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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الحياة والحرية والسعي لتحقيق السعادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحياة والحرية والسعي لتحقيق السعادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="حق زندگی، آزادی و جستجوی خوشبختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حق زندگی، آزادی و جستجوی خوشبختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B6,_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0_%ED%96%89%EB%B3%B5%EC%9D%98_%EC%B6%94%EA%B5%AC" title="삶, 자유 그리고 행복의 추구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삶, 자유 그리고 행복의 추구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita,_Libert%C3%A0_e_la_ricerca_della_Felicit%C3%A0" title="Vita, Libertà e la ricerca della Felicità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vita, Libertà e la ricerca della Felicità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F%E8%BF%BD%E6%B1%82%E6%A8%A9" title="幸福追求権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="幸福追求権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_happiness" title="Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82" title="ชีวิต เสรีภาพ และการเสาะแสวงหาความสุข – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวิต เสรีภาพ และการเสาะแสวงหาความสุข" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%AC%8A%E3%80%81%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%AC%8A%E3%80%81%E8%BF%BD%E6%B1%82%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F%E6%AC%8A" title="生命權、自由權、追求幸福權 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生命權、自由權、追求幸福權" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a famous phrase. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Happiness_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Pursuit of Happiness (disambiguation)">The Pursuit of Happiness</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22July_4th_1776._When_our_Declaration_of_Independence_was_Signed_Loyal_Americans_were_of_one_mind_to_Protect_Life..._-_NARA_-_514752.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%22July_4th_1776._When_our_Declaration_of_Independence_was_Signed_Loyal_Americans_were_of_one_mind_to_Protect_Life..._-_NARA_-_514752.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-%22July_4th_1776._When_our_Declaration_of_Independence_was_Signed_Loyal_Americans_were_of_one_mind_to_Protect_Life..._-_NARA_-_514752.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%22July_4th_1776._When_our_Declaration_of_Independence_was_Signed_Loyal_Americans_were_of_one_mind_to_Protect_Life..._-_NARA_-_514752.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-%22July_4th_1776._When_our_Declaration_of_Independence_was_Signed_Loyal_Americans_were_of_one_mind_to_Protect_Life..._-_NARA_-_514752.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%22July_4th_1776._When_our_Declaration_of_Independence_was_Signed_Loyal_Americans_were_of_one_mind_to_Protect_Life..._-_NARA_-_514752.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-%22July_4th_1776._When_our_Declaration_of_Independence_was_Signed_Loyal_Americans_were_of_one_mind_to_Protect_Life..._-_NARA_-_514752.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Emergency_Management" title="Office for Emergency Management">Office for Emergency Management</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_War_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a> war poster (1941–1945).</figcaption></figure> <p>"<b>Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</b>" is a well-known phrase from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOIdraft_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOIdraft-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase gives three examples of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">unalienable rights</a> which the Declaration says have been given to all humans by their <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a>, and which governments are created to protect. Like the other principles in the Declaration of Independence, this phrase is not legally binding, but has been widely referenced and seen as an inspiration for the basis of government.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_phrasing">Origin and phrasing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and phrasing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History of the United States Constitution</a></div> <p>The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and then edited by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a>, which consisted of Jefferson, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert Livingston</a>. It was then further edited and adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of the Whole">Committee of the Whole</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> on July 4, 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-Rakove2009-722_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakove2009-722-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dube1996_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dube1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness". </p><p>Jefferson's "original Rough draught" is on exhibit in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version was used by <a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd" title="Julian P. Boyd">Julian Boyd</a> to create a transcript of Jefferson's draft,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable; that <a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a> & independent, that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent & inalienable, among which are the preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness; ...</p></blockquote> <p>The Committee of Five edited Jefferson's draft. Their version survived further edits by the whole Congress intact, and reads:<sup id="cite_ref-doi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that <a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. ——</p></blockquote> <p>A number of possible sources of inspiration for Jefferson's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified, although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson. The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was drawn from <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> and those who more strongly attribute to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lockean_roots_hypothesis">Lockean roots hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lockean roots hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1689, Locke argued in <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> that political society existed for the sake of protecting "property", which he defined as a person's "life, liberty, and estate".<sup id="cite_ref-Locke-Laslett1988_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locke-Laslett1988-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Toleration" title="A Letter Concerning Toleration">A Letter Concerning Toleration</a></i>, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's "civil interest", which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things".