CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Psychiatric hospital - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4676e800-5d36-430f-bc23-12140844cffd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Psychiatric_hospital","wgTitle":"Psychiatric hospital","wgCurRevisionId":1259283239,"wgRevisionId":1259283239,"wgArticleId":38722,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from August 2023","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Hospital departments","Psychiatric hospitals","Psychiatric specialities","Penology","Total institutions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Psychiatric_hospital","wgRelevantArticleId":38722,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q210999","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="816"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg/800px-Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="544"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg/640px-Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="435"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Psychiatric hospital - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Psychiatric_hospital rootpage-Psychiatric_hospital skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Psychiatric+hospital" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Psychiatric+hospital" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Psychiatric+hospital" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Psychiatric+hospital" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crisis_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Crisis stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Open units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medium_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medium_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medium term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medium_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juvenile_wards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juvenile_wards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Juvenile wards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juvenile_wards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_care_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_care_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Long-term care facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_care_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halfway_houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halfway_houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Halfway houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halfway_houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Political imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secure_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Secure units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_hospital_utilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_hospital_utilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Community hospital utilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_hospital_utilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Undercover_journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undercover_journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Undercover journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undercover_journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychiatric hospital</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مستشفى الأمراض النفسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستشفى الأمراض النفسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhi_x%C9%99st%C9%99xana" title="Ruhi xəstəxana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruhi xəstəxana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Психиатрична болница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Психиатрична болница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_psiqui%C3%A0tric" title="Hospital psiquiàtric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hospital psiquiàtric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrick%C3%A1_nemocnice" title="Psychiatrická nemocnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psychiatrická nemocnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatrisk_hospital" title="Psykiatrisk hospital – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Psykiatrisk hospital" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrische_Klinik" title="Psychiatrische Klinik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Psychiatrische Klinik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ψυχιατρείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχιατρείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_psiqui%C3%A1trico" title="Hospital psiquiátrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hospital psiquiátrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiatria_hospitalo" title="Psikiatria hospitalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Psikiatria hospitalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospitale_psikiatriko" title="Ospitale psikiatriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ospitale psikiatriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بیمارستان روان‌پزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیمارستان روان‌پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_psychiatrique" title="Hôpital psychiatrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hôpital psychiatrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrysk_sikeh%C3%BBs" title="Psychiatrysk sikehûs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Psychiatrysk sikehûs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90" title="정신병원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정신병원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="मानसिक चिकित्सालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानसिक चिकित्सालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_sakit_jiwa" title="Rumah sakit jiwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumah sakit jiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B0sp%C3%ADtali" title="Geðspítali – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geðspítali" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospedale_psichiatrico" title="Ospedale psichiatrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ospedale psichiatrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="בית חולים פסיכיאטרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית חולים פסיכיאטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopital_sikyatrik" title="Lopital sikyatrik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lopital sikyatrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%C3%BBnnasiya_kl%C3%AEn%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Derûnnasiya klînîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derûnnasiya klînîkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihiatrisk%C4%81_slimn%C4%ABca" title="Psihiatriskā slimnīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Psihiatriskā slimnīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ospedal_psichiatregh" title="Ospedal psichiatregh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ospedal psichiatregh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_sakit_jiwa" title="Rumah sakit jiwa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rumah sakit jiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrisch_ziekenhuis" title="Psychiatrisch ziekenhuis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Psychiatrisch ziekenhuis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%91" title="精神科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="精神科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatrisk_sykehus" title="Psykiatrisk sykehus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Psykiatrisk sykehus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatrisk_sjukehus" title="Psykiatrisk sjukehus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Psykiatrisk sjukehus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixiatriya_shifoxonalari" title="Psixiatriya shifoxonalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Psixiatriya shifoxonalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpital_psychiatryczny" title="Szpital psychiatryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szpital psychiatryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_psiqui%C3%A1trico" title="Hospital psiquiátrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hospital psiquiátrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spital_de_psihiatrie" title="Spital de psihiatrie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spital de psihiatrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Психиатрическая больница – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психиатрическая больница" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitali_psikiatrik" title="Spitali psikiatrik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Spitali psikiatrik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Psychiatric hospital" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Психијатријска болница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Психијатријска болница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatrinen_sairaala" title="Psykiatrinen sairaala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Psykiatrinen sairaala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalsjukhus" title="Mentalsjukhus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mentalsjukhus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruh_ve_sinir_hastal%C4%B1klar%C4%B1_hastanesi" title="Ruh ve sinir hastalıkları hastanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruh ve sinir hastalıkları hastanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Психіатричний заклад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Психіатричний заклад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دارالنفسیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دارالنفسیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_vi%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%A2m_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Bệnh viện tâm thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh viện tâm thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E9%99%A2" title="精神病院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="精神病院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210999#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Psychiatric_hospital" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Psychiatric_hospital" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Psychiatric_hospital" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&oldid=1259283239" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Psychiatric_hospital&id=1259283239&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPsychiatric_hospital"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPsychiatric_hospital"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Psychiatric_hospital&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychiatric_hospitals" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q210999" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hospital specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about modern psychiatric hospitals. For historical lunatic asylums, see <a href="/wiki/Lunatic_asylum" title="Lunatic asylum">Lunatic asylum</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Funny farm" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Funny_Farm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Funny Farm (disambiguation)">Funny Farm</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Special:EditPage/Psychiatric hospital">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Psychiatric+hospital%22">"Psychiatric