cite_note-MD050913-219">[219]</a> Tuvalu participates in the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Applied_Geoscience_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission">Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission</a> (SOPAC) and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Regional_Environment_Programme" title="Pacific Regional Environment Programme">Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme</a> (SPREP).<a href="#cite_note-SPREP-220">[220]</a> Tuvalu is party to a treaty of friendship with the United States, signed soon after independence and ratified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a> in 1983, under which the United States renounced prior territorial claims to four Tuvaluan islands (<a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nukulaelae" title="Nukulaelae">Nukulaelae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a>) under the <a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> of 1856.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Tuvalu participates in the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum_Fisheries_Agency" title="Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency">Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency</a> (FFA)<a href="#cite_note-FFA-222">[222]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission</a> (WCPFC).<a href="#cite_note-FWCFC-223">[223]</a> The Tuvaluan government, the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a>, and the governments of other Pacific islands are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), which entered into force in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-SPTT-224">[224]</a> Tuvalu is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nauru_Agreement" title="Nauru Agreement">Nauru Agreement</a> which addresses the management of tuna <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">purse seine fishing</a> in the tropical western Pacific. The United States and the Pacific Islands countries have negotiated the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty) to confirm access to the fisheries in the Western and Central Pacific for US tuna boats. Tuvalu and the other members of the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the United States have settled a tuna fishing deal for 2015; a longer-term deal will be negotiated. The treaty is an extension of the Nauru Agreement and provides for the US flagged purse seine vessels to fish 8,300 days in the region in return for a payment of US$90 million made up by tuna fishing industry and US-Government contributions.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In 2015, Tuvalu refused to sell fishing days to certain nations and fleets that have blocked Tuvaluan initiatives to develop and sustain their own fishery.<a href="#cite_note-PAC_120615-226">[226]</a> In 2016, the Minister of Natural Resources drew attention to Article 30 of the WCPF Convention, which describes the collective obligation of members to consider the disproportionate burden that management measures might place on small-island developing states.<a href="#cite_note-PB16-227">[227]</a> In July 2013, Tuvalu signed the memorandum of understanding (MOU) to establish the Pacific Regional Trade and Development Facility, which Facility originated in 2006, in the context of negotiations for an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between Pacific ACP States and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The rationale for the creation of the Facility being to improve the delivery of aid to Pacific island countries in support of the <a href="/wiki/Aid_effectiveness" title="Aid effectiveness">Aid-for-Trade</a> (AfT) requirements. The Pacific ACP States are the countries in the Pacific that are signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Cotonou_Agreement" title="Cotonou Agreement">Cotonou Agreement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-STT-228">[228]</a> On 31 May 2017 the first enhanced High Level Political Dialogue between Tuvalu and the European Union under the Cotonou Agreement was held in Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-EU2020-229">[229]</a> On 18 February 2016, Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF).<a href="#cite_note-PIDF0316-230">[230]</a> In June 2017, Tuvalu signed the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Agreement_on_Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations">Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations</a> (PACER).<a href="#cite_note-PACER1-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-PACER2-232">[232]</a> Tuvalu ratified the PACER agreement in January 2022. The agreement is designed to reduce trade barriers between signatories of the agreement. Existing import tariffs will reduce to zero, and the agreement contemplates additional actions to reduce trade barriers, including harmonizing customs procedures and rules of origin, as well as eliminating restrictions to services trade, and improving labour mobility schemes between countries.<a href="#cite_note-B2023-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_and_law_enforcement">Defence and law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Defence and law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Police_Force" title="Tuvalu Police Force">Tuvalu Police Force</a></div> Tuvalu has no regular military forces, and spends no money on the military. Its national police force, the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Police_Force" title="Tuvalu Police Force">Tuvalu Police Force</a> headquartered in Funafuti, includes a maritime <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> unit, customs, prisons and immigration. Police officers wear <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">British-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a>. From 1994 to 2019 Tuvalu policed its 200-kilometre <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pacific-class_patrol_boat" title="Pacific-class patrol boat">Pacific-class patrol boat</a> <a href="/wiki/HMTSS_Te_Mataili" title="HMTSS Te Mataili">HMTSS Te Mataili</a>, provided by Australia.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In 2019, Australia gifted a <a href="/wiki/Guardian-class_patrol_boat" title="Guardian-class patrol boat">Guardian-class patrol boat</a> as replacement.<a href="#cite_note-defence2019-04-07-235">[235]</a> Named <a href="/wiki/HMTSS_Te_Mataili_II_(802)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMTSS Te Mataili II (802)">HMTSS Te Mataili II</a>, it is meant for use in maritime surveillance, <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> patrol and for search-and-rescue missions.<a href="#cite_note-NavalToday2019-04-06-236">[236]</a> ("HMTSS" stands for His/Her Majesty's Tuvaluan State Ship or for His/Her Majesty's Tuvalu Surveillance Ship.) Te Mataili II was severely damaged by cyclones.<a href="#cite_note-DFA23-5A-237">[237]</a> On 16 October 2024 Australia handed over a Guardian-class patrol boat to Tuvalu, which was named HMTSS Te Mataili III><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> In May 2023 the Government of Tuvalu signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Sea Shepherd Global, which is based in the Netherlands, to combat <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing</a> in Tuvalu's <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> (EEZ).<a href="#cite_note-DFA23-5A-237">[237]</a> Sea Shepherd Global will provide the Allankay, a 54.6 metres (179 ft) motor vessel, to support Tuvalu's law enforcement activities.<a href="#cite_note-DFA23-5A-237">[237]</a> Allankay will accommodate officers from the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Tuvalu">Tuvalu Police Force</a>, who have the authority to board, inspect, and arrest fishing vessels engaged in IUU activity in Tuvalu's EEZ.<a href="#cite_note-DFA23-5A-237">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tuvalu">Male homosexuality</a> is illegal in Tuvalu.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Tuvalu" title="Crime in Tuvalu">Crime in Tuvalu</a> is not a significant social problem due to an effective criminal justice system, also due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Falekaupule" title="Falekaupule">Falekaupule</a> (the traditional assembly of elders of each island) and the central role of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">religious institutions</a> in the Tuvaluan community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Tuvalu">Islands of Tuvalu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tv-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tv-map.png/250px-Tv-map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Tv-map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>A map of Tuvalu</figcaption></figure> Tuvalu consists of six <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> islands, each constituting a district of the country. The smallest, Niulakita, is administered as part of Niutao. The districts, their island counts, and their populations as of the 2017 census are as follows: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>Islets </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6,320 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanumanga" title="Nanumanga">Nanumanga</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>491 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>512 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>582 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a> </td> <td>21 </td> <td>610 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td>597 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nukulaelae" title="Nukulaelae">Nukulaelae</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1,061 </td></tr></tbody></table> Each island has its own high-chief (<a href="/wiki/Ulu-aliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-aliki">ulu-aliki</a>), several sub-chiefs (<a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">alikis</a>), and a community council (<a href="/wiki/Falekaupule" title="Falekaupule">Falekaupule</a>). The Falekaupule, also known as te sina o fenua (grey-hairs of the land), is the traditional assembly of elders. The ulu-aliki and aliki exercise informal authority at the local level, with the former chosen on the basis of ancestry. Since the passage of the Falekaupule Act in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-pacliiF-240">[240]</a> the powers and functions of the Falekaupule are shared with the pule o kaupule, a village president elected on each atoll.<a href="#cite_note-Bennetts-241">[241]</a> Tuvalu has <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TV" title="ISO 3166-2:TV">ISO 3166-2 codes</a> defined for one town council (Funafuti) and seven island councils. Niulakita, which now has its own island council, is not listed, as it is administered as part of Niutao. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tuvalu" title="Demographics of Tuvalu">Demographics of Tuvalu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Women in Tuvalu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_Distribution_of_Tuvalu_by_Age_Group_(2014).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Population_Distribution_of_Tuvalu_by_Age_Group_%282014%29.png/220px-Population_Distribution_of_Tuvalu_by_Age_Group_%282014%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Population_Distribution_of_Tuvalu_by_Age_Group_%282014%29.png/330px-Population_Distribution_of_Tuvalu_by_Age_Group_%282014%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Population_Distribution_of_Tuvalu_by_Age_Group_%282014%29.png/440px-Population_Distribution_of_Tuvalu_by_Age_Group_%282014%29.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Population distribution of Tuvalu by age group (2014)</figcaption></figure> The population at the 2002 census was 9,561,<a href="#cite_note-CSD-242">[242]</a> and the population at the 2017 census was 10,645.<a href="#cite_note-1C2012-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-2C2012-244">[244]</a> The most recent evaluation in 2020 puts the population at 11,342.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The population of Tuvalu is primarily of <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> ethnicity, with approximately 5.6% of the population being <a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a>, especially on <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1C2012-243">[243]</a> Life expectancy for <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">women in Tuvalu</a> is 70.2 years and 65.6 years for men (2018 est.).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-246">[246]</a> The country's population growth rate is 0.86% (2018 est.).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-246">[246]</a> The net migration rate is estimated at −6.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-246">[246]</a> The threat of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming in Tuvalu">global warming in Tuvalu</a> is not yet a dominant motivation for migration as Tuvaluans appear to prefer to continue living on the islands for reasons of lifestyle, culture and identity.<a href="#cite_note-CMJB-247">[247]</a> From 1947 to 1983, a number of Tuvaluans from Vaitupu migrated to <a href="/wiki/Kioa" title="Kioa">Kioa</a>, an island in Fiji.<a href="#cite_note-LNKFK-248">[248]</a> The settlers from Tuvalu were granted Fijian citizenship in 2005. In recent years, New Zealand and Australia have been the primary destinations for migration or seasonal work. In 2014, attention was drawn to an appeal to the New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family on the basis that they were "<a href="/wiki/Climate_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate migrant">climate change refugees</a>", who would suffer hardship resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> of Tuvalu.<a href="#cite_note-WP-249">[249]</a> However, the subsequent grant of residence permits to the family was made on grounds unrelated to the refugee claim.<a href="#cite_note-PS-250">[250]</a> The family was successful in their appeal because, under the relevant immigration legislation, there were "exceptional circumstances of a humanitarian nature" that justified the grant of resident permits, for the family was integrated into New Zealand society with a sizeable extended family that had effectively relocated to New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-PS-250">[250]</a> Indeed, in 2013 a claim of a <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> man of being a <a href="/wiki/Environmental_migrant#Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="Environmental migrant">"climate change refugee"</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention relating to the Status of Refugees</a> (1951) was determined by the New Zealand High Court to be untenable, as there was no persecution or serious harm related to any of the five stipulated Refugee Convention grounds.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Permanent migration to Australia and New Zealand, such as for family reunification, requires compliance with the immigration legislation of those countries.<a href="#cite_note-G17-252">[252]</a> New Zealand announced the Pacific Access Category in 2001, which provided an annual quota of 75 work permits for Tuvaluans.<a href="#cite_note-PAC-253">[253]</a> The applicants register for the Pacific Access Category (PAC) ballots; the primary criterion is that the principal applicant must have a job offer from a New Zealand employer.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Tuvaluans also have access to seasonal employment in the horticulture and viticulture industries in New Zealand under the Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy introduced in 2007 allowing for employment of up to 5,000 workers from Tuvalu and other Pacific islands.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Tuvaluans can participate in the Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program, which allows Pacific Islanders to obtain seasonal employment in the Australian agriculture industry, in particular, cotton and cane operations; fishing industry, in particular aquaculture; and with accommodation providers in the tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> On 10 November 2023, Tuvalu signed the Falepili Union, a <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Tuvalu_relations" title="Australia–Tuvalu relations">bilateral diplomatic relationship with Australia</a>, under which Australia will provide a pathway for citizens of Tuvalu to migrate to Australia, to enable <a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">climate-related mobility</a> for Tuvaluans.