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<ul id="toc-Background_before_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_jury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_jury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grand jury</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grand_jury-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grand jury subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grand_jury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infamous_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infamous_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Infamous crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infamous_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_jeopardy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_jeopardy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Double jeopardy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Double_jeopardy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Double jeopardy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Double_jeopardy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prosecution_after_acquittal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecution_after_acquittal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prosecution after acquittal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecution_after_acquittal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_punishment,_including_prosecution_after_conviction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_punishment,_including_prosecution_after_conviction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Multiple punishment, including prosecution after conviction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_punishment,_including_prosecution_after_conviction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosecution_after_mistrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecution_after_mistrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Prosecution after mistrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecution_after_mistrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosecution_in_different_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecution_in_different_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Prosecution in different states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecution_in_different_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-incrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-incrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Self-incrimination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Self-incrimination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Self-incrimination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Self-incrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_proceedings_and_congressional_hearings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_proceedings_and_congressional_hearings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Legal proceedings and congressional hearings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_proceedings_and_congressional_hearings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statements_made_to_non-governmental_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statements_made_to_non-governmental_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Statements made to non-governmental entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statements_made_to_non-governmental_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custodial_interrogation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custodial_interrogation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Custodial interrogation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custodial_interrogation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explicit_invocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explicit_invocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Explicit invocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explicit_invocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Production of documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_corporations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_corporations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>By corporations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_corporations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refusal_to_testify_in_a_criminal_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusal_to_testify_in_a_criminal_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Refusal to testify in a criminal case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusal_to_testify_in_a_criminal_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refusal_to_testify_in_a_civil_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusal_to_testify_in_a_civil_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Refusal to testify in a civil case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusal_to_testify_in_a_civil_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_income_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_income_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Federal income tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_income_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grants_of_immunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grants_of_immunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Grants of immunity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grants_of_immunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Record_keeping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record_keeping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Record keeping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record_keeping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combinations_and_passwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combinations_and_passwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Combinations and passwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combinations_and_passwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employer_coercion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employer_coercion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Employer coercion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employer_coercion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Due_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Due_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Due process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Due_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Takings_Clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takings_Clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Takings Clause</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Takings_Clause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Takings Clause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Takings_Clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eminent_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eminent_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Eminent domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eminent_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Just_compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Just_compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Just compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Just_compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_asset_forfeiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_asset_forfeiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Civil asset forfeiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_asset_forfeiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%ABfte_Geb%C4%93tung_%C3%BE%C3%A6re_Grundgesetnesse_%C3%BE%C4%81ra_Ge%C4%81nedra_R%C4%ABca_American" title="Fīfte Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fīfte Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="التعديل الخامس لدستور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعديل الخامس لدستور الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Пятая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пятая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquena_esmena_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3_dels_Estats_Units" title="Cinquena esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinquena esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._Zusatzartikel_zur_Verfassung_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="5. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="5. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_Enmienda_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Quinta Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quinta Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%85_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="متمم پنجم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متمم پنجم قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinqui%C3%A8me_amendement_de_la_Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Cinquième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinquième amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95_%EC%A0%9C5%EC%A1%B0" title="미국 수정 헌법 제5조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 수정 헌법 제5조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_emendamento_della_Costituzione_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="V emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="V emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התיקון החמישי לחוקת ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התיקון החמישי לחוקת ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quint_emendament_(Costituzzion_di_Stat_Unid)" title="Quint emendament (Costituzzion di Stat Unid) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Quint emendament (Costituzzion di Stat Unid)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/5._poprawka_do_Konstytucji_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="5. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="5. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_Emenda_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Quinta Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quinta Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Пятая поправка к Конституции США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пятая поправка к Конституции США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a 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title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution<br />of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/160px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/240px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/320px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States#Original_frame" title="Constitution of the United States">Preamble and Articles</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States#Ratified_amendments" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments to the Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">X</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXVII</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States#Unratified_amendments" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified Amendments</a></b>:<div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">D.C. Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the United States of America">Full text</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the United States of America">Preamble and Articles I–VII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" class="extiw" title="s:United States Bill of Rights">Amendments I–X</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Additional_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="s:Additional amendments to the United States Constitution">Amendments XI–XXVII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Unsuccessful attempts to amend the United States Constitution">Unratified Amendments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/16px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/24px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Constitution_article_series" title="Template:US Constitution article series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Constitution_article_series" title="Template talk:US Constitution article series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Constitution_article_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Constitution article series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Fifth Amendment</b> (<b>Amendment V</b>) to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> creates several constitutional rights, limiting governmental powers focusing on <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">criminal procedures</a>. It was ratified, along with nine other amendments, in 1791 as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> has extended most, but not all, rights of the Fifth Amendment to the state and local levels. This means that neither the federal, state, nor local governments may deny people rights protected by the Fifth Amendment. The Court furthered most protections of this amendment through the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>. </p><p>One provision of the Fifth Amendment requires that most <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felonies</a> be tried only upon <a href="/wiki/Indictment#United_States" title="Indictment">indictment</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">grand jury</a>, which the Court ruled does not apply to the state level. Another provision, the <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a>, provides the right of defendants to be tried only once in federal court for the same offense. The <a href="/wiki/Self-Incrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Incrimination">Self-Incrimination</a> clause provides various protections against self-incrimination, including the right of an individual not to serve as a witness in a criminal case in which he or she is a defendant. "Pleading the Fifth" is a colloquial term often used to invoke the Self-Incrimination Clause when witnesses decline to answer questions where the answers might incriminate them. In the 1966 landmark case <i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i>, the Supreme Court held that the Self-Incrimination Clause requires the police to issue a <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning"><i>Miranda</i> warning</a> to criminal suspects interrogated while in police custody. The Fifth Amendment also contains the Takings Clause, which allows the federal government to <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">take private property</a> only for public use and only if it provides "just compensation". </p><p>Like the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment includes a due process clause stating that no person shall "be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law". The Fifth Amendment's <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> applies to the federal government, while the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause applies to state governments (and by extension, <a href="/wiki/Local_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Local governments">local governments</a>). The Supreme Court has interpreted the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause to provide two main protections: <a href="/wiki/Procedural_due_process" title="Procedural due process">procedural due process</a>, which requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property, and <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a>, which protects certain <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental rights in the United States">fundamental rights</a> from government interference. The Supreme Court has also held that the Due Process Clause contains a <a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">prohibition against vague laws</a> and an implied equal protection requirement similar to the Fourteenth Amendment's <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amendment as proposed by Congress in 1789 and ratified by the states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.