hospital"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Psychiatric+hospital%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Psychiatric+hospital%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Psychiatric+hospital%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Psychiatric+hospital%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Psychiatric+hospital%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danvers_State_Hospital,_Danvers,_Massachusetts,_Kirkbride_Complex,_circa_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg/220px-Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg/330px-Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg/440px-Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Danvers State Hospital, Danvers, Massachusetts, Kirkbride Complex, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1893</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niuvanniemen_sairaala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Niuvanniemen_sairaala.jpg/220px-Niuvanniemen_sairaala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Niuvanniemen_sairaala.jpg/330px-Niuvanniemen_sairaala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Niuvanniemen_sairaala.jpg/440px-Niuvanniemen_sairaala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3122" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niuvanniemi_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuvanniemi Hospital">Niuvanniemi Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niuva" title="Niuva">Niuva</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administration_Building,_McLean_Hospital,_Belmont_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Administration_Building%2C_McLean_Hospital%2C_Belmont_MA.jpg/220px-Administration_Building%2C_McLean_Hospital%2C_Belmont_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Administration_Building%2C_McLean_Hospital%2C_Belmont_MA.jpg/330px-Administration_Building%2C_McLean_Hospital%2C_Belmont_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Administration_Building%2C_McLean_Hospital%2C_Belmont_MA.jpg/440px-Administration_Building%2C_McLean_Hospital%2C_Belmont_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McLean_Hospital" title="McLean Hospital">McLean Hospital</a>'s administration building in <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont, Massachusetts</a>; the hospital treated several notable <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> residents, including <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a>, musician <a href="/wiki/James_Taylor" title="James Taylor">James Taylor</a>, and poet <a href="/wiki/Anne_Sexton" title="Anne Sexton">Anne Sexton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>psychiatric <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a></b>, also known as a <b>mental health hospital</b>, a <b>behavioral health hospital</b>, or an <b>asylum</b> is a specialized medical facility that focuses on the treatment of severe <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>. These institutions cater to patients with conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>, among others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychiatric hospitals vary considerably in size and classification. Some specialize in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk <a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patients</a>, while others provide long-term care for individuals requiring routine assistance or a controlled environment due to their psychiatric condition. Patients may choose <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_commitment" title="Voluntary commitment">voluntary commitment</a>, but those deemed to pose a significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntary commitment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">treatment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahomed_Stein_Patel_p=e1002679_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahomed_Stein_Patel_p=e1002679-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general hospitals, psychiatric wards or units serve a similar purpose. Modern psychiatric hospitals have evolved from the older concept of <a href="/wiki/Lunatic_asylum" title="Lunatic asylum">lunatic asylums</a>, shifting focus from mere containment and restraint to evidence-based treatments that aim to help patients function in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_Magazine_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_Magazine-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mnddc.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnddc.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With successive waves of reform, and the introduction of effective <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based</a> treatments, most modern psychiatric hospitals emphasize treatment, usually including a combination of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_medication" title="Psychiatric medication">psychiatric medications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, that assist patients in functioning in the outside world. Many countries have prohibited the use of <a href="/wiki/Medical_restraint" title="Medical restraint">physical restraints</a> on patients, which includes tying psychiatric patients to their beds for days or even months at a time,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this practice still is periodically employed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lunatic_asylum" title="Lunatic asylum">Lunatic asylum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg/220px-RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg/330px-RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg/440px-RetreatOriginalBuildingssm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/York_Retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="York Retreat">York Retreat</a>, built in the late 18th century by <a href="/wiki/William_Tuke" title="William Tuke">William Tuke</a>, a pioneer in moral treatment of the mentally ill</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced, the older lunatic asylum. Their development also entails the rise of organized institutional <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>. Hospitals known as <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">bimaristans</a> were built in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in the early ninth century; the first was built in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>. While not devoted solely to patients with psychiatric disorders, early psychiatric hospitals often contained wards for patients exhibiting mania or other psychological distress.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of cultural taboos against refusing to care for one's family members, mentally ill patients would be surrendered to a <i>bimaristan</i> only if the patient demonstrated violence, incurable chronic illness, or some other extremely debilitating ailment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychological wards were typically enclosed by iron bars owing to the aggression of some of the patients.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the first idea and set up for a proper mental hospital entered through <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Mercedarian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedarian Order">Mercedarian Order</a> named <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gilaberto_Jofr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Gilaberto Jofré">Juan Gilaberto Jofré</a> traveled frequently to Islamic countries and observed several institutions that confined the insane. He proposed the founding of an institution exclusive for "sick people who had to be treated by doctors", something very modern for the time. The foundation was carried out in 1409 thanks to several wealthy men from <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> who contributed funds for its completion. It was considered the first institution in the world at that time specialized in the treatment of mental illnesses. </p><p>Later on, physicians, including <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bic%C3%AAtre_Hospital" title="Bicêtre Hospital">Bicêtre Hospital</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/William_Tuke" title="William Tuke">William Tuke</a> at <a href="/wiki/York_Retreat" class="mw-redirect" title="York Retreat">York Retreat</a> in England, began to advocate for the viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. In the Western world, the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalisation</a> as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an advent of the nineteenth century. The first public mental asylums were established in Britain; the passing of the <a href="/wiki/County_Asylums_Act_1808" title="County Asylums Act 1808">County Asylums Act 1808</a> empowered magistrates to build rate-supported asylums in every <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> to house the many 'pauper lunatics'. Nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>. In 1828, the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Commissioners_in_Lunacy" title="Commissioners in Lunacy">Commissioners in Lunacy</a> were empowered to license and supervise private asylums. The <a href="/wiki/Lunacy_Act_1845" title="Lunacy Act 1845">Lunacy Act 1845</a> made the construction of asylums in every county compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, and required asylums to have written regulations and a resident <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 19th century there were a few thousand people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000. This growth coincided with the growth of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">alienism</a>, later known as psychiatry, as a medical specialism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes very brutal and focused on containment and restraint.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_Magazine_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_Magazine-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mnddc.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnddc.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, psychiatric institutions ceased using terms such as "madness", "lunacy" or "insanity", which assumed a unitary psychosis, and began instead splitting into numerous mental diseases, including catatonia, melancholia, and dementia praecox, which is now known as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> described a theory<sup id="cite_ref-Goffman_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffman-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Extracts_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extracts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the "<a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">total institution</a>" and the process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the part of both "guard" and "captor", suggesting that many of the features of such institutions serve the ritual function of ensuring that both classes of people know their function and <a href="/wiki/Social_role" class="mw-redirect" title="Social role">social role</a>, in other words of "<a href="/wiki/Institutional_syndrome" title="Institutional syndrome">institutionalizing</a>" them. Asylums as a key text in the development of <a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinstitutionalization">deinstitutionalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_Suibhne_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac_Suibhne-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With successive waves of reform and the introduction of effective evidence-based treatments, modern psychiatric hospitals provide a primary emphasis on treatment; and further, they attempt—where possible—to help patients control their own lives in the outside world with the use of a combination of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric drug">psychiatric drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These treatments can be involuntary. Involuntary treatments are among the many psychiatric practices which are questioned by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Psychiatry">mental patient liberation movement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilnius_Psychiatric_Hospital_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital 1 The Republican Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital in Naujoji Vilnia (Parko g. 15), is one of the largest health facilities in Lithuania; built in 1902, official opening on 21 May 1903" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vilnius_Psychiatric_Hospital_1.jpg/220px-Vilnius_Psychiatric_Hospital_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vilnius_Psychiatric_Hospital_1.jpg/330px-Vilnius_Psychiatric_Hospital_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vilnius_Psychiatric_Hospital_1.jpg/440px-Vilnius_Psychiatric_Hospital_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Republican Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital in Naujoji Vilnia, one of the largest health facilities in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, built in 1902</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6yk%C3%A4n_sairaala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/R%C3%B6yk%C3%A4n_sairaala.jpg/220px-R%C3%B6yk%C3%A4n_sairaala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/R%C3%B6yk%C3%A4n_sairaala.