<a href="#cite_note-FalepiliTreaty1-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-AUTFU1-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan language</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan language</a> and English are the national languages of Tuvalu. Tuvaluan is of the Ellicean group of <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a>, distantly related to all other Polynesian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tuvaluan_Te_'gana_Tūvalu-257">[257]</a> It is most closely related to the languages spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a> in Micronesia and northern and central <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. The Tuvaluan language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan.<a href="#cite_note-MD-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tuvaluan_Te_'gana_Tūvalu-257">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan language</a> is spoken by virtually everyone, while a <a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a> language very similar to <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a> is spoken on <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tuvaluan_Te_'gana_Tūvalu-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> English is also an official language but is not spoken in daily use. Parliament and official functions are conducted in the Tuvaluan language. There are about 13,000 Tuvaluan speakers worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Media_Corporation" title="Tuvalu Media Corporation">Radio Tuvalu</a> transmits Tuvaluan-language programming.<a href="#cite_note-NBP-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-LRD-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-pacmas2-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Religion in Tuvalu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetu_Ao_Lima_(Morning_Star_Church),_Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Tuvalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fetu_Ao_Lima_%28Morning_Star_Church%29%2C_Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Tuvalu.jpg/220px-Fetu_Ao_Lima_%28Morning_Star_Church%29%2C_Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Tuvalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fetu_Ao_Lima_%28Morning_Star_Church%29%2C_Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Tuvalu.jpg/330px-Fetu_Ao_Lima_%28Morning_Star_Church%29%2C_Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Tuvalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fetu_Ao_Lima_%28Morning_Star_Church%29%2C_Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Tuvalu.jpg/440px-Fetu_Ao_Lima_%28Morning_Star_Church%29%2C_Congregational_Christian_Church_of_Tuvalu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Fetu Ao Lima (Morning Star Church), Congregational Christian Church of Tuvalu</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Tuvalu" title="Church of Tuvalu">Congregational Christian Church of Tuvalu</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> tradition, is the <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a> of Tuvalu;<a href="#cite_note-Tuvalu-264">[264]</a> although in practice this merely entitles it to "the privilege of performing special services on major national events".<a href="#cite_note-usdos-265">[265]</a> Its adherents comprise about 97% of the 10,837 (2012 census) inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tuvalu-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tuvalu" title="Constitution of Tuvalu">Constitution of Tuvalu</a> guarantees freedom of religion, including the freedom to practice, the freedom to change religion, the right not to receive religious instruction at school or to attend religious ceremonies at school, and the right not to "take an oath or make an affirmation that is contrary to his religion or belief".<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Other Christian groups include the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> community served by the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Sui_Iuris_of_Funafuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Sui Iuris of Funafuti">Mission Sui Iuris of Funafuti</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> which has 2.8% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-246">[246]</a> According to its own estimates, the Tuvalu Brethren Church has about 500 members (i.e. 4.5% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-report12-268">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> is the largest minority religion and the largest non-Christian religion in Tuvalu. It constitutes 2.0% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-246">[246]</a> The Baháʼís are present on Nanumea,<a href="#cite_note-state.gov-269">[269]</a> and Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-G23-6-270">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a> consists of about 50 members (0.4% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The introduction of Christianity ended the worship of ancestral spirits and other deities (<a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-CHrel-272">[272]</a> along with the power of the vaka-atua (the priests of the old religions).<a href="#cite_note-Sollas-273">[273]</a> Laumua Kofe describes the objects of worship as varying from island to island, although ancestor worship was described by the Rev. Samuel James Whitmee in 1870 as being common practice.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tuvalu" title="Health in Tuvalu">Health in Tuvalu</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_(Funafuti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Margaret Hospital (Funafuti)">Princess Margaret Hospital</a> on Funafuti is the only hospital in Tuvalu and the primary provider of medical services. Since the late 20th century, the biggest health problems in Tuvalu have been obesity-related. The leading cause of death has been <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Saga-275">[275]</a> which is closely followed by <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a><a href="#cite_note-LZW-276">[276]</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saga-275">[275]</a> In 2016 the majority of deaths resulted from cardiac diseases, with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, and cerebral-vascular disease among the other causes of death.<a href="#cite_note-AIDS16-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_of_Niutao_Island.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Children_of_Niutao_Island.JPG/220px-Children_of_Niutao_Island.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Children_of_Niutao_Island.JPG/330px-Children_of_Niutao_Island.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Children_of_Niutao_Island.JPG/440px-Children_of_Niutao_Island.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Children on <a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuvalu#Education_in_Tuvalu" title="History of Tuvalu">Education in Tuvalu</a> is free and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> between the ages of 6 and 15 years. Each island has a primary school. <a href="/wiki/Motufoua_Secondary_School" title="Motufoua Secondary School">Motufoua Secondary School</a> is located on <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mapia-278">[278]</a> Students board at the school during the school term, returning to their home islands each school vacation. <a href="/wiki/Fetuvalu_Secondary_School" title="Fetuvalu Secondary School">Fetuvalu Secondary School</a>, a day school operated by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Tuvalu" title="Church of Tuvalu">Church of Tuvalu</a>, is on Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-FHS-279">[279]</a> Fetuvalu offers the <a href="/wiki/International_General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="International General Certificate of Secondary Education">Cambridge syllabus</a>. Motufoua offers the Fiji Junior Certificate (FJC) at year 10, Tuvaluan Certificate at Year 11 and the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) at Year 12, which is set by SPBEA, the <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Exam_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Exam board">exam board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPBEA-280">[280]</a> Sixth form students who pass their PSSC go on to the Augmented Foundation Programme, funded by the Tuvalu government. This program is required for tertiary education programmes outside of Tuvalu and is available at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a> (USP) Extension Centre in Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-USPt1-281">[281]</a> Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females (2001).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-246">[246]</a> The adult <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> is 99.0% (2002).<a href="#cite_note-IMF_2010-282">[282]</a> In 2010, there were 1,918 students who were taught by 109 teachers (98 certified and 11 uncertified). The teacher-pupil ratio for primary schools in Tuvalu is around 1:18 for all schools with the exception of Nauti School, which has a ratio of 1:27. Nauti School on Funafuti is the largest primary school in Tuvalu with more than 900 students (45 per cent of the total primary school enrolment). The pupil-teacher ratio for Tuvalu is low compared to the entire Pacific region (ratio of 1:29).<a href="#cite_note-MDG-283">[283]</a> Community Training Centres (CTCs) have been established within the primary schools on each atoll. They provide <a href="/wiki/Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">vocational training</a> to students who do not progress beyond Class 8 because they failed the entry qualifications for secondary education. The CTCs offer training in basic carpentry, gardening and farming, <a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">sewing</a> and cooking. At the end of their studies the graduates can apply to continue studies either at Motufoua Secondary School or the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Maritime_Training_Institute" title="Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute">Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute</a> (TMTI). Adults can also attend courses at the CTCs.<a href="#cite_note-SB-284">[284]</a> Four tertiary institutions offer technical and vocational courses: <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Maritime_Training_Institute" title="Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute">Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute</a> (TMTI), <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Atoll_Science_Technology_Training_Institute" title="Tuvalu Atoll Science Technology Training Institute">Tuvalu Atoll Science Technology Training Institute</a> (TASTII), Australian Pacific Training Coalition (APTC) and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a> (USP) Extension Centre.<a href="#cite_note-USP2020-7-285">[285]</a> The Tuvaluan Employment Ordinance of 1966 sets the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum age">minimum age</a> for paid employment at 14 years and prohibits children under the age of 15 from performing hazardous work.<a href="#cite_note-ilab-286">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Measurement_Initiative" title="Human Rights Measurement Initiative">Human Rights Measurement Initiative</a> (HRMI)<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> assesses that Tuvalu is fulfilling only 88.0% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.<a href="#cite_note-Tuvalu_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-288">[288]</a> HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Tuvalu's income level, the country is achieving 97.7% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 78.3% for secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-Tuvalu_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-288">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan mythology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> The traditional buildings of Tuvalu used plants and trees from the native broadleaf forest,<a href="#cite_note-CHF1-289">[289]</a> including timber from pouka (<a href="/wiki/Hernandia" title="Hernandia">Hernandia</a> peltata); ngia or ingia bush (<a href="/wiki/Pemphis" title="Pemphis">Pemphis</a> acidula); miro (<a href="/wiki/Thespesia_populnea" title="Thespesia populnea">Thespesia populnea</a>); Tonga (<a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mucronata" title="Rhizophora mucronata">Rhizophora mucronata</a>); fau or fo fafini, or woman's fibre tree (<a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_tiliaceus" title="Hibiscus tiliaceus">Hibiscus tiliaceus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CHF1-289">[289]</a> Fibre is from <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>; ferra, native fig (<a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> aspem); fala, screw pine or <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">Pandanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CHF1-289">[289]</a> The buildings were constructed without nails, lashed together with plaited <a href="/wiki/Sennit" title="Sennit">sennit</a> rope handmade from dried coconut fibre.<a href="#cite_note-MG-290">[290]</a> Following contact with Europeans, iron products were used including nails and corrugated roofing material. Modern buildings in Tuvalu are constructed from imported building materials, including imported timber and concrete.<a href="#cite_note-MG-290">[290]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_a_maneapa_in_Funafuti,_Tuvalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Interior_of_a_maneapa_in_Funafuti%2C_Tuvalu.jpg/220px-Interior_of_a_maneapa_in_Funafuti%2C_Tuvalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Interior_of_a_maneapa_in_Funafuti%2C_Tuvalu.jpg/330px-Interior_of_a_maneapa_in_Funafuti%2C_Tuvalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Interior_of_a_maneapa_in_Funafuti%2C_Tuvalu.jpg/440px-Interior_of_a_maneapa_in_Funafuti%2C_Tuvalu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Interior of a maneapa on Funafuti, Tuvalu</figcaption></figure> Church and community buildings (<a href="/wiki/Maneaba" title="Maneaba">maneapa</a>) are usually coated with white paint that is known as lase, which is made by burning a large amount of dead coral with firewood. The whitish powder that is the result is mixed with water and painted on the buildings.<a href="#cite_note-TP-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Tuvalu" title="Art of Tuvalu">Art of Tuvalu</a></div> The women of Tuvalu use <a href="/wiki/Cowrie" title="Cowrie">cowrie</a> and other shells in traditional <a href="/wiki/Handicrafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Handicrafts">handicrafts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATP-292">[292]</a> The artistic traditions of Tuvalu have traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of <a href="/wiki/Mat" title="Mat">mats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">fans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATP-292">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crochet</a> (kolose) is one of the art forms practised by Tuvaluan women.<a href="#cite_note-UNDP1-293">[293]</a> The design of women's skirts (titi), tops (teuga saka), <a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">headbands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armband" title="Armband">armbands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wristband" title="Wristband">wristbands</a>, which continue to be used in performances of the traditional dance songs of Tuvalu, represents contemporary Tuvaluan art and design.<a href="#cite_note-TPwa-294">[294]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> of Tuvalu uses traditional design elements in artefacts used in everyday life such as the design of <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">fish hooks</a> made from traditional materials.<a href="#cite_note-K1931-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-GKTGS1-296">[296]</a> In 2015, an exhibition was held on Funafuti of the art of Tuvalu, with works that addressed <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> through the eyes of artists and the display of Kope ote olaga (possessions of life), a display of the various artefacts of Tuvalu culture.