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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_of_the_Jabirian_corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_of_the_Jabirian_corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dating of the Jabirian corpus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_of_the_Jabirian_corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical_clues_and_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical_clues_and_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Biographical clues and legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical_clues_and_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Jabirian_corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jabirian_corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Jabirian corpus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Jabirian_corpus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Jabirian corpus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Jabirian_corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alchemical_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alchemical_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alchemical writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alchemical_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_on_magic_(talismans,_specific_properties)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_on_magic_(talismans,_specific_properties)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Writings on magic (talismans, specific properties)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings_on_magic_(talismans,_specific_properties)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_extant_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_extant_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other extant writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_extant_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lost writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greco-Egyptian,_Byzantine_and_Persian_alchemy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Egyptian,_Byzantine_and_Persian_alchemy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Greco-Egyptian, Byzantine and Persian alchemy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Egyptian,_Byzantine_and_Persian_alchemy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemical philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elements_and_natures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_and_natures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Elements and natures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_and_natures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_sulfur-mercury_theory_of_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_sulfur-mercury_theory_of_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The sulfur-mercury theory of metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_sulfur-mercury_theory_of_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tertiary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Editions of Arabic Jabirian texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Modern translations of Arabic Jabirian texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts_(Latin)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts_(Latin)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Medieval translations of Arabic Jabirian texts (Latin)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts_(Latin)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jabir ibn Hayyan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djabir_ibn_Hajjan" title="Djabir ibn Hajjan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djabir ibn Hajjan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جابر بن حيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A7%D6%80_%D4%BB%D5%BA%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ժապէր Իպն Հայյան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ժապէր Իպն Հայյան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabir_ibn_H%C9%99yyan" title="Cabir ibn Həyyan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cabir ibn Həyyan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حیان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جابر بن حیان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জাবির ইবনে হায়য়ান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাবির ইবনে হায়য়ান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Жәбир ибн Хәйән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Жәбир ибн Хәйән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Джабір ібн Хаян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джабір ібн Хаян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEabir_ibn_Hajjan" title="Džabir ibn Hajjan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džabir ibn Hajjan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A0bir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jàbir ibn Hayyan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jàbir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsch%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" title="Dschābir ibn Hayyān – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschābir ibn Hayyān" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81_%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%8B%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τζαμπίρ ιμπίν Χαϋάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαμπίρ ιμπίν Χαϋάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B6abir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Ŷabir ibn Hayyan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ŷabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cabir_ibn_Hajjan" title="Ĝabir ibn Hajjan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝabir ibn Hajjan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جابر بن حیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musa_Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E5%BD%AA" title="借彪 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="借彪" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B9%84%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%80" title="자비르 이븐 하이얀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자비르 이븐 하이얀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_bin_Hayyan" title="Jabir bin Hayyan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jabir bin Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ջաբիր իբն Հայյան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջաբիր իբն Հայյան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="जाविर-इबन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जाविर-इबन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_bin_Hayyan" title="Jabir bin Hayyan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jabir bin Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="ג'אבר בן חיאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'אבר בן חיאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jābir ibn Hayyān" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯაბირ იბნ ჰაიანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯაბირ იბნ ჰაიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%90%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8E%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابِر ابن حَیّان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جابِر ابن حَیّان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Жабир ибн Хайян – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жабир ибн Хайян" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_Ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir Ibn Hayyan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jabir Ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabir_bin_Heyan" title="Cabir bin Heyan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cabir bin Heyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C4%81birs_ibn_Haij%C4%81ns" title="Džābirs ibn Haijāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džābirs ibn Haijāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geberis" title="Geberis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geberis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzs%C3%A1bir_ibn_Hajj%C3%A1n" title="Dzsábir ibn Hajján – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsábir ibn Hajján" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_Ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir Ibn Hayyan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jabir Ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ജാബിർ ബിൻ ഹയ്യാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാബിർ ബിൻ ഹയ്യാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯაბირ იბნ ჰაიანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯაბირ იბნ ჰაიანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حيان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جابر بن حيان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musa_Jabir_bin_Hayyan" title="Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musa_Jabir_bin_Hayyan" title="Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abu Musa Jabir bin Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျဲ့ဘား အီဘင်း ဟိုင်းယန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျဲ့ဘား အီဘင်း ဟိုင်းယန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ジャービル・ブン・ハイヤーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャービル・ブン・ハイヤーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_Ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir Ibn Hayyan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jabir Ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobir_ibn_Xayyom" title="Jobir ibn Xayyom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jobir ibn Xayyom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حیان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جابر بن حیان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حیان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جابر بن حیان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCabir_Ibn_Hajjan" title="Dżabir Ibn Hajjan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżabir Ibn Hajjan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibne_Haiane" title="Jabir ibne Haiane – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jabir ibne Haiane" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Джабир ибн Хайян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джабир ибн Хайян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حیان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جابر بن حیان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhabir_ib%C3%ABn_Hajan" title="Xhabir ibën Hajan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhabir ibën Hajan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حيان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جابر بن حيان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%BA_M%C3%BAs%C3%A1_D%C5%BE%C3%A1bir_ibn_Hajj%C3%A1n" title="Abú Músá Džábir ibn Hajján – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abú Músá Džábir ibn Hajján" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابیر کوڕی حەییان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جابیر کوڕی حەییان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEabir_ibn_Hajan" title="Džabir ibn Hajan – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Džabir ibn Hajan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEabir_ibn_Hajan" title="Džabir ibn Hajan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džabir ibn Hajan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_bin_Hayyan" title="Jabir bin Hayyan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jabir bin Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சாபர் இபின் அய்யான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாபர் இபின் அய்யான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaber_ben_%E1%B8%A4ayyan" title="Jaber ben Ḥayyan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Jaber ben Ḥayyan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%B9%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Җәбир ибн Хәйян – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җәбир ибн Хәйян" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3" title="ญาบิร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ญาบิร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Ҷобир ибни Ҳайён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷобир ибни Ҳайён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2bir_bin_Hayy%C3%A2n" title="Câbir bin Hayyân – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Câbir bin Hayyân" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Джабір ібн Хаян – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джабір ібн Хаян" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جابر بن حیان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جابر بن حیان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%87_%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%86_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ئەبۇ مۇسا جابىر بىن ھەييام – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەبۇ مۇسا جابىر بىن ھەييام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jabir ibn Hayyan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jābir ibn Hayyān" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94" title="贾比尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贾比尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber" title="Geber – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Geber" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE" title="賈比爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賈比爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94" title="贾比尔 – 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan">reviewed</a> on <i>22 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamic alchemist and polymath</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people known as Jabir, see <a href="/wiki/Jabir" title="Jabir">Jabir</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جابِر بِن حَيّان</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg/220px-Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg/330px-Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg/440px-Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="922" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">15th-century depiction of Jabir</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 806−816</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> (Iraq) / <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a> (Iran) / unknown</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">Alchemy and chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> religious philosophy</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Use of <a href="/wiki/Organic_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic Chemistry">organic</a> substances in chemistry, <a href="#The_sulfur-mercury_theory_of_metals">sulfur-mercury theory of metals</a>, science of the balance, <a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">science of artificial generation</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَبو موسى جابِر بِن حَيّان</span></span>, variously called <b>al-Ṣūfī</b>, <b>al-Azdī</b>, <b>al-Kūfī</b>, or <b>al-Ṭūsī</b>), died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 806−816, is the purported author of a large number of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus. The <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 215</span> treatises that survive today mainly deal with <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> religious philosophy. However, the original scope of the corpus was vast, covering a wide range of topics ranging from <a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrology in medieval Islam">astrology</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">pharmacology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">zoology</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">botany</a>, to <a href="/wiki/History_of_metaphysics" title="History of metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">grammar</a>. </p><p>The works attributed to Jabir, which are tentatively dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-datingcorpus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datingcorpus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contain the oldest known systematic classification of chemical substances, and the oldest known instructions for deriving an inorganic compound (<a href="/wiki/Sal_ammoniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal ammoniac">sal ammoniac</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic substances</a> (such as plants, blood, and hair) by chemical means.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works also contain one of the earliest known versions of the sulfur-mercury theory of metals, a <a href="/wiki/History_of_mineralogy" title="History of mineralogy">mineralogical</a> theory that would remain dominant until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant part of Jabir's writings deal with a philosophical theory known as "the science of the balance" (Arabic: <i>ʿilm al-mīzān</i>), which was aimed at reducing all phenomena (including material substances and their elements) to a system of measures and quantitative proportions. The Jabirian works also contain some of the earliest preserved Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">imamological</a> doctrines, which Jabir presented as deriving from his purported master, the Shi'ite Imam <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a> (died 765). </p><p>As early as the 10th century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jabir was in dispute in Islamic scholarly circles. The authorship of all these works by a single figure, and even the existence of a historical Jabir, are also doubted by modern scholars. Instead, Jabir ibn Hayyan is generally thought to have been a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> used by an anonymous school of Shi'ite alchemists writing in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. </p><p>Some Arabic Jabirian works (e.g., <i>The Great Book of Mercy</i>, and <i>The Book of Seventy</i>) were translated into Latin under the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> name <b>Geber</b>, and in 13th-century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a>, started to produce alchemical and metallurgical writings under this name.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif/lossy-page1-260px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif/lossy-page1-390px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif/lossy-page1-520px-Liebig_Company_Trading_Card_Ad_01.12.002_front.