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6yk%C3%A4n_sairaala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/R%C3%B6yk%C3%A4n_sairaala.jpg/440px-R%C3%B6yk%C3%A4n_sairaala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>-styled Röykkä Hospital, formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Nummela_Sanatorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nummela Sanatorium">Nummela Sanatorium</a>, in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ykk%C3%A4" title="Röykkä">Röykkä</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several different types of modern psychiatric hospitals, but all of them house people with mental illnesses of varying severity. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, both crisis admissions and medium-term care are usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or youth wards in psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards are set aside for children or youth with mental illness. Long-term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation within a short time-frame (two or three years). Another institution for the mentally ill is a community-based <a href="/wiki/Halfway_house" title="Halfway house">halfway house</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_stabilization">Crisis stabilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crisis stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, there are high acuity and low acuity crisis facilities (or Crisis Stabilization Units). High acuity crisis stabilization units serve individuals who are actively suicidal, violent, or intoxicated. Low acuity crisis facilities include peer respites, social detoxes, and other programs to serve individuals who are not actively suicidal/violent. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_units">Open units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Open units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open psychiatric units are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. They are not used for acutely suicidal people; instead, the focus in these units is to make life as normal as possible for patients while continuing treatment to the point where they can be discharged. However, patients are usually still not allowed to hold their own medications in their rooms because of the risk of an impulsive overdose. While some open units are physically unlocked, other open units still use locked entrances and exits, depending on the type of patients admitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medium_term">Medium term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medium term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another type of psychiatric hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. Most drugs used for psychiatric purposes take several weeks to take effect, and the main purpose of these hospitals is to monitor the patient for the first few weeks of therapy to ensure the treatment is effective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juvenile_wards">Juvenile wards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Juvenile wards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juvenile wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children with mental illness. However, there are a number of institutions specializing only in the treatment of juveniles, particularly when dealing with drug abuse, self-harm, eating disorders, anxiety, depression or other mental illnesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_care_facilities">Long-term care facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Long-term care facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narrenturm_Vienna_June_2006_575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Narrenturm_Vienna_June_2006_575.jpg/220px-Narrenturm_Vienna_June_2006_575.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Narrenturm_Vienna_June_2006_575.jpg/330px-Narrenturm_Vienna_June_2006_575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Narrenturm_Vienna_June_2006_575.jpg/440px-Narrenturm_Vienna_June_2006_575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narrenturm_(hospital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrenturm (hospital)">Narrenturm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, built in 1784, is named for a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> phrase, meaning "fools' tower"; the hospital was among the earliest buildings designed specifically for the mentally ill.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, long-term care facilities are now being replaced with smaller secure units, some within hospitals. Modern buildings, modern security, and being locally situated to help with reintegration into society once medication has stabilized the condition<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are often features of such units. Examples of this include the Three Bridges Unit at <a href="/wiki/St_Bernard%27s_Hospital,_Hanwell" title="St Bernard's Hospital, Hanwell">St Bernard's Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_London" title="West London">West London</a> and the John Munroe Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>. These units have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation to allow for transition back into society within a short time-frame, usually lasting two or three years. Not all patients' treatment meets this criterion, however, leading larger hospitals to retain this role. </p><p>These hospitals provide stabilization and rehabilitation for those who are actively experiencing uncontrolled symptoms of mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halfway_houses">Halfway houses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Halfway houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One type of institution for the mentally ill is a community-based <a href="/wiki/Halfway_house" title="Halfway house">halfway house</a>. These facilities provide assisted living<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for an extended period of time for patients with mental illnesses, and they often aid in the transition to self-sufficiency. These institutions are considered to be one of the most important parts of a mental health system by many <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrists</a>, although some localities lack sufficient funding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_imprisonment">Political imprisonment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries, the mental institution may be used for the incarceration of political prisoners as a form of punishment. One notable historical example was the use of <a href="/wiki/Punitive_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union">punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-Matvejević_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matvejević-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LaFraniere_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaFraniere-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the former Soviet Union and China, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> also has used punitive psychiatry toward political opponents and critics of current government in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-Polskie_Radio_29-08-2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polskie_Radio_29-08-2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wprost_26-03-2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wprost_26-03-2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secure_units">Secure units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Secure units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, criminal courts or the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> can, under various sections of the Mental Health Act, order the detention of offenders in a psychiatric hospital, but the term "criminally insane" is no longer legally or medically recognized. Secure psychiatric units exist in all regions of the UK for this purpose; in addition, there are a few specialist hospitals which offer treatment with high levels of security. These facilities are divided into three main categories: High, Medium and Low Secure. Although the phrase "Maximum Secure" is often used in the media, there is no such classification. "Local Secure" is a common misnomer for Low Secure units, as patients are often detained there by local criminal courts for psychiatric assessment before sentencing. </p><p>Run by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, these facilities which provide psychiatric assessments can also provide treatment and accommodation in a safe hospital environment which prevents absconding. Thus there is far less risk of patients harming themselves or others. In <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Mental_Hospital" title="Central Mental Hospital">Central Mental Hospital</a> performs a similar function.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_hospital_utilization">Community hospital utilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Community hospital utilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Community hospitals across the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> regularly discharge mental health patients, who are then typically referred to out-patient treatment and therapy. A study of community hospital discharge data from 2003 to 2011, however, found that mental health hospitalizations had increased for both children and adults. Compared to other hospital utilization, mental health discharges for children were the lowest while the most rapidly increasing hospitalizations were for adults under 64.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some units have been opened to provide therapeutically enhanced Treatment, a subcategory to the three main hospital unit types.