<a href="#cite_note-AoT-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance_and_music">Dance and music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dance and music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Music of Tuvalu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancer,_Tuvalu_stage,_2011_Pasifika_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dancer%2C_Tuvalu_stage%2C_2011_Pasifika_festival.jpg/170px-Dancer%2C_Tuvalu_stage%2C_2011_Pasifika_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dancer%2C_Tuvalu_stage%2C_2011_Pasifika_festival.jpg/255px-Dancer%2C_Tuvalu_stage%2C_2011_Pasifika_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dancer%2C_Tuvalu_stage%2C_2011_Pasifika_festival.jpg/340px-Dancer%2C_Tuvalu_stage%2C_2011_Pasifika_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>A Tuvaluan dancer at Auckland's <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></figcaption></figure> The traditional music of Tuvalu consists of a number of dances, including <a href="/wiki/Fakaseasea" title="Fakaseasea">fakaseasea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakanau" title="Fakanau">fakanau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatele" title="Fatele">fatele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RG-298">[298]</a> The fatele, in its modern form, is performed at community events and to celebrate leaders and other prominent individuals, such as the visit of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Duke of Cambridge">Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess of Cambridge">Duchess of Cambridge</a> in September 2012.<a href="#cite_note-CJH-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-VM-300">[300]</a> The Tuvaluan style can be described "as a musical microcosm of Polynesia, where contemporary and older styles co-exist".<a href="#cite_note-RG-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Tuvalu">Cuisine of Tuvalu</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Tuvalu">cuisine of Tuvalu</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> and the many species of fish found in the ocean and lagoons of the atolls. Desserts made on the islands include coconut and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, rather than animal milk. The traditional foods eaten in Tuvalu are <a href="/wiki/Pulaka" title="Pulaka">pulaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, bananas, <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> and coconut.<a href="#cite_note-CHC-302">[302]</a> Tuvaluans also eat seafood, including <a href="/wiki/Coconut_crab" title="Coconut crab">coconut crab</a> and fish from the lagoon and ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FRFSP-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying fish</a> are also caught as a source of food.<a href="#cite_note-CH-GA-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-PIM34-9-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGT-305">[305]</a> Another traditional food source is <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> (taketake or <a href="/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">black noddy</a> and akiaki or <a href="/wiki/White_tern" title="White tern">white tern</a>), with pork being eaten mostly at fateles (or parties with dancing to celebrate events).<a href="#cite_note-Bennetts-241">[241]</a> Pulaka is the main source for <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>. Seafood provides <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. Bananas and breadfruit are supplemental crops. Coconut is used for its juice, to make other beverages (such as <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">toddy</a>) and to improve the taste of some dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Bennetts-241">[241]</a> A 1560-square-metre pond was built in 1996 on Vaitupu to sustain <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">aquaculture in Tuvalu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying fish</a> are also caught as a source of food;<a href="#cite_note-CH-GA-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-PIM34-9-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGT-305">[305]</a> and as an exciting activity, using a boat, a <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_net" title="Butterfly net">butterfly net</a> and a spotlight to attract the flying fish.<a href="#cite_note-Bennetts-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage">Heritage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Heritage">edit</a>]</div> The traditional community system still survives to a large extent on Tuvalu. Each family has its own task, or salanga, to perform for the community, such as fishing, <a href="/wiki/House_building" class="mw-redirect" title="House building">house building</a> or defence. The skills of a family are passed on from parents to children. Most islands have their own fusi, community-owned shops similar to convenience stores, where <a href="/wiki/Canned_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned food">canned foods</a> and bags of rice can be purchased. Goods are cheaper, and fusis give better prices for their own produce.<a href="#cite_note-Bennetts-241">[241]</a> Another important building is the falekaupule or <a href="/wiki/Maneaba" title="Maneaba">maneapa</a>, the traditional island <a href="/wiki/Meeting_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeting hall">meeting hall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TKII-307">[307]</a> where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a <a href="/wiki/Fatele" title="Fatele">fatele</a> involving music, singing and dancing.<a href="#cite_note-Bennetts-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Falekaupule" title="Falekaupule">Falekaupule</a> is also used as the name of the council of elders – the traditional decision-making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island ... composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.<a href="#cite_note-TKII-307">[307]</a> Tuvalu does not have any museums, however the creation of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu_National_Cultural_Centre_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuvalu National Cultural Centre and Museum (page does not exist)">Tuvalu National Cultural Centre and Museum</a> is part of the government's strategic plan for 2018–24.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_single-outrigger_canoe">Traditional single-outrigger canoe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Traditional single-outrigger canoe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg/170px-Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg/255px-Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Canoe_carving_on_Nanumea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Canoe carving on Nanumea</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan language</a>, meaning a small fishing-canoe made from a single log), is the traditional single-<a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoe</a> of Tuvalu, of which the largest could carry four to six adults. The variations of single-outrigger canoes that had been developed on Vaitupu and Nanumea were reef-type or paddled canoes; that is, they were designed for carrying over the reef and being paddled, rather than being sailed.<a href="#cite_note-K1931-295">[295]</a> Outrigger canoes from <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a> were constructed with an indirect type of outrigger attachment and the hull is double-ended, with no distinct bow and stern. These canoes were designed to be sailed over the Nui lagoon.<a href="#cite_note-PM-310">[310]</a> The booms of the outrigger are longer than those found in other designs of canoes from the other islands. This made the Nui canoe more stable when used with a sail than the other designs.<a href="#cite_note-PM-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_and_leisure">Sport and leisure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sport and leisure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Tuvalu" title="Sport in Tuvalu">Sport in Tuvalu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_records_in_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvaluan records in athletics">Tuvaluan records in athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_Pacific_Games" title="Tuvalu at the Pacific Games">Tuvalu at the Pacific Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tuvalu at the Commonwealth Games">Tuvalu at the Commonwealth Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_World_Championships_in_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvalu at the World Championships in Athletics">Tuvalu at the World Championships in Athletics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_Olympics" title="Tuvalu at the Olympics">Tuvalu at the Olympics</a></div> A traditional sport played in Tuvalu is <a href="/wiki/Kilikiti" title="Kilikiti">kilikiti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> which is similar to <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-312">[312]</a> A popular sport specific to Tuvalu is <a href="/wiki/Te_ano" title="Te ano">Te ano</a> (The ball), which is played with two round balls of 12 cm (5 in) diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Bennetts-241">[241]</a> Te ano is a traditional game that is similar to <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, in which the two hard balls made from <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandanus</a> leaves are volleyed at great speed with the team members trying to stop the ball hitting the ground.<a href="#cite_note-TP12-313">[313]</a> Traditional sports in the late 19th century were foot racing, <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a> throwing, <a href="/wiki/Quarterstaff" title="Quarterstaff">quarterstaff</a> fencing and <a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">wrestling</a>, although the Christian missionaries disapproved of these activities.<a href="#cite_note-CHS-314">[314]</a> The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Te ano, association football, <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a>, volleyball, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a>. Tuvalu has sports organisations for <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Athletics_Association" title="Tuvalu Athletics Association">athletics</a>, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Islands_Football_Association" title="Tuvalu Islands Football Association">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Tuvalu" title="Basketball in Tuvalu">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Rugby_Union" title="Tuvalu Rugby Union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Tuvalu Weightlifting Federation">weightlifting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Powerlifting_Federation" title="Tuvalu Powerlifting Federation">powerlifting</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/2013_Pacific_Mini_Games" title="2013 Pacific Mini Games">2013 Pacific Mini Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuau_Lapua_Lapua" title="Tuau Lapua Lapua">Tuau Lapua Lapua</a> won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male <a href="/wiki/Snatch_(weightlifting)" title="Snatch (weightlifting)">snatch</a>. (He also won bronze in the <a href="/wiki/Clean_and_jerk" title="Clean and jerk">clean and jerk</a>, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.)<a href="#cite_note-RNZI030913-315">[315]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Telupe_Iosefa" title="Telupe Iosefa">Telupe Iosefa</a> received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_2015_Pacific_Games" title="Tuvalu at the 2015 Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a> in the powerlifting 120 kg male division.<a href="#cite_note-IG1-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-GEMS22-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-RNZI1107-318">[318]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuvalu_national_football_team_(team_picture,_2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tuvalu_national_football_team_%28team_picture%2C_2011%29.jpg/220px-Tuvalu_national_football_team_%28team_picture%2C_2011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tuvalu_national_football_team_%28team_picture%2C_2011%29.jpg/330px-Tuvalu_national_football_team_%28team_picture%2C_2011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tuvalu_national_football_team_%28team_picture%2C_2011%29.jpg/440px-Tuvalu_national_football_team_%28team_picture%2C_2011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_national_football_team" title="Tuvalu national football team">Tuvalu national football team</a> (2011)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Tuvalu" title="Football in Tuvalu">Football in Tuvalu</a> is played at club and national team level. The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_national_football_team" title="Tuvalu national football team">Tuvalu national football team</a> trains at the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Sports_Ground" title="Tuvalu Sports Ground">Tuvalu Sports Ground</a> in <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a> and competes in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_National_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvalu National Football Association">Tuvalu National Football Association</a> is an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Football_Confederation" title="Oceania Football Confederation">Oceania Football Confederation</a> (OFC) and is seeking membership in <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frew-320">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_national_futsal_team" title="Tuvalu national futsal team">Tuvalu national futsal team</a> participates in the <a href="/wiki/OFC_Futsal_Nations_Cup" title="OFC Futsal Nations Cup">Oceanian Futsal Championship</a>. A major sporting event is the "Independence Day Sports Festival" held annually on 1 October. The most important sports event within the country is arguably the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Games" title="Tuvalu Games">Tuvalu Games</a>, which are held yearly since 2008. Tuvalu first participated in the Pacific Games in 1978 and in the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tuvalu at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> in 1998, when a weightlifter attended the games held at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-CGFT-321">[321]</a> Two table tennis players attended the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England;<a href="#cite_note-CGFT-321">[321]</a> Tuvalu entered competitors in shooting, table tennis and weightlifting at the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tuvalu at the 2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne</a>, Australia;<a href="#cite_note-CGFT-321">[321]</a> three athletes participated in the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tuvalu at the 2010 Commonwealth Games">2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi</a>, India, entering the discus, shot put and weightlifting events;<a href="#cite_note-CGFT-321">[321]</a> and a team of 3 weightlifters and 2 table tennis players attended the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tuvalu at the 2014 Commonwealth Games">2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow</a>. Tuvaluan athletes have also participated in the men's and women's <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 metres</a> sprint at the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_World_Championships_in_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuvalu at the World Championships in Athletics">World Championships in Athletics</a> from 2009. The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Association_of_Sports_and_National_Olympic_Committee" title="Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee">Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee</a> (TASNOC) was recognised as a National Olympic Committee in July 2007. Tuvalu entered the Olympic Games for the first time at the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Tuvalu at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Games</a> in Beijing, China, with a weightlifter and two athletes in the men's and women's 100 metres sprint. A team with athletes in the same events represented <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Tuvalu at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Tuvalu at the 2012 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TPB_2812-322">[322]</a> <a href="/wiki/Etimoni_Timuani" title="Etimoni Timuani">Etimoni Timuani</a> was the sole representative of Tuvalu at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Summer Olympics</a> in the 100m event.<a href="#cite_note-RS16-323">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karalo_Maibuca" title="Karalo Maibuca">Karalo Maibuca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matie_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Matie Stanley">Matie Stanley</a> represented Tuvalu at the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Tuvalu at the 2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> in the 100m events.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> Tuvalu sent a team to the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_at_the_2023_Pacific_Games" title="Tuvalu at the 2023 Pacific Games">2023 Pacific Games</a>. Tuvalu was represented in athletic events at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> by Karalo Maibuca in the men's 100 metres,<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> and Temalini Manatoa in the women's 100 metres.