<sup id="cite_ref-Locke-Tully1983_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locke-Tully1983-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declared in his <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Essay Concerning Human Understanding">Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> that "the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-Locke-Nidditch1975_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locke-Nidditch1975-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to those scholars who saw the root of Jefferson's thought in Locke's doctrine, Jefferson replaced "estate" with "the pursuit of happiness", although this does not mean that Jefferson meant the "pursuit of happiness" to refer primarily or exclusively to property. Under such an assumption, the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave, and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckert1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckert1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corbett2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pangle1988_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangle1988-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rahe1994_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahe1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Pamphlet" title="Boston Pamphlet">Boston Pamphlet</a></i> (1772), the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Resolves_of_the_First_Continental_Congress" title="Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress">Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress</a> (1774), and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a> (1776) also declare the right to life, liberty and property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Virginia Declaration of Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first and second article of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> and adopted unanimously by the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Virginia Convention of Delegates</a> on June 12, 1776, speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which "the fundamental natural rights of mankind" were expressed at the time:<sup id="cite_ref-Rakove2009-78_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rakove2009-78-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banning1995_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banning1995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety."<sup id="cite_ref-vdor_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vdor-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Legislative chamber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg/220px-Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg/330px-Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg/440px-Independence_Hall_Assembly_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Independence Hall Assembly Room where Thomas Jefferson served in Congress</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> was in agreement with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in playing down the protection of "property" as a goal of government. It is noted that Franklin found the property to be a "creature of society" and thus, he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin-Skousen2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-Skousen2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_hypotheses">Alternative hypotheses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternative hypotheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1628, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Lawes_of_England" title="Institutes of the Lawes of England">The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England</a></i>, his commentary on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Littleton" title="Thomas de Littleton">Thomas de Littleton</a>, that "It is commonly said that three things be favoured in Law, Life, Liberty, Dower."<sup id="cite_ref-Coke1628_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coke1628-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a> was closely guarded as a means by which the <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widow</a> and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitehead1922_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitehead1922-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jefferson's phrase may be specifically based on his <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a>. In his Letter to William Short, Jefferson said: "As you say of yourself, I too am an Epicurean. I consider the genuine (not the imputed) doctrines of Epicurus as containing every thing rational in moral philosophy which Greece and Rome have left us."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 29th of Epicurus' 40 <a href="/wiki/Principal_Doctrines" title="Principal Doctrines">Principal Doctrines</a> (on the hierarchy of desires) states that desires may be natural and necessary, natural and unnecessary, or neither natural nor necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson may have been enshrining a version of the "natural and necessary" category of desires into the social contract of his new country. In his <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Menoeceus" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to Menoeceus">Letter to Menoeceus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicurus_of_Samos" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurus of Samos">Epicurus of Samos</a> stated "that among the necessary desires some are necessary for happiness, some for physical health, and some for life itself".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Declaration of Independence does not mention health, this may be included under "life", and liberty and autarchy are cardinal values of Epicurean philosophy. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a> has argued that Jefferson did not take the phrase from Locke and that it was indeed meant to be a standard by which governments should be judged.<sup id="cite_ref-Wills2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wills2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wills suggests <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Adam Ferguson</a> as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind: </p><blockquote><p>"If, in reality, courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity, the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds, not in him on whom it is bestowed; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character. If this be the good of the individual, it is likewise that of mankind; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain; but supposes, in the highest degree, as possessed by ourselves, that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson-Oz1995_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-Oz1995-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 17th-century cleric and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cumberland_(philosopher)" title="Richard Cumberland (philosopher)">Richard Cumberland</a> wrote that promoting the well-being of our fellow humans is essential to the "pursuit of our own happiness".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locke never associated <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a> with happiness, but his philosophical opponent <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> made such an association in the introduction to his <i>Codex Iuris Gentium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a>'s <i>The Religion of Nature Delineated</i> describes the "truest definition" of "natural religion" as being "<i>The pursuit of happiness</i> by the practice of reason and truth".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An English translation of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui</a>'s <i>Principles of Natural and Politic Law</i> prepared in 1763 extolled the "noble pursuit" of "true and solid happiness" in the opening chapter discussing natural rights.