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the UK, high secure hospitals exist, including <a href="/wiki/Ashworth_Hospital" title="Ashworth Hospital">Ashworth Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital" title="Broadmoor Hospital">Broadmoor Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crowthorne" title="Crowthorne">Crowthorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rampton_Secure_Hospital" title="Rampton Secure Hospital">Rampton Secure Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Retford" title="Retford">Retford</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/State_Hospital" title="State Hospital">State Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carstairs" title="Carstairs">Carstairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, medium and low secure units exist but high secure units on the UK mainland are used for patients who qualify for the treatment under the Out of Area (Off-Island Placements) Referrals provision of the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Act_1983" title="Mental Health Act 1983">Mental Health Act 1983</a>. Among the three unit types, medium secure facilities are the most prevalent in the UK. As of 2009, there were 27 women-only units in England.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish units include those at prisons in Portlaise, Castelrea, and Cork. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG/220px-NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG/330px-NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG/440px-NorthernMichiganAsylumCTraverseCityMI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_State_Hospital" title="Traverse City State Hospital">Traverse City State Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">Traverse City, Michigan</a>, U.S., in operation from 1881 to 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> has argued that psychiatric hospitals are like prisons unlike other kinds of hospitals, and that psychiatrists who coerce people (into treatment or involuntary commitment) function as judges and jailers, not physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Szasz_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szasz-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> is widely known for his comprehensive critique of the use and abuse of the mental hospital system in <i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i>. He argued that Tuke and Pinel's asylum was a symbolic recreation of the condition of a child under a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> family. It was a microcosm symbolizing the massive structures of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois society">bourgeois society</a> and its values: relations of Family–Children (paternal authority), Fault–Punishment (immediate justice), Madness–Disorder (social and moral order).<sup id="cite_ref-DeleuzePinelTuke_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeleuzePinelTuke-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FoucaultPinelTuke_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoucaultPinelTuke-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">total institution</a>" for mental hospitals and similar places which took over and confined a person's whole life.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150">: 150 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wallace_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallace-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Goffman placed psychiatric hospitals in the same category as <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a>, military organizations, <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanages</a>, and monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Asylums_(book)" title="Asylums (book)">Asylums</a></i> Goffman describes how the institutionalisation process socialises people into the role of a good patient, someone "dull, harmless and inconspicuous"; in turn, it reinforces notions of chronicity in severe mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Lester_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lester-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rosenhan_experiment" title="Rosenhan experiment">Rosenhan experiment</a> of 1973 demonstrated the difficulty of distinguishing sane patients from insane patients. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Franco_Basaglia" title="Franco Basaglia">Franco Basaglia</a>, a leading psychiatrist who inspired and planned the <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_reform_in_Italy" title="Psychiatric reform in Italy">psychiatric reform in Italy</a>, also defined the mental hospital as an oppressive, locked, and total institution in which prison-like, punitive rules are applied, in order to gradually eliminate its own contents. Patients, doctors and nurses are all subjected (at different levels) to the same process of institutionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Tansella_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tansella-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Loren_Mosher" title="Loren Mosher">Loren Mosher</a> noticed that the psychiatric institution itself gave him master classes in the art of the "total institution": labeling, unnecessary dependency, the induction and perpetuation of powerlessness, the <a href="/wiki/Cashiering" title="Cashiering">degradation ceremony</a>, authoritarianism, and the primacy of institutional needs over the patients, whom it was ostensibly there to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosher_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosher-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">anti-psychiatry</a> movement coming to the fore in the 1960s has opposed many of the practices, conditions, or existence of mental hospitals; due to the extreme conditions in them. The <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">psychiatric consumer/survivor movement</a> has often objected to or campaigned against conditions in mental hospitals or their use, voluntarily or involuntarily. The mental patient liberation movement emphatically opposes involuntary treatment but it generally does not object to any psychiatric treatments that are consensual, provided that both parties can withdraw consent at any time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undercover_journalism">Undercover journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Undercover journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alongside the 1973 academic investigation by <a href="/wiki/Rosenhan_experiment" title="Rosenhan experiment">Rosenhan</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Rosenhan_experiment#Related_experiments" title="Rosenhan experiment">similar experiments</a>, several journalists have been willingly admitted to hospitals in order to conduct <a href="/wiki/Undercover_journalism" title="Undercover journalism">undercover journalism</a>. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Chambers" title="Julius Chambers">Julius Chambers</a>, who visited <a href="/wiki/Bloomingdale_Insane_Asylum" title="Bloomingdale Insane Asylum">Bloomingdale Insane Asylum</a> in 1872, leading to the 1876 book <i>A Mad World and Its People</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a>, who admitted herself to a mental institution in 1887, leading to the work <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_in_a_Mad-House" title="Ten Days in a Mad-House">Ten Days in a Mad-House</a></i>.</li> <li>Frank Smith in 1935 admitted himself into a <a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">Kankakee</a> hospital, leading to the articles "Seven days in the Madhouse" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Times" title="Chicago Daily Times">Chicago Daily Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Michael Mok, who investigated similarly in New York 1961, winning the <a href="/wiki/Lasker_Award" title="Lasker Award">Lasker prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Frank Sutherland, who received coaching from a psychiatrist in order to accurately feign symptoms, and spent 31 days in late 1973 to early 1974, leading to a series of articles in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Tennessean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville Tennessean">Nashville Tennessean</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Betty Wells, who investigated in 1974, with the articles titled "A Trip into Darkness" for the <i><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wichita Eagle">Wichita Eagle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalisation" title="Deinstitutionalisation">Deinstitutionalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mental_disorders" title="History of mental disorders">History of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychiatric_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of psychiatric institutions">History of psychiatric institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_syndrome" title="Institutional syndrome">Institutional syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkbride_Plan" title="Kirkbride Plan">Kirkbride Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_law" title="Mental health law">Mental health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindFreedom_International" title="MindFreedom International">MindFreedom International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Freedom_Commission_on_Mental_Health" title="New Freedom Commission on Mental Health">New Freedom Commission on Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutogenesis" title="Salutogenesis">Salutogenesis</a>, a best-practice methodology for the design of psychiatric facilities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Advocacy_Center" title="Treatment Advocacy Center">Treatment Advocacy Center</a>, involuntary treatment proponent group</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/01/us/white-house-intruder-put-in-mental-ward.html">"White House Intruder Put in Mental Ward"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 1 June 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=White+House+Intruder+Put+in+Mental+Ward&rft.date=1995-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F06%2F01%2Fus%2Fwhite-house-intruder-put-in-mental-ward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahomed_Stein_Patel_p=e1002679-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahomed_Stein_Patel_p=e1002679_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahomedSteinPatel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mahomed, Faraaz; Stein, Michael Ashley; Patel, Vikram (18 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193619">"Involuntary mental health treatment in the era of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities"</a>. <i>PLOS Medicine</i>. <b>15</b> (10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1002679. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1002679">10.1371/journal.pmed.1002679</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1549-1676">1549-1676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193619">6193619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335757">30335757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=Involuntary+mental+health+treatment+in+the+era+of+the+United+Nations+Convention+on+the+Rights+of+Persons+with+Disabilities&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e1002679&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6193619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1549-1676&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30335757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1002679&rft.aulast=Mahomed&rft.aufirst=Faraaz&rft.au=Stein%2C+Michael+Ashley&rft.au=Patel%2C+Vikram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6193619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life_Magazine-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Life_Magazine_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_Magazine_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130223053/http://www.mnddc.org/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/6a-bedlam.html">"Life Magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnddc.org/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/6a-bedlam.