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_government_services">Economy and government services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Economy and government services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tuvalu" title="Economy of Tuvalu">Economy of Tuvalu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Bank_of_Tuvalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/National_Bank_of_Tuvalu.jpg/220px-National_Bank_of_Tuvalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/National_Bank_of_Tuvalu.jpg/330px-National_Bank_of_Tuvalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/National_Bank_of_Tuvalu.jpg/440px-National_Bank_of_Tuvalu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Tuvalu" title="National Bank of Tuvalu">National Bank of Tuvalu</a></figcaption></figure> From 1996 to 2002, Tuvalu was one of the best-performing Pacific Island economies and achieved an average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 5.6% per annum. Economic growth slowed after 2002, with GDP growth of 1.5% in 2008. Tuvalu was exposed to rapid rises in world prices of fuel and food in 2008, with the level of inflation peaking at 13.4%.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_2010-282">[282]</a> Tuvalu has the smallest total GDP of any sovereign state in the world.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Groups-328">[328]</a> Tuvalu joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) on 24 June 2010.<a href="#cite_note-IMF16-329">[329]</a> The IMP 2010 Report on Tuvalu estimates that Tuvalu experienced zero growth in its 2010 GDP, after the economy contracted by about 2% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_2010-282">[282]</a> On 5 August 2012, the executive board of the IMF concluded the Article IV consultation with Tuvalu, and assessed the economy of Tuvalu: "A slow recovery is underway in Tuvalu, but there are important risks. GDP grew in 2011 for the first time since the global financial crisis, led by the private retail sector and education spending."<a href="#cite_note-IMF55-330">[330]</a> The IMF 2014 Country Report noted that real GDP growth in Tuvalu had been volatile averaging only 1 per cent in the past decade. The 2014 Country Report describes economic growth prospects as generally positive as the result of large revenues from fishing licences, together with substantial foreign aid.<a href="#cite_note-IMF2014-331">[331]</a> In 2023, the IMF Article IV consultation with Tuvalu concluded that a successful vaccination strategy allowed Tuvalu to lift coronavirus disease (COVID) containment measures at the end of 2022. However, the economic cost of the pandemic was significant, with real gross domestic product growth falling from 13.8% in 2019 to -4.3 percent in 2020, although it recovered to 1.8% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-B2023-1-332">[332]</a> Inflation rose to 11.5% in 2022, but inflation is project to fall to 2.8% by 2028.<a href="#cite_note-B2023-1-332">[332]</a> The increase in inflation in 2022 was due to the rapid rise in the cost of food resulting from a drought that affected food production and from rising global food prices, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine (food imports represent 19 percent of Tuvalu's GDP, while agriculture makes up for only 10 percent of GDP).<a href="#cite_note-B2023-1-332">[332]</a> The government is the primary provider of medical services through <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_(Funafuti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Margaret Hospital (Funafuti)">Princess Margaret Hospital</a> on Funafuti, which operates health clinics on the other islands. Banking services are provided by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Tuvalu" title="National Bank of Tuvalu">National Bank of Tuvalu</a>. Public sector workers make up about 65% of those formally employed. Remittances from Tuvaluans living in Australia and New Zealand, and remittances from Tuvaluan sailors employed on overseas ships are important sources of income for Tuvaluans.<a href="#cite_note-AusAID-333">[333]</a> Approximately 15% of adult males work as seamen on foreign-flagged merchant ships. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Agriculture in Tuvalu">Agriculture in Tuvalu</a> is focused on <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> trees and growing <a href="/wiki/Pulaka" title="Pulaka">pulaka</a> in large pits of composted soil below the water table. Tuvaluans are otherwise involved in traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing. Tuvaluans are well known for their seafaring skills, with the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Maritime_Training_Institute" title="Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute">Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute</a> on <a href="/wiki/Amatuku" title="Amatuku">Amatuku</a> <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">motu</a> (island), Funafuti, providing training to approximately 120 marine cadets each year so that they have the skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping. The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Overseas_Seamen%27s_Union" title="Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union">Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union</a> (TOSU) is the only registered trade union in Tuvalu. It represents workers on foreign ships. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that 800 Tuvaluan men are trained, certified and active as seafarers. The ADB estimates that, at any one time, about 15% of the adult male population works abroad as seafarers.<a href="#cite_note-ADB2011-334">[334]</a> Job opportunities also exist as observers on tuna boats where the role is to monitor compliance with the boat's tuna fishing licence.<a href="#cite_note-TO0315-335">[335]</a> Government revenues largely come from sales of fishing licences, income from the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Trust_Fund" title="Tuvalu Trust Fund">Tuvalu Trust Fund</a>, and from the lease of its "<a href="/wiki/.tv" title=".tv">.tv</a>" internet <a href="/wiki/Top_Level_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Level Domain">Top Level Domain</a> (TLD). Tuvalu began deriving revenue from the commercialisation of its ".tv" internet domain name,<a href="#cite_note-Conway-336">[336]</a> which was managed by <a href="/wiki/Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a> until 2021.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-WP01219-338">[338]</a> In 2023, an agreement between the government of Tuvalu and the <a href="/wiki/GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a> company, outsourced the marketing, sales, promotion and branding of the <a href="/wiki/.tv" title=".tv">.tv</a> domain to the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation">Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation</a>, which established a .tv unit.<a href="#cite_note-DFA23-TV-339">[339]</a> Tuvalu also generates income from postage stamps by the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Philatelic_Bureau" title="Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau">Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Ship_Registry" title="Tuvalu Ship Registry">Tuvalu Ship Registry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Trust_Fund" title="Tuvalu Trust Fund">Tuvalu Trust Fund</a> (TTF) was established in 1987 by the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-41">[41]</a> The TTF is a sovereign wealth fund that is owned by Tuvalu but is administered by an international board and the government of Tuvalu. When the performance of the TTF exceeds its operating target each year, excess funds are transferred to the Consolidated Investment Fund (CIF), and can be freely drawn upon by the Tuvaluan government to finance budgetary expenditures.<a href="#cite_note-B2023-3-340">[340]</a> In 2022, the value of the Tuvalu Trust Fund is approximately $190 million.<a href="#cite_note-B2023-3-340">[340]</a> In 2021 the market value of the TTF rose by 12 percent to its highest level on record (261 percent of GDP). However, the volatility in global equity markets in 2022 resulted in the TTF's value falling by 7 percent as compared to the end of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-B2023-3-340">[340]</a> Financial support to Tuvalu is also provided by Japan, South Korea and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Australia and New Zealand continue to contribute capital to the TTF, and provide other forms of development assistance.<a href="#cite_note-AusAID-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu. In 1999, the payment from the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT) was about $9 million, with the value increasing in the following years. In May 2013, representatives from the United States and the Pacific Islands countries agreed to sign interim arrangement documents to extend the Multilateral Fisheries Treaty (which encompasses the South Pacific Tuna Treaty) for 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-RA160513-341">[341]</a> The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed country</a> (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks.<a href="#cite_note-unohrlls-342">[342]</a> Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> In 2013, Tuvalu deferred its graduation from <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed country</a> (LDC) status to a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> to 2015. <a href="/wiki/Enele_Sopoaga" title="Enele Sopoaga">Enele Sopoaga</a>, the prime minister in 2013, said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations's <a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a> (NAPA), as "Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs". Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Enele Sopoaga wanted the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Vulnerability_Index" title="Environmental Vulnerability Index">Environmental Vulnerability Index</a> (EVI).<a href="#cite_note-RNZ230913-344">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_Conservation_Area" title="Funafuti Conservation Area">Funafuti Conservation Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Tuvalu" title="Public holidays in Tuvalu">Public holidays in Tuvalu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Tuvalu" title="Visa policy of Tuvalu">Visa policy of Tuvalu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Hotel_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/View_from_Hotel_room.jpg/220px-View_from_Hotel_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/View_from_Hotel_room.jpg/330px-View_from_Hotel_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/View_from_Hotel_room.jpg/440px-View_from_Hotel_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Funafuti lagoon (Te Namo)</figcaption></figure> Due to the country's remoteness, tourism is not significant. Visitors totalled 1,684 in 2010: 65% were on business, development officials or technical consultants, 20% were tourists (360 people), and 11% were expatriates returning to visit family.<a href="#cite_note-FTMN-191">[191]</a> In 2016, the number of visitors had increased to 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-UNWTO17-345">[345]</a> The main island of Funafuti is the focus of travellers, since the only airport in Tuvalu is the <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_International_Airport" title="Funafuti International Airport">Funafuti International Airport</a> and Funafuti is the only island that has hotel facilities.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> However, there are no tour guides, tour operators or organised activities and no cruise ships visit.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> is a motivation of travellers to Tuvalu. The <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_Conservation_Area" title="Funafuti Conservation Area">Funafuti Conservation Area</a> consists of 12.74 square miles (33.00 square kilometres) of ocean, reef, lagoon, channel and six uninhabited islets. The outer atolls can be visited on the two passenger-cargo ships, Nivaga III and Manú Folau, which provide round-trip visits to the outer islands every three or four weeks. There is guesthouse accommodation on many of the outer islands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications_and_media">Telecommunications and media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Telecommunications and media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Telecommunications in Tuvalu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tuvalu" title="List of newspapers in Tuvalu">List of newspapers in Tuvalu</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Media_Corporation" title="Tuvalu Media Corporation">Tuvalu Media Department</a> of the Government of Tuvalu operates Radio Tuvalu which broadcasts from Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-pacmas2-263">[263]</a> In 2011, the Japanese government provided financial support to construct a new <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> broadcast studio. The installation of upgraded transmission equipment allows Radio Tuvalu to be heard on all nine islands of Tuvalu. The new AM radio transmitter on Funafuti replaced the FM radio service to the outer islands and freed up satellite bandwidth for mobile services.<a href="#cite_note-FTMN-191">[191]</a> Fenui – news from Tuvalu is a free digital publication of the Tuvalu Media Department that is emailed to subscribers and operates a Facebook page, which publishes news about government activities and news about Tuvaluan events. <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Tuvalu">Communications in Tuvalu</a> rely on satellite dishes for telephone, television, and internet access. The <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Telecommunications_Corporation" title="Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation">Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation</a> (TTC) is a state-owned enterprise that provides fixed line telephone communications to subscribers on each island, mobile phone services on <a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nukulaelae" title="Nukulaelae">Nukulaelae</a>, and is a distributor of the <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Television" title="Fiji Television">Fiji Television</a> service (<a href="/wiki/Sky_Pacific" title="Sky Pacific">Sky Pacific</a> satellite television service).<a href="#cite_note-FTMN-191">[191]</a> In July 2020, the Government of Tuvalu signed a five-year agreement with <a href="/wiki/Kacific_Broadband_Satellites" title="Kacific Broadband Satellites">Kacific Broadband Satellites</a> to supply Tuvalu with <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> via sixty 1.2 metre <a href="/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal" title="Very-small-aperture terminal">VSAT</a> satellite receivers.<a href="#cite_note-Kacific2020-348">[348]</a> The agreement provided a combined <a href="/wiki/Data-rate_units" title="Data-rate units">data transfer capacity</a> of 400 to 600 Mbit/s to schools, medical clinics, government agencies, small businesses, and 40 outdoor <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_hotspot" title="Wi-Fi hotspot">Wi-Fi hotspots</a>, as well as Tuvaluan interisland ferries via three maritime antennae.<a href="#cite_note-Kacific2020-348">[348]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">Ka band</a> antenna was installed to provide the island's mobile phone network with <a href="/wiki/Trunking" title="Trunking">trunking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backhaul_(telecommunications)" title="Backhaul (telecommunications)">backhaul</a> services.<a href="#cite_note-Kacific2020-348">[348]</a> By February 2022, Kacific and Agility Beyond Space (ABS) satellites provided the island with a combined capacity of 510 Mbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-ABS21-349">[349]</a> The average download of data per device is about 9 GB/user/month, with 95% of devices in use supporting 4G LTE service.<a href="#cite_note-AM22-350">[350]</a> Also, Tuvalu has 5,915 active broadband users (the largest base of users is on Funafuti), with dedicated satellite and hotspot users on the outer islands, each of which having three to five hotspots.<a href="#cite_note-AM22-350">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manu_Folau_off_Vaitupu_Harbour,_Tuvalu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Manu_Folau_off_Vaitupu_Harbour%2C_Tuvalu.JPG/220px-Manu_Folau_off_Vaitupu_Harbour%2C_Tuvalu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Manu_Folau_off_Vaitupu_Harbour%2C_Tuvalu.JPG/330px-Manu_Folau_off_Vaitupu_Harbour%2C_Tuvalu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Manu_Folau_off_Vaitupu_Harbour%2C_Tuvalu.JPG/440px-Manu_Folau_off_Vaitupu_Harbour%2C_Tuvalu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Manu Folau off <a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a> atoll (2006)</figcaption></figure> There are limited transport services in Tuvalu. There are about eight kilometres (5 miles) of roads.