</p></blockquote> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amendment_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The hand-written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights, 1789, cropped to show just the text that would later be ratified as the Fifth Amendment"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amendment_5.jpg/600px-Amendment_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amendment_5.jpg/900px-Amendment_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amendment_5.jpg/1200px-Amendment_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Amendment_5.jpg" title="File:Amendment 5.jpg"> </a></div>The hand-written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights, 1789, cropped to show just the text that would later be ratified as the Fifth Amendment</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_before_adoption">Background before adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background before adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison(cropped)(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg/220px-James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg/330px-James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg/440px-James_Madison%28cropped%29%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, drafter of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Vanderlyn" title="John Vanderlyn">John Vanderlyn</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On June 8, 1789, Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> introduced several proposed constitutional amendments during a speech to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-speech_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His draft language that later became the Fifth Amendment was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-speech_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speech-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>No person shall be subject, except in cases of impeachment, to more than one punishment or trial for the same offense; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor be obliged to relinquish his property, where it may be necessary for public use, without just compensation.<span class="nowrap"> </span>...Except in cases of impeachments, and cases arising in the land or naval forces, or the militia when on actual service, in time of war or public danger<span class="nowrap"> </span>... in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member, presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</p></blockquote> <p>This draft was edited by Congress; all the material before the first ellipsis was placed at the end, and some of the wording was modified. After approval by Congress, the amendment was ratified by the states on December 15, 1791, as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>. Every one of the five clauses in the final amendment appeared in Madison's draft, and in their final order those clauses are: the <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States#Grand_Jury_Clause" title="Grand juries in the United States">Grand Jury Clause</a> (which Madison had placed last); the <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination#United_States_law" title="Self-incrimination">Self Incrimination Clause</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a>; and, the <a href="#Takings_Clause">Takings Clause</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_jury">Grand jury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grand jury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">Grand juries in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States#Grand_Jury_Clause" title="Grand juries in the United States">Grand Jury Clause</a> limits governmental powers focusing on <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">criminal procedures</a>, because, as stated by the U.S. Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cotton" title="United States v. Cotton">United States v. Cotton</a></i> (2002), "the Fifth Amendment grand jury right serves a vital function in providing for a body of citizens that acts as a check on prosecutorial power. No doubt that is true. See, <i>e. g.</i>, 3 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States">Commentaries on the Constitution</a> § 1779 (1883), reprinted in 5 The Founders' Constitution 295 (P. Kurland & R. Lerner eds. 1987). But that is surely no less true of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth Amendment</a> right to a <a href="/wiki/Petit_jury" title="Petit jury">petit jury</a>, which, unlike the grand jury, must find guilt <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">beyond a reasonable doubt</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a> is a pre-constitutional <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> institution. The Supreme Court ruled against incorporating this right (extending it to the states) in <i><a href="/wiki/Hurtado_v._People_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurtado v. People of California">Hurtado v. People of California</a></i>, 110 U.S. 516 (1884). Most states have an alternative civil process. "Although state systems of criminal procedure differ greatly among themselves, the grand jury is similarly guaranteed by many state constitutions and plays an important role in fair and effective law enforcement in the overwhelming [p688] majority of the States." Branzburg v. Hayes (No. 70-85) 1972. <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">Grand juries</a>, which return <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictments</a> in many criminal cases, are composed of a jury of peers and operate in closed deliberation proceedings; they are given <a href="/wiki/Jury_instructions" title="Jury instructions">specific instructions regarding the law</a> by the judge. Many constitutional restrictions that apply in court or in other situations do not apply during grand jury proceedings. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Exclusionary_rule" title="Exclusionary rule">exclusionary rule</a> does not apply to certain evidence presented to a grand jury; the exclusionary rule states that evidence obtained in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth</a>, Fifth or Sixth amendments cannot be introduced in court.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, an individual does not have the right to have an attorney present in the grand jury room during hearings. An individual would have such a right during questioning by the police while in custody, but an individual testifying before a grand jury is free to leave the grand jury room to consult with his attorney outside the room before returning to answer a question. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/190px-Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/285px-Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/380px-Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8636" data-file-height="9183" /></a><figcaption>The Bill of Rights in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Currently, federal law permits the trial of <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a> without indictments.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in trials of non-capital felonies, the prosecution may proceed without indictments if the defendants waive their Fifth Amendment right. </p><p>Grand jury indictments may be amended by the prosecution only in limited circumstances. In <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_Parte_Bain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex Parte Bain">Ex Parte Bain</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_121" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 121">121</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/121/1/">1</a> (1887), the Supreme Court held that the indictment could not be changed at all by the prosecution. <i>United States v. Miller</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_471" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 471">471</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/471/130/">130</a> (1985) partly reversed <i>Ex parte Bain</i>; now, an indictment's scope may be narrowed by the prosecution. Thus, lesser included charges may be dropped, but new charges may not be added. </p><p>The Grand Jury Clause of the Fifth Amendment does not protect those serving in the armed forces, whether during wartime or peacetime. Members of the state militia called up to serve with federal forces are not protected under the clause either. In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Callahan_v._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'Callahan v. Parker (page does not exist)">O'Callahan v. Parker</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_395" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 395">395</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/395/258/">258</a> (1969), the Supreme Court held that only charges relating to service may be brought against members of the militia without indictments. As a decision, O'Callahan, however, lived for a limited duration and was more a reflection of Justice William O. Douglas's distrust of presidential power and anger at the Vietnam Conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Callahan was overturned in 1987, when the Court held that members of the militia in actual service may be tried for any offense without