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnddc.org%2Fparallels2%2Fprologue%2F6a-bedlam%2F6a-bedlam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mnddc.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mnddc.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mnddc.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnddc.org/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/bedlam-life1946.pdf">"Life Magazine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.mnddc.org/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/bedlam-life1946.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnddc.org%2Fparallels2%2Fprologue%2F6a-bedlam%2Fbedlam-life1946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/09/national/science-health/tying-mental-health-patients-soaring/#.WkGKhMgjFPY">"Number of patients physically restrained at psychiatric hospitals soars"</a>. <i>The Japan Times Online</i>. 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times+Online&rft.atitle=Number+of+patients+physically+restrained+at+psychiatric+hospitals+soars&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2016%2F05%2F09%2Fnational%2Fscience-health%2Ftying-mental-health-patients-soaring%2F%23.WkGKhMgjFPY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">長谷川利夫. (2016). 精神科医療における隔離・身体拘束実態調査～その急増の背景要因を探り縮減への道筋を考える～. 病院・地域精神医学, 59(1), 18–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhandelwalDebKrishnan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Khandelwal, SudhirK; Deb, KoushikSinha; Krishnan, Vijay (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indjsp.org/text.asp?2015/31/2/141/173294">"Restraint and seclusion in India"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0971-9962.173294">10.4103/0971-9962.173294</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-9962">0971-9962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Social+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Restraint+and+seclusion+in+India&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0971-9962.173294&rft.issn=0971-9962&rft.aulast=Khandelwal&rft.aufirst=SudhirK&rft.au=Deb%2C+KoushikSinha&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+Vijay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indjsp.org%2Ftext.asp%3F2015%2F31%2F2%2F141%2F173294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes2023" class="citation web cs1">Reyes, Emily Alpert (2023-10-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-10-19/psychiatric-patients-restraint-rates-hospital">"How often are psychiatric patients restrained at your local hospital?"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+often+are+psychiatric+patients+restrained+at+your+local+hospital%3F&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Emily+Alpert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstory%2F2023-10-19%2Fpsychiatric-patients-restraint-rates-hospital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Andrew C (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201153053/http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/content/99/12/615.short">"Jundi-Shapur, bimaristans, and the rise of academic medical centres"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>99</b> (12): 615–617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680609901208">10.1177/014107680609901208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1676324">1676324</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17139063">17139063</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/content/99/12/615.short">the original</a> on 1 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Jundi-Shapur%2C+bimaristans%2C+and+the+rise+of+academic+medical+centres&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=615-617&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1676324%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17139063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107680609901208&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrsm.rsmjournals.com%2Fcontent%2F99%2F12%2F615.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youssef, H. A., Youssef, F. A., & Dening, T. R. (1996). Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. History of Psychiatry, 7(25), 055–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0957154x9600702503">10.1177/0957154x9600702503</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney2009" class="citation book cs1">Rooney, Anne (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmedicin0000roon"><i>The History of Medicine</i></a></span>. Rosen Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmedicin0000roon/page/191">191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448872282" title="Special:BookSources/978-1448872282"><bdi>978-1448872282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Medicine&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1448872282&rft.aulast=Rooney&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmedicin0000roon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unsworth, Clive."Law and Lunacy in Psychiatry's 'Golden Age'", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. Vol. 13, No. 4. (Winter, 1993), pp. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, Roy (2006). <i>Madmen: A Social History of Madhouses, Mad-Doctors & Lunatics</i>. Tempus: p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuhas2013" class="citation web cs1">Yuhas, Daisy (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=throughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge">"Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a challenge"</a>. Scientific American Mind (March 2013)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Throughout+History%2C+Defining+Schizophrenia+Has+Remained+a+challenge&rft.pub=Scientific+American+Mind+%28March+2013%29&rft.date=2013-03&rft.aulast=Yuhas&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dthroughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffman-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goffman_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoffman1961" class="citation book cs1">Goffman, Erving (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqELAQAAIAAJ"><i>Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates</i></a>. Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385000161" title="Special:BookSources/9780385000161"><bdi>9780385000161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asylums%3A+essays+on+the+social+situation+of+mental+patients+and+other+inmates&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780385000161&rft.aulast=Goffman&rft.aufirst=Erving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqELAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Extracts-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Extracts_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studymore.org.uk/xgof.htm#Asylums">"Extracts from Erving Goffman"</a>. A Middlesex University resource<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extracts+from+Erving+Goffman&rft.pub=A+Middlesex+University+resource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudymore.org.uk%2Fxgof.htm%23Asylums&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mac_Suibhne-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mac_Suibhne_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Suibhne2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mac Suibhne, Séamus (7 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b4109">"Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and other Inmates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i>. <b>339</b>: b4109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b4109">10.1136/bmj.b4109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220087437">220087437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Asylums%3A+Essays+on+the+Social+Situation+of+Mental+Patients+and+other+Inmates&rft.volume=339&rft.pages=b4109&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.b4109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220087437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mac+Suibhne&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9amus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F339%2Fbmj.b4109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/nn/catalog?search_field=all_fields">"- Reports of the Surgeon General - Profiles in Science Search Results"</a>. <i>profiles.nlm.nih.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profiles.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=-+Reports+of+the+Surgeon+General+-+Profiles+in+Science+Search+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2Fspotlight%2Fnn%2Fcatalog%3Fsearch_field%3Dall_fields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/an-imperfect-guide-to-crisis-stabilization-units-matching-the-right-level-of-care-to-individual-needs">"Psychiatric Times"</a>. <i>An Imperfect Guide to Crisis Stabilization Units</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Imperfect+Guide+to+Crisis+Stabilization+Units&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatrictimes.com%2Fview%2Fan-imperfect-guide-to-crisis-stabilization-units-matching-the-right-level-of-care-to-individual-needs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/481700">"Residential Facilities and Long-Term Psychiatric Care"</a>. <i>Medscape</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Residential+Facilities+and+Long-Term+Psychiatric+Care&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F481700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091115131526/http://www.hospital.com/psychiatry.html">"Hospital.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hospital.com/psychiatry.html">the original</a> on 2009-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hospital.com%2Fpsychiatry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaslamatzisKatsouyanniMarkidis1997" class="citation journal cs1">Vaslamatzis, G.; Katsouyanni, K.; Markidis, M. (1997). "The efficacy of a psychiatric halfway house: a study of hospital recidivism and global outcome measure". <i>European Psychiatry</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 94–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0924-9338%2897%2989647-2">10.1016/S0924-9338(97)89647-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19698512">19698512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26503203">26503203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+efficacy+of+a+psychiatric+halfway+house%3A+a+study+of+hospital+recidivism+and+global+outcome+measure&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94-97&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26503203%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19698512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0924-9338%2897%2989647-2&rft.aulast=Vaslamatzis&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Katsouyanni%2C+K.&rft.au=Markidis%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matvejević-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matvejević_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatvejević2004" class="citation book cs1">Matvejević, Predrag (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRrv8MqXMxYC"><i>Between exile and asylum: an eastern epistolary</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-85-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-85-5"><bdi>978-963-9241-85-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+exile+and+asylum%3A+an+eastern+epistolary&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-85-5&rft.aulast=Matvejevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Predrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRrv8MqXMxYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaFraniere-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaFraniere_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFraniereLevin2010" class="citation news cs1">LaFraniere, Sharon; Levin, Dan (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/12/world/asia/12psych.html?