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Artistic impression of Jabir and his master <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not clear whether Jabir ibn Hayyan ever existed as a historical person. He is purported to have lived in the 8th century, and to have been a disciple of the Shi'ite Imam <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a> (died 765).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he is not mentioned in any historical source before c. 900, and the first known author to write about Jabir from a biographical point of view was the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdadi</a> bibliographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadīm</a> (c. 932–995).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist"><i>Fihrist</i></a> ("The Book Catalogue", written in 987), Ibn al-Nadīm compiled a list of Jabir's works, adding a short notice on the various claims that were then circulating about Jabir.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in Ibn al-Nadīm's time, there were some people who explicitly asserted that Jabir had never existed, although Ibn al-Nadīm himself disagreed with this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jabir was often ignored by later medieval Islamic biographers and historians, but even early Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">biographers</a> such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_al-Barqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad al-Barqi (page does not exist)">Aḥmad al-Barqī</a> (died c. 893), <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_ibn_Umar_Kashshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad ibn Umar Kashshi">Abū ʿAmr al-Kashshī</a> (first half of the 10th century), <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ali_al-Najashi" title="Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi">Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al-Najāshī</a> (983–1058), and <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Abū Jaʿfar al-Ṭūsī</a> (995–1067), who wrote long volumes on the companions of the Shi'ite Imams (including the many companions of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq), did not mention Jabir at all.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating_of_the_Jabirian_corpus">Dating of the Jabirian corpus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dating of the Jabirian corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from outright denying his existence, there were also some who, already in Ibn al-Nadīm's time, questioned whether the writings attributed to Jabir were really written by him.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authenticity of these writings was expressly denied by the Baghdadi philosopher <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abū Sulaymān al-Sijistānī</a> (c. 912–985) and his pupil <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hayy%C4%81n_al-Tawh%C4%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī">Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī</a> (c. 932–1023), though this may have been related to the hostility of both these thinkers to <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarly analysis has tended to confirm the inauthenticity of the writings attributed to Jabir. Much of the philosophical terminology used in the Jabirian treatises was only coined around the middle of the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek philosophical texts</a> cited in the Jabirian writings are known to have been <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">translated into Arabic</a> towards the end of the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, an important part of the corpus deals with early Shi'ite religious philosophy that is elsewhere only attested in late 9th-century and early 10th-century sources.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the dating of the Jabirian corpus to c. 850–950 has been widely accepted in modern scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-datingcorpus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datingcorpus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has also been noted that many Jabirian treatises show clear signs of having been redacted multiple times, and the writings as we now have them may well have been based on an earlier 8th-century core.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the obscurity involved, it is not impossible that some of these writings, in their earliest form, were written by a real Jabir ibn Hayyan.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, it is clear that Jabir's name was used as a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> by one or more anonymous Shi'ite alchemists writing in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, who also redacted the corpus as we now know it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical_clues_and_legend">Biographical clues and legend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biographical clues and legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jabir was generally known by the <a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)"><i>kunya</i></a> Abū Mūsā ("Father of Mūsā"), or sometimes Abū ʿAbd Allāh ("Father of ʿAbd Allāh"), and by the <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)"><i>nisba</i>s</a> (attributive names) al-<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Ṣūfī</a>, al-Azdī, al-Kūfī, or al-Ṭūsī.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather's name is mentioned by Ibn al-Nadim as ʿAbd Allāh.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the attribution of the name al-Azdī to Jabir is authentic,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this would point to his affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">Southern-Arabian</a> (Yemenite) tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a>. However, it is not clear whether Jabir was an <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> belonging to the Azd tribe, or a non-Arab Muslim client (<i><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawlā</a></i>) of the Azd.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If he was a non-Arab Muslim client of the Azd, he is most likely to have been <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a>, given his ties with eastern Iran (his <i>nisba</i> al-Ṭūsī also points to <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a>, a city in Khurasan).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadīm</a>, Jabir hailed from <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a> (eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>), but spent most of his life in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> (Iraq),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both regions where the Azd tribe was well-settled.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various late reports put his date of death between 806 (190 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a>) and 816 (200 AH).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the lack of independent biographical sources, most of the biographical information about Jabir can be traced back to the Jabirian writings themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are references throughout the Jabirian corpus to the Shi'ite Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (died 765), whom Jabir generally calls "my master" (Arabic: <i>sayyidī</i>), and whom he represents as the original source of all his knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one work, Jabir is also represented as an associate of the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> vizier family of the <a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a>, whereas Ibn al-Nadīm reports that some claimed Jabir to have been especially devoted to <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Yahya" title="Ja'far ibn Yahya">Jaʿfar ibn Yaḥyā al-Barmakī</a> (767–803), the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> vizier of <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> fame.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jabir's links with the Abbasids were stressed even more by later tradition, which turned him into a favorite of the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Hārūn al-Rashīd</a> (c. 763–809, also appearing in <i>One Thousand and One Nights</i>), for whom Jabir would have composed a treatise on alchemy, and who is supposed to have commanded the translation of Greek works into Arabic on Jabir's instigation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given Jabir's purported ties with both the Shi'ite Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq and the Barmakid family (who served the Abbasids as <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a>), or with the Abbasid caliphs themselves, it has sometimes been thought plausible that Ḥayyān al-ʿAṭṭār ("Hayyan the Druggist"), a proto-Shi'ite activist who was fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid cause</a> in the early 8th century, may have been Jabir's father (Jabir's name "Ibn Hayyan" literally means "The Son of Hayyan").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is no direct evidence supporting this hypothesis, it fits very well in the historical context, and it allows one to think of Jabir, however obscure, as a historical figure.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Ḥayyān al-ʿAṭṭār was supposedly executed not long after 721, the hypothesis even made it possible to estimate Jabir's date of birth at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 721</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has recently been argued that Ḥayyān al-ʿAṭṭār probably lived at least until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 744</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that as a client (<i>mawlā</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Nukha_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukha (tribe)">Nakhaʿ</a> tribe he is highly unlikely to have been the father of Jabir (who is supposed to have been a client/member of the Azd).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Jabirian_corpus">The Jabirian corpus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Jabirian corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 600 Arabic works attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan that are known by name,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 215 of which are still extant today.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some of these are full-length works (e.g., <i>The Great Book on Specific Properties</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of them are relatively short treatises and belong to larger collections (<i>The One Hundred and Twelve Books</i>, <i>The Five Hundred Books</i>, etc.) in which they function rather more like chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the individual chapters of some full-length works are counted as separate treatises too,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the total length of the corpus may be estimated at 3000 treatises/chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overwhelming majority of Jabirian treatises that are still extant today deal with <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> (though these may also contain religious speculations, and discuss a wide range of other topics ranging from <a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cosmology">cosmology</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">grammar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there are also a few extant treatises which deal with <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, i.e., "the science of <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a>" (<i>ʿilm al-ṭilasmāt</i>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a>) and "the science of specific properties" (<i>ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ</i>, the science dealing with the hidden powers of mineral, vegetable and animal substances, and with their practical applications in medical and various other pursuits).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other writings dealing with a great variety of subjects were also attributed to Jabir (this includes such subjects as <a href="/wiki/History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">pharmacology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">zoology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_metaphysics" title="History of metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrology in medieval Islam">astrology</a>), but almost all of these are lost today.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alchemical_writings">Alchemical writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alchemical writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hermeticism" title="Category:Hermeticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermes Trismegistus"><img alt="Hermes Trismegistus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/110px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/165px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/220px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="407" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><b><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetic writings</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_(astrological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis (astrological)">Liber Hermetis (astrological)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Hermes_Trismegistus_to_Asclepius" title="Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius"><i>Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Hermeticum" title="Corpus Hermeticum">Corpus Hermeticum</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poimandres" title="Poimandres">Poimandres</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_(treatise)" title="Asclepius (treatise)"><i>Asclepius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discourse_on_the_Eighth_and_Ninth" title="The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth"><i>Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Thanksgiving" title="Prayer of Thanksgiving">Prayer of Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_kosmou" class="mw-redirect" title="Kore kosmou"><i>Korē kosmou</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyranides" title="Cyranides">Cyranides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_stellis_beibeniis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber de stellis beibeniis"><i>The Book of the Secrets of the Stars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>The Secret of Creation</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Istamakhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Istamakhis"><i>Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia">Liber Hermetis de alchemia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historical figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ancient and medieval</span></span></span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(may be legendary)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni" title="Ahmad al-Buni">Aḥmad al-Būnī</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Early modern</span></span></span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Lazzarelli" title="Lodovico Lazzarelli">Lodovico Lazzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Robert Fludd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rosenkreuz" title="Christian Rosenkreuz">Christian Rosenkreuz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(legendary, see <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern offshoots</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_above,_so_below" title="As above, so below">As above, so below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Philosophica_Hermetica" title="Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica">Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kybalion" title="The Kybalion">The Kybalion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetism_and_other_religions" title="Hermetism and other religions">Hermetism and other religions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hermeticism" title="Template:Hermeticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hermeticism" title="Template talk:Hermeticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hermeticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hermeticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Paul Kraus</a>, who first <a href="/wiki/Cataloging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataloging">catalogued</a> the Jabirian writings and whose numbering is followed here, conceived of his division of Jabir's alchemical writings (Kr. nos. 5–1149) as roughly chronological in order.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>The Great Book of Mercy</b> (<i>Kitāb al-Raḥma al-kabīr</i>, Kr. no. 5): This was considered by Kraus to be the oldest work in the corpus, from which it may have been relatively independent. Some 10th-century skeptics considered it to be the only authentic work written by Jabir himself.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian physician, alchemist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī</a> (c. 865–925) appears to have written a (lost) commentary on it.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">translated into Latin</a> in the 13th century under the title <i>Liber Misericordiae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The One Hundred and Twelve Books</b> (<i>al-Kutub al-miʾa wa-l-ithnā ʿashar</i>, Kr. nos. 6–122): This collection consists of relatively independent treatises dealing with different practical aspects of alchemy, often framed as an explanation of the symbolic allusions of the 'ancients'. An important role is played by <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> alchemy. Its theoretical foundations are similar to those of <i>The Seventy Books</i> (i.e., the reduction of bodies to the elements fire, air, water and earth, and of the elements to the 'natures' hot, cold, moist, and dry), though their exposition is less systematic. Just like in <i>The Seventy Books</i>, the quantitative directions in <i>The One Hundred and Twelve Books</i> are still of a practical and 'experimental' rather than of a theoretical and speculative nature, such as will be the case in <i>The Books of the Balances</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first four treatises in this collection, i.e., the three-part <i>Book of the Element of the Foundation</i> (<i>Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss</i>, Kr. nos. 6–8, the second part of which contains an early version of the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a commentary on it (<i>Tafsīr kitāb al-usṭuqus</i>, Kr. no. 9), have been translated into English.