indictments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grand jury indictment clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(Bill_of_Rights)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation (Bill of Rights)">incorporated</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means the grand jury requirement applies only to felony charges in the federal court system. While many states <i>do</i> employ grand juries, no defendant has a Fifth Amendment right to a grand jury for criminal charges in state court. States are free to abolish grand juries, and many (though not all) have replaced them with <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_hearing" title="Preliminary hearing">preliminary hearing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infamous_crime">Infamous crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infamous crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whether a crime is "infamous", for purposes of the Grand Jury Clause, is determined by the nature of the punishment that may be imposed, not the punishment that is actually imposed;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, crimes punishable by <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death</a> must be tried upon <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictments</a>. The historical origin of "infamous crime" comes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Infamia" title="Infamia">infamia</a></i>, a punishment under Roman law by which a citizen was deprived of his citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Moreland" title="United States v. Moreland">United States v. Moreland</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_258" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 258">258</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/258/433/">433</a> (1922), the Supreme Court held that incarceration in a prison or penitentiary, as opposed to a correction or reformation house, attaches infamy to a crime. In <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mackin_v._United_States" class="extiw" title="s:Mackin v. United States">Mackin v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_117" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 117">117</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/117/348/">348</a> (1886), the Supreme Court judged that "'Infamous crimes' are thus, in the most explicit words, defined to be those 'punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary'", while it later in <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Green_v._United_States_(356_U.S._165)" class="extiw" title="s:Green v. United States (356 U.S. 165)">Green v. United States</a></i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_356" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 356">356</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/356/165/">165</a> (1957) stated that "imprisonment in a penitentiary can be imposed only if a crime is subject to imprisonment exceeding one year." Therefore, an infamous crime is one that is punished by imprisonment for over one year. Susan Brown, a former defense attorney and Professor of Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton_School_of_Law" title="University of Dayton School of Law">University of Dayton School of Law</a>, concluded: "Since this is essentially the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>, infamous crimes translate as felonies."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Double_jeopardy">Double jeopardy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Double jeopardy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a></div> <dl><dd>... nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb<span class="nowrap"> </span>...<sup id="cite_ref-fifth_amendment_double_jeopardy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifth_amendment_double_jeopardy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The Double Jeopardy Clause encompasses four distinct prohibitions: subsequent prosecution after acquittal, subsequent prosecution after conviction, subsequent prosecution after certain mistrials, and multiple punishment in the same indictment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeopardy applies when the jury is empaneled in a jury trial, when the first witness is sworn in during a bench trial, or when a plea is rendered.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosecution_after_acquittal">Prosecution after acquittal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prosecution after acquittal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government is not permitted to appeal or try again after the entry of an acquittal, whether a <a href="/wiki/Directed_verdict" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed verdict">directed verdict</a> before the case is submitted to the jury,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a directed verdict after a deadlocked jury,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an appellate reversal for sufficiency (except by direct appeal to a higher appellate court),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or an "implied acquittal" via conviction of a lesser included offense.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the government is barred by <a href="/wiki/Collateral_estoppel" title="Collateral estoppel">collateral estoppel</a> from re-litigating against the same defense, a fact necessarily found by the jury in a prior acquittal,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even if the jury hung on other counts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This principle does not prevent the government from appealing a pre-trial motion to dismiss<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other non-merits dismissal,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a directed verdict after a jury conviction,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor does it prevent the trial judge from entertaining a motion for reconsideration of a directed verdict, if the jurisdiction has so provided by rule or statute.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor does it prevent the government from retrying the defendant after an appellate reversal other than for sufficiency,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including habeas,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "thirteenth juror" appellate reversals notwithstanding sufficiency<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the principle that jeopardy has not "terminated". There is also an exception for judicial bribery in a bench trial.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_punishment,_including_prosecution_after_conviction"><span id="Multiple_punishment.2C_including_prosecution_after_conviction"></span>Multiple punishment, including prosecution after conviction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Multiple punishment, including prosecution after conviction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932), the Supreme Court announced the following test: the government may separately try to punish the defendant for two crimes if each crime contains an element that the other does not.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Blockburger</i> is the default rule, unless the legislature intends to depart; for example, <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing Criminal Enterprise">Continuing Criminal Enterprise</a> (CCE) may be punished separately from its predicates,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as can conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Blockburger</i> test, originally developed in the multiple punishments context, is also the test for prosecution after conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990), the Court held that a double jeopardy violation could lie even where the <i>Blockburger</i> test was satisfied,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <i>Grady</i> was overruled in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosecution_after_mistrial">Prosecution after mistrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prosecution after mistrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rule for <a href="/wiki/Mistrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistrial">mistrials</a> depends upon who sought the mistrial. If the defendant moves for a mistrial, there is no bar to retrial, unless the prosecutor acted in "bad faith", i.e., goaded the defendant into moving for a mistrial because the government specifically wanted a mistrial.