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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&params=39_57_42_N_75_13_2_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°57′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°13′2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.96167°N 75.21722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.96167; -75.21722</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital<br />Kirkbride's Hospital</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EAST_(MAIN)_FACADE_(5%27_x_8%27_negative)_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases,_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets,_Philadelphia,_Philadelphia_County,_PA_HABS_PA,51-PHILA,511-1.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EAST_%28MAIN%29_FACADE_%285%27_x_8%27_negative%29_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-1.tif/lossy-page1-250px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EAST_%28MAIN%29_FACADE_%285%27_x_8%27_negative%29_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-1.tif/lossy-page1-375px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EAST_%28MAIN%29_FACADE_%285%27_x_8%27_negative%29_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-1.tif/lossy-page1-500px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> facade in 1959.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Pennsylvania_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital is located in Pennsylvania"><img alt="Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital is located in Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USA_Pennsylvania_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Pennsylvania_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USA_Pennsylvania_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Pennsylvania_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USA_Pennsylvania_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Pennsylvania_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="805" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.573%;left:88.432%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital"><img alt="Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">111 North 49th Street,<br /><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&params=39_57_42_N_75_13_2_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°57′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°13′2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.96167°N 75.21722°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.96167; -75.21722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1841; 1859</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000684">66000684</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">June 23, 1965</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NHL</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">June 23, 1965</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIRST_FLOOR_HALL,_LOOKING_WEST_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases,_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets,_Philadelphia,_Philadelphia_County,_PA_HABS_PA,51-PHILA,511-7.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/FIRST_FLOOR_HALL%2C_LOOKING_WEST_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-7.tif/lossy-page1-250px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/FIRST_FLOOR_HALL%2C_LOOKING_WEST_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-7.tif/lossy-page1-375px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/FIRST_FLOOR_HALL%2C_LOOKING_WEST_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-7.tif/lossy-page1-500px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Interior, hall and stairway.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIRST_FLOOR_HALL,_LOOKING_EAST_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases,_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets,_Philadelphia,_Philadelphia_County,_PA_HABS_PA,51-PHILA,511-6.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/FIRST_FLOOR_HALL%2C_LOOKING_EAST_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-6.tif/lossy-page1-325px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/FIRST_FLOOR_HALL%2C_LOOKING_EAST_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-6.tif/lossy-page1-488px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/FIRST_FLOOR_HALL%2C_LOOKING_EAST_-_Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases%2C_Forty-fourth_and_Market_Streets%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA%2C51-PHILA%2C511-6.tif/lossy-page1-650px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3541" /></a><figcaption>Interior, first floor hall.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital</b>, also known as <b>Kirkbride's Hospital</b> or the <b>Pennsylvania Hospital for Mental and Nervous Diseases</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a> located at 48th and Haverford Streets in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, USA. It operated from its founding in 1841 until 1997. The remaining building, now called the <b>Kirkbride Center</b> is now part of the <b>Blackwell Human Services Campus</b>. </p><p>Two large hospital structures and an elaborate pleasure ground were built on a campus that stretched along the north side of <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a>, from 45th to 49th Streets. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Story_Kirkbride" title="Thomas Story Kirkbride">Thomas Story Kirkbride</a>, the hospital's first superintendent and physician-in-chief, developed a more humane method of treatment for the mentally ill there, that became widely influential. The hospital's plan became a prototype for a generation of institutions for the treatment of the mentally ill nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-nhlnom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhlnom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving 1859 building was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1965. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Pennsylvania Asylum for the Insane—Kirkbride's Hospital</dt></dl> <p>In the late 1830s, the managers of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a> began erecting a large asylum to replace the hospital's crowded insane wards at 8th and Spruce Streets. The 101-acre (41 ha) site chosen was a former farm in the as-yet unincorporated district of <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a>. The first structure for the <b>Pennsylvania Asylum for the Insane</b> was designed by Isaac Holden and was located near what is now 46th and Market Streets. Completed in 1841, the facility offered comforts and a "humane treatment" philosophy that set a standard for its day. Unlike other asylums where patients were often kept chained in crowded, unsanitary wards with little if any treatment, patients at the Pennsylvania Asylum resided in private rooms, received medical treatment, worked outdoors and enjoyed recreational activities including lectures and a use of the hospital library. The facility came to be called "Kirkbride's Hospital." </p> <dl><dt>Kirkbride Plan</dt></dl> <p>Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Story_Kirkbride" title="Thomas Story Kirkbride">Thomas Kirkbride</a> developed his treatment philosophy based on research he conducted at other progressive