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Seventy Books</b> (<i>al-Kutub al-sabʿūn</i>, Kr. nos. 123–192) (also called <i>The Book of Seventy</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Sabʿīn</i>): This contains a systematic exposition of Jabirian alchemy, in which the several treatises form a much more unified whole as compared to <i>The One Hundred and Twelve Books</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is organized into seven parts, containing ten treatises each: three parts dealing with the preparation of the elixir from animal, vegetable, and mineral substances, respectively; two parts dealing with the four elements from a theoretical and practical point of view, respectively; one part focusing on the alchemical use of animal substances, and one part focusing on minerals and metals.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona</a> (c. 1114–1187) under the title <i>Liber de Septuaginta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ten books added to the Seventy</b> (<i>ʿasharat kutub muḍāfa ilā l-sabʿīn</i>, Kr. nos. 193–202): The sole surviving treatise from this small collection (<i>The Book of Clarification</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Īḍāḥ</i>, Kr. no. 195) briefly discusses the different methods for preparing the elixir, criticizing the philosophers who have only expounded the method of preparing the elixir starting from mineral substances, to the exclusion of vegetable and animal substances.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Ten Books of Rectifications</b> (<i>al-Muṣaḥḥaḥāt al-ʿashara</i>, Kr. nos. 203–212): Relates the successive improvements (“rectifications”, <i>muṣaḥḥaḥāt</i>) brought to the art by such 'alchemists' as '<a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>' (Kr. no. 203), '<a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>' (Kr. no. 204), '<a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>' (Kr. no. 205), '<a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>' (Kr. no. 206), '<a href="/wiki/Archigenes" title="Archigenes">Archigenes</a>' (Kr. nos. 207–208), '<a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>' (Kr. no. 209), '<a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>' (Kr. no. 210), <a href="/wiki/Harbi_al-Himyari" title="Harbi al-Himyari">Ḥarbī al-Ḥimyarī</a> (Kr. no. 211),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jabir himself (Kr. no. 212). The only surviving treatise from this small collection (<i>The Book of the Rectifications of Plato</i>, <i>Kitāb Muṣaḥḥaḥāt Iflāṭūn</i>, Kr. no. 205) is divided into 90 chapters: 20 chapters on processes using only mercury, 10 chapters on processes using mercury and one additional 'medicine' (<i>dawāʾ</i>), 30 chapters on processes using mercury and two additional 'medicines', and 30 chapters on processes using mercury and three additional 'medicines'. All of these are preceded by an introduction describing the laboratory equipment mentioned in the treatise.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Twenty Books</b> (<i>al-Kutub al-ʿishrūn</i>, Kr. nos. 213–232): Only one treatise (<i>The Book of the Crystal</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Billawra</i>, Kr. no. 220) and a long extract from another one (<i>The Book of the Inner Consciousness</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Ḍamīr</i>, Kr. no. 230) survive.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Book of the Inner Consciousness</i> appears to deal with the subject of specific properties (<i>khawāṣṣ</i>) and with <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a> (<i>ṭilasmāt</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Seventeen Books</b> (Kr. nos. 233–249); <b>three treatises added to the Seventeen Books</b> (Kr. nos. 250–252); <b>thirty unnamed books</b> (Kr. nos. 253–282); <b>The Four Treatises</b> and some related treatises (Kr. nos. 283–286, 287–292); <b>The Ten Books According to the Opinion of Balīnās, the Master of Talismans</b> (Kr. nos. 293–302): Of these, only three treatises appear to be extant, i.e., the <i>Kitāb al-Mawāzīn</i> (Kr. no. 242), the <i>Kitāb al-Istiqṣāʾ</i> (Kr. no. 248), and the <i>Kitāb al-Kāmil</i> (Kr. no. 291).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Books of the Balances</b> (<i>Kutub al-Mawāzīn</i>, Kr. nos. 303–446): This collection appears to have consisted of 144 treatises of medium length, 79 of which are known by name and 44 of which are still extant. Though relatively independent from each other and devoted to a very wide range of topics (<a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_music_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of music theory">music theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_metaphysics" title="History of metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrology in medieval Islam">astrology</a>, etc.), they all approach their subject matter from the perspective of "the science of the balance" (<i>ʿilm al-mīzān</i>, a theory which aims at reducing all phenomena to a system of measures and quantitative proportions).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Books of the Balances</i> are also an important source for Jabir's speculations regarding the apparition of the "two brothers" (<i>al-akhawān</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a doctrine which was later to become of great significance to the Egyptian alchemist <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_ibn_Umail_al-Tamimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed ibn Umail al-Tamimi">Ibn Umayl</a> (c. 900–960).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Five Hundred Books</b> (<i>al-Kutub al-Khamsumiʾa</i>, Kr. nos. 447–946): Only 29 treatises in this collection are known by name, 15 of which are extant. Its contents appear to have been mainly religious in nature, with moral exhortations and alchemical allegories occupying an important place.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the extant treatises, <i>The Book of the Glorious</i> (<i>Kitāb al-Mājid</i>, Kr. no. 706) and <i>The Book of Explication</i> (<i>Kitāb al-Bayān</i>, Kr. no. 785) are notable for containing some of the earliest preserved <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">imamological</a> doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intermittent extracts from <i>The Book of Kingship</i> (<i>Kitāb al-Mulk</i>, Kr. no. 454) exist in a Latin translation under the title <i>Liber regni</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Books on the Seven Metals</b> (Kr. nos. 947–956): Seven treatises which are closely related to <i>The Books of the Balances</i>, each one dealing with one of Jabir's <a href="/wiki/Metals_of_antiquity" title="Metals of antiquity">seven metals</a> (respectively gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, and <i>khārṣīnī</i> or "chinese metal"). In one manuscript, these are followed by the related three-part <i>Book of Concision</i> (<i>Kitāb al-Ījāz</i>, Kr. nos. 954–956).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Diverse alchemical treatises</b> (Kr. nos. 957–1149): In this category, Kraus placed a large number of named treatises which he could not with any confidence attribute to one of the alchemical collections of the corpus. According to Kraus, some of them may actually have been part of <i>The Five Hundred Books</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings_on_magic_(talismans,_specific_properties)"><span id="Writings_on_magic_.28talismans.2C_specific_properties.29"></span>Writings on magic (talismans, specific properties)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writings on magic (talismans, specific properties)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the surviving Jabirian treatises, there are also a number of relatively independent treatises dealing with "the science of <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a>" (<i>ʿilm al-ṭilasmāt</i>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a>) and with "the science of specific properties" (<i>ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ</i>, i.e., the science dealing with the hidden powers of mineral, vegetable and animal substances, and with their practical applications in medical and various other pursuits).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are: </p> <ul><li><b>The Book of the Search</b> (<i>Kitāb al-Baḥth</i>, also known as <i>The Book of Extracts</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Nukhab</i>, Kr. no. 1800): This long work deals with the philosophical foundations of <a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a> or "the science of talismans" (<i>ʿilm al-ṭilasmāt</i>). It is also notable for citing a significant number of Greek authors: there are references to (the works of) <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudo</a>-)<a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Book of Fifty</b> (<i>Kitāb al-Khamsīn</i>, perhaps identical to <i>The Great Book on Talismans</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Ṭilasmāt al-kabīr</i>, Kr. nos. 1825–1874): This work, only extracts of which are extant, deals with subjects such as the theoretical basis of <a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a>, specific properties, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Great Book on Specific Properties</b> (<i>Kitāb al-Khawāṣṣ al-kabīr</i>, Kr. nos. 1900–1970): This is Jabir's main work on "the science of specific properties" (<i>ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ</i>), i.e., the science dealing with the hidden powers of mineral, vegetable and animal substances, and with their practical applications in medical and various other pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also contains a number of chapters on "the science of the balance" (<i>ʿilm al-mīzān</i>, a theory which aims at reducing all phenomena to a system of measures and quantitative proportions).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Book of the King</b> (<i>Kitāb al-Malik</i>, kr. no. 1985): Short treatise on the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Book of Black Magic</b> (<i>Kitāb al-Jafr al-aswad</i>, Kr. no. 1996): This treatise is not mentioned in any other Jabirian work.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_extant_writings">Other extant writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other extant writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writings on a wide variety of other topics were also attributed to Jabir. Most of these are lost (see below), except for: </p> <ul><li><b>The Book on Poisons and on the Repelling of their Harmful Effects</b> (<i>Kitāb al-Sumūm wa-dafʿ maḍārrihā</i>, Kr. no. 2145): on <a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">pharmacology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Book of Comprehensiveness</b> (<i>Kitāb al-Ishtimāl</i>, Kr. no. 2715): a long extract of this philosophical treatise is preserved by the poet and alchemist <a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a> (1061–c. 1121).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_writings">Lost writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lost writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a significant number of the Jabirian treatises on alchemy and magic do survive, many of them are also lost. Apart from two surviving treatises (see immediately above), Jabir's many writings on other topics are all lost: </p> <ul><li><b>Catalogues</b> (Kr. nos. 1–4): There are three <a href="/wiki/Cataloging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataloging">catalogues</a> which Jabir is said to have written of his own works (Kr. nos. 1–3), and one <i>Book on the Order of Reading our Books</i> (<i>Kitāb Tartīb qirāʾat kutubinā</i>, Kr. no. 4). They are all lost.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Books on Stratagems</b> (<i>Kutub al-Ḥiyal</i>, Kr. nos. 1150–1449) and <b>The Books on Military Stratagems and Tricks</b> (<i>Kutub al-Ḥiyal al-ḥurūbiyya wa-l-makāyid</i>, Kr. nos. 1450–1749): Two large collections on 'mechanical tricks' (the Arabic word <i>ḥiyal</i> translates Greek μηχαναί, <i>mēchanai</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and military <a href="/wiki/History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">engineering</a>, both lost.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medical</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">pharmacological</a> writings</b> (Kr. nos. 2000–2499): Seven treatises are known by name, the only one extant being <i>The Book on Poisons and on the Repelling of their Harmful Effects</i> (<i>Kitāb al-Sumūm wa-dafʿ maḍārrihā</i>, Kr. no. 2145). Kraus also included into this category a lost treatise on <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">zoology</a> (<i>The Book of Animals</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Ḥayawān</i>, Kr. no. 2458) and a lost treatise on <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">botany</a> (<i>The Book of Plants</i> or <i>The Book of Herbs</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Nabāt</i> or <i>Kitāb al-Ḥashāʾish</i>, Kr. no. 2459).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Philosophical writings</b> (<i>Kutub al-falsafa</i>, Kr. nos. 2500–2799): Under this heading, Kraus mentioned 23 works, most of which appear to deal with <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian philosophy</a> (titles include, e.g., <i>The Books of <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a> According to the Opinion of Aristotle</i>, Kr. no. 2580; <i>The Book of <a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Categories</a></i>, Kr. no. 2582; <i>The Book on <a href="/wiki/History_of_hermeneutics" title="History of hermeneutics">Interpretation</a></i>, Kr. no. 2583; <i>The Book of <a href="/wiki/History_of_metaphysics" title="History of metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></i>, Kr. no. 2681; <i>The Book of the Refutation of Aristotle in his Book <a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></i>, Kr. no. 2734). Of one treatise (<i>The Book of Comprehensiveness</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Ishtimāl</i>, Kr. no. 2715) a long extract is preserved by the poet and alchemist <a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a> (1061–c. 1121), but all other treatises in this group are lost.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">Mathematical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">astronomical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrology in medieval Islam">astrological</a> writings</b> (Kr. nos. 2800–2899): Thirteen treatises in this category are known by name, all of which are lost. Notable titles include a <i>Book of Commentary on <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></i> (<i>Kitāb Sharḥ Uqlīdiyas</i>, Kr. no. 2813), a <i>Commentary on the Book of the Weight of the Crown by <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></i> (<i>Sharḥ kitāb wazn al-tāj li-Arshamīdas</i>, Kr. no. 2821), a <i>Book of Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> (<i>Kitāb Sharḥ al-Majisṭī</i>, Kr. no. 2834), a <i>Subtle Book on <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Astronomical Tables</a></i> (<i>Kitāb al-Zāj al-laṭīf</i>, Kr. no. 2839), a <i>Compendium on the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a> from a Theoretical and Practical Point of View</i> (<i>Kitāb al-jāmiʿ fī l-asṭurlāb ʿilman wa-ʿamalan</i>, Kr. no. 2845), and a <i>Book of the Explanation of the Figures of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a> and Their Activities</i> (<i>Kitāb Sharḥ ṣuwar al-burūj wa-afʿālihā</i>, Kr. no. 2856).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Religious writings</b> (Kr. nos. 2900–3000): Apart from those known to belong to <i>The Five Hundred Books</i> (see above), there are a number of religious treatises whose exact place in the corpus is uncertain, all of which are lost. Notable titles include <i>Books on the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> Schools of Thought</i> (<i>Kutub fī <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhāhib</a> al-shīʿa</i>, Kr. no. 2914), <i>Our Books on the <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Transmigration of the Soul</a></i> (<i>Kutubunā fī l-tanāsukh</i>, Kr. no. 2947), <i>The Book of the <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i> (<i>Kitāb al-Imāma</i>, Kr. no. 2958), and <i>The Book in Which I Explained the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></i> (<i>Kitābī alladhī fassartu fīhi al-tawrāt</i>, Kr. no. 2982).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Egyptian,_Byzantine_and_Persian_alchemy"><span id="Greco-Egyptian.2C_Byzantine_and_Persian_alchemy"></span>Greco-Egyptian, Byzantine and Persian alchemy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greco-Egyptian, Byzantine and Persian alchemy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabir_ibn_Hayyan_Geber,_Arabian_alchemist_Wellcome_L0005558.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan_Geber%2C_Arabian_alchemist_Wellcome_L0005558.jpg/190px-Jabir_ibn_Hayyan_Geber%2C_Arabian_alchemist_Wellcome_L0005558.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan_Geber%2C_Arabian_alchemist_Wellcome_L0005558.jpg/285px-Jabir_ibn_Hayyan_Geber%2C_Arabian_alchemist_Wellcome_L0005558.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan_Geber%2C_Arabian_alchemist_Wellcome_L0005558.jpg/380px-Jabir_ibn_Hayyan_Geber%2C_Arabian_alchemist_Wellcome_L0005558.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>Artistic impression of Jabir.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jabirian writings contain a number of references to Greco-Egyptian alchemists such as <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">Democritus</a> (fl. c. 60), <a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a> (fl. c. 0–300), <a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon</a> (fl. c. 300), and <a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a> (fl. c. 300), as well as to legendary figures such as <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes</a>, and to scriptural figures such as <a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">Moses</a> and Jesus (to whom a number of alchemical writings were also ascribed).