_r=1&pagewanted=print">"Assertive Chinese Held in Mental Wards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Assertive+Chinese+Held+in+Mental+Wards&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.aulast=LaFraniere&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft.au=Levin%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F12%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F12psych.html%3F_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polskie_Radio_29-08-2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polskie_Radio_29-08-2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolska_Agencja_Prasowa2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polska Agencja Prasowa (29 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskieradio.pl/75/914/artykul/920703,bialorus-przymusowe-leczenie-psychiatryczne-dla-niewygodnego-lekarza">"Belarus: forced psychiatric treatment for inconvenienced doctor"</a>. <i>Polskie Radio</i> (in Polish). Warsaw<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polskie+Radio&rft.atitle=Belarus%3A+forced+psychiatric+treatment+for+inconvenienced+doctor&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.au=Polska+Agencja+Prasowa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio.pl%2F75%2F914%2Fartykul%2F920703%2Cbialorus-przymusowe-leczenie-psychiatryczne-dla-niewygodnego-lekarza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wprost_26-03-2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wprost_26-03-2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolska_Agencja_Prasowa2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polska Agencja Prasowa (26 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wprost.pl/swiat/313012/bialorus-glodujacy-kawalenka-trafil-na-oddzial-psychiatryczny.html">"Belarus: hunger striker Kavalenka taken to psychiatric ward"</a>. <i>Wprost</i> (in Polish). Warsaw<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.atitle=Belarus%3A+hunger+striker+Kavalenka+taken+to+psychiatric+ward&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.au=Polska+Agencja+Prasowa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Fswiat%2F313012%2Fbialorus-glodujacy-kawalenka-trafil-na-oddzial-psychiatryczny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/central-mental-hospital-closing-2140641-Jun2015/">"The Central Mental Hospital is being closed down"</a>. 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Central+Mental+Hospital+is+being+closed+down&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fcentral-mental-hospital-closing-2140641-Jun2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/not-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity-inside-the-central-mental-hospital-1.3544665">"Not guilty by reason of insanity: Inside the Central Mental Hospital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Not+guilty+by+reason+of+insanity%3A+Inside+the+Central+Mental+Hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fhealth-family%2Fnot-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity-inside-the-central-mental-hospital-1.3544665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissBarrettAndrews2014" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Andrews RM (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp">"Trends and Projections of U.S. Hospital Costs by Payer, 2003-2013"</a>. <i>HCUP Statistical Brief</i> (176). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HCUP+Statistical+Brief&rft.atitle=Trends+and+Projections+of+U.S.+Hospital+Costs+by+Payer%2C+2003-2013&rft.issue=176&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Barrett%2C+ML&rft.au=Andrews%2C+RM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcup-us.ahrq.gov%2Freports%2Fstatbriefs%2Fsb176-Hospital-Cost-Projections-by-Age-2013.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merseycare.nhs.uk/services/clinical/high_secure/High_Secure_Services_Contact_Us.asp">Official site</a>, Accessed 2 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsh.scot.nhs.uk/">Official site</a>, Accessed 2 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgie Parry‐Crooke (June 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohrn.nhs.uk/resource/policy/WMSSEvaluationFinalReport.pdf">My life: in safe hands?</a>. Accessed 2 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szasz-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szasz_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzasz2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz, Thomas</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatry.freeuk.com/Szasz50.pdf">"The myth of mental illness: 50 years later"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Psychiatrist</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 179–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fpb.bp.110.031310">10.1192/pb.bp.110.031310</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.psychiatry.freeuk.com/Szasz50.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychiatrist&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+mental+illness%3A+50+years+later&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=179-182&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fpb.bp.110.031310&rft.aulast=Szasz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatry.freeuk.com%2FSzasz50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeleuzePinelTuke-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeleuzePinelTuke_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deleuze and Guattari (1972) <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Oedipus" title="Anti-Oedipus">Anti-Oedipus</a></i> p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoucaultPinelTuke-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FoucaultPinelTuke_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> [1961] <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Madness" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of Madness">The History of Madness</a></i>, Routledge 2006, pp.490–1, 507–8, 510–1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonRakfeldtStrauss2010" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Larry; Rakfeldt, Jaak; Strauss, John, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tp4L_1zw9ngC"><i>The Roots of the Recovery Movement in Psychiatry: Lessons Learned</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-464-5358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-464-5358-7"><bdi>978-88-464-5358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+the+Recovery+Movement+in+Psychiatry%3A+Lessons+Learned&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-464-5358-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtp4L_1zw9ngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallace-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallace_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1971" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Samuel (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7uN3eHD1xQC"><i>Total Institutions</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-464-5358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-464-5358-7"><bdi>978-88-464-5358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+Institutions&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-88-464-5358-7&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7uN3eHD1xQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstein-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein_R.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1982/pdf/1982-v11n04-p267.pdf">"Goffman's Asylums and the Social Situation of Mental Patients"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Orthomolecular Psychiatry</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 267–274. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1982/pdf/1982-v11n04-p267.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthomolecular+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Goffman%27s+Asylums+and+the+Social+Situation+of+Mental+Patients&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=267-274&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Weinstein+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthomolecular.org%2Flibrary%2Fjom%2F1982%2Fpdf%2F1982-v11n04-p267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lester-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lester_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester_H.Gask_L.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lester H.; Gask L. (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.105.015933">"Delivering medical care for patients with serious mental illness or promoting a collaborative model of recovery?"</a>. <i>British Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>188</b> (5): 401–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.105.015933">10.1192/bjp.bp.105.015933</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16648523">16648523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Delivering+medical+care+for+patients+with+serious+mental+illness+or+promoting+a+collaborative+model+of+recovery%3F&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=401-402&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.105.015933&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16648523&rft.au=Lester+H.&rft.au=Gask+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fbjp.bp.105.015933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tansella-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tansella_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTansella_M.1986" class="citation journal cs1">Tansella M. (November 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290535">"Community psychiatry without mental hospitals—the Italian experience: a review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Medicine" title="Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine">Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</a></i>. <b>79</b> (11): 664–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107688607901117">10.1177/014107688607901117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290535">1290535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3795212">3795212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Community+psychiatry+without+mental+hospitals%E2%80%94the+Italian+experience%3A+a+review&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=664-669&rft.date=1986-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1290535%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3795212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107688607901117&rft.au=Tansella+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1290535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosher-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mosher_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosher_L.R.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mosher L.R. (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092044if_/http://www.cmha.ca/data/1/rec_docs/1166_alternatives%20to%20acute%20psychiatric%20hospitalization.pdf">"Soteria and other alternatives to acute psychiatric hospitalization: a personal and professional review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Nervous_and_Mental_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</a></i>. <b>187</b> (3): 142–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-199903000-00003">10.1097/00005053-199903000-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10086470">10086470</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmha.ca/data/1/rec_docs/1166_alternatives%20to%20acute%20psychiatric%20hospitalization.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nervous+and+Mental+Disease&rft.atitle=Soteria+and+other+alternatives+to+acute+psychiatric+hospitalization%3A+a+personal+and+professional+review&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=142-149&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005053-199903000-00003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10086470&rft.au=Mosher+L.