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the prosecutor moves for a mistrial, there is no bar to retrial if the trial judge finds "manifest necessity" for granting the mistrial.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same standard governs mistrials granted <i><a href="/wiki/Sua_sponte" title="Sua sponte">sua sponte</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosecution_in_different_states">Prosecution in different states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prosecution in different states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Heath_v._Alabama" title="Heath v. Alabama">Heath v. Alabama</a></i> (1985), the Supreme Court held that the Fifth Amendment rule against double jeopardy does not prohibit two different states from separately prosecuting and convicting the same individual for the same illegal act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-incrimination">Self-incrimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Self-incrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Plead the Fifth" redirects here. For the album by the band Taproot, see <a href="/wiki/Plead_the_Fifth_(album)" title="Plead the Fifth (album)">Plead the Fifth (album)</a>.</div> <p>The Fifth Amendment protects individuals from being forced to <a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">incriminate themselves</a>. Incriminating oneself is defined as exposing oneself (or another person) to "an accusation or charge of crime", or as involving oneself (or another person) "in a criminal prosecution or the danger thereof".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>privilege</i> against compelled self-incrimination is defined as "the constitutional right of a person to refuse to answer questions or otherwise give testimony against himself".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To "plead the Fifth" is to refuse to answer any question because "the implications of the question, in the setting in which it is asked" lead a claimant to possess a "reasonable cause to apprehend danger from a direct answer", believing that "a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it cannot be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the legal protection against compelled self-incrimination was directly related to the question of torture for extracting information and confessions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal shift away from widespread use of torture and <a href="/wiki/Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">forced confession</a> dates to the turmoil of the late 16th and early 17th century in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-[[ex-officio-mero]]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[[ex-officio-mero]]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> has held that "a witness may have a reasonable fear of prosecution and yet be innocent of any wrongdoing. The privilege serves to protect the innocent who otherwise might be ensnared by ambiguous circumstances."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Professor <a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Duane" title="James Joseph Duane">James Joseph Duane</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regent_University_School_of_Law" title="Regent University School of Law">Regent University School of Law</a> argues that the Supreme Court, in a 5–4 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Salinas_v._Texas" title="Salinas v. Texas">Salinas v. Texas</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> significantly weakened the privilege, saying "your choice to use the Fifth Amendment privilege can be used against you at trial depending exactly how and where you do it."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Salinas</i> case, Justices Alito, Roberts, and Kennedy held that "the Fifth Amendment's privilege against self-incrimination does not extend to defendants who simply decide to remain mute during questioning. Long-standing judicial precedent has held that any witness who desires protection against self-incrimination must explicitly claim that protection." </p><p>Justice Thomas, siding with Alito, Roberts and Kennedy, in a separate opinion, held that, "Salinas' Fifth Amendment privilege would not have been applicable even if invoked because the prosecutor's testimony regarding his silence did not compel Salinas to give self-incriminating testimony." Justice Antonin Scalia joined Thomas' opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_proceedings_and_congressional_hearings">Legal proceedings and congressional hearings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legal proceedings and congressional hearings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fifth Amendment privilege against compulsory self-incrimination applies when an individual is called to testify in a legal proceeding.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court ruled that the privilege applies whether the witness is in a federal court or, under the <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">incorporation doctrine</a> of the Fourteenth Amendment, in a state court,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whether the proceeding itself is criminal or civil.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right to remain silent was asserted at grand jury or <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">congressional</a> hearings in the 1950s, when witnesses testifying before the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Internal_Security_Subcommittee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Internal Security Subcommittee">Senate Internal Security Subcommittee</a> claimed the right in response to questions concerning their alleged membership in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party">Communist Party</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> hysteria at the time of <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>, witnesses who refused to answer the questions were described by McCarthy as "fifth amendment communists".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They lost jobs or positions in unions and other political organizations, and suffered other repercussions after "taking the Fifth". </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> (R-WI) routinely asked witnesses, "Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of the Communist Party?" while he was chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Admitting to a previous Communist Party membership was not sufficient. Witnesses were also required to "name names", i.e. implicate others they knew to be Communists or who had been Communists in the past. <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winning director <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> testified before the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a> that he had belonged to the Communist Party briefly in his youth. He also "named names", which incurred enmity of many in Hollywood. Other entertainers such as <a href="/wiki/Zero_Mostel" title="Zero Mostel">Zero Mostel</a> found themselves on a <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a> after taking the Fifth, and were unable to find work for a while in show business. </p><p>The amendment has also been used by defendants and witnesses in criminal cases involving the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statements_made_to_non-governmental_entities">Statements made to non-governmental entities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statements made to non-governmental entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The privilege against self-incrimination does not protect an individual from being suspended from membership in a non-governmental, <a href="/wiki/Self-regulatory_organization" title="Self-regulatory organization">self-regulatory organization</a> (SRO), such as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> (NYSE), where the individual refuses to answer questions posed by the SRO. An SRO itself is not a law enforcement entity or court of law, and cannot send a person to jail. SROs, such as the NYSE and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Securities_Dealers" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Securities Dealers">National Association of Securities Dealers</a> (NASD), are generally not considered to be state actors. See <i>United States v. Solomon</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>D. L. Cromwell Invs., Inc. v. NASD Regulation, Inc.