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these references may have been meant as an appeal to ancient authority rather than as an acknowledgement of any intellectual borrowing,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in any case Jabirian alchemy was very different from what is found in the extant Greek alchemical treatises: it was much more systematic and coherent,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it made much less use of allegory and symbols,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a much more important place was occupied by philosophical speculations and their application to laboratory experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, whereas Greek alchemical texts had been almost exclusively focused on the use of mineral substances (i.e., on '<a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic chemistry</a>'), Jabirian alchemy pioneered the use of vegetable and animal substances, and so represented an innovative shift towards '<a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, there are some important theoretical similarities between Jabirian alchemy and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> alchemy,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even though the Jabirian authors do not seem to have known Byzantine works that are extant today such as the alchemical works attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> philosophers <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a> (c. 495–570) and <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a> (fl. c. 580–640),<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it seems that they were at least partly drawing on a parallel tradition of <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theoretical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophical</a> alchemy.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, the writings actually used by the Jabirian authors appear to have mainly consisted of alchemical works falsely attributed to ancient philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Apollonius of Tyana,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only some of which are still extant today, and whose philosophical content still needs to be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the innovations in Jabirian alchemy was the addition of <a href="/wiki/Sal_ammoniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal ammoniac">sal ammoniac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>) to the category of chemical substances known as '<a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances#Waters,_oils_and_spirits" title="List of alchemical substances">spirits</a>' (i.e., strongly volatile substances). This included both naturally occurring sal ammoniac and synthetic ammonium chloride as produced from <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic substances</a>, and so the addition of sal ammoniac to the list of 'spirits' is likely a product of the new focus on <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. Since the word for sal ammoniac used in the Jabirian corpus (<i>nošāder</i>) is <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> in origin, it has been suggested that the direct precursors of Jabirian alchemy may have been active in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenizing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriacizing</a> schools of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_philosophy">Chemical philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chemical philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_and_natures">Elements and natures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elements and natures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_physics" title="Aristotelian physics">Aristotelian physics</a>, each <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">element</a> is composed of two qualities: <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a> is hot and dry, <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a> is cold and dry, <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a> is cold and moist, and <a href="/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a> is hot and moist. In the Jabirian corpus, these qualities came to be called "natures" (Arabic: <i>ṭabāʾiʿ</i>), and elements are said to be composed of these 'natures', plus an underlying "substance" (<i>jawhar</i>). In metals two of these 'natures' were interior and two were exterior. For example, lead was predominantly cold and dry and gold was predominantly hot and moist. Thus, Jabir theorized, by rearranging the natures of one metal, a different metal would result. Like <a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos</a>, Jabir believed this would require a catalyst, an <i>al-iksir</i>, the elusive elixir that would make this transformation possible – which in European alchemy became known as the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosopher's stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_sulfur-mercury_theory_of_metals">The sulfur-mercury theory of metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The sulfur-mercury theory of metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sulfur-mercury theory of metals, though first attested in <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>'s <i>The Secret of Creation</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i></a>, late 8th or early 9th century, but largely based on older sources),<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also adopted by the Jabirian authors. According to the Jabirian version of this theory, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> form in the earth through the mixing of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. Depending on the quality of the sulfur, different metals are formed, with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> being formed by the most subtle and well-balanced sulfur.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory, which is ultimately based on ancient <a href="/wiki/History_of_meteorology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of meteorology">meteorological</a> speculations such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)"><i>Meteorology</i></a>, formed the basis of all theories of metallic composition until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_ar-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī</a> (c. 865–925, famous contemporary chemist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">Pseudo-Geber</a> (13th-14th century Latin authors writing under Jabir's name)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in medieval Islam">Science in medieval Islam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-datingcorpus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-datingcorpus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-datingcorpus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the dating put forward by <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. lxv. For its acceptance by other scholars, see the references in <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 38, note 14. Notable critics of Kraus' dating are <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a> and <a href="#CITEREFNomanul_Haq1994">Nomanul Haq 1994</a>, pp. 3–47 (cf. <a href="#CITEREFForster2018">Forster 2018</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 41–42 (referring to <a href="#CITEREFStapleton1905">Stapleton 1905</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRuska1923a">Ruska 1923a</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRuska1928">Ruska 1928</a>). See also <a href="#CITEREFStapletonAzoHidayat_Husain1927">Stapleton, Azo & Hidayat Husain 1927</a>, pp. 338–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2006">Norris 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman1985">Newman 1985</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNewman1991">Newman 1991</a>, pp. 57–103. It has been argued by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan that the pseudo-Geber works were actually translated into Latin from the Arabic (see Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. "The Arabic Origin of the <i>Summa</i> and Geber Latin Works: A Refutation of Berthelot, Ruska, and Newman Based on Arabic Sources", in: <a href="#CITEREFal-Hassan2009">al-Hassan 2009</a>, pp. 53–104; also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/geber/geber%2004.html">online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">References to Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq occur throughout the Jabirian corpus (see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii). See also below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. xvii, 189; <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 38, note 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. xvii, xix–xxi, xliii–xlv; <a href="#CITEREFFück1951">Fück 1951</a>, p. 124. An annotated English translation of this notice and the list of Jabir's works may be found in <a href="#CITEREFFück1951">Fück 1951</a>, pp. 95–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFück1951">Fück 1951</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 39. However, as also noted by Delva 2017, pp. 39–40, note 19, Jabir does occur in two possibly early Shi'ite <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> collections, which are in need of further investigation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFück1951">Fück 1951</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. lxiii–lxv; <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 39, note 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See already <a href="#CITEREFKraus1930">Kraus 1930</a> and <a href="#CITEREFKraus1931">Kraus 1931</a>. This was denied by <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNomanul_Haq1994">Nomanul Haq 1994</a>, pp. 230–242 has argued that one of these translations of Greek philosophical texts cited by Jabir actually dates to the 8th century, but this was contradicted by <a href="#CITEREFGannagé1998">Gannagé 1998</a>, pp. 427–449 (cf. <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 38, note 14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kraus regarded Jabirian Shi'ism as an early form of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a> (see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1930">Kraus 1930</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942">Kraus 1942</a>; see also <a href="#CITEREFCorbin1950">Corbin 1950</a>), but it has since been shown that it significantly differs from Isma'ilism (see <a href="#CITEREFLory1989">Lory 1989</a>, pp. 47–125; <a href="#CITEREFLory2000">Lory 2000</a>), and may have been an independent sectarian Shi'ite current related to the late 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghulāt</a> (see <a href="#CITEREFCapezzone2020">Capezzone 2020</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLory1983">Lory 1983</a>, pp. 62–79. For other observations of the existence of different editorial layers in Jabirian treatises, see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. xxxxiii-xxxvi; <a href="#CITEREFGannagé1998">Gannagé 1998</a>, pp. 409–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 53, note 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapezzone2020">Capezzone 2020</a>; cf. <a href="#CITEREFLory2008b">Lory 2008b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNomanul_Haq1994">Nomanul Haq 1994</a>, p. 33, note 1. The <i>kunya</i> Abū ʿAbd Allāh only occurs in Ibn al-Nadīm (see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. xliii, note 5). <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikān</a> (1211–1282) gives Jabir's <i>nisba</i> as al-<a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Ṭarsūsī</a>, or in some manuscripts as al-<a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tarṭūsī</a>, but these are most likely scribal errors for al-Ṭūsī (see Kraus 1942–1943, vol. I, p. xli, note 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. xli, note 9. Kraus adds that ʿAbd Allāh as the name of Jabir's grandfather is also mentioned in Jabir's <i>Kitāb al-Najīb</i> (Kr. no. 977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuska1923b">Ruska 1923b</a>, p. 57 still thought the attribution to Jabir of the name al-Azdī to be false. Later sources assume its authenticity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. xli, note 1; <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 36. In the 8th century, it was still necessary for non-Arabs to secure an affiliation with an Arab tribe in order to be allowed to convert to Islam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 36. According to a copyist of one of the manuscripts containing Jabir's works, he also died in Tus (see Delva 2017, p. 36, note 6). Jabir was held to be an Arab by <a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1927">Holmyard 1927</a>, pp. 29–32, a view still taken by <a href="#CITEREFForster2018">Forster 2018</a>. He was regarded as Persian by <a href="#CITEREFRuska1923b">Ruska 1923b</a>, p. 57 (cf. <a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1927">Holmyard 1927</a>, p. 29), who was echoed by such scholars as <a href="#CITEREFSarton1927–1948">Sarton 1927–1948</a>, vol. II.2, p. 1044 and <a href="#CITEREFNewman1996">Newman 1996</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1927">Holmyard 1927</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, pp. 36−37, note 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This even holds for most of what was written by Ibn al-Nadīm; see <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. xxxvi-xxxvii. That the references are indeed to Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq is made clear by the Shi'ite context in which they occur, and by the fact that Jaʿfar's <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> "ibn Muḥammad" is sometimes included (see <a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1927">Holmyard 1927</a>, pp. 34–35; <a href="#CITEREFRuska1927">Ruska 1927</a>, p. 42). Ibn al-Nadīm's isolated statement that some claimed "my master" to refer to Jaʿfar ibn Yaḥyā al-Barmakī was called "arbitrary" by Kraus 1942–1943, vol. I, p. xliv, note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1931">Kraus 1931</a>, pp. 28–29; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 36, note 3. Kraus expressly compared the seemingly legendary tales about Jabir and the Barmakids with those of the <i>One Thousand and One Nights</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is first related by the 14th century alchemist <a href="/wiki/Al-Jaldaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jaldaki">al-Jildakī</a> (see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. xli–xliii; cf. <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 36, note 4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1927">Holmyard 1927</a>, pp. 29–32, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, pp. 41–42, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 42; cf. <a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1927">Holmyard 1927</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 49, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are listed in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 203–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLory1983">Lory 1983</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 148–152, 205 (counted as one of the c. 600 works there).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLory1983">Lory 1983</a>, pp. 51–52; <a href="#CITEREFDelva2017">Delva 2017</a>, p. 37, note n. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <i>The Great Book on Specific Properties</i>, whose 71 chapters are counted by <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 148–152 as nos. 1900–1970. Note, however, that this procedure is not always followed: e.g., even though <i>The Book of the Rectifications of Plato</i> consists of 90 chapters, it is still counted as only one treatise (Kr. no. 205, see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 64–67).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the number arrived at by <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I. Kraus' method of counting has been criticized by <a href="#CITEREFNomanul_Haq1994">Nomanul Haq 1994</a>, pp. 11–12, who warns that "we should view with a great deal of suspicion any arguments for a plurality of authors which is based on Kraus' inflated estimate of the volume of the Jabirian corpus".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the section 'Alchemical writings' below. Religious speculations occur throughout the corpus (see, e.g., <a href="#CITEREFLory2016a">Lory 2016a</a>), but are especially prominent in <i>The Five Hundred Books</i> (see below). <i>The Books of the Balances</i> deal with alchemy from a philosophical and theoretical point of view, and contain treatises devoted to a wide range of topics (see below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the section 'Writings on magic (talismans, specific properties)' below. Kraus refers to <i>ʿilm al-ṭilasmāt</i> as "théurgie" (<a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a>) throughout; see, e.g., <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 75, 143, <i>et pass.</i> On "the science of specific properties" (<i>ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ</i>), see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 61–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only one full work (<i>The Book on Poisons and on the Repelling of their Harmful Effects</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Sumūm wa-dafʿ maḍārrihā</i>, Kr. no. 2145, medical/pharmacological) and a long extract of another one (<i>The Book of Comprehensiveness</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Ishtimāl</i>, Kr. no. 2715, philosophical) are still extant today; see the section 'Other writings' below, with <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a>, pp. 264–265. <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a>, pp. 268–269 also lists 30 extant works which were not known to Kraus, and whose subject matter and place in the corpus has not yet been determined.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I. Kraus based this order on an extensive analysis of the many internal references to other treatises in the corpus. A slightly different chronological order is postulated by <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a>, pp. 231–258 (who places <i>The Books of the Balances</i> after <i>The Five Hundred Books</i>, see pp. 252–253).