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-246">[246]</a> The streets of Funafuti were paved in mid-2002, but other roads are unpaved. Tuvalu does not have any railways. Funafuti is the only port, but there is a deep-water berth in the lagoon at <a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a>. Landing passengers and cargo on some of the islands is difficult as the reef islands do not have a lagoon that shipping can enter or the atoll's lagoon does not have navigable channels. Landing on these islands involves passengers and cargo being transferred from ships to workboats for delivery to landing points on the islands. In May 2023 the Australian Infrastructure Financing Facility for the Pacific (AIFFP) approved the payment of AUD$21.4m (US$15m) for a AUD$120.6m (US$84.4m) Asian Development Bank (ADB) led fund to finance the construction of passenger and cargo facilities on Pacific Islands. The AIFFP funds, together with AUD$11m (US$7.2m) of in-kind contribution from the Government of Tuvalu, are allocated to complete a project at <a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a> and to implement a project at <a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a>, to construct workboat harbors, including constructing a navigation channel, boat ramp, passenger terminal, cargo shed, as well as shoreline reclamation.<a href="#cite_note-AIFFP-23-351">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-AIFFP-24-1-352">[352]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">merchant marine</a> fleet consists of two passenger/cargo ships, Nivaga III and Manu Folau, both of which were donated by Japan. They provide round-trip visits to the outer islands every three or four weeks, and travel between <a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a>, Fiji and Funafuti three or four times a year. Manu Folau is a 50-metre vessel. In 2015 Nivaga III replaced Nivaga II, which had been in service in Tuvalu from 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FSO0316-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-PN0507-354">[354]</a> In 2020, the government of Tuvalu purchased a landing barge, which is intended to transport of dangerous goods and building material from the capital to the outer islands. The barge was named Moeiteava. The government of Taiwan provided financial assistance.<a href="#cite_note-TPTV2021-1-355">[355]</a> The Tuvalu Fisheries Department operates two vessels for carrying out its activities within the country's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and outer islands. These are the 18-metre Manaui and 32-metre Tala Moana. The vessels are used for fisheries research, deploying fish aggregating devices (FADs), visiting outer islands for monitoring and consultations, including to implement Tuvalu's <a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a> (NAPA) to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">address climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TF2020-2-356">[356]</a> The Manaui was procured through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in 1989 and is nearing the end of its life.<a href="#cite_note-TF2018-1-357">[357]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a> (UNDP) provided assistance to acquire Tala Moana;<a href="#cite_note-UNDP15-358">[358]</a> which is also used for Monitoring Control and Surveillance (MCS) patrols.<a href="#cite_note-TF2019-11-359">[359]</a> Tala Moana is a steel monohull oil rig supply vessel that is equipped with facilities for a team of about 15 people.<a href="#cite_note-JJB-360">[360]</a> The only international airport in Tuvalu is <a href="/wiki/Funafuti_International_Airport" title="Funafuti International Airport">Funafuti International Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Airways" title="Fiji Airways">Fiji Airways</a> operates services to Funafuti International Airport.<a href="#cite_note-FTMN2-361">[361]</a> Fiji Airways operates services three times a week (Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday) between <a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a> and Funafuti with <a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">ATR 72-600</a> aircraft, which has a capacity of 72 passengers. Beginning 18 March 2024, flights also operate on Mondays between <a href="/wiki/Nadi" title="Nadi">Nadi</a> and Funafuti.<a href="#cite_note-FJ-362">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography_and_bibliography">Filmography and bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Filmography and bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filmography">Filmography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> Documentary films about Tuvalu: <ul><li>Tu Toko Tasi (Stand by Yourself) (2000) Conrad Mill, a Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) production.<a href="#cite_note-Mill-363">[363]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.wn.com/view/2015/03/15/Tuvalu_battered_by_Cyclone_Pam/">Paradise Domain – Tuvalu</a> (Director: Joost De Haas, Bullfrog Films/TVE 2001) 25:52 minutes – YouTube video.<a href="#cite_note-MKM-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQlrPm-VyE4">Tuvalu island tales (A Tale of two Islands)</a> (Director: Michel Lippitsch) 34 minutes – YouTube video.</li> <li>The Disappearing of Tuvalu: Trouble in Paradise (2004) by Christopher Horner and Gilliane Le Gallic.<a href="#cite_note-HG-364">[364]</a></li> <li>Paradise Drowned: Tuvalu, the Disappearing Nation (2004) Written and produced by Wayne Tourell. Directed by Mike O'Connor, Savana Jones-Middleton and Wayne Tourell.<a href="#cite_note-WT-365">[365]</a></li> <li>Going Under (2004) by Franny Armstrong, Spanner Films.<a href="#cite_note-MKM-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Before the Flood: Tuvalu (2005) by Paul Lindsay (Storyville/BBC Four).<a href="#cite_note-MKM-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Time and Tide (2005) by Julie Bayer and Josh Salzman, Wavecrest Films.<a href="#cite_note-TAT-366">[366]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2005/12/tuvalu_that_sin_1.html">Tuvalu: That Sinking Feeling</a> (2005) by Elizabeth Pollock from <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Rough_Cuts_(TV_series)" title="Rough Cuts (TV series)">Rough Cut</a></li> <li>Atlantis Approaching (2006) by Elizabeth Pollock, Blue Marble Productions.<a href="#cite_note-BMP-367">[367]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesinkingoftuvalu.com/">King Tide | The Sinking of Tuvalu</a> (2007) by Juriaan Booij.<a href="#cite_note-KT-368">[368]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSmN8Eq4qEg">Tuvalu</a> (Director: Aaron Smith, 'Hungry Beast' program, ABC June 2011) 6:40 minutes – YouTube video.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7GI7zeHOxQ">Tuvalu: Renewable Energy in the Pacific Islands Series</a> (2012) a production of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Regional_Environment_Programme" title="Pacific Regional Environment Programme">SPREP</a> 10 minutes – YouTube video.</li> <li>Mission Tuvalu (Missie Tuvalu) (2013) feature documentary directed by Jeroen van den Kroonenberg.<a href="#cite_note-MTT-369">[369]</a></li> <li>ThuleTuvalu (2014) by Matthias von Gunten, HesseGreutert Film/OdysseyFilm.<a href="#cite_note-TTT-370">[370]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/psi/bibliography/tuvalu.pdf">Bibliography of Tuvalu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025700/http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/psi/bibliography/tuvalu.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tuvalu" title="Outline of Tuvalu">Outline of Tuvalu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-US2022-1"><a href="#cite_ref-US2022_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/micronesia">"US State Dept 2022 report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023043900/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/micronesia/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+State+Dept+2022+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fmicronesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=232c&u=229c&u=23r">"The ARDA website, retrieved 2023-08-28"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017170532/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=232c&u=229c&u=23r">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ARDA+website%2C+retrieved+2023-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3FREGION%3D0%26u%3D232c%26u%3D229c%26u%3D23r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">"Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> (PDF). United Nations. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529091704/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2020. 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World Economic Outlook, October 2023. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117224522/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=869,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Outlook%2C+October+2023&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+database+%28Tuvalu%29&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D869%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2024%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2002+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=2">Gini index (World Bank estimate)</a>. 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Retrieved 16 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gini+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Forder%3Dwbapi_data_value_2002%2Bwbapi_data_value%2Bwbapi_data_value-last%26sort%3Dasc%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. 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(1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015043119/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_38_1929/Field_notes_on_the_culture_of_Vaitupu%2C_Ellice_Islands%2C_by_Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy%2C_p_1-99/p1?action=null">"Field Notes on the Culture of Vaitupu, Ellice Islands"</a>. Journal of the Polynesian Society. 38: 2–5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_38_1929/Field_notes_on_the_culture_of_Vaitupu%2C_Ellice_Islands%2C_by_Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy%2C_p_1-99/p1?action=null">the original</a> on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Field+Notes+on+the+Culture+of+Vaitupu%2C+Ellice+Islands&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=2-5&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Donald+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_38_1929%2FField_notes_on_the_culture_of_Vaitupu%252C_Ellice_Islands%252C_by_Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy%252C_p_1-99%2Fp1%3Faction%3Dnull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1975" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, William (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/240">The Great United States Exploring Expedition</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/240">240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520025571" title="Special:BookSources/0520025571"><bdi>0520025571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+United+States+Exploring+Expedition&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0520025571&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatunitedstate00will%2Fpage%2F240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estensen2006-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Estensen2006_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstensen2006" class="citation book cs1">Estensen, Miriam (2006). Terra Australis Incognita; The Spanish Quest for the Mysterious Great South Land. Australia: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74175-054-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-74175-054-7"><bdi>1-74175-054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terra+Australis+Incognita%3B+The+Spanish+Quest+for+the+Mysterious+Great+South+Land&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-74175-054-7&rft.aulast=Estensen&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEMaude59-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEMaude59_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEMaude59_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaude1959" class="citation journal cs1">Maude, H.E. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235215/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_68_1959/Volume_68%2C_No._4/Spanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific%2C_by_H._E._Maude%2C_p_285-326/p1">"Spanish Discoveries in the Central Pacific: A Study in Identification"</a>. Journal of the Polynesian Society. 68 (4): 284–326. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_68_1959/Volume_68,_No._4/Spanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific,_by_H._E._Maude,_p_285-326/p1">the original</a> on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Spanish+Discoveries+in+the+Central+Pacific%3A+A+Study+in+Identification&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=284-326&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Maude&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_68_1959%2FVolume_68%2C_No._4%2FSpanish_discoveries_in_the_Pacific%2C_by_H._E._Maude%2C_p_285-326%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSDDM-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSDDM_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSDDM_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSDDM_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers,_Keith_S.Munro,_Doug1980" class="citation journal cs1">Chambers, Keith S. & Munro, Doug (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215134048/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_89_1980/Volume_89%2C_No._2/The_%26apos%3Bmystery%26apos%3B_of_Gran_Cocal%3A_European_discovery_and_mis-discovery_in_Tuvalu%2C_by_Doug_Munro%2C_p_167-198/p1">"The Mystery of Gran Cocal: European Discovery and Mis-Discovery in Tuvalu"</a>. Journal of the Polynesian Society. 89 (2): 167–198. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_89_1980/Volume_89,_No._2/The_%26apos%3Bmystery%26apos%3B_of_Gran_Cocal%3A_European_discovery_and_mis-discovery_in_Tuvalu,_by_Doug_Munro,_p_167-198/p1">the original</a> on 15 December 2018. 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Chambers & Doug Munro, The Mystery of Gran Cocal: European Discovery and Mis-Discovery in Tuvalu, 89(2) (1980) <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_the_Polynesian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of the Polynesian Society">The Journal of the Polynesian Society</a>, 167–198 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Laumua Kofe, Palagi and Pastors, Tuvalu: A History, Ch. 15, (USP / Tuvalu government) </li> <li id="cite_note-Laumua_Kofe_1983-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laumua_Kofe_1983_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laumua_Kofe_1983_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laumua_Kofe_1983_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laumua_Kofe_1983_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laumua_Kofe_1983_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laumua_Kofe_1983_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laumua_Kofe_1983_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laumua_Kofe_1983_30-7">h</a> Kofe, Laumua; Palagi and Pastors in Tuvalu: A History, Ch. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-DeP1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-DeP1_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_PeysterDe_Peyster1800" class="citation web cs1">De Peyster, J. 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Retrieved 10 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+House+Nui.+From+the+album%3A+Views+in+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=Collection+of+Museum+of+New+Zealand+%28Te+Papa%29&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fobjectdetails.aspx%3Firn%3D1238504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AT4-62"><a href="#cite_ref-AT4_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew1886" class="citation web cs1">Andrew, Thomas (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?irn=1238500">"Bread fruit tree Nui. From the album: Views in the Pacific Islands"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bread+fruit+tree+Nui.