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Marchiano v. NASD</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SROs also lack subpoena powers. They rely heavily on requiring testimony from individuals by wielding the threat of loss of membership or a bar from the industry (permanent, if decided by the NASD) when the individual asserts the Fifth Amendment privilege against compelled self-incrimination. If a person chooses to provide statements in testimony to the SRO, the SRO may provide information about those statements to law enforcement agencies, who may then use the statements in a prosecution of the individual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custodial_interrogation">Custodial interrogation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Custodial interrogation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fifth Amendment limits the use of evidence obtained illegally by law enforcement officers. Originally, at <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, even a confession obtained by <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> was admissible. However, by the eighteenth century, common law in England provided that coerced confessions were inadmissible. The common law rule was incorporated into American law by the courts. The Supreme Court has repeatedly overruled convictions based on such confessions, in cases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Mississippi" title="Brown v. Mississippi">Brown v. Mississippi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_297" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 297">297</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/297/278/">278</a> (1936). </p><p>Law enforcement responded by switching to more subtle techniques, but the courts held that such techniques, even if they do not involve physical torture, may render a confession involuntary and inadmissible. In <i><a href="/wiki/Chambers_v._Florida" title="Chambers v. Florida">Chambers v. Florida</a></i> (1940) the Court held a confession obtained after five days of prolonged questioning, during which time the defendant was held incommunicado, to be coerced. In <i><a href="/wiki/Ashcraft_v._Tennessee_(1944)" title="Ashcraft v. Tennessee (1944)">Ashcraft v. Tennessee</a></i> (1944), the suspect had been interrogated continuously for thirty-six hours under electric lights. In <i>Haynes v. Washington</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Court held that an "unfair and inherently coercive context" including a prolonged interrogation rendered a confession inadmissible. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i> (1966) was a landmark case involving confessions. <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda" title="Ernesto Miranda">Ernesto Miranda</a> had signed a statement confessing to the crime, but the Supreme Court held that the confession was inadmissible because the defendant had not been advised of his rights. The Court held "the prosecution may not use statements ... stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination." Custodial interrogation is initiated by law enforcement after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of movement before being questioned as to the specifics of the crime. As for the procedural safeguards to be employed, unless other fully effective means are devised to inform accused persons of their right of silence and to assure a continuous opportunity to exercise it, the following measures are required. Before any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed. </p><p>The warning Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> referred to is now called the <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning"><i>Miranda</i> warning</a>, and it is customarily delivered by the police to an individual before questioning. <i>Miranda</i> has been clarified by several further Supreme Court rulings. For the warning to be necessary, the questioning must be conducted under "custodial" circumstances. A person detained in jail or under arrest is, of course, deemed to be in police custody. Alternatively, a person who is under the <i>reasonable belief</i> that he may not freely leave from the restraint of law enforcement is also deemed to be in "custody". That determination of "reasonableness" is based on a totality of the objective circumstances. A mere presence at a police station may not be sufficient, but neither is such a presence required. Traffic stops are not deemed custodial. The Court has ruled that age can be an objective factor. In <i><a href="/wiki/Yarborough_v._Alvarado" title="Yarborough v. Alvarado">Yarborough v. Alvarado</a></i> (2004), the Court held that "a state-court decision that failed to mention a 17-year-old's age as part of the <i>Miranda</i> custody analysis was not objectively unreasonable".<sup id="cite_ref-jdb_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdb-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her concurring opinion <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Justice O'Connor</a> wrote that a suspect's age may indeed "be relevant to the 'custody' inquiry";<sup id="cite_ref-alvarado_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alvarado-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Court did not find it relevant in the specific case of <i>Alvarado</i>. The Court affirmed that age could be a relevant and objective factor in <i><a href="/wiki/J.D.B._v._North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="J.D.B. v. North Carolina">J.D.B. v. North Carolina</a></i> where they ruled that "so long as the child's age was known to the officer at the time of police questioning, or would have been objectively apparent to a reasonable officer, its inclusion in the custody analysis is consistent with the objective nature of that test".<sup id="cite_ref-jdb_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jdb-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The questioning does not have to be explicit to trigger <i>Miranda</i> rights. For example, two police officers engaging in a conversation designed to elicit an incriminating statement from a suspect would constitute questioning. A person may choose to waive his <i>Miranda</i> rights, but the prosecution has the burden of showing that such a waiver was actually made. </p><p>A confession not preceded by a <i>Miranda</i> warning where one was necessary cannot be admitted as evidence against the confessing party in a judicial proceeding. The Supreme Court, however, has held that if a defendant voluntarily testifies at the trial that he did not commit the crime, his confession may be introduced to challenge his credibility, to "impeach" the witness, even if it had been obtained without the warning. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Hiibel_v._Sixth_Judicial_District_Court_of_Nevada" title="Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada">Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada</a></i> (2004), the Supreme Court ruled 5–4 that being required to identify oneself to police under states' <a href="/wiki/Stop_and_identify_statutes" title="Stop and identify statutes">stop and identify statutes</a> is not an unreasonable search or seizure, and is not necessarily self-incrimination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explicit_invocation">Explicit invocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Explicit invocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2010, the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Berghuis_v._Thompkins" title="Berghuis v. Thompkins">Berghuis v. Thompkins</a></i> that a criminal suspect must now invoke the right to remain silent unambiguously.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless and until the suspect actually states that he is relying on that right, police may continue to interact with (or question) him, and any voluntary statement he makes can be used in court. The mere act of remaining silent is, on its own, insufficient to imply the suspect has invoked those rights. Furthermore, a voluntary reply, even after lengthy silence, can be construed as implying a waiver. The new rule will defer to police in cases where the suspect fails to assert the right to remain silent. This standard was extended in <i><a href="/wiki/Berghuis_v._Thompkins#Subsequent_ruling_in_Salinas_v._Texas" title="Berghuis v. Thompkins">Salinas v. Texas</a></i> in 2013 to cases where individuals not in custody who volunteer to answer officers' questions and who are not told their <i>Miranda</i> rights. The Court stated that there was no "ritualistic formula" necessary to assert this right, but that a person could not do so "by simply standing mute".