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 5–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. lx–lxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited by <a href="#CITEREFDarmstaedter1925">Darmstaedter 1925</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZirnis1979">Zirnis 1979</a>, pp. 64–65, 90. Jabir explicitly notes that the version of the <i>Emerald Tablet</i> quoted by him is taken from "Balīnās the Sage" (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>), although it differs slightly from the (probably even earlier) version preserved in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's <a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i></a> (<i>The Secret of Creation</i>): see <a href="#CITEREFWeisser1980">Weisser 1980</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZirnis1979">Zirnis 1979</a>. On some <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> aspects of <i>The Book of the Element of the Foundation</i>, see <a href="#CITEREFLory2016a">Lory 2016a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForster2018">Forster 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited by <a href="#CITEREFBerthelot1906">Berthelot 1906</a>, pp. 310–363; the Latin translation of one of the seventy treatises (<i>The Book of the Thirty Words</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Thalāthīn kalima</i>, Kr. no. 125, translated as <i>Liber XXX verborum</i>) was separately edited by <a href="#CITEREFColinet2000">Colinet 2000</a>, pp. 179–187. In the ms. used by Berthelot, the name of the translator appears as a certain <i>Renaldus Cremonensis</i> (<a href="#CITEREFBerthelot1906">Berthelot 1906</a>, p. 310, cf. <a href="#CITEREFForster2018">Forster 2018</a>). However, a medieval list of the works translated by Gerard of Cremona (Latin: <i>Gerardus Cremonensis</i>) mentions the <i>Liber de Septuaginta</i> as one of the three alchemical works translated by the <i>magister</i> (see <a href="#CITEREFBurnett2001">Burnett 2001</a>, p. 280, cf. <a href="#CITEREFMoureau2020">Moureau 2020</a>, pp. 106, 111).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ḥarbī al-Ḥimyarī occurs several times in the Jabirian writings as one of Jabir's teachers. He supposedly was 463 years old when Jabir met him (see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. xxxvii). According to <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a>, p. 127, the fact that Jabir dedicated a book to Ḥarbī's contributions to alchemy points to the existence in Jabir's time of a written work attributed to him.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 64–67. On the meaning here of <i>muṣaḥḥaḥāt</i>, see esp. p. 64 n. 1 and the accompanying text. See also <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a>, pp. 160–162, 167–168, 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. 69. On "the science of specific properties" (<i>ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ</i>, i.e., the science dealing with the hidden powers of mineral, vegetable and animal substances, and with their practical applications in medical and various other pursuits), see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 61–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 70–74; <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 75–76. The theory of the balance is extensively discussed by <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 187–303; see also <a href="#CITEREFLory1989">Lory 1989</a>, pp. 130–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. 76; <a href="#CITEREFLory1989">Lory 1989</a>, pp. 103–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarr2009">Starr 2009</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin1950">Corbin 1950</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLory2000">Lory 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited and translated by <a href="#CITEREFNewman1994">Newman 1994</a>, pp. 288–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 111–116. On <i>khārṣīnī</i>, see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 22–23. Excerpts from the first six <i>Books on the Seven Metals</i> (the <i>Book of Gold</i>, the <i>Book of Silver</i>, the <i>Book of Copper</i>, the <i>Book of Iron</i>, the <i>Book of Tin</i>, and the <i>Book of Lead</i>) and the full Arabic text of the seventh book (the <i>Book of Khārṣīnī</i>) have been edited by <a href="#CITEREFWatanabe2023">Watanabe 2023</a>, pp. 236–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 117–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A number of non-extant treatises (Kr. nos. 1750, 1778, 1795, 1981, 1987, 1992, 1994) are also discussed by <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 142–154. Kraus refers to <i>ʿilm al-ṭilasmāt</i> as "théurgie" (theurgy) throughout; see, e.g., <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 75, 143, <i>et pass.</i> On "the science of specific properties" (<i>ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ</i>), see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 61–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On "the science of specific properties" (<i>ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ</i>), see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 61–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 148–152. The theory of the balance, which is mainly expounded in <i>The Books of the Balances</i> (Kr. nos. 303–446, see above), is extensively discussed by <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 187–303; see also <a href="#CITEREFLory1989">Lory 1989</a>, pp. 130–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 156–159; <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> in <a href="#CITEREFSiggel1958">Siggel 1958</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, p. 141, note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 155–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 161–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 167–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. I, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 42–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 35–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, p. 40. Kraus also notes that this is rather remarkable given the existence of works attributed to Stephanus of Alexandria in the Arabic tradition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuscripts of extant works are listed by <a href="#CITEREFSezgin1971">Sezgin 1971</a> and <a href="#CITEREFUllmann1972">Ullmann 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of the preceding in <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 41–42; cf. <a href="#CITEREFLory2008b">Lory 2008b</a>. On the etymology of the word <i>nošāder</i>, see <a href="#CITEREFLaufer1919">Laufer 1919</a>, pp. 504–506 (arguing that it is a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word derived from <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>); <a href="#CITEREFRuska1923a">Ruska 1923a</a>, p. 7 (arguing for a Persian origin).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNomanul_Haq1994">Nomanul Haq 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, p. 1, note 1; <a href="#CITEREFWeisser1980">Weisser 1980</a>, p. 199. On the dating and historical background of the <i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i>, see <a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, pp. 270–303; <a href="#CITEREFWeisser1980">Weisser 1980</a>, pp. 39–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraus1942–1943">Kraus 1942–1943</a>, vol. II, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2006">Norris 2006</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sources">Tertiary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tertiary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_Smet2008–2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">De Smet, Daniel (2008–2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jafar-al-sadeq-iv-and-esoteric-sciences">"Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq iv. Esoteric Sciences"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ja%CA%BFfar+al-%E1%B9%A2%C4%81deq+iv.+Esoteric+Sciences&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2008%2F2012&rft.aulast=De+Smet&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fjafar-al-sadeq-iv-and-esoteric-sciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Forster, Regula (2018). "Jābir b. Ḥayyān". In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_32665">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_32665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J%C4%81bir+b.+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_32665&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Regula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausPlessner1960–2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a>; Plessner, Martin (1960–2007). "Djābir B. Ḥayyān". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W.P.</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_1898">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dj%C4%81bir+B.+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_1898&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Plessner%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory2008a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (2008a). "Jābir Ibn Hayyān". In Koertge, Noretta (ed.). <i>New Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i>. Vol. 4. Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31320-7"><bdi>978-0-684-31320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J%C4%81bir+Ibn+Hayy%C4%81n&rft.btitle=New+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31320-7&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory2008b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (2008b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kimia">"Kimiā"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kimi%C4%81&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkimia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlessner1981" class="citation book cs1">Plessner, Martin (1981). "Jābir Ibn Hayyān". In Gillispie, Charles C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/jabir"><i>Dictionary of Scientific Biography</i></a>. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribners’s Sons. pp. 39–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J%C4%81bir+Ibn+Hayy%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39-43&rft.pub=Charles+Scribners%E2%80%99s+Sons&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Plessner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fscience-and-technology%2Fchemistry-biographies%2Fjabir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Hassan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> (2009). <i>Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry</i>. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-14273-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-14273-9"><bdi>978-3-487-14273-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+al-Kimya%27%3A+Critical+Issues+in+Latin+and+Arabic+Alchemy+and+Chemistry&rft.place=Hildesheim&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-487-14273-9&rft.aulast=al-Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (the same content and more is also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/">online</a>) (argues against the great majority of scholars that the Latin Geber works were translated from the Arabic and that <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral acids">mineral acids</a> were known in early Arabic alchemy)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2001" class="citation journal cs1">Burnett, Charles (2001). "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century". <i>Science in Context</i>. <b>14</b> (1–2): 249–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269889701000096">10.1017/S0269889701000096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143006568">143006568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+Context&rft.atitle=The+Coherence+of+the+Arabic-Latin+Translation+Program+in+Toledo+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=249-288&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0269889701000096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143006568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapezzone1997" class="citation journal cs1">Capezzone, Leonardo (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41880991">"Jābir ibn Ḥayyān nella città cortese. Materiali eterodossi per una storia del pensiero della scienza nell'Islam medievale"</a>. <i>Rivista degli Studi Orientali</i>. <b>LXXI</b> (1/4): 97–144. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41880991">41880991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+degli+Studi+Orientali&rft.atitle=J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n+nella+citt%C3%A0+cortese.+Materiali+eterodossi+per+una+storia+del+pensiero+della+scienza+nell%27Islam+medievale&rft.volume=LXXI&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=97-144&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41880991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Capezzone&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41880991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapezzone2020" class="citation journal cs1">Capezzone, Leonardo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X20000014">"The Solitude of the Orphan: Ǧābir b. Ḥayyān and the Shiite Heterodox Milieu of the Third/Ninth–Fourth/Tenth Centuries"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>83</b> (1): 51–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X20000014">10.1017/S0041977X20000014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214044897">214044897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Solitude+of+the+Orphan%3A+%C7%A6%C4%81bir+b.+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n+and+the+Shiite+Heterodox+Milieu+of+the+Third%2FNinth%E2%80%93Fourth%2FTenth+Centuries&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-73&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X20000014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214044897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Capezzone&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0041977X20000014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (recent study of Jabirian <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a>, arguing that it was not of a form of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, but an independent sectarian current related to the late 9th-century Shi'ites known as <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghulāt</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin1950" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (1950). "Le livre du Glorieux de Jâbir ibn Hayyân". <i>Eranos-Jahrbuch</i>. <b>18</b>: 48–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eranos-Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Le+livre+du+Glorieux+de+J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=48-114&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (1986). <i>Alchimie comme art hiératique</i>. Paris: L’Herne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782851971029" title="Special:BookSources/9782851971029"><bdi>9782851971029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchimie+comme+art+hi%C3%A9ratique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Herne&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9782851971029&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulon2017" class="citation book cs1">Coulon, Jean-Charles (2017). <i>La Magie en terre d'Islam au Moyen Âge</i>. Paris: CTHS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782735508525" title="Special:BookSources/9782735508525"><bdi>9782735508525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Magie+en+terre+d%27Islam+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=CTHS&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782735508525&rft.aulast=Coulon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelva2017" class="citation journal cs1">Delva, Thijs (2017). "The Abbasid Activist Ḥayyān al-ʿAṭṭār as the Father of Jābir b. Ḥayyān: An Influential Hypothesis Revisited". <i>Journal of Abbasid Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 35–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22142371-12340030">10.1163/22142371-12340030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Abbasid+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Abbasid+Activist+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n+al-%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C4%81r+as+the+Father+of+J%C4%81bir+b.+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n%3A+An+Influential+Hypothesis+Revisited&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-61&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22142371-12340030&rft.aulast=Delva&rft.aufirst=Thijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (rejects Holmyard 1927's hypothesis that Jabir was the son of a proto-<a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> pharmacist called Ḥayyān al-ʿAṭṭār on the basis of newly available evidence; contains the most recent <a href="/wiki/Status_quaestionis" title="Status quaestionis">status quaestionis</a> on Jabir's biography, listing a number of <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a> on this subject that were still unknown to Kraus 1942–1943)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Eswed2006" class="citation journal cs1">El-Eswed, Bassam I. (2006). "Spirits: The Reactive Substances in Jābir's Alchemy". <i>Arabic Sciences and Philosophy</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 71–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0957423906000270">10.1017/S0957423906000270</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170880312">170880312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabic+Sciences+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Spirits%3A+The+Reactive+Substances+in+J%C4%81bir%27s+Alchemy&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-90&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0957423906000270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170880312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=El-Eswed&rft.aufirst=Bassam+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (the first study since the days of <a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Stapleton" title="Henry Ernest Stapleton">Stapleton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska</a> to approach the Jabirian texts from a modern chemical point of view)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFück1951" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_F%C3%BCck" title="Johann Fück">Fück, Johann W.</a> (1951). "The Arabic Literature on Alchemy According to An-Nadīm (A.D. 987)". <i>Ambix</i>. <b>4</b> (3–4): 81–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Famb.1951.4.3-4.81">10.1179/amb.1951.4.3-4.81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambix&rft.atitle=The+Arabic+Literature+on+Alchemy+According+to+An-Nad%C4%ABm+%28A.D.