+From+the+album%3A+Views+in+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=Collection+of+Museum+of+New+Zealand+%28Te+Papa%29&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fobjectdetails.aspx%3Firn%3D1238500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flude-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Flude_63-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~tonyf/CSL/">The Circular Saw Shipping Line.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609213056/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~tonyf/CSL/">Archived</a> 9 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Anthony G. Flude. 1993. (Chapter 7) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Janet Nicoll is the correct spelling of the trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney, Auckland and into the central Pacific. <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Van_de_Grift" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny Van de Grift">Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson</a> misnames the ship as the Janet Nicol in her account of the 1890 voyage </li> <li id="cite_note-RSL-65"><a href="#cite_ref-RSL_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051215064230/http://www.janeresture.com/index.htm">"The Tuvalu Visit of Robert Louis Stevenson"</a>. Jane Resture’s Oceania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janeresture.com/index.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2005. Retrieved 20 December 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tuvalu+Visit+of+Robert+Louis+Stevenson&rft.pub=Jane+Resture%E2%80%99s+Oceania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janeresture.com%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Stevenson, Fanny Van de Grift (1914) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cruisejanetnich01stevgoog">The Cruise of the Janet Nichol among the South Sea Islands</a>, republished in 2003, Roslyn Jolly (ed.), U. of Washington Press/U. of New South Wales Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0868406066" title="Special:BookSources/0868406066">0868406066</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Festetics De Tolna, Comte Rodolphe (1903) Chez les cannibales: huit ans de croisière dans l'océan Pacifique à bord du, Paris: Plon-Nourrit </li> <li id="cite_note-QBFR-68"><a href="#cite_ref-QBFR_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The Aristocrat and His Cannibals" Count Festetics von Tolna's travels in Oceania, 1893–1896. musée du quai Branly. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Aristocrat+and+His+Cannibals%22+Count+Festetics+von+Tolna%27s+travels+in+Oceania%2C+1893%E2%80%931896&rft.pub=mus%C3%A9e+du+quai+Branly&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMK-69"><a href="#cite_ref-NMK_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neprajz.hu/">"Néprajzi Múzeum Könyvtára"</a>. The library of the Ethnographic Museum of Hungary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721111935/http://www.neprajz.hu/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N%C3%A9prajzi+M%C3%BAzeum+K%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1ra&rft.pub=The+library+of+the+Ethnographic+Museum+of+Hungary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neprajz.hu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDN-70"><a href="#cite_ref-PDN_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Andrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203011855/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/oip/FinalReport/Annex/3_Survey%20LDP/Survey_Diagrams_JPACE-TV.pdf">South Pacific Sea Level & Climate Monitoring Project – Funafuti atoll</a> (PDF). SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC Division of SPC). pp. 35 & 40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificdisaster.net/oip/FinalReport/Annex/3_Survey%20LDP/Survey_Diagrams_JPACE-TV.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Pacific+Sea+Level+%26+Climate+Monitoring+Project+%E2%80%93+Funafuti+atoll&rft.pages=35+%26+40&rft.pub=SPC+Applied+Geoscience+and+Technology+Division+%28SOPAC+Division+of+SPC%29&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Andrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificdisaster.net%2Foip%2FFinalReport%2FAnnex%2F3_Survey%2520LDP%2FSurvey_Diagrams_JPACE-TV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17092086">"TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. National Library of Australia. 11 September 1934. p. 6. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=TO+THE+EDITOR+OF+THE+HERALD&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1934-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article17092086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> David, Mrs Edgeworth, Funafuti or Three Months on a Coral Atoll: an unscientific account of a scientific expedition, London: John Murray, 1899 </li> <li id="cite_note-USydL-73"><a href="#cite_ref-USydL_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sydney.edu.au/museums/collections/historic-photographs.shtml">"Photography Collection"</a>. University of Sydney Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615011130/http://sydney.edu.au/museums/collections/historic-photographs.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photography+Collection&rft.pub=University+of+Sydney+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2Fmuseums%2Fcollections%2Fhistoric-photographs.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CH2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-CH2_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedley1897" class="citation journal cs1">Hedley, Charles (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16696/497_complete.pdf">"The ethnology of Funafuti"</a> (PDF). Australian Museum Memoir. 3 (4): 227–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1967.3.1897.497">10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1897.497</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128033925/http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16696/497_complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Museum+Memoir&rft.atitle=The+ethnology+of+Funafuti&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=227-304&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0067-1967.3.1897.497&rft.aulast=Hedley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2FUploads%2FJournals%2F16696%2F497_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Fairfax, Denis (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090259b.htm">"Hedley, Charles (1862–1926)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524131624/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090259b.htm">Archived</a> 24 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 252–253 in <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>, Volume 9, Melbourne University Press. Retrieved 5 May 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Serle-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Serle_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="{{{ref}}}" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percival_Serle" title="Percival Serle">Serle, Percival</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogHa-He.html#hedley1">"Hedley, Charles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Australian Biography">Dictionary of Australian Biography</a>. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson" title="Angus & Robertson">Angus & Robertson</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hedley%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Australian+Biography&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Serle&rft.aufirst=Percival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks15%2F1500721h%2F0-dict-biogHa-He.html%23hedley1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ERW-77"><a href="#cite_ref-ERW_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite1897" class="citation journal cs1">Waite, Edgar R. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909015549/http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/16695/494_complete.pdf">"The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti"</a> (PDF). Australian Museum Memoir. 3 (3): 165–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1967.3.1897.494">10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1897.494</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16695/494_complete.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Museum+Memoir&rft.atitle=The+mammals%2C+reptiles%2C+and+fishes+of+Funafuti&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=165-202&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0067-1967.3.1897.494&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=Edgar+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2FUploads%2FJournals%2F16695%2F494_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WJR-78"><a href="#cite_ref-WJR_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainbow1897" class="citation journal cs1">Rainbow, William J. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16690/490_complete.pdf">"The insect fauna of Funafuti"</a> (PDF). Australian Museum Memoir. 3 (1): 89–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1967.3.1897.490">10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1897.490</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909015505/http://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/journals/16690/490_complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Museum+Memoir&rft.atitle=The+insect+fauna+of+Funafuti&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-104&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0067-1967.3.1897.490&rft.aulast=Rainbow&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2FUploads%2FJournals%2F16690%2F490_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NARA-79"><a href="#cite_ref-NARA_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/">"National Archives & Records Administration"</a>. Records of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070725204231/http://www.archives.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archives+%26+Records+Administration&rft.pub=Records+of+the+United+States+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service%2C+U.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pacificwrecks1-80"><a href="#cite_ref-pacificwrecks1_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/provinces/tuvalu.html">"Tuvalu (Ellice Islands)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020306212834/http://www.pacificwrecks.com/provinces/tuvalu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2002. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuvalu+%28Ellice+Islands%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Fprovinces%2Ftuvalu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMcQ-81"><a href="#cite_ref-PMcQ_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuarrie1994" class="citation book cs1">McQuarrie, Peter (1994). Strategic atolls: Tuvalu and the Second World War. Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury/ Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0958330050" title="Special:BookSources/0958330050"><bdi>0958330050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+atolls%3A+Tuvalu+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Macmillan+Brown+Centre+for+Pacific+Studies%2C+University+of+Canterbury%2F+Institute+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0958330050&rft.aulast=McQuarrie&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LNKFK2-82"><a href="#cite_ref-LNKFK2_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLifuka1978" class="citation book cs1">Lifuka, Neli (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807033725/https://www.307bg.net/memoirs/WWII_in_Tuvalu.pdf">"War Years in Funafuti"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 8 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+News+%7C+ASIA-PACIFIC+%7C+Tiny+Tuvalu+joins+UN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F913240.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2022" class="citation news cs1">Srinivasan, Prianka (16 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/programs/pacificbeat/tuvalua-metaverse-climat-change/101658730">"Tuvalu to create a digital replica of country as it faces impacts of climate change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227055709/https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/programs/pacificbeat/tuvalua-metaverse-climat-change/101658730">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2022. 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Retrieved 14 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuvalu+country+brief&rft.pub=Australian+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2FGEO%2Ftuvalu%2Ftuvalu_brief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-defence2019-04-07-235"><a href="#cite_ref-defence2019-04-07_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Pyne2019" class="citation news cs1">Christopher Pyne (7 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/minister/linda-reynolds/media-releases/guardian-class-patrol-boat-gifted-tuvalu">"Guardian Class Patrol Boat gifted to Tuvalu"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Ministry_of_Defence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Ministry of Defence (page does not exist)">Australian Ministry of Defence</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2019. <q>Te Mataili II was received by the Prime Minister of Tuvalu, the Right Hon Enele Sosene Sopoaga at a handover ceremony attended by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Trade, Tourism, Environment and Labour, the Hon Taukelina Finikaso, the Minister for Natural Resources, the Hon Dr Puakena Boreham, and the Commissioner of the Tuvalu Police Service, Commissioner Luka Falefou.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Ministry+of+Defence&rft.atitle=Guardian+Class+Patrol+Boat+gifted+to+Tuvalu&rft.date=2019-04-07&rft.au=Christopher+Pyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minister.defence.gov.au%2Fminister%2Flinda-reynolds%2Fmedia-releases%2Fguardian-class-patrol-boat-gifted-tuvalu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavalToday2019-04-06-236"><a href="#cite_ref-NavalToday2019-04-06_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navaltoday.com/2019/04/05/australia-hands-over-guardian-class-patrol-boat-to-tuvalu/">"Australia hands over Guardian-class patrol boat to Tuvalu"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Today (page does not exist)">Naval Today</a>. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019. <q>The 39.5 meter steel hulled patrol boat was built by Australian shipbuilder Austal under an AUD 335 million program that will see 21 boats gifted to 12 Pacific Island countries and Timor-Leste.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+Today&rft.atitle=Australia+hands+over+Guardian-class+patrol+boat+to+Tuvalu&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavaltoday.com%2F2019%2F04%2F05%2Faustralia-hands-over-guardian-class-patrol-boat-to-tuvalu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFA23-5A-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DFA23-5A_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFA23-5A_237-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFA23-5A_237-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFA23-5A_237-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dfa.gov.tv/index.php/2023/05/10/tuvalu-joins-forces-with-sea-shepherd-global-to-combat-ilegal-fishing-in-pacific-waters/">"Tuvalu joins forces with Sea Shepherd Global to Combat Ilegal Fishing in Pacific Waters"</a>. 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RNZ News. 21 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615163311/https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/337461/cooks-bill-puts-spotlight-on-pacific-s-anti-gay-laws">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RNZ+News&rft.atitle=Cooks+bill+puts+spotlight+on+Pacific%27s+anti-gay+laws&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F337461%2Fcooks-bill-puts-spotlight-on-pacific-s-anti-gay-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pacliiF-240"><a href="#cite_ref-pacliiF_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/tv/legis/consol_act_2008/fa121/">"Falekaupule Act (1997)"</a>. PACLII. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030232202/http://www.paclii.org/tv/legis/consol_act_2008/fa121/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PACLII&rft.atitle=Falekaupule+Act+%281997%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Ftv%2Flegis%2Fconsol_act_2008%2Ffa121%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennetts-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennetts_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennetts_241-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennetts_241-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennetts_241-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennetts_241-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennetts_241-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennetts_241-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennetts,_PeterWheeler,_Tony2001" class="citation book cs1">Bennetts, Peter; Wheeler, Tony (2001). Time & Tide: The Islands of Tuvalu. 