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jack_Rakove" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Rakove">Jack Rakove</a> posits Burlamaqui as a source in addition to Locke as inspiration for Jefferson's phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible source for the phrase is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</a></i> published by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>, from 1765 to 1769, which are often cited in the laws of the United States. Blackstone argues that God 'has so intimately connected, so inseparably interwoven the laws of eternal justice with the happiness of each individual, that the latter cannot be attained but by observing the former; and, if the former be punctually obeyed, it cannot but induce the latter. In consequence of which mutual connection of justice and human felicity, he has not perplexed the law of nature with a multitude of abstracted rules and precepts, referring merely to the fitness or unfitness of things, as some have vainly surmised; but has graciously reduced the rule of obedience to this one paternal precept, “that man should pursue his own true and substantial happiness.” This is the foundation of what we call ethics, or natural law.'<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparable_mottos_worldwide">Comparable mottos worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparable mottos worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase is similar to a line in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Charter of Rights">Canadian Charter of Rights</a>: "life, liberty, security of the person" (this line was also in the older <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bill_of_Rights" title="Canadian Bill of Rights">Canadian Bill of Rights</a>, which added "enjoyment of property" to the list). </p><p>The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>, Chapter II, Article 10 of the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a>, and in President <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">1945 declaration of independence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>. An alternative phrase "life, liberty, and property", is found in the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Colonial_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Colonial Rights">Declaration of Colonial Rights</a>, a resolution of the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> to the United States Constitution declare that governments cannot deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property" without <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> of law. Also, Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DOIdraft-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOIdraft_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330160602/http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm">"The Declaration of Independence: Rough Draft"</a>. USHistory.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm">the original</a> on March 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence%3A+Rough+Draft&rft.pub=USHistory.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fdeclaration%2Fdocument%2Frough.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span> Scanned image of the Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence, written in June 1776, including all the changes made later by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and other members of the committee, and by Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration">"The Declaration of Independence"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. 2015-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffounding-docs%2Fdeclaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rakove2009-722-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rakove2009-722_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakove2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_N._Rakove" title="Jack N. Rakove">Rakove, Jack N.</a> (2009). <i>The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence</i>. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 7–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674036062" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674036062"><bdi>978-0674036062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+U.S.+Constitution+and+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=7-22&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674036062&rft.aulast=Rakove&rft.aufirst=Jack+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dube1996-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dube1996_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDube1996" class="citation book cs1">Dube, Ann Marie (May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516093401/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/dube/inde2.htm">"The Declaration of Independence"</a>. <i>A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions</i>. Pennsylvania: U.S. National Park Service. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44638441">44638441</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/dube/inde2.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.btitle=A+Multitude+of+Amendments%2C+Alterations+and+Additions&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44638441&rft.aulast=Dube&rft.aufirst=Ann+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fdube%2Finde2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/mtjbib000156/">"Thomas Jefferson, June 1776, Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson%2C+June+1776%2C+Rough+Draft+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fmtjbib000156%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1950" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Julian P., ed. (1950). <i>The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 1: 1760–1776</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 243–247. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16353926">16353926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Thomas+Jefferson.+Volume+1%3A+1760%E2%80%931776&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=243-247&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16353926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript">"Declaration of Independence: A Transcription"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">U.S. National Archives</a></i>. November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Independence%3A+A+Transcription&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffounding-docs%2Fdeclaration-transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locke-Laslett1988-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Locke-Laslett1988_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke, John</a> (1988) [1689]. Laslett, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twotreatisesofgo00john/page/"><i>Two Treatises of Government</i></a>. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twotreatisesofgo00john/page/">Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052135448X" title="Special:BookSources/052135448X"><bdi>052135448X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Treatises+of+Government&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+NY&rft.pages=Sec.+87%2C+123%2C+209%2C+222&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=052135448X&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwotreatisesofgo00john%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locke-Tully1983-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Locke-Tully1983_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke, John</a> (1983) [1689]. Tully, James H. (ed.). <i>A Letter Concerning Toleration</i>. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/091514560X" title="Special:BookSources/091514560X"><bdi>091514560X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Letter+Concerning+Toleration&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=091514560X&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locke-Nidditch1975-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Locke-Nidditch1975_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke, John</a> (1975) [1689]. Nidditch, Peter H. (ed.). <i>Essay Concerning Human Understanding</i>. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Book 2, Chapter 21, Section 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198245955" title="Special:BookSources/0198245955"><bdi>0198245955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essay+Concerning+Human+Understanding&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=Book+2%2C+Chapter+21%2C+Section+51&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0198245955&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckert1996-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zuckert1996_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckert1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Zuckert" title="Michael Zuckert">Zuckert, Michael P.</a> (1996). <i>The Natural Rights Republic</i>. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 73–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268014809" title="Special:BookSources/0268014809"><bdi>0268014809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+Rights+Republic&rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+IN&rft.pages=73-85&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0268014809&rft.aulast=Zuckert&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbett2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corbett2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2009" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Ross J. (2009). <i>The Lockean Commonwealth</i>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438427942" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438427942"><bdi>978-1438427942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lockean+Commonwealth&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1438427942&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Ross+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pangle1988-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pangle1988_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPangle1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle, Thomas L.</a> (1988). <i>The Spirit of Modern Republicanism</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226645401" title="Special:BookSources/0226645401"><bdi>0226645401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Modern+Republicanism&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0226645401&rft.aulast=Pangle&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson2009-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibson2009_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2009" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Alan (2009). <i>Interpreting the Founding</i> (2nd ed.). Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700617050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700617050"><bdi>978-0700617050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Founding&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0700617050&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahe1994-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rahe1994_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahe1994" class="citation book cs1">Rahe, Paul A. (1994) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9760807844757/page/13"><i>Republics Ancient & Modern, Volume 3; Inventions of Prudence: Constituting the American Regime</i></a>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9760807844757/page/13">13–19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/080784473X" title="Special:BookSources/080784473X"><bdi>080784473X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republics+Ancient+%26+Modern%2C+Volume+3%3B+Inventions+of+Prudence%3A+Constituting+the+American+Regime&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=13-19&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=080784473X&rft.aulast=Rahe&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9760807844757%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rakove2009-78-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rakove2009-78_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakove2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_N._Rakove" title="Jack N. Rakove">Rakove, Jack N.</a> (2009). <i>The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence</i>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674036062" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674036062"><bdi>978-0674036062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+U.S.+Constitution+and+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674036062&rft.aulast=Rakove&rft.aufirst=Jack+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banning1995-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banning1995_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanning1995" class="citation book cs1">Banning, Lance (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonmadison00bann/page/17"><i>Jefferson & Madison</i></a>. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonmadison00bann/page/17">17, 103–104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0945612486" title="Special:BookSources/0945612486"><bdi>0945612486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+%26+Madison&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17%2C+103-104&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0945612486&rft.aulast=Banning&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeffersonmadison00bann%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span> Lance Banning notes that the Virginia Declaration of Rights was the inspiration for the phrase in the Declaration of Independence, but does not trace it back to Locke, and in general downplays Jefferson's debts to Locke.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vdor-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vdor_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/virginia-declaration-of-rights">"The Virginia Declaration of Rights"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">U.S. National Archives</a></i>. 4 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Archives&rft.atitle=The+Virginia+Declaration+of+Rights&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffounding-docs%2Fvirginia-declaration-of-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-Skousen2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin-Skousen2006_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin, Benjamin</a> (2006). Skousen, Mark (ed.). <i>The Compleated Autobiography</i>. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895260336" title="Special:BookSources/0895260336"><bdi>0895260336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Compleated+Autobiography&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0895260336&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coke1628-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coke1628_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoke1628" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Coke, Edward</a> (1628). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstpartofinsti011628coke"><i>The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England</i></a>. London: Adam Islip. Section 193. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84760833">84760833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Part+of+the+Institutes+of+the+Lawes+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Section+193&rft.pub=Adam+Islip&rft.date=1628&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84760833&rft.aulast=Coke&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstpartofinsti011628coke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitehead1922-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitehead1922_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1922" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, Edward Jenkins (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQoaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA178"><i>The Law of Real Property in Illinois</i></a>. Vol. 1. Chicago: Burdette J. Smith & Company. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60731472">60731472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Real+Property+in+Illinois&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Burdette+J.+Smith+%26+Company&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60731472&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jenkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQoaAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/jefflet.html">"LETTER: Thomas Jefferson to William Short"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LETTER%3A+Thomas+Jefferson+to+William+Short&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csun.edu%2F~hcfll004%2Fjefflet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monadnock.net/epicurus/principal-doctrines.html">"Principal Doctrines, by Epicurus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principal+Doctrines%2C+by+Epicurus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonadnock.net%2Fepicurus%2Fprincipal-doctrines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monadnock.net/epicurus/letter.html">"Letter to Menoikeus, by Epicurus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Menoikeus%2C+by+Epicurus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonadnock.net%2Fepicurus%2Fletter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wills2002-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wills2002_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2002" class="citation book cs1">Wills, Gary (2002) [1978]. <i>Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence</i>. New York: Mariner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618257768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618257768"><bdi>978-0618257768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+America%3A+Jefferson%27s+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0618257768&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-Oz1995-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson-Oz1995_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1995" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Adam (1995) [1767]. Oz-Salzberger, Fania (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anessayonhistor00ferggoog"><i>An Essay on the History of Civil Society</i></a>. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052144215X" title="Special:BookSources/052144215X"><bdi>052144215X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+the+History+of+Civil+Society&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+NY&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=052144215X&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanessayonhistor00ferggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumberland2005" class="citation book cs1">Cumberland, Richard (2005) [1727]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1353"><i>A Treatise of the Laws of Nature</i></a>. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. pp. 523–524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865974721" title="Special:BookSources/0865974721"><bdi>0865974721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+of+the+Laws+of+Nature&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pages=523-524&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0865974721&rft.aulast=Cumberland&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitle%2F1353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibniz1988" class="citation book cs1">Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1988). Riley, Patrick (ed.). <i>Leibniz: Political Writings</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521353807" title="Special:BookSources/0521353807"><bdi>0521353807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leibniz%3A+Political+Writings&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+NY&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0521353807&rft.aulast=Leibniz&rft.aufirst=Gottfried+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollaston1759" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">Wollaston, William</a> (1759) [1722]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7gOAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Religion of Nature Delineated</i></a> (8th ed.). London: Samuel Palmer. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0598846105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0598846105"><bdi>978-0598846105</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2200588">2200588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Nature+Delineated&rft.place=London&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Samuel+Palmer&rft.date=1759&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2200588&rft.isbn=978-0598846105&rft.aulast=Wollaston&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr7gOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlamaqui2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques</a> (2006) [1747]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1717"><i>The Principles of Natural and Politic Law</i></a>. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865974969" title="Special:BookSources/0865974969"><bdi>0865974969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Natural+and+Politic+Law&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0865974969&rft.aulast=Burlamaqui&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitle%2F1717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakove2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_N._Rakove" title="Jack N. Rakove">Rakove, Jack N.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618267460/page/300"><i>Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America</i></a>. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618267460/page/300">300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618267460" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618267460"><bdi>978-0618267460</bdi></a>. <q>...arguably owed more to Jefferson's reading of the Swiss jurist Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui than it did to his manifest debt to John Locke.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionaries%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Invention+of+America&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0618267460&rft.aulast=Rakove&rft.aufirst=Jack+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618267460%2Fpage%2F300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone1765" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone, William</a> (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lawsofenglandc01blacuoft#page/40/mode/2up">"Section the Second: Of the Nature of Laws in General"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</a></i>. Clarendon Press. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65350522">65350522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+the+Second%3A+Of+the+Nature+of+Laws+in+General&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1765&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65350522&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flawsofenglandc01blacuoft%23page%2F40%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConklin2019" class="citation book cs1">Conklin, Carli N. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/63895"><i>The Pursuit of Happiness in the Founding Era: An Intellectual History</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826221858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826221858"><bdi>978-0826221858</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018043085">2018043085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Happiness+in+the+Founding+Era%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018043085&rft.isbn=978-0826221858&rft.aulast=Conklin&rft.aufirst=Carli+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F63895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicholz2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eicholz, Hans (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n252.xml">"Pursuit of Happiness"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 408–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n252">10.4135/9781412965811.n252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pursuit+of+Happiness&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=408-410&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n252&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Eicholz&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn252.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALife%2C+Liberty+and+the+pursuit+of+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Physical history of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (Massachusetts)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple" title="William Whipple">William Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Thornton" title="Matthew Thornton">Matthew Thornton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(Connecticut_politician)" title="William Williams (Connecticut politician)">William Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(Continental_Congressman)" title="Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)">Richard Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hart (New Jersey politician)">John Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Clark" title="Abraham Clark">Abraham Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Smith (Pennsylvania politician)">James Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)">George Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">Thomas Nelson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="John Penn (North Carolina politician)">John Penn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_Jr." title="Thomas Lynch Jr.">Thomas Lynch Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton" title="Arthur Middleton">Arthur Middleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Button_Gwinnett" title="Button Gwinnett">Button Gwinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Hall" title="Lyman Hall">Lyman Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walton" title="George Walton">George Walton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delegates voting<br />for Independence<br />(did not sign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>New York</b>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a><br /> <b>Maryland</b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Rogers (Continental Congress)">John Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievances_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence">27 grievances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Document's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li>Anniversaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signers_Monument" title="Signers Monument">Signers Monument (Georgia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Voting_Independence" title="Congress Voting Independence">Pine portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Trumbull portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Jefferson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template talk:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Jefferson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1790–1793)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1785–1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1779–1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1776)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding<br />documents of<br />the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a></i> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">physical history</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed#In_the_United_States_of_America" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution#Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Co-author, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (1789)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Road#Cumberland_Road" title="National Road">Cumberland Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>–<i>Leopard</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Native American policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" title="History of the United States Military Academy">West Point Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Speeches" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1801 State of the Union Address">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1802 State of the Union Address">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1805 State of the Union Address">1805</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Administration" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson">Federal judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Founder, University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="History of the University of Virginia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States"><i>Coinage, Weights, and Measures</i> report</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">A Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a></i> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_disk" title="Jefferson disk">Jefferson disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_chair" title="Swivel chair">Swivel chair</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian<br />architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barboursville_(James_Barbour)" title="Barboursville (James Barbour)">Barboursville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_(Albemarle_County,_Virginia)" title="Farmington (Albemarle County, Virginia)">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Monticello" title="Gardens of Monticello">gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia#The_Grounds" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lawn" title="The Lawn">The Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Hall" title="Jefferson Hall">Jefferson Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House Colonnades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">Pyratical states of Barbary proposals</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy,_in_the_year_1787" title="Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787">European journey memorandums</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Indian removal letters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</a></i> (c. 