+987%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=81-144&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Famb.1951.4.3-4.81&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCck&rft.aufirst=Johann+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannagé1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Gannagé, Emma (1998). <i>Le commentaire d'Alexandre d'Aphrodise In de generatione et corruptione perdu en grec, retrouvé en arabe dans Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān, Kitāb al-Taṣrīf</i> (Unpublished PhD diss.). Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Le+commentaire+d%27Alexandre+d%27Aphrodise+In+de+generatione+et+corruptione+perdu+en+grec%2C+retrouv%C3%A9+en+arabe+dans+%C7%A6%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n%2C+Kit%C4%81b+al-Ta%E1%B9%A3r%C4%ABf&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Paris+1+Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gannag%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1923" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Holmyard, Eric J.</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591572301601606">"Jābir ibn Ḥayyān"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>16</b>: 46–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591572301601606">10.1177/003591572301601606</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=46-57&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003591572301601606&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F003591572301601606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (pioneering paper first showing that a great deal of Jabir's non-religious alchemical treatises are still extant, that some of these treatises contain a sophisticated system of natural philosophy, and that Jabir knew the sulfur-mercury theory of metals)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Holmyard, Eric J.</a> (1927). "An Essay on Jābir ibn Ḥayyān". In <a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (ed.). <i>Studien zur Geschichte der Chemie: Festgabe <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Oscar_von_Lippmann" title="Edmund Oscar von Lippmann">Edmund O. v. Lippmann</a></i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. 28–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-51355-8_5">10.1007/978-3-642-51355-8_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-51236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-51236-0"><bdi>978-3-642-51236-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Essay+on+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+Geschichte+der+Chemie%3A+Festgabe+Edmund+O.+v.+Lippmann&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=28-37&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-51355-8_5&rft.isbn=978-3-642-51236-0&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (seminal paper first presenting the hypothesis that Jabir was the son of a proto-<a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> pharmacist called Ḥayyān al-ʿAṭṭār)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a> (1930). "Dschābir ibn Ḥajjān und die Ismāʿīlijja". In <a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (ed.). <i>Dritter Jahresbericht des Forschungsinstituts für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. Mit einer Wissenschaftlichen Beilage: Der Zusammenbruch der Dschābir-Legende</i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. 23–42. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/913815541">913815541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dsch%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81n+und+die+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABlijja&rft.btitle=Dritter+Jahresbericht+des+Forschungsinstituts+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+Naturwissenschaften.+Mit+einer+Wissenschaftlichen+Beilage%3A+Der+Zusammenbruch+der+Dsch%C4%81bir-Legende&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=23-42&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F913815541&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (seminal paper arguing that the Jabirian writings should be dated to ca. 850–950; the first to point out the similarities between Jabirian <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1931" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/224568.pdf">"Studien zu Jābir ibn Hayyān"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Isis</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 7–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F346536">10.1086/346536</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/224568">224568</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143876602">143876602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Studien+zu+J%C4%81bir+ibn+Hayy%C4%81n&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-30&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143876602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F224568%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F346536&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F224568.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (contains further arguments for the late dating of the Jabirian writings; analyses Jabir's accounts of his relations with the <a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a>, rejecting their historicity)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1942" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a> (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/41/8/">"Les dignitaires de la hiérarchie religieuse selon Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān"</a>. <i>Bulletin de l'institut français d'archéologie orientale</i>. <b>41</b>: 83–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbifao.1942.2022">10.3406/bifao.1942.2022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.atitle=Les+dignitaires+de+la+hi%C3%A9rarchie+religieuse+selon+%C7%A6%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=83-97&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbifao.1942.2022&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifao.egnet.net%2Fbifao%2F41%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (pioneering paper on Jabirian proto-<a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1942–1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a> (1942–1943). <i>Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque</i>. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-09115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-09115-0"><bdi>978-3-487-09115-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468740510">468740510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n%3A+Contribution+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+des+id%C3%A9es+scientifiques+dans+l%27Islam.+I.+Le+corpus+des+%C3%A9crits+j%C3%A2biriens.+II.+J%C3%A2bir+et+la+science+grecque&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale&rft.date=1942%2F1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468740510&rft.isbn=978-3-487-09115-0&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (vol. 1 contains a pioneering analysis of the sources for Jabir's biography, and a catalogue of all known Jabirian treatises and the larger collections they belong to; vol. 2 contains a seminal analysis of the Jabirian philosophical system and its relation to Greek philosophy; remains the standard reference work on Jabir even today)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaufer1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Berthold_Laufer" title="Berthold Laufer">Laufer, Berthold</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sinoiranicachine153lauf/page/504/mode/2up"><i>Sino-Iranica: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran</i></a>. Fieldiana, Anthropological series. Vol. 15. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084859541">1084859541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino-Iranica%3A+Chinese+Contributions+to+the+History+of+Civilization+in+Ancient+Iran&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Fieldiana%2C+Anthropological+series&rft.pub=Field+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084859541&rft.aulast=Laufer&rft.aufirst=Berthold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsinoiranicachine153lauf%2Fpage%2F504%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (1983). <i>Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Dix traités d'alchimie. Les dix premiers Traités du Livre des Soixante-dix</i>. Paris: Sindbad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782742710614" title="Special:BookSources/9782742710614"><bdi>9782742710614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n%3A+Dix+trait%C3%A9s+d%27alchimie.+Les+dix+premiers+Trait%C3%A9s+du+Livre+des+Soixante-dix&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Sindbad&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9782742710614&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (elaborates Kraus's suggestion that the Jabirian writings may have developed from an earlier core, arguing that some of them, even though receiving their final redaction only in ca. 850–950, may date back to the late 8th century)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (1989). <i>Alchimie et mystique en terre d'Islam</i>. Lagrasse: Verdier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782864320913" title="Special:BookSources/9782864320913"><bdi>9782864320913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchimie+et+mystique+en+terre+d%27Islam&rft.place=Lagrasse&rft.pub=Verdier&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9782864320913&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (focuses on Jabir's religious philosophy; contains an analysis of Jabirian <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a>, arguing that it is in some respects different from <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a> and may have been relatively independent)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (1994). "Mots d'alchimie, alchimie des mots". In Jacquart, D. (ed.). <i>La formation du vocabulaire scientifique et intellectuel dans le monde arabe</i>. Civicima. Vol. 7. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 91–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.CIVI-EB.4.00077">10.1484/M.CIVI-EB.4.00077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-37007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-37007-1"><bdi>978-2-503-37007-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mots+d%27alchimie%2C+alchimie+des+mots&rft.btitle=La+formation+du+vocabulaire+scientifique+et+intellectuel+dans+le+monde+arabe&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.series=Civicima&rft.pages=91-106&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.CIVI-EB.4.00077&rft.isbn=978-2-503-37007-1&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fremmm.249">"Eschatologie alchimique chez jâbir ibn Hayyân"</a>. <i>Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée</i>. 91–94 (91–94): 73–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fremmm.249">10.4000/remmm.249</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+mondes+musulmans+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Eschatologie+alchimique+chez+j%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n&rft.volume=91%E2%80%9394&rft.issue=91%E2%80%9394&rft.pages=73-92&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fremmm.249&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fremmm.249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory2016a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (2016a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2016.009">"Aspects de l'ésotérisme chiite dans le Corpus Ǧābirien: Les trois Livres de l'Elément de fondation"</a>. <i>Al-Qantara</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 279–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2016.009">10.3989/alqantara.2016.009</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Qantara&rft.atitle=Aspects+de+l%27%C3%A9sot%C3%A9risme+chiite+dans+le+Corpus+%C7%A6%C4%81birien%3A+Les+trois+Livres+de+l%27El%C3%A9ment+de+fondation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-298&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Falqantara.2016.009&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3989%252Falqantara.2016.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory2016b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (2016b). "Esotérisme shi'ite et alchimie. Quelques remarques sur la doctrine de l'initiation dans le Corpus Jābirien". In <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir-Moezzi" title="Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali</a>; De Cillis, Maria; De Smet, Daniel; Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan (eds.). <i>L'Ésotérisme shi'ite, ses racines et ses prolongements – Shi'i Esotericism: Its Roots and Developments</i>. Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses. Vol. 177. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 411–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.BEHE-EB.4.01179">10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.4.01179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-56874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-56874-4"><bdi>978-2-503-56874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esot%C3%A9risme+shi%E2%80%99ite+et+alchimie.+Quelques+remarques+sur+la+doctrine+de+l%E2%80%99initiation+dans+le+Corpus+J%C4%81birien&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89sot%C3%A9risme+shi%27ite%2C+ses+racines+et+ses+prolongements+%E2%80%93+Shi%27i+Esotericism%3A+Its+Roots+and+Developments&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+l%27Ecole+des+Hautes+Etudes%2C+Sciences+Religieuses&rft.pages=411-422&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.BEHE-EB.4.01179&rft.isbn=978-2-503-56874-4&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquet1988" class="citation book cs1">Marquet, Yves (1988). <i>La philosophie des alchimistes et l'alchimie des philosophes — Jâbir ibn Hayyân et les « Frères de la Pureté »</i>. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782706809545" title="Special:BookSources/9782706809545"><bdi>9782706809545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+philosophie+des+alchimistes+et+l%27alchimie+des+philosophes+%E2%80%94+J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n+et+les+%C2%AB+Fr%C3%A8res+de+la+Puret%C3%A9+%C2%BB&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9782706809545&rft.aulast=Marquet&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoureau2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moureau, Sébastien (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/211340">"Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Micrologus</i>. <b>28</b>: 87–141. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2078.1%2F211340">2078.1/211340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micrologus&rft.atitle=Min+al-k%C4%ABmiy%C4%81%CA%BE+ad+alchimiam.+The+Transmission+of+Alchemy+from+the+Arab-Muslim+World+to+the+Latin+West+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=87-141&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2078.1%2F211340&rft.aulast=Moureau&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2078.1%2F211340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (a survey of all Latin alchemical texts known to have been translated from the Arabic)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Newman" title="William R. Newman">Newman, William R.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20776956">"New Light on the Identity of Geber"</a>. <i>Sudhoffs Archiv</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 76–90. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20776956">20776956</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2932819">2932819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudhoffs+Archiv&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Identity+of+Geber&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-90&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20776956%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2932819&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20776956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Newman" title="William R. Newman">Newman, William R.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ-WXuo84ioC"><i>The Summa perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber: A Critical Edition, Translation and Study</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09464-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09464-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09464-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summa+perfectionis+of+Pseudo-Geber%3A+A+Critical+Edition%2C+Translation+and+Study&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09464-2&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtZ-WXuo84ioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Newman" title="William R. Newman">Newman, William R.