asylums of the day, including the one in Worcester, as well as his deep-seated personal opinions regarding mental health and his experience at the Pennsylvania Asylum. Out of his philosophy emerged the <a href="/wiki/Kirkbride_Plan" title="Kirkbride Plan">Kirkbride Plan</a>, which created a model design for psychiatric hospital buildings that was used across the United States throughout the 19th century. He described his system in great detail in his influential work, <i>On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane with Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment</i> (1854). </p> <dl><dt>Department for Males building</dt></dl> <p>Overcrowding had become a problem in the original Pennsylvania Asylum for the Insane by the 1850s, so Kirkbride lobbied the Pennsylvania Hospital managers for an additional building. The situation offered him a unique opportunity to place his standardized concepts for mental hospital design and construction into effect at a facility under his control. The Pennsylvania Hospital's Department for Males building was soon constructed along 49th Street, a short distance west from the original asylum. Completed in 1859, this huge structure consisted of several wings extending from a main central building. It introduced many innovations in terms of spaciousness, airiness and light, that were subsequently widely reproduced in other facilities. Young architect <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sloan_(architect)" title="Samuel Sloan (architect)">Samuel Sloan</a>, Kirkbride's friend and collaborator, designed the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical style</a> building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mental health services at the Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital continued to expand throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. But by the mid-20th century, the 1841 hospital building proved unusable for this purpose and was demolished in 1959. All treatment moved to the Department for Males building in 1959. That structure was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> and was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> on October 15, 1966. </p><p>The institute was located in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill Creek, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Mill Creek</a> neighborhood of Philadelphia. It continued operations until 1997 when, in the face of shrinking revenues from <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> providers, Pennsylvania Hospital sold the property and moved its mental health services back to the main hospital campus at 8th and Spruce Streets. Three tall housing projects and a multi-purpose social-service facility were built near the site of the 1841 hospital. Other parts of the property were sold for commercial and residential development in 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The remaining Department for Males building is now the Kirkbride Center, a part of the Blackwell Human Services Campus.<sup id="cite_ref-kirkbridecenter_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirkbridecenter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It houses the West Philadelphia ACES Charter School, Pennsylvania Hospital's Mill Creek School, Philadelphia Health Management Corporation's Adolescent Residential Treatment Center, and a Traveler's Aid's emergency family shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-kirkbridecenter_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirkbridecenter-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Philadelphia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia">List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nhlnom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhlnom_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/66000684_text">"NHL nomination for Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NHL+nomination+for+Institute+of+the+Pennsylvania+Hospital&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNRHP%2F66000684_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+the+Pennsylvania+Hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirkbridecenter-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kirkbridecenter_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kirkbridecenter_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713153102/http://kirkbridecenter.com/Kirkbride%20Center.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kirkbridecenter.com/Kirkbride%20Center.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkirkbridecenter.com%2FKirkbride%2520Center.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitute+of+the+Pennsylvania+Hospital" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_the_Pennsylvania_Hospital&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pennsylvania_Hospital_for_Mental_and_Nervous_Diseases_(Kirkbride%27s_Hospital)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pennsylvania Hospital for Mental and Nervous Diseases (Kirkbride's Hospital)">Pennsylvania Hospital for Mental and Nervous Diseases (Kirkbride's Hospital)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uchs.net/HistoricDistricts/kirkbride.html">UCHS: <i>Kirkbride's Hospital</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501075200/http://uchs.net/HistoricDistricts/kirkbride.html">Archived</a> May 1, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1801/tline13.html">UPHS: <i>A History of the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/finding/iphgeneral.html">UPHS: Institutional history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205005643/http://www.phillyhistory.org/blog/archive/2007/05/03/take-care-of-him-and-i-will-repay-thee-a.aspx">Article and Historic Photographs of the Institute</a>, <i>Philly</i>History.org</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic American Buildings Survey">Historic American Buildings Survey</a> (HABS) documentation: <ul><li>HABS No. PA-1635, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa1042/">Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, Department for Males</a>", 1 photo, 1 photo caption page</li> <li>HABS No. PA-1636, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa1041/">Pennsylvania Hospital for Mental and Nervous Diseases</a>", 10 photos, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kirkbride_Plan" title="Template:Kirkbride Plan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kirkbride_Plan" title="Template talk:Kirkbride Plan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kirkbride_Plan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kirkbride Plan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Kirkbride_Plan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kirkbride_Plan" title="Kirkbride Plan">The Kirkbride Plan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Story_Kirkbride" title="Thomas Story Kirkbride">Thomas Story Kirkbride</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sloan_(architect)" title="Samuel Sloan (architect)">Samuel Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Boyden" title="Elbridge Boyden">Elbridge Boyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeremiah_Bradlee" title="Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee">Nathaniel Bradlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Haskell" title="John G. Haskell">John G. Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Scofield" title="Levi Scofield">Levi Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepley,_Rutan_and_Coolidge" title="Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge">Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Snowden_Andrews" title="Richard Snowden Andrews">Richard Snowden Andrews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenton_Psychiatric_Hospital" title="Trenton Psychiatric Hospital">New Jersey State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_State_Hospital" title="Harrisburg State Hospital">Harrisburg State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton_State_Hospital" title="Taunton State Hospital">Taunton State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_State_Hospital" title="Northampton State Hospital">Northampton State Hospital</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixmont_State_Hospital" title="Dixmont State Hospital">Dixmont State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_State_Hospital" title="Hudson River State Hospital">Hudson River State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville_State_Hospital" title="Danville State Hospital">Danville State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_Olmsted_Complex" title="Richardson Olmsted Complex">Buffalo State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_State_Hospital" title="Warren State Hospital">Warren State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greystone_Park_Psychiatric_Hospital" title="Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital">Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_State_Hospital" title="Worcester State Hospital">Worcester State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danvers_State_Hospital" title="Danvers State Hospital">Danvers State Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeths_Hospital" title="St. Elizabeths Hospital">St. Elizabeths Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_State_Hospital_(Virginia)" title="Central State Hospital (Virginia)">Central State Hospital (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Grove_Hospital_Center" title="Spring Grove Hospital Center">Spring Grove Hospital Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_State_Hospital_(Indiana)" title="Central State Hospital (Indiana)">Central State Hospital (Indiana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Developmental_Center" title="Jacksonville Developmental Center">Jacksonville State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ohio_Lunatic_Asylum" title="Southern Ohio Lunatic Asylum">Dayton State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendota_Mental_Health_Institute" title="Mendota Mental Health Institute">Wisconsin State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Regional_Psychiatric_Hospital" title="Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital">Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant_Mental_Health_Institute" title="Mount Pleasant Mental Health Institute">Mount Pleasant State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Security_Hospital" title="Minnesota Security Hospital">St. Peter State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_State_Hospital" title="Anna State Hospital">Anna State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Mental_Health_Center" title="Elgin Mental Health Center">Elgin State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osawatomie_State_Hospital" title="Osawatomie State Hospital">Osawatomie State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_State_Hospital" title="Topeka State Hospital">Topeka State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnebago_Mental_Health_Institute" title="Winnebago Mental Health Institute">Winnebago State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_State_Hospital" title="Independence State Hospital">Independence State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Lunatic_Asylum" title="Athens Lunatic Asylum">Athens Lunatic Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_State_Hospital" title="Columbus State Hospital">Columbus State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Valley_Center" title="Clinton Valley Center">Eastern Michigan Asylum for the Insane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee_State_Hospital" title="Kankakee State Hospital">Kankakee State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinda_Treatment_Complex" title="Clarinda Treatment Complex">Clarinda State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_State_Hospital" title="Traverse City State Hospital">Northern Michigan Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Hospital" title="Nevada State Hospital">Nevada State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Mental_Health_Institute" title="Cherokee Mental Health Institute">Cherokee Mental Health Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Falls_Regional_Treatment_Center" title="Fergus Falls Regional Treatment Center">Fergus Falls Regional Treatment Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_State_Hospital_(Kentucky)" title="Western State Hospital (Kentucky)">Western State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_State_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson State Hospital">Jackson State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_State_Hospital" title="Austin State Hospital">Austin State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Hospital" title="Bryce Hospital">Bryce Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Allegheny_Lunatic_Asylum" title="Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum">Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_State_Hospital_(Kentucky)" title="Central State Hospital (Kentucky)">Central State Hospital (Kentucky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughton_Hospital" title="Broughton Hospital">Broughton Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_State_Hospital" title="Arkansas State Hospital">Arkansas State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_State_Hospital" title="Terrell State Hospital">Terrell State Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnews_Developmental_Center" title="Agnews Developmental Center">Agnews State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oregon_State_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Oregon State Hospital">Eastern Oregon State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_State_Hospital_(Washington)" title="Eastern State Hospital (Washington)">Eastern Washington State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_State_Hospital" title="Mendocino State Hospital">Mendocino State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_State_Hospital" title="Napa State Hospital">Napa State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Hospital" title="Oregon State Hospital">Oregon State Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patton_State_Hospital" title="Patton State Hospital">Patton State Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Hospital" title="Nova Scotia Hospital">Nova Scotia Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callan_Park_Hospital_for_the_Insane" title="Callan Park Hospital for the Insane">Callan Park Hospital for the Insane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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