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_documents">Production of documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Production of documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Act of Production Doctrine, the act of an individual in producing documents or materials (e.g., in response to a subpoena) may have a "testimonial aspect" for purposes of the individual's right to assert the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination to the extent that the individual's act of production provides information not already in the hands of law enforcement personnel about the (1) existence; (2) custody; or (3) authenticity, of the documents or materials produced. See <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbell" title="United States v. Hubbell">United States v. Hubbell</a></i>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States" title="Boyd v. United States">Boyd v. United States</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Supreme Court stated that "It is equivalent to a compulsory production of papers to make the nonproduction of them a confession of the allegations which it is pretended they will prove". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_corporations">By corporations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: By corporations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corporations may also be compelled to maintain and turn over records; the Supreme Court has held that the Fifth Amendment protections against self-incrimination extend only to "natural persons".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court has also held that a corporation's custodian of records can be forced to produce corporate documents <i>even</i> if the act of production would incriminate him personally.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only limitation on this rule is that the jury cannot be told that the custodian personally produced those documents in any subsequent prosecution of him, but the jury is still allowed to draw adverse inferences from the content of the documents combined with the position of the custodian in the corporation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_to_testify_in_a_criminal_case">Refusal to testify in a criminal case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Refusal to testify in a criminal case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._California" title="Griffin v. California">Griffin v. California</a></i> (1965), the Supreme Court ruled that a prosecutor may not ask the jury to draw an inference of guilt from a defendant's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_silence" title="Right to silence">refusal to testify</a> in his own defense. The Court overturned as unconstitutional under the federal constitution a provision of the California state constitution that explicitly granted such power to prosecutors.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refusal_to_testify_in_a_civil_case">Refusal to testify in a civil case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Refusal to testify in a civil case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While defendants are entitled to assert the right against compelled self-incrimination in a civil court case, there are consequences to the assertion of the right in such an action. </p><p>The Supreme Court has held that "the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence offered against them." <i>Baxter v. Palmigiano</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[A]s Mr. Justice Brandeis declared, speaking for a unanimous court in the <i>Tod</i> case, 'Silence is often evidence of the most persuasive character.'"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "'Failure to contest an assertion ... is considered evidence of acquiescence ... if it would have been natural under the circumstances to object to the assertion in question.'"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Baxter</i>, the state was entitled to an adverse inference against Palmigiano because of the evidence against him and his assertion of the Fifth Amendment right. </p><p>Some civil cases are considered "criminal cases" for the purposes of the Fifth Amendment. In <i><a href="/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States" title="Boyd v. United States">Boyd v. United States</a></i>, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that "A proceeding to forfeit a person's goods for an offence against the laws, though civil in form, and whether in rem or in personam, is a "criminal case" within the meaning of that part of the Fifth Amendment which declares that no person "shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lileikis" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Lileikis">United States v. Lileikis</a></i>, the court ruled that <a href="/wiki/Aleksandras_Lileikis" title="Aleksandras Lileikis">Aleksandras Lileikis</a> was not entitled to Fifth Amendment protections in a civil <a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalization</a> case even though he faced criminal prosecution in Lithuania, the country that he would be deported to if denaturalized.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_income_tax">Federal income tax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Federal income tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, individuals may be legally required to file reports that call for information that may be used against them in criminal cases. In <i>United States v. Sullivan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States Supreme Court ruled that a taxpayer could not invoke the Fifth Amendment's protections as the basis for refusing to file a required federal income tax return. The Court stated: "If the form of return provided called for answers that the defendant was protected from making[,] he could have raised the objection in the return, but could not on that account refuse to make any return at all. We are not called on to decide what, if anything, he might have withheld."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Garner v. United States</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the defendant was convicted of crimes involving a conspiracy to "fix" sporting contests and to transmit illegal bets. During the trial the prosecutor introduced, as evidence, the taxpayer's federal income tax returns for various years. In one return the taxpayer had showed his occupation to be "professional gambler". In various returns the taxpayer had reported income from "gambling" or "wagering". The prosecution used this to help contradict the taxpayer's argument that his involvement was innocent. The taxpayer tried unsuccessfully to keep the prosecutor from introducing the tax returns as evidence, arguing that since the taxpayer was legally required to report the illegal income on the returns, he was being compelled to be a witness against himself. The Supreme Court agreed that he was legally required to report the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_of_illegal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation of illegal income in the United States">illegal income</a> on the returns, but ruled that the right against self-incrimination still did not apply. The Court stated that "if a witness under compulsion to testify makes disclosures instead of claiming the right, the Government has not 'compelled' him to incriminate himself."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sullivan</i> and <i>Garner</i> are viewed as standing, in tandem, for the proposition that on a required federal income tax return a taxpayer would probably have to report the amount of the illegal income, but might validly claim the right by labeling the item "Fifth Amendment" (instead of "illegal gambling income", "illegal drug sales", etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit has stated: "Although the source of income might be privileged, the amount must be reported."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit has stated: "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>the <i>amount</i> of a taxpayer's income is not privileged even though the <i>source</i> of income may be, and Fifth Amendment rights can be exercised in compliance with the tax laws 'by simply listing his alleged ill-gotten gains in the space provided for "miscellaneous" income on his tax form'."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another case, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit stated: "While the <i>source</i> of some of [the defendant] Johnson's income may have been privileged, assuming that the jury believed his uncorroborated testimony that he had illegal dealings in gold in 1970 and 1971, the <i>amount</i> of his income was not privileged and he was required to pay taxes on it."