</a> (1996). "The Occult and the Manifest among the Alchemists". In Ragep, F. Jamil; Ragep, Sally P.; Livesey, Steven (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl1COWj9ubAC&q=Tradition,+Transmission,+Transformation:+Proceedings+of+Two+Conferences+on+Pre-Modern+Science+held+at+the+University"><i>Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on Pre-Modern Science held at the University of Oklahoma</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 173–198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10119-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10119-7"><bdi>978-90-04-10119-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Occult+and+the+Manifest+among+the+Alchemists&rft.btitle=Tradition%2C+Transmission%2C+Transformation%3A+Proceedings+of+Two+Conferences+on+Pre-Modern+Science+held+at+the+University+of+Oklahoma&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=173-198&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10119-7&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl1COWj9ubAC%26q%3DTradition%2C%2BTransmission%2C%2BTransformation%3A%2BProceedings%2Bof%2BTwo%2BConferences%2Bon%2BPre-Modern%2BScience%2Bheld%2Bat%2Bthe%2BUniversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomanul_Haq1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nomanul_Haq" title="Syed Nomanul Haq">Nomanul Haq, Syed</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rydrCQAAQBAJ"><i>Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jābir ibn Ḥayyān and his Kitāb al-Aḥjār (Book of Stones)</i></a>. Dordrecht: Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401118989" title="Special:BookSources/9789401118989"><bdi>9789401118989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names%2C+Natures+and+Things%3A+The+Alchemist+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n+and+his+Kit%C4%81b+al-A%E1%B8%A5j%C4%81r+%28Book+of+Stones%29&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789401118989&rft.aulast=Nomanul+Haq&rft.aufirst=Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrydrCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (signalled some new sources on Jabir's biography; followed Sezgin 1971 in arguing for an early date for the Jabirian writings)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2006" class="citation journal cs1">Norris, John (2006). "The Mineral Exhalation Theory of Metallogenesis in Pre-Modern Mineral Science". <i>Ambix</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 43–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174582306X93183">10.1179/174582306X93183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97109455">97109455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambix&rft.atitle=The+Mineral+Exhalation+Theory+of+Metallogenesis+in+Pre-Modern+Mineral+Science&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-65&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174582306X93183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97109455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (important overview of the sulfur-mercury theory of metals from its conceptual origins in ancient Greek philosophy to the 18th century; discussion of the Arabic texts is brief and dependent on secondary sources)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuska1923a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (1923a). "Sal ammoniacus, Nušādir und Salmiak". <i>Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse</i>. <b>14</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fdiglit.38046">10.11588/diglit.38046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Heidelberger+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften%2C+Philosophisch-Historische+Klasse&rft.atitle=Sal+ammoniacus%2C+Nu%C5%A1%C4%81dir+und+Salmiak&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fdiglit.38046&rft.aulast=Ruska&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuska1923b" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (1923b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773292">"Über das Schriftenverzeichnis des Ǧābir ibn Ḥajjān und die Unechtheit einiger ihm zugeschriebenen Abhandlungen"</a>. <i>Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin</i>. <b>15</b>: 53–67. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20773292">20773292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+Medizin&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+das+Schriftenverzeichnis+des+%C7%A6%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81n+und+die+Unechtheit+einiger+ihm+zugeschriebenen+Abhandlungen&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=53-67&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20773292%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ruska&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20773292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuska1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (1927). "Die siebzig Bücher des Ǵābir ibn Ḥajjān". In <a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (ed.). <i>Studien zur Geschichte der Chemie: Festgabe <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Oscar_von_Lippmann" title="Edmund Oscar von Lippmann">Edmund O. v. Lippmann</a></i>. Berlin: Springer. pp. 38–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-51355-8_6">10.1007/978-3-642-51355-8_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-51236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-51236-0"><bdi>978-3-642-51236-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+siebzig+B%C3%BCcher+des+%C7%B4%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+Geschichte+der+Chemie%3A+Festgabe+Edmund+O.+v.+Lippmann&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=38-47&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-51355-8_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-51236-0&rft.aulast=Ruska&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuska1928" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a> (1928). "Der Salmiak in der Geschichte der Alchemie". <i>Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie</i>. <b>41</b> (50): 1321–1324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928AngCh..41.1321R">1928AngCh..41.1321R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fange.19280415006">10.1002/ange.19280415006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+angewandte+Chemie&rft.atitle=Der+Salmiak+in+der+Geschichte+der+Alchemie&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=1321-1324&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fange.19280415006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1928AngCh..41.1321R&rft.aulast=Ruska&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuskaGarbers1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a>; Garbers, Karl (1939). "Vorschriften zur Herstellung von scharfen Wässern bei Gabir und Razi". <i>Der Islam</i>. <b>25</b>: 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1938.25.1.1">10.1515/islm.1938.25.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161055255">161055255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=Vorschriften+zur+Herstellung+von+scharfen+W%C3%A4ssern+bei+Gabir+und+Razi&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1938.25.1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161055255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ruska&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Garbers%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (contains a comparison of Jabir's and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī</a>'s knowledge of chemical apparatus, processes and substances)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarton1927–1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/George_Sarton" title="George Sarton">Sarton, George</a> (1927–1948). <i>Introduction to the History of Science</i>. Vol. I–III. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476555889">476555889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+Science&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1927%2F1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476555889&rft.aulast=Sarton&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSezgin1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fuat_Sezgin" title="Fuat Sezgin">Sezgin, Fuat</a> (1971). <i>Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, Band IV: Alchimie, Chemie, Botanik, Agrikultur bis ca. 430 H</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 132–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004020092" title="Special:BookSources/9789004020092"><bdi>9789004020092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+arabischen+Schrifttums%2C+Band+IV%3A+Alchimie%2C+Chemie%2C+Botanik%2C+Agrikultur+bis+ca.+430+H.&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=132-269&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9789004020092&rft.aulast=Sezgin&rft.aufirst=Fuat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (contains a penetrating critique of Kraus’ thesis on the late dating of the Jabirian works)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton1905" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Stapleton" title="Henry Ernest Stapleton">Stapleton, Henry E.</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228305/page/n35/mode/2up">"Sal Ammoniac: A Study in Primitive Chemistry"</a>. <i>Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. <b>I</b> (2): 25–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=Sal+Ammoniac%3A+A+Study+in+Primitive+Chemistry&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25-40&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.228305%2Fpage%2Fn35%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapletonAzoHidayat_Husain1927" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Stapleton" title="Henry Ernest Stapleton">Stapleton, Henry E.</a>; Azo, R.F.; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100203/231270">"Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D."</a> <i>Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. <b>VIII</b> (6): 317–418. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/706947607">706947607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=Chemistry+in+Iraq+and+Persia+in+the+Tenth+Century+A.D.&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=317-418&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F706947607&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rft.au=Azo%2C+R.F.&rft.au=Hidayat+Husain%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasiaarchive.com%2FContent%2Fsarf.100203%2F231270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2009" class="citation journal cs1">Starr, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925055537/http://jas.cankaya.edu.tr/gecmisYayinlar/yayinlar/jas11/05%20Peter%20STARR.pdf">"Towards a Context for Ibn Umayl, Known to Chaucer as the Alchemist Senior"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Arts and Sciences</i>. <b>11</b>: 61–77. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jas.cankaya.edu.tr/gecmisYayinlar/yayinlar/jas11/05%20Peter%20STARR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Context+for+Ibn+Umayl%2C+Known+to+Chaucer+as+the+Alchemist+Senior&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=61-77&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjas.cankaya.edu.tr%2FgecmisYayinlar%2Fyayinlar%2Fjas11%2F05%2520Peter%2520STARR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllmann1972" class="citation book cs1">Ullmann, Manfred (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FosEtQEACAAJ"><i>Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03423-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03423-5"><bdi>978-90-04-03423-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Natur-+und+Geheimwissenschaften+im+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03423-5&rft.aulast=Ullmann&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFosEtQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe2023" class="citation thesis cs1">Watanabe, Masayo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10571"><i>Nature in the Books of Seven Metals – Ǧābirian Corpus in Dialogue with Ancient Greek Philosophy and Byzantine Alchemy</i></a> (PhD thesis). University of Bologna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Nature+in+the+Books+of+Seven+Metals+%E2%80%93+%C7%A6%C4%81birian+Corpus+in+Dialogue+with+Ancient+Greek+Philosophy+and+Byzantine+Alchemy&rft.inst=University+of+Bologna&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Masayo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsdottorato.unibo.it%2F10571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisser1980" class="citation book cs1">Weisser, Ursula (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZFZzxgiUqAC"><i>Das "Buch über das Geheimnis der Schöpfung" von Pseudo-Apollonios von Tyana</i></a>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110866933">10.1515/9783110866933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086693-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-086693-3"><bdi>978-3-11-086693-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+%22Buch+%C3%BCber+das+Geheimnis+der+Sch%C3%B6pfung%22+von+Pseudo-Apollonios+von+Tyana&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110866933&rft.isbn=978-3-11-086693-3&rft.aulast=Weisser&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZFZzxgiUqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Editions_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts">Editions of Arabic Jabirian texts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Editions of Arabic Jabirian texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbū_Rīda1984" class="citation journal cs1">Abū Rīda, Muḥammad A. (1984). "Thalāth rasāʾil falsafiyya li-Jābir b. Ḥayyān". <i>Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften</i>. <b>1</b>: 50–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+Arabisch-Islamischen+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=Thal%C4%81th+ras%C4%81%CA%BEil+falsafiyya+li-J%C4%81bir+b.+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=50-67&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ab%C5%AB+R%C4%ABda&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbū_Rīda1985" class="citation journal cs1">Abū Rīda, Muḥammad A. (1985). "Risālatān falsafiyyatān li-Jābir b. Ḥayyān". <i>Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften</i>. <b>2</b>: 75–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+Arabisch-Islamischen+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=Ris%C4%81lat%C4%81n+falsafiyyat%C4%81n+li-J%C4%81bir+b.+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=75-84&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Ab%C5%AB+R%C4%ABda&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthelotHoudas1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot, Marcellin</a>; Houdas, Octave V. (1893). <i>La Chimie au Moyen Âge</i>. Vol. III. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Chimie+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Berthelot&rft.aufirst=Marcellin&rft.au=Houdas%2C+Octave+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Mazyadī2006" class="citation book cs1">al-Mazyadī, Aḥmad Farīd (2006). <i>Rasāʾil Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</i>. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ras%C4%81%CA%BEil+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Kutub+al-%CA%BFIlmiyya&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=al-Mazyad%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+Far%C4%ABd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (pirated edition of <a href="#CITEREFBerthelotHoudas1893">Berthelot & Houdas 1893</a>, <a href="#CITEREFHolmyard1928">Holmyard 1928</a> and <a href="#CITEREFKraus1935">Kraus 1935</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Gannagé, Emma (1998). <i>Le commentaire d'Alexandre d'Aphrodise In de generatione et corruptione perdu en grec, retrouvé en arabe dans Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān, Kitāb al-Taṣrīf</i> (Unpublished PhD diss.). Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Le+commentaire+d%27Alexandre+d%27Aphrodise+In+de+generatione+et+corruptione+perdu+en+grec%2C+retrouv%C3%A9+en+arabe+dans+%C7%A6%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n%2C+Kit%C4%81b+al-Ta%E1%B9%A3r%C4%ABf&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Paris+1+Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gannag%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (edition of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Taṣrīf</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Holmyard, E. John</a> (1928). <i>The Arabic Works of Jâbir ibn Hayyân</i>. Paris: Paul Geuthner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Works+of+J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Paul+Geuthner&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=E.+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a> (1935). <i>Essai sur l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam / Mukhtār Rasāʾil Jābir b. Ḥayyān</i>. Paris/Cairo: G.P. Maisonneuve/Maktabat al-Khānjī.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essai+sur+l%27histoire+des+id%C3%A9es+scientifiques+dans+l%27Islam+%2F+Mukht%C4%81r+Ras%C4%81%CA%BEil+J%C4%81bir+b.+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.place=Paris%2FCairo&rft.pub=G.P.+Maisonneuve%2FMaktabat+al-Kh%C4%81nj%C4%AB&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nomanul_Haq" title="Syed Nomanul Haq">Nomanul Haq, Syed</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rydrCQAAQBAJ"><i>Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jābir ibn Ḥayyān and his Kitāb al-Aḥjār (Book of Stones)</i></a>. Dordrecht: Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401118989" title="Special:BookSources/9789401118989"><bdi>9789401118989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names%2C+Natures+and+Things%3A+The+Alchemist+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n+and+his+Kit%C4%81b+al-A%E1%B8%A5j%C4%81r+%28Book+of+Stones%29&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789401118989&rft.aulast=Nomanul+Haq&rft.aufirst=Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrydrCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (contains a new edition of parts of the <i>Kitāb al-Aḥjār</i> with English translation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLory1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (1988). <i>Tadbīr al-iksīr al-aʿẓam. Arbaʿ ʿashara risāla fī ṣanʿat al-kīmiyāʾ / L'élaboration de l'élixir suprême. Quatorze traités de Gâbir ibn Ḥayyân sur le grand oeuvre alchimique</i>. Damascus: Institut français de Damas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tadb%C4%ABr+al-iks%C4%ABr+al-a%CA%BF%E1%BA%93am.+Arba%CA%BF+%CA%BFashara+ris%C4%81la+f%C4%AB+%E1%B9%A3an%CA%BFat+al-k%C4%ABmiy%C4%81%CA%BE+%2F+L%27%C3%A9laboration+de+l%27%C3%A9lixir+supr%C3%AAme.+Quatorze+trait%C3%A9s+de+G%C3%A2bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C3%A2n+sur+le+grand+oeuvre+alchimique&rft.place=Damascus&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+de+Damas&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a>; Garbers, Karl (1939). "Vorschriften zur Herstellung von scharfen Wässern bei Gabir und Razi". <i>Der Islam</i>. <b>25</b>: 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1938.25.1.1">10.1515/islm.1938.25.