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmha.ca%2Fdata%2F1%2Frec_docs%2F1166_alternatives%2520to%2520acute%2520psychiatric%2520hospitalization.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undercover.hosting.nyu.edu/s/undercover-reporting/item-set/18">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Seven Days in the Madhouse!" - Frank Smith - Chicago Daily Times · Undercover Reporting"</a>. <i>undercover.hosting.nyu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undercover.hosting.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=%22Seven+Days+in+the+Madhouse%21%22+-+Frank+Smith+-+Chicago+Daily+Times+%C2%B7+Undercover+Reporting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundercover.hosting.nyu.edu%2Fs%2Fundercover-reporting%2Fitem-set%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.psu.edu/c409/2018/04/04/blog4-7-days-of-frank-smith-doing-undercover-reporting-at-a-mental-hospital-by-baidi-wang/">"Blog4 — 7 days of Frank Smith doing undercover reporting at a mental hospital by Baidi Wang"</a>. <i>C409 - News Media Ethics</i>. 4 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C409+-+News+Media+Ethics&rft.atitle=Blog4+%E2%80%94+7+days+of+Frank+Smith+doing+undercover+reporting+at+a+mental+hospital+by+Baidi+Wang&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.psu.edu%2Fc409%2F2018%2F04%2F04%2Fblog4-7-days-of-frank-smith-doing-undercover-reporting-at-a-mental-hospital-by-baidi-wang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofschneider" class="citation web cs1">Hofschneider, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/previous-awards/#:~:text=1961-,Michael%20Mok,-%2CN.Y">"Historical Archive: Awards No Longer Given by the Foundation"</a>. <i>Lasker Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lasker+Foundation&rft.atitle=Historical+Archive%3A+Awards+No+Longer+Given+by+the+Foundation&rft.aulast=Hofschneider&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaskerfoundation.org%2Fwinners%2Fprevious-awards%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3D1961-%2CMichael%2520Mok%2C-%252CN.Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undercover.hosting.nyu.edu/s/undercover-reporting/item-set/16">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I Was a Mental Patient" - Michael Mok - New York World-Telegram & Sun · Undercover Reporting"</a>. <i>undercover.hosting.nyu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undercover.hosting.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=%22I+Was+a+Mental+Patient%22+-+Michael+Mok+-+New+York+World-Telegram+%26+Sun+%C2%B7+Undercover+Reporting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundercover.hosting.nyu.edu%2Fs%2Fundercover-reporting%2Fitem-set%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroegerHamill2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Kroeger" title="Brooke Kroeger">Kroeger, Brooke</a>; Hamill, Pete (2012). "HARD TIME". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt22727sf.15"><i>Undercover Reporting</i></a>. Northwestern University Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2619-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2619-0"><bdi>978-0-8101-2619-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt22727sf.15">j.ctt22727sf.15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HARD+TIME&rft.btitle=Undercover+Reporting&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt22727sf.15%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-2619-0&rft.aulast=Kroeger&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft.au=Hamill%2C+Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt22727sf.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undercover.hosting.nyu.edu/s/undercover-reporting/item-set/72">"Central State Psychiatric Hospital Exposé - Frank Sutherland - Nashville Tennessean · Undercover Reporting"</a>. <i>undercover.hosting.nyu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undercover.hosting.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=Central+State+Psychiatric+Hospital+Expos%C3%A9+-+Frank+Sutherland+-+Nashville+Tennessean+%C2%B7+Undercover+Reporting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundercover.hosting.nyu.edu%2Fs%2Fundercover-reporting%2Fitem-set%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroegerHamill2012" class="citation book cs1">Kroeger, Brooke; Hamill, Pete (2012). "HARD TIME". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt22727sf.15"><i>Undercover Reporting</i></a>. Northwestern University Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2619-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2619-0"><bdi>978-0-8101-2619-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt22727sf.15">j.ctt22727sf.15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HARD+TIME&rft.btitle=Undercover+Reporting&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt22727sf.15%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-2619-0&rft.aulast=Kroeger&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft.au=Hamill%2C+Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt22727sf.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undercover.hosting.nyu.edu/s/undercover-reporting/item-set/137">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Trip Into Darkness" - Betty Wells - Wichita Eagle and Wichita Beacon · Undercover Reporting"</a>. <i>undercover.hosting.nyu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undercover.hosting.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=%22Trip+Into+Darkness%22+-+Betty+Wells+-+Wichita+Eagle+and+Wichita+Beacon+%C2%B7+Undercover+Reporting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundercover.hosting.nyu.edu%2Fs%2Fundercover-reporting%2Fitem-set%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatric+hospital" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychiatric_hospitals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Psychiatric hospitals">Psychiatric hospitals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychiatric_hospital" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resist.ca/~kirstena/pagecamarillo.html">Camarillo State Mental Hospital History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~asylums/">Historical Asylums website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asylumprojects.org/">Asylum Projects</a> – Asylum wiki database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc-pad.org">National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirkbridebuildings.com/">Kirkbride Buildings</a> History and photographs of early psychiatric hospitals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimechamber.co.uk/sites/Hospital/History/List/theasylumlist.php">TheTimeChamber Asylum List</a> Comprehensive List of Victorian Insane Asylums in the UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder">Bipolar Disorder at WebMD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings/psychiatry">Psychiatric hospitals rankings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_about_hospitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hospital_articles" title="Template:Hospital articles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hospital_articles" title="Template talk:Hospital articles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hospital_articles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hospital articles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articles_about_hospitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles about <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_hospitals" title="History of hospitals">History of hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital_network" title="Hospital network">Hospital network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals" title="Category:Hospitals">Category:Hospitals</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common hospital<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_accreditation" title="Hospital accreditation">Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">Bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_care_unit" title="Coronary care unit">Coronary care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_emergency_codes" title="Hospital emergency codes">Emergency codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration#Hospital_administrators" title="Health administration">Hospital administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_information_system" title="Hospital information system">Hospital information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_museum" title="Hospital museum">Hospital museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">Intensive care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnist" title="Nocturnist">Nocturnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call_room" title="On-call room">On-call room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_theater" title="Operating theater">Operating theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orderly" title="Orderly">Orderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients#Outpatients_and_inpatients" class="mw-redirect" title="Patients">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital ward">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaic forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">Almshouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepeion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepeion">Asclepeion</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a> (Islamic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_hospital" title="Cottage hospital">Cottage hospital</a> (England)</li> <li>Hôtel-Dieu (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_community_of_ancient_Rome#Imperial" title="Medical community of ancient Rome">Valetudinaria</a> (Roman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> lying in houses (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenodochium" title="Xenodochium">Xenodochium</a> (Middle Ages)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic service area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_hospital" title="Base hospital">Base hospital</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_hospital" title="Community hospital">Community hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="General hospital">General hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_hospital" title="Regional hospital">Regional hospital</a> or <a href="/wiki/District_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="District hospital">District hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_hospital" title="Municipal hospital">Municipal hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complexity of services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_hospital" title="Day hospital">Day hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_hospital" title="Secondary hospital">Secondary hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">Tertiary referral hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty hospital">Specialty hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unique physical traits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_train" title="Hospital train">Hospital train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile hospital">Mobile hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hospital" title="Underground hospital">Underground hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Hospital" title="Virtual Hospital">Virtual Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited class of patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_hospital" title="Military hospital">Military hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_support_hospital" title="Combat