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Central Statistics Division – Government of Tuvalu. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813003925/https://tuvalu.prism.spc.int/index.php/census-and-surveys">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing+and+sample+Surveys&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Division+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Tuvalu&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuvalu.prism.spc.int%2Findex.php%2Fcensus-and-surveys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1C2012-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1C2012_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1C2012_243-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuvalu.popgis.spc.int/#l=en;i=ethnic.t_tuvaluan;v=map1;sid=39;z=717733,9074628,48863,33709;sly=eas_32760_xy_def_DR">"Population of communities in Tuvalu"</a>. world-statistics.org. 11 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020216/http://tuvalu.popgis.spc.int/#l=en;i=ethnic.t_tuvaluan;v=map1;sid=39;z=717733,9074628,48863,33709;sly=eas_32760_xy_def_DR">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+communities+in+Tuvalu&rft.pub=world-statistics.org&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuvalu.popgis.spc.int%2F%23l%3Den%3Bi%3Dethnic.t_tuvaluan%3Bv%3Dmap1%3Bsid%3D39%3Bz%3D717733%2C9074628%2C48863%2C33709%3Bsly%3Deas_32760_xy_def_DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2C2012-244"><a href="#cite_ref-2C2012_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Tuvalu.html">"Population of communities in Tuvalu"</a>. Thomas Brinkhoff. 11 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124836/http://www.citypopulation.de/Tuvalu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+communities+in+Tuvalu&rft.pub=Thomas+Brinkhoff&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FTuvalu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TV">"Population, total"</a>. The World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130152233/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=TV">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=Population%2C+total&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.POP.TOTL%3Flocations%3DTV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_246-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_246-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_246-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_246-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_246-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_246-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/">"The World Factbook (CIA)"</a>. 20 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112151520/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%28CIA%29&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftuvalu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMJB-247"><a href="#cite_ref-CMJB_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColette_MortreuxJon_Barnett2009" class="citation journal cs1">Colette Mortreux & Jon Barnett (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222409088">"Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu"</a>. Global Environmental Change. 19 (1): 105–112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GEC....19..105M">2009GEC....19..105M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2008.09.006">10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115155358/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222409088">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=Climate+change%2C+migration+and+adaptation+in+Funafuti%2C+Tuvalu&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-112&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2008.09.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GEC....19..105M&rft.au=Colette+Mortreux&rft.au=Jon+Barnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222409088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LNKFK-248"><a href="#cite_ref-LNKFK_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLifuka1978" class="citation book cs1">Lifuka, Neli (1978). Koch, Klaus-Friedrich (ed.). Logs in the current of the sea: Neli Lifuka's story of Kioa and the Vaitupu colonists. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208193709/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/07/has-the-era-of-the-climate-change-refugee-begun/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Has+the+era+of+the+%27climate+change+refugee%27+begun%3F&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.aulast=Rick&rft.aufirst=Noack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F07%2Fhas-the-era-of-the-climate-change-refugee-begun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PS-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PS_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PS_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRive2014" class="citation web cs1">Rive, Vernon (14 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vernonrive.com/home/climate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision">""Climate refugees" revisited: a closer look at the Tuvalu decision"</a>. Point Source. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004092203/http://www.vernonrive.com/home/climate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Climate+refugees%22+revisited%3A+a+closer+look+at+the+Tuvalu+decision&rft.pub=Point+Source&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft.aulast=Rive&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vernonrive.com%2Fhome%2Fclimate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRive,_Vernon2014" class="citation news cs1">Rive, Vernon (14 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vernonrive.com/home/climate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision">""Climate refugees" revisited: a closer look at the Tuvalu decision"</a>. Point Source. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004092203/http://www.vernonrive.com/home/climate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Climate+refugees%22+revisited%3A+a+closer+look+at+the+Tuvalu+decision&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft.au=Rive%2C+Vernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vernonrive.com%2Fhome%2Fclimate-refugees-revisited-a-closer-look-at-the-tuvalu-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G17-252"><a href="#cite_ref-G17_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Doherty_and_Eleanor_Ainge_Roy2017" class="citation web cs1">Ben Doherty and Eleanor Ainge Roy (8 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/08/australia-and-nz-should-allow-open-migration-for-pacific-islanders-threatened-by-climate-says-report">"World Bank: let climate-threatened Pacific islanders migrate to Australia or NZ"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 8 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Bank%3A+let+climate-threatened+Pacific+islanders+migrate+to+Australia+or+NZ&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft.au=Ben+Doherty+and+Eleanor+Ainge+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2017%2Fmay%2F08%2Faustralia-and-nz-should-allow-open-migration-for-pacific-islanders-threatened-by-climate-says-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAC-253"><a href="#cite_ref-PAC_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government-announces-pacific-access-scheme">"Government announces Pacific access scheme"</a>. Mark Gosche, Pacific Island Affairs Minister (NZ). 20 December 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329083848/http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government-announces-pacific-access-scheme">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. 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Immigration New Zealand. 20 December 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329084027/https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/visas/visa/pacific-access-category-resident-visa">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. 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International Labour Organization. 11 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329084217/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/organigramme/program/lang--en/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuvalu+%E2%80%93+Decent+work+country+program&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organization&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fpublic%2Fenglish%2Fbureau%2Fprogram%2Fdwcp%2Fdownload%2Ftuvalu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815092456/http://www.deewr.gov.au/Employment/Programs/seasonalworker/Pages/default.aspx">"The Seasonal Worker Program"</a>. Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (Australia). 1 July 2012. 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Retrieved 10 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Tuvalu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FTV%2Flanguages%257ctitle%3DTuvalu%257cwork%3DEthnologue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Besnier, Niko (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhjgLnIMeawC">Tuvaluan: A Polynesian Language of the Central Pacific</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427121540/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhjgLnIMeawC">Archived</a> 27 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-02712-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-02712-4">0-203-02712-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Jackson, Geoff and Jackson, Jenny (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0T6FBzA4pvUC">An introduction to Tuvaluan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411075302/https://books.google.com/books?id=0T6FBzA4pvUC">Archived</a> 11 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 2 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+data+base+of+Reformed+churches+and+institutions&rft.pub=reformiert-online.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformiert-online.net%2Fadressen%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D13338%26lg%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> Constitution of Tuvalu, article 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-report12-268"><a href="#cite_ref-report12_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/eap/208276.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2012: Tuvalu"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlantis+Approaching%3A+The+Movie&rft.pub=Blue+Marble+Productions&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blue-marble.tv%2F7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KT-368"><a href="#cite_ref-KT_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesinkingoftuvalu.com/">"King Tide – The Sinking of Tuvalu"</a>. Juriaan Booij. 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Tide+%E2%80%93+The+Sinking+of+Tuvalu&rft.pub=Juriaan+Booij&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesinkingoftuvalu.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MTT-369"><a href="#cite_ref-MTT_369-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/1988061113/Documentaire+over+hoe+een+Eindhovenaar+het+eiland+Tuvalu+op+de+FIFA-ranglijst+probeert+te+krijgen.aspx">"Missie Tuvalu / Mission Tuvalu documentary"</a>. Omroep Brabant. 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missie+Tuvalu+%2F+Mission+Tuvalu+documentary&rft.pub=Omroep+Brabant&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omroepbrabant.nl%2F%3Fnews%2F1988061113%2FDocumentaire%2Bover%2Bhoe%2Been%2BEindhovenaar%2Bhet%2Beiland%2BTuvalu%2Bop%2Bde%2BFIFA-ranglijst%2Bprobeert%2Bte%2Bkrijgen.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TTT-370"><a href="#cite_ref-TTT_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thuletuvalu.com/">"ThuleTuvalu"</a>. HesseGreutert Film/OdysseyFilm. 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ThuleTuvalu&rft.pub=HesseGreutert+Film%2FOdysseyFilm&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thuletuvalu.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Lonely Planet Guide: South Pacific & Micronesia, by various.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1786572184" title="Special:BookSources/1786572184">1786572184</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786572189" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786572189">978-1786572189</a></li> <li>Chalkley, John, (1999) Vaitupu: Two Years on a Remote Polynesian Atoll, Matuku Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780953487608" title="Special:BookSources/9780953487608">9780953487608</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0953487601" title="Special:BookSources/0953487601">0953487601</a></li> <li>Ells, Philip, (2008) Where the Hell Is Tuvalu? Virgin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0753511304" title="Special:BookSources/0753511304">0753511304</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753511305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753511305">978-0753511305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grimble" title="Arthur Grimble">Grimble, Arthur</a>, (1952) <a href="/wiki/A_Pattern_of_Islands" title="A Pattern of Islands">A Pattern of Islands</a>, John Murray.</li></ul> </div> Biodiversity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Watling" title="Dick Watling">Watling, Dick</a>, (2003) A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia: Including American Samoa, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Wallis and Futuna, Environmental Consultants (Fiji) Ltd; 2nd edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9829030040" title="Special:BookSources/9829030040">9829030040</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789829030047" title="Special:BookSources/9789829030047">9789829030047</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Thaman, R.R. (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/10088/5070/1/00361.pdf">"Batiri Kei Baravi: The Ethnobotany of Pacific Island Coastal Plants"</a> (PDF). Atoll Research Bulletin. 361. National Museum of Natural History, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>: 1–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.00775630.361.1">10.5479/si.00775630.361.1</a>. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atoll+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Batiri+Kei+Baravi%3A+The+Ethnobotany+of+Pacific+Island+Coastal+Plants&rft.volume=361&rft.pages=1-62&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.00775630.361.1&rft.aulast=Thaman&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10088%2F5070%2F1%2F00361.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaman,_R.R.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thaman, R.R. (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.0077-5630.611">"The Flora of Tuvalu: Lakau Mo Mouku o Tuvalu"</a>. Atoll Research Bulletin (611): xii-129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5479%2Fsi.0077-5630.611">10.5479/si.0077-5630.611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89181901">89181901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atoll+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Flora+of+Tuvalu%3A+Lakau+Mo+Mouku+o+Tuvalu&rft.issue=611&rft.pages=xii-129&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5479%2Fsi.0077-5630.611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89181901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Thaman%2C+R.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5479%252Fsi.0077-5630.611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThamanPenivaoTeakauAlefaio2017" class="citation web cs1">Thaman, Randy; Penivao, Feagaiga; Teakau, Faoliu; Alefaio, Semese; Saamu, Lamese; Saitala, Moe; Tekinene, Mataio; Fonua, Mile (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sprep.org/attachments/VirLib/Tuvalu/r2r-biorap.pdf">"Report on the 2016 Funafuti Community-Based Ridge-To-Reef (R2R)"</a> (PDF). Rapid Biodiversity Assessment of the Conservation Status of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BES) In Tuvalu. Retrieved 25 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rapid+Biodiversity+Assessment+of+the+Conservation+Status+of+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Services+%28BES%29+In+Tuvalu&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+2016+Funafuti+Community-Based+Ridge-To-Reef+%28R2R%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Thaman&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Penivao%2C+Feagaiga&rft.au=Teakau%2C+Faoliu&rft.au=Alefaio%2C+Semese&rft.au=Saamu%2C+Lamese&rft.au=Saitala%2C+Moe&rft.au=Tekinene%2C+Mataio&rft.au=Fonua%2C+Mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprep.org%2Fattachments%2FVirLib%2FTuvalu%2Fr2r-biorap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Culture, customs and traditions <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Sandra Iren (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/36994/SandraIrenBarkas.