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161055255">161055255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=Vorschriften+zur+Herstellung+von+scharfen+W%C3%A4ssern+bei+Gabir+und+Razi&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1938.25.1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161055255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ruska&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Garbers%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSezgin1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fuat_Sezgin" title="Fuat Sezgin">Sezgin, Fuat</a> (1986). <i>The Book of Seventy</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Seventy&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+History+of+Arabic-Islamic+Science&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sezgin&rft.aufirst=Fuat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Sabʿīn</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiggel1958" class="citation book cs1">Siggel, Alfred (1958). <i>Das Buch der Gifte des Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān</i>. Wiesbaden: Steiner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Buch+der+Gifte+des+%C7%A6%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Siggel&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Sumūm wa-dafʿ maḍārrihā</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Zirnis, Peter (1979). <i>The Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss of Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</i> (Unpublished PhD diss.). New York University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Kit%C4%81b+Us%E1%B9%ADuqus+al-uss+of+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Zirnis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (contains an annotated copy of the <i>Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss</i> with English translation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation thesis cs1">Watanabe, Masayo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10571"><i>Nature in the Books of Seven Metals – Ǧābirian Corpus in Dialogue with Ancient Greek Philosophy and Byzantine Alchemy</i></a> (PhD thesis). University of Bologna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Nature+in+the+Books+of+Seven+Metals+%E2%80%93+%C7%A6%C4%81birian+Corpus+in+Dialogue+with+Ancient+Greek+Philosophy+and+Byzantine+Alchemy&rft.inst=University+of+Bologna&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Masayo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsdottorato.unibo.it%2F10571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (edition of excerpts from the first six <i>Books on the Seven Metals</i> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Dhahab</i></span>, Kr. no. 947; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Fiḍḍa</i></span>, Kr. no. 948; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Nuḥās</i></span>, Kr. no. 949; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Ḥadīd</i></span>, Kr. no. 950; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Raṣāṣ al-qalaʿī</i></span>, Kr. no. 951; <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Usrub</i></span>, Kr. no. 952), the full text of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Khārṣīnī</i></span>, Kr. no. 953, and an excerpt from the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Ṭabīʿa al-khāmisa</i></span>, Kr. no. 396)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts">Modern translations of Arabic Jabirian texts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern translations of Arabic Jabirian texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot, Marcellin</a>; Houdas, Octave V. (1893). <i>La Chimie au Moyen Âge</i>. Vol. III. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Chimie+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Berthelot&rft.aufirst=Marcellin&rft.au=Houdas%2C+Octave+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (French translations of the edited Arabic texts)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (1950). "Le livre du Glorieux de Jâbir ibn Hayyân". <i>Eranos-Jahrbuch</i>. <b>18</b>: 48–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eranos-Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Le+livre+du+Glorieux+de+J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=48-114&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (French translation of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Mājid</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation thesis cs1">Gannagé, Emma (1998). <i>Le commentaire d'Alexandre d'Aphrodise In de generatione et corruptione perdu en grec, retrouvé en arabe dans Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān, Kitāb al-Taṣrīf</i> (Unpublished PhD diss.). Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Le+commentaire+d%27Alexandre+d%27Aphrodise+In+de+generatione+et+corruptione+perdu+en+grec%2C+retrouv%C3%A9+en+arabe+dans+%C7%A6%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n%2C+Kit%C4%81b+al-Ta%E1%B9%A3r%C4%ABf&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Paris+1+Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gannag%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (French translation of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Taṣrīf</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (1983). <i>Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Dix traités d'alchimie. Les dix premiers Traités du Livre des Soixante-dix</i>. Paris: Sindbad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782742710614" title="Special:BookSources/9782742710614"><bdi>9782742710614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n%3A+Dix+trait%C3%A9s+d%27alchimie.+Les+dix+premiers+Trait%C3%A9s+du+Livre+des+Soixante-dix&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Sindbad&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9782742710614&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (French translations of the first ten books of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Sabʿīn</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lory" title="Pierre Lory">Lory, Pierre</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fremmm.249">"Eschatologie alchimique chez jâbir ibn Hayyân"</a>. <i>Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée</i>. 91–94 (91–94): 73–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fremmm.249">10.4000/remmm.249</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+mondes+musulmans+et+de+la+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Eschatologie+alchimique+chez+j%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n&rft.volume=91%E2%80%9394&rft.issue=91%E2%80%9394&rft.pages=73-92&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fremmm.249&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fremmm.249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (French translation of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Bayān</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nomanul_Haq" title="Syed Nomanul Haq">Nomanul Haq, Syed</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rydrCQAAQBAJ"><i>Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jābir ibn Ḥayyān and his Kitāb al-Aḥjār (Book of Stones)</i></a>. Dordrecht: Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401118989" title="Special:BookSources/9789401118989"><bdi>9789401118989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names%2C+Natures+and+Things%3A+The+Alchemist+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n+and+his+Kit%C4%81b+al-A%E1%B8%A5j%C4%81r+%28Book+of+Stones%29&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789401118989&rft.aulast=Nomanul+Haq&rft.aufirst=Syed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrydrCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (contains a new edition of parts of the <i>Kitāb al-Aḥjār</i> with English translation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Connor1994" class="citation thesis cs1">O’Connor, Kathleen M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9503804"><i>The Alchemical Creation of Life (Takwīn) and Other Concepts of Genesis in Medieval Islam</i></a> (PhD diss.). University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Alchemical+Creation+of+Life+%28Takw%C4%ABn%29+and+Other+Concepts+of+Genesis+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.inst=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Connor&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAI9503804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (contains translations of extensive passages from various Jabirian works, with discussion)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex1975" class="citation book cs1">Rex, Friedemann (1975). <i>Zur Theorie der Naturprozesse in der früharabischen Wissenschaft</i>. Wiesbaden: Steiner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+Theorie+der+Naturprozesse+in+der+fr%C3%BCharabischen+Wissenschaft&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Rex&rft.aufirst=Friedemann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (German translation of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb Ikhrāj mā fī al-quwwa ilā al-fiʿl</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Ruska" title="Julius Ruska">Ruska, Julius</a>; Garbers, Karl (1939). "Vorschriften zur Herstellung von scharfen Wässern bei Gabir und Razi". <i>Der Islam</i>. <b>25</b>: 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1938.25.1.1">10.1515/islm.1938.25.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161055255">161055255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=Vorschriften+zur+Herstellung+von+scharfen+W%C3%A4ssern+bei+Gabir+und+Razi&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1938.25.1.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161055255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ruska&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Garbers%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (German translations of edited Arabic fragments)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Siggel, Alfred (1958). <i>Das Buch der Gifte des Ǧābir ibn Ḥayyān</i>. Wiesbaden: Steiner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Buch+der+Gifte+des+%C7%A6%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Siggel&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (German translation of the <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Sumūm wa-dafʿ maḍārrihā</i></span>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZirnis1979" class="citation thesis cs1">Zirnis, Peter (1979). <i>The Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss of Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</i> (Unpublished PhD diss.). New York University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Kit%C4%81b+Us%E1%B9%ADuqus+al-uss+of+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Zirnis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (contains an annotated copy of the <i>Kitāb Usṭuqus al-uss</i> with English translation)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts_(Latin)"><span id="Medieval_translations_of_Arabic_Jabirian_texts_.28Latin.29"></span>Medieval translations of Arabic Jabirian texts (Latin)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir_ibn_Hayyan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Medieval translations of Arabic Jabirian texts (Latin)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthelot1906" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot, Marcellin</a> (1906). "Archéologie et Histoire des sciences". <i>Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France</i>. <b>49</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences+de+l%27Institut+de+France&rft.atitle=Arch%C3%A9ologie+et+Histoire+des+sciences&rft.volume=49&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Berthelot&rft.aufirst=Marcellin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. 310–363 contain an edition of the Latin translation of Jabir's <i>Seventy Books</i> under the title <i>Liber de Septuaginta</i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColinet2000" class="citation book cs1">Colinet, Andrée (2000). "Le Travail des quatre éléments ou lorsqu'un alchimiste byzantin s'inspire de Jabir". In Draelants, Isabelle; Tihon, Anne; Van den Abeele, Baudouin (eds.). <i>Occident et Proche-Orient: Contacts scientifiques au temps des Croisades. Actes du colloque de Louvain-la-Neuve, 24 et 25 mars 1997</i>. Reminisciences. Vol. 5. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 165–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.REM-EB.6.09070802050003050101010600">10.1484/M.REM-EB.6.09070802050003050101010600</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51116-0"><bdi>978-2-503-51116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+Travail+des+quatre+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+ou+lorsqu%E2%80%99un+alchimiste+byzantin+s%E2%80%99inspire+de+Jabir&rft.btitle=Occident+et+Proche-Orient%3A+Contacts+scientifiques+au+temps+des+Croisades.+Actes+du+colloque+de+Louvain-la-Neuve%2C+24+et+25+mars+1997&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.series=Reminisciences&rft.pages=165-190&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FM.REM-EB.6.09070802050003050101010600&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51116-0&rft.aulast=Colinet&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. 179–187 contain an edition of the Latin translation of a separate treatise belonging to Jabir's <i>Seventy Books</i>, i.e., <i>The Book of the Thirty Words</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Thalāthīn kalima</i>, Kr. no. 125, translated as <i>Liber XXX verborum</i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarmstaedter1925" class="citation journal cs1">Darmstaedter, Ernst (1925). "Liber Misericordiae Geber: Eine lateinische Übersetzung des gröβeren Kitâb l-raḥma". <i>Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 181–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+Medizin&rft.atitle=Liber+Misericordiae+Geber%3A+Eine+lateinische+%C3%9Cbersetzung+des+gr%C3%B6%CE%B2eren+Kit%C3%A2b+l-ra%E1%B8%A5ma&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=181-197&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Darmstaedter&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (edition of the Latin translation of Jabir's <i>The Great Book of Mercy</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Raḥma al-kabīr</i>, Kr. no. 5, under the title <i>Liber Misericordiae</i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Newman" title="William R. Newman">Newman, William R.</a> (1994). "Arabo-Latin Forgeries: The Case of the Summa Perfectionis (with the text of Jābir ibn Ḥayyān's Liber Regni)". In Russell, G. A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4H2fESItCVIC"><i>The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 278–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09888-6"><bdi>978-90-04-09888-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabo-Latin+Forgeries%3A+The+Case+of+the+Summa+Perfectionis+%28with+the+text+of+J%C4%81bir+ibn+%E1%B8%A4ayy%C4%81n%27s+Liber+Regni%29&rft.btitle=The+%27Arabick%27+Interest+of+the+Natural+Philosophers+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=278-296&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09888-6&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4H2fESItCVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJabir+ibn+Hayyan" class="Z3988"></span> (pp. 288–291 contain a Latin translation of intermittent extracts of Jabir's <i>Book of Kingship</i>, <i>Kitāb al-Mulk</i>, Kr. no. 454, under the title <i>Liber regni</i>, with an English translation on pp. 291–293)</li></ul> <p><small>Note that some other Latin works attributed to Jabir/Geber (<i>Summa perfectionis</i>, <i>De inventione veritatis</i>, <i>De investigatione perfectionis</i>, <i>Liber fornacum</i>, <i>Testamentum Geberi</i>, and <i>Alchemia Geberi</i>) are widely considered to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphs</a> which, though largely drawing on Arabic sources, were originally written by Latin authors in the 13th–14th centuries (see <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a>); see <a href="#CITEREFMoureau2020">Moureau 2020</a>, p. 112; cf. <a href="#CITEREFForster2018">Forster 2018</a>.</small> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Template talk:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_alchemy_and_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic alchemy and chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemists_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemists of the medieval Islamic world">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abū Manṣūr al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi_al-Khati" title="Al-Khwarizmi al-Khati">al-Khawārizmī al-Kāthī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Imad_al-Din" title="Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din">Aḥmad ibn ʿImād al-Dīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wafid" title="Ibn al-Wafid">Ibn al-Wāfid (pharmacist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughra%27i" title="Al-Tughra'i">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-Simāwī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Baytar" title="Ibn al-Baytar">Ibn al-Bayṭār (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Nabati" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati">Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Nabātī (pharmacist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Rammah" title="Hasan al-Rammah">Ḥasan al-Rammāḥ (engineer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rassam" title="Ibn Rassam">Ibn al-Rassām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Ashba_ibn_Tammam" title="Abul Ashba ibn Tammam">Abū l-Ashbā ibn Tammām</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">al-iksīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Alchemical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae">Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Hundred_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Hundred Books">Five Hundred Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi"><i>al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifthah_al-hikma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mifthah al-hikma"><i>Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma</i> (<i>Clavis sapientiae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki"><i>al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture"><i>Nabataean Agriculture</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Twelve_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and Twelve Books">One Hundred and Twelve Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba Philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Abdallah_al-Shayzari" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Nasr ibn Abdallah al-Shayzari"><i>Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba</i> (al-Nabarawi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alchemy_(general)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alchemy" title="Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alchemy" title="Template talk:Alchemy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alchemy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alchemy_(general)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy (general)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemists" title="List of alchemists">Alchemists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in alchemy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemy" title="Category:Alchemy">All articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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