support hospital">Combat support hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prison_hospitals" title="Category:Prison hospitals">Prison hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Veterans_Affairs_medical_facilities" title="List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities">Veterans medical facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_hospitals" title="Category:Women's hospitals">Women's hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_hospital" title="Charitable hospital">Charitable hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_hospital" title="For-profit hospital">For-profit hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_hospital" title="Non-profit hospital">Non-profit hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_hospital" title="State hospital">State hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_hospital" title="Private hospital">Private hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_hospital" title="Voluntary hospital">Voluntary hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_hospitals" title="Category:Defunct hospitals">Defunct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Condition treated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cancer_hospitals" title="Category:Cancer hospitals">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">Children's hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eye_hospitals" title="Category:Eye hospitals">Eye hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fever_hospital" title="Fever hospital">Fever hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">Leper colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_hospital" title="Lock hospital">Lock hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternity_hospital" title="Maternity hospital">Maternity hospital</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospital" title="Rehabilitation hospital">Rehabilitation hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Veterinary_hospitals" title="Category:Veterinary hospitals">Verterinary hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Century established</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_5th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_6th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_7th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_8th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_9th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_10th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_11th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_12th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_13th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_14th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_15th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_16th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_17th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_18th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_20th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_21st_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Lists of hospitals in: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Africa" title="Lists of hospitals in Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Asia" title="Lists of hospitals in Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Europe" title="Lists of hospitals in Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_North_America" title="Lists of hospitals in North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Oceania" title="Lists of hospitals in Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_South_America" title="Lists of hospitals in South America">South America</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychiatry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychiatry" title="Template:Psychiatry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychiatry" title="Template talk:Psychiatry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychiatry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychiatry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychiatry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Child and adolescent psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuropsychiatry" title="Cognitive neuropsychiatry">Cognitive neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">Developmental disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_psychiatry" title="Descriptive psychiatry">Descriptive psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_psychiatry" title="Geriatric psychiatry">Geriatric psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuno-psychiatry" title="Immuno-psychiatry">Immuno-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_psychiatry" title="Liaison psychiatry">Liaison psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychiatry" title="Military psychiatry">Military psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_psychiatry" title="Nutritional psychiatry">Nutritional psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative medicine">Palliative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Psychiatry_and_Neurology" title="American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology">American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Neuropsychiatric_Association" title="American Neuropsychiatric Association">American Neuropsychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Psychiatric_Abuse" title="Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse">Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Psychiatry" title="Chinese Society of Psychiatry">Chinese Society of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Psychiatry" title="Democratic Psychiatry">Democratic Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Psychiatric_Association" title="European Psychiatric Association">European Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_on_Psychiatry" title="Global Initiative on Psychiatry">Global Initiative on Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists">Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Psychiatric_Association_of_Russia" title="Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia">Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Psychiatric_Society" title="Indian Psychiatric Society">Indian Psychiatric Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Association" title="Philadelphia Association">Philadelphia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists">Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Society_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Commission_to_Investigate_the_Use_of_Psychiatry_for_Political_Purposes" title="Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes">Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_medicine" title="Behavioral medicine">Behavioral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_shock_therapy" title="Insulin shock therapy">Insulin shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentylenetetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychiatry" title="Philosophy of psychiatry">Philosophy of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology" title="Psychiatric epidemiology">Psychiatric epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_genetics" title="Psychiatric genetics">Psychiatric genetics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">Psychiatrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho-oncology" title="Psycho-oncology">Psycho-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">Psychosomatic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">Psychosurgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counseling_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counseling topics">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders" title="List of neurological conditions and disorders">Neurological conditions and disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications" title="List of psychiatric medications">Psychiatric medications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated" title="List of psychiatric medications by condition treated">by condition treated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists" title="List of psychiatrists">Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychiatry" title="Outline of psychiatry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210999#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1081047/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4138163-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85108356">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hôpitaux psychiatriques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318477x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hôpitaux psychiatriques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318477x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="psychiatrické léčebny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph250753&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hospitales psiquiátricos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526653">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810678147905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546175305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&oldid=1259283239">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&oldid=1259283239</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospital_departments" title="Category:Hospital departments">Hospital departments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychiatric_hospitals" title="Category:Psychiatric hospitals">Psychiatric hospitals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychiatric_specialities" title="Category:Psychiatric specialities">Psychiatric specialities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Penology" title="Category:Penology">Penology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Total_institutions" title="Category:Total institutions">Total institutions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2023">Articles needing additional references from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 09:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_hospital&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gfg4b","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.729","walltime":"0.871","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4464,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":142472,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4296,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":179751,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 743.756 1 -total"," 39.11% 290.869 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.89% 95.866 6 Template:Cite_news"," 10.64% 79.145 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.73% 72.352 1 Template:Hospital_articles"," 9.38% 69.764 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.49% 55.718 16 Template:Cite_web"," 7.06% 52.520 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.57% 48.888 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.55% 48.752 1 Template:More_citations_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.446","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7925536,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-w4npj","timestamp":"20241124092625","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Psychiatric hospital","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychiatric_hospital","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210999","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q210999","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T09:26:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/49\/Danvers_State_Hospital%2C_Danvers%2C_Massachusetts%2C_Kirkbride_Complex%2C_circa_1893.jpg","headline":"hospital treating serious mental disorders"}</script> </body> </html>