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Barkås, Alofa – Expressions of Love: Change and Continuity in Tuvalu</a></li> <li>Brady, Ivan (1972). "Kinship Reciprocity in the Ellice Islands", Journal of the Polynesian Society 81:3, 290–316</li> <li>Brady, Ivan, (1974). "Land Tenure in the Ellice Islands", in Henry P. Lundsaarde (ed). Land Tenure in Oceania, Honolulu, University Press of Hawaii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824803213" title="Special:BookSources/0824803213">0824803213</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824803216" title="Special:BookSources/9780824803216">9780824803216</a></li> <li>Chambers, Keith & Anne Chambers, (January 2001) Unity of Heart: Culture and Change in a Polynesian Atoll Society, Waveland Pr Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1577661664" title="Special:BookSources/1577661664">1577661664</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1577661665" title="Special:BookSources/978-1577661665">978-1577661665</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorlew2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Corlew, Laura Kati (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/101349/1/Corlew_Laura_r.pdf">The Cultural Impacts of Climate Change</a> (PDF) (PhD). University of Hawaii. Retrieved 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Cultural+Impacts+of+Climate+Change&rft.inst=University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Corlew&rft.aufirst=Laura+Kati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10125%2F101349%2F1%2FCorlew_Laura_r.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Gilbert_Kennedy" title="Donald Gilbert Kennedy">Kennedy, Donald Gilbert</a>, Field Notes on the Culture of Vaitupu, Ellice Islands (1931): Thomas Avery & Sons, New Plymouth, N.Z.</li> <li>Kennedy, Donald Gilbert, Land tenure in the Ellice Islands, Journal of the Polynesian Society., Vol. 64, no. 4 (Dec. 1953):348–358.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Koch" title="Gerd Koch">Koch, Gerd</a>, (1961) Die Materielle Kulture der Ellice-Inseln, Berlin: Museum fur Volkerkunde; The English translation by Guy Slatter, was published as The Material Culture of Tuvalu, University of the South Pacific in Suva (1981) ASIN B0000EE805.</li></ul> </div> History <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hedley" class="citation journal cs1">Hedley, Charles (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/16686/487_complete.pdf">"General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti"</a> (PDF). Australian Museum Memoir. 3 (2): 1–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1967.3.1896.487">10.3853/j.0067-1967.3.1896.487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Museum+Memoir&rft.atitle=General+Account+of+the+Atoll+of+Funafuti&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-72&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0067-1967.3.1896.487&rft.aulast=Hedley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2FUploads%2FJournals%2F16686%2F487_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATuvalu" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tuvalu: A History (1983) Isala, Tito and Laracy, Hugh (eds.), Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu.</li> <li>Bedford, R., Macdonald, B., & Munro, D., (1980) Population Estimates for Kiribati and Tuvalu, 1850–1900: Review and Speculation, Journal of the Polynesian Society, 89, 199–246.</li> <li>Bollard, AE., (1981) The financial adventures of J. C. Godeffroy and Son in the Pacific, Journal of Pacific History, 16: 3–19.</li> <li>Firth, S., (1973) German Firms in the Western Pacific Islands, 1857–1914, Journal of Pacific History, 8: 10–28.</li> <li>Geddes, W. H., Chambers, A., Sewell, B., Lawrence, R., & Watters, R. (1982) Islands on the Line, team report. Atoll economy: Social change in Kiribati and Tuvalu, No. 1, Canberra: Australian National University, Development Studies Centre.</li> <li>Goodall, N. (1954) A history of the London Missionary Society 1895–1945, London: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Macdonald, Barrie, (1971) Local Government in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892–1969 – part 1, Journal of Administration Overseas, 10, 280–293.</li> <li>Macdonald, Barrie, (1972) Local Government in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892–1969 – part 2, Journal of Administration Overseas, 11, 11–27.</li> <li>Macdonald, Barrie, (2001) Cinderellas of the Empire: Towards a History of Kiribati and Tuvalu, Institute of Pacific Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a>, Suva, Fiji. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-02-0335-X" title="Special:BookSources/982-02-0335-X">982-02-0335-X</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> Press, first published 1982).</li> <li>Munro, D, Firth, S., (1986) Towards Colonial Protectorates: The Case of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 32: 63–71.</li> <li>Maude, H. E., (1949) The Co-operative Movement in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (Technical Paper No. 1), South Pacific Commission, Sydney.</li> <li>Suamalie N.T. Iosefa, Doug Munro, Niko Besnier, (1991) Tala O Niuoku, Te: The German Plantation on Nukulaelae Atoll 1865–1890, Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9820200733" title="Special:BookSources/9820200733">9820200733</a>.</li> <li>Pulekai A. Sogivalu, (1992) A Brief History of Niutao, Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/982020058X" title="Special:BookSources/982020058X">982020058X</a>.</li></ul> </div> Language <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpp.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Tuvalu-Language-Week-Education-Resource-2016-FINAL.pdf">Vaiaso ote Gana, Tuvalu Language Week Education Resource 2016 (New Zealand Ministry for Pacific Peoples)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307164741/http://www.mpp.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Tuvalu-Language-Week-Education-Resource-2016-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> 7 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Besnier, Niko, (1995) Literacy, Emotion and Authority: Reading and Writing on a Polynesian Atoll, Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521485398" title="Special:BookSources/0521485398">0521485398</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521485395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521485395">978-0521485395</a></li> <li>Besnier, Niko, (2000) Tuvaluan: A Polynesian Language of the Central Pacific. (Descriptive Grammars) Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415024560" title="Special:BookSources/0415024560">0415024560</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415024563" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415024563">978-0415024563</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Geoff W. & Jenny Jackson, (1999) An Introduction to Tuvaluan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9829027023" title="Special:BookSources/9829027023">9829027023</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9829027023" title="Special:BookSources/978-9829027023">978-9829027023</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Geoff W., (1994) Te Tikisionale O Te Gana Tuvalu, A Tuvaluan-English Dictionary, Suva, Fiji, Oceania Printers. ASIN: B0006F7FNY</li> <li>Kennedy, Donald Gilbert, Te ngangana a te Tuvalu – Handbook on the language of the Ellice Islands (1946) Websdale, Shoosmith, Sydney N.S.W.</li></ul> </div> Music and dance <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Christensen, Dieter, (1964) Old Musical Styles in the Ellice Islands, Western Polynesia, Ethnomusicology, 8:1, 34–40.</li> <li>Christensen, Dieter and <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Koch" title="Gerd Koch">Gerd Koch</a>, (1964) Die Musik der Ellice-Inseln, Berlin: Museum fur Volkerkunde.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Koch" title="Gerd Koch">Koch, Gerd</a>, (2000) Songs of Tuvalu (translated by Guy Slatter), Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9820203147" title="Special:BookSources/9820203147">9820203147</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9820203143" title="Special:BookSources/978-9820203143">978-9820203143</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Tuvalu at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tuvalu" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Tuvalu">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu" class="extiw" title="c:Tuvalu">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Tuvalu" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Tuvalu">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tuvalu" class="extiw" title="voy:Tuvalu">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672" class="extiw" title="d:Q672">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/cobp-tuv-2017-2019-ld-02.pdf">Te Kakeega III – National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2016–2020</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australiaawardsfijiandtuvalu.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Te-Kete-2021-2030-National-Development-Strategy.pdf">Te Kete – National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2021–2030</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516061641/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/tuvalu.htm">Tuvalu</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16340072">Tuvalu profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tuvaluparadise.tv">tuvaluparadise.tv website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107132209/https://tuvaluparadise.tv/">Archived</a> 7 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tuvalu/">Tuvalu</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Tuvalu" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Tuvalu">Wikimedia Atlas of Tuvalu</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Tuvalu" title="Timeline of the history of Tuvalu">Timeline of the history of Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polynesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Polynesian people">Migration of Polynesian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tuvalu_drought" title="2011 Tuvalu drought">2011 drought</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tuvalu" title="Flag of Tuvalu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/100px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/150px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/200px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tuvalu" title="Geography of Tuvalu">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tuvalu" title="Climate change in Tuvalu">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funafuti_Conservation_Area" title="Funafuti Conservation Area">Funafuti Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tuvalu" title="Protected areas of Tuvalu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_neighbourhoods_in_Tuvalu" title="List of villages and neighbourhoods in Tuvalu">Villages and neighbourhoods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Tuvalu" title="List of islands of Tuvalu">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funafuti" title="Funafuti">Funafuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanumanga" title="Nanumanga">Nanumanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niulakita" title="Niulakita">Niulakita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niutao" title="Niutao">Niutao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nui_(atoll)" title="Nui (atoll)">Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukufetau" title="Nukufetau">Nukufetau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukulaelae" title="Nukulaelae">Nukulaelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaitupu" title="Vaitupu">Vaitupu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tuvalu" title="Politics of Tuvalu">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_and_political_parties_in_Tuvalu" title="Elections and political parties in Tuvalu">Elections and parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tuvalu" title="Foreign relations of Tuvalu">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Tuvalu" title="Governor-General of Tuvalu">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Tuvalu">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tuvalu" title="Human rights in Tuvalu">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tuvalu">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Tuvalu">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tuvalu" title="Parliament of Tuvalu">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tuvalu" title="Prime Minister of Tuvalu">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tuvalu" title="Economy of Tuvalu">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Tuvalu" title="National Bank of Tuvalu">National Bank of Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Trust_Fund" title="Tuvalu Trust Fund">Tuvalu Trust Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Tuvalu">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu_Overseas_Seamen%27s_Union" title="Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union">Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Tuvalu" title="Category:Society of Tuvalu">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Tuvalu" title="Crime in Tuvalu">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tuvalu">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tuvalu" title="Demographics of Tuvalu">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tuvalu" title="Flag of Tuvalu">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tuvaluans" title="List of Tuvaluans">List of Tuvaluans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Tuvalu" title="Public holidays in Tuvalu">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Tuvalu" title="Sport in Tuvalu">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tuvalu" title="Outline of Tuvalu">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuvalu" title="Category:Tuvalu">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tuvalu" title="Portal:Tuvalu">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesia" title="Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polynesia" title="Template talk:Polynesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian triangle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Duff Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" title="Mele (island)">Mele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polynesian-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>1 Annexed by Canada in 1949</dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="45th Pacific Islands Forum">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="51st Pacific Islands Forum">51st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/21px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/42px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tuvalu" title="Portal:Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/21px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/42px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121822167">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143074390">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212693/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk3YrXJrH4Gx9CDq7j4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4107331-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81035231">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951467h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951467h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576072">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35388431">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge291169&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=178483">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268991205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/529117db-25de-3d09-9722-b54937a17590">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/eb7b8970-c0ed-468b-8d98-911b2c88ac90">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/935089">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/5A85E02H">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034158480">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035728">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tuvalu&params=8_31_15_S_179_11_55_E_">8°31′15″S 179°11′55″E / 8.52083°S 179.19861°E / -8.52083; 179.19861</a>    </div><noscript><img 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