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Jefferson manuscript collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#American_Philosophical_Society" title="Thomas Jefferson">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Historical reputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Jefferson and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Jefferson and the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_the_Mockingbird" title="Dick the Mockingbird">Pet mockingbird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Hemings" title="Betty Hemings">Betty Hemings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States#Jefferson,_Madison,_and_the_"wall_of_separation"" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Farm" title="Tufton Farm">Tufton Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_republic" title="Ward republic">Ward republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Jefferson Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Jefferson National Expansion Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Star_for_Foreign_Service" title="Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service">Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of statues of Thomas Jefferson">Statues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Karl Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Monument_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Jefferson Monument (Louisville, Kentucky)">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d%27Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">David d'Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">Jefferson Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Association" title="Monticello Association">Monticello Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_named_Mount_Jefferson" title="List of peaks named Mount Jefferson">Peaks and mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Rock" title="Jefferson Rock">Jefferson Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Other placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson–Jackson Day">Jefferson–Jackson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">Jefferson nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">Two-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_gold_dollar" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar">Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar">250th Anniversary silver dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">Cultural<br />depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(play)" title="The Patriots (play)">The Patriots</a></i> (1946 play)</li> <li><i>1776</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(film)" title="Thomas Jefferson (film)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (1997 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Garden" title="Jefferson's Garden">Jefferson's Garden</a></i> (2015 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (2015 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Rodenstock" title="Hardy Rodenstock">Wine bottles controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Sally_Hemings" title="Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings">Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson" title="Martha Jefferson">Martha Jefferson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary Jefferson Eppes</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet Hemings</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Thomas Jefferson Randolph">Thomas J. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Randolph_Coolidge" title="Ellen Randolph Coolidge">Ellen Randolph Coolidge</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Cornelia Jefferson Randolph">Cornelia Jefferson Randolph</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Eppes" title="Francis W. Eppes">Francis Eppes</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Jefferson" title="John Wayles Jefferson">John Wayles Jefferson</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_N._Randolph" title="Sarah N. Randolph">Sarah N. Randolph</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">T. Jefferson Coolidge</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Madison_Roberts" title="Frederick Madison Roberts">Frederick Madison Roberts</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph Jefferson</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Jefferson_Lewis" title="Lucy Jefferson Lewis">Lucy Jefferson Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Jefferson" title="Randolph Jefferson">Randolph Jefferson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carr_(Virginia_politician)" title="Peter Carr (Virginia politician)">Peter Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Carr_(politician)" title="Samuel Carr (politician)">Samuel Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_Carr" title="Dabney Carr">Dabney Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Dabney S. Carr</a> (grand-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Randolph_of_Dungeness" title="Isham Randolph of Dungeness">Isham Randolph</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph" title="William Randolph">William Randolph</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Soane" title="Henry Soane">Henry Soane</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">← John Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>← John Adams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Category:Thomas Jefferson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Mason" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Mason" title="Template:George Mason"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Mason" title="Template talk:George Mason"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Mason" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Mason"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Mason" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States<br />Founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Drafted, 1769 Virginia Association resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Primary author, 1774 Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Primary author, 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">Baseless search and seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">Cruel and unusual punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Virginia#1776" title="Constitution of Virginia">1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_seal_of_Virginia" title="Flag and seal of Virginia">Seal of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">1785 Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/High_crimes_and_misdemeanors" title="High crimes and misdemeanors">high crimes and misdemeanors</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Co-father, United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Bill_of_Rights" title="History of the United States Constitution">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings inspired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen#History" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789, France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights (1789)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopawamsic_(plantation)" title="Chopawamsic (plantation)">Chopawamsic plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunston_Hall" title="Gunston Hall">Gunston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason#Views_on_slavery" title="George Mason">On slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Company" title="Ohio Company">Ohio Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Stadium" title="George Mason Stadium">George Mason Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason,_Virginia" title="George Mason, Virginia">George Mason, Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Street_bridges" title="14th Street bridges">George Mason Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mason High School">George Mason High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Americans_series" title="Great Americans series">18-cent postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_v._Mason" title="Wilson v. Mason">Wilson v. 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