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit stated: "A careful reading of <i>Sullivan</i> and <i>Garner</i>, therefore, is that the self-incrimination privilege can be employed to protect the taxpayer from revealing the information as to an illegal source of income, but does not protect him from disclosing the amount of his income."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grants_of_immunity">Grants of immunity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Grants of immunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the government gives an individual immunity, then that individual may be compelled to testify. Immunity may be "transactional immunity" or "use immunity"; in the former, the witness is immune from prosecution for offenses related to the testimony; in the latter, the witness may be prosecuted, but his testimony may not be used against him. In <i><a href="/wiki/Kastigar_v._United_States" title="Kastigar v. United States">Kastigar v. United States</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court held that the government need only grant use immunity to compel testimony. The use immunity, however, must extend not only to the testimony made by the witness, but also to all evidence derived therefrom. This scenario most commonly arises in cases related to <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Record_keeping">Record keeping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Record keeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A statutorily required record-keeping system may go too far such that it implicates a record-keeper's right against self-incrimination. A three part test laid out by <i><a href="/wiki/Albertson_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used to determine this: 1. the law targets a highly selective group inherently suspect of criminal activities; 2. the activities sought to be regulated are already permeated with criminal statutes as opposed to essentially being non-criminal and largely regulatory; and 3. the disclosure compelled creates a likelihood of prosecution and is used against the record-keeper. In this case, the Supreme Court struck down an order by the <a href="/wiki/Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Subversive Activities Control Board">Subversive Activities Control Board</a> requiring members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of the United States">Communist Party</a> to register with the government and upheld an assertion of the privilege against self-incrimination, on the grounds that statute under which the order had been issued was "directed at a highly selective group inherently suspect of criminal activities." </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the court struck down the <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Tax_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana Tax Act">Marijuana Tax Act</a> because its record keeping statute required <a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">self-incrimination</a>. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Haynes_v._United_States" title="Haynes v. United States">Haynes v. United States</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court ruled that, because convicted felons are prohibited from owning firearms, requiring felons to register any firearms they owned constituted a form of <a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">self-incrimination</a> and was therefore unconstitutional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combinations_and_passwords">Combinations and passwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Combinations and passwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While no such case has yet arisen, the Supreme Court has indicated that a respondent cannot be compelled to turn over "the contents of his own mind", e.g. the password to a bank account.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lower courts have given conflicting decisions on whether forced disclosure of computer passwords is a violation of the Fifth Amendment. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Boucher" title="In re Boucher">In re Boucher</a></i> (2009), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Vermont" title="United States District Court for the District of Vermont">US District Court of Vermont</a> ruled that the Fifth Amendment might protect a defendant from having to reveal an encryption password, or even the existence of one, if the production of that password could be deemed a self-incriminating "act" under the Fifth Amendment. In <i>Boucher</i>, production of the unencrypted drive was deemed not to be a self-incriminating act, as the government already had sufficient evidence to tie the encrypted data to the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2012 a federal judge in Denver ruled that a bank-fraud suspect was required to give an unencrypted copy of a laptop hard drive to prosecutors.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in February 2012 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">Eleventh Circuit</a> ruled otherwise—finding that requiring a defendant to produce an encrypted drive's password would violate the Constitution, becoming the first federal circuit court to rule on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2013, a District Court <a href="/wiki/United_States_magistrate_judge" title="United States magistrate judge">magistrate judge</a> in Wisconsin refused to compel a suspect to provide the encryption password to his hard drive after FBI agents had unsuccessfully spent months trying to decrypt the data.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Oregon Supreme Court</a> ruled that unlocking a phone with a passcode is testimonial under Article I, section 12 of the state constitution, thus compelling it would be unconstitutional. Its ruling implied, however, that unlocking via biometrics may be allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employer_coercion">Employer coercion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Employer coercion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a condition of employment, workers may be required to answer their employer's narrowly defined questions regarding conduct on the job. If an employee invokes the <a href="/wiki/Garrity_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrity rule">Garrity rule</a> (sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Garrity_Warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrity Warning">Garrity Warning</a> or Garrity Rights) before answering the questions, then the answers cannot be used in criminal prosecution of the employee.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This principle was developed in <i><a href="/wiki/Garrity_v._New_Jersey" title="Garrity v. New Jersey">Garrity v. New Jersey</a></i>, 385 U.S. 493 (1967). The rule is most commonly applied to public employees such as police officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Due_process">Due process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Due process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a></div> <p>The Fifth and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendments</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">administration of justice</a> and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law.<sup id="cite_ref-PAMadisonDPC_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAMadisonDPC-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court has interpreted the due process clauses to provide four protections: <a href="/wiki/Procedural_due_process" title="Procedural due process">procedural due process</a> (in civil and criminal proceedings), <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a>, a prohibition against <a href="/wiki/Void_for_vagueness" class="mw-redirect" title="Void for vagueness">vague</a> laws, and as the vehicle for the <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Takings_Clause">Takings Clause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Takings Clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eminent_domain">Eminent domain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eminent domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Eminent domain in the United States">Eminent domain in the United States</a></div> <p>The "Takings Clause", the last clause of the Fifth Amendment, limits the power of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a> by requiring "just compensation" be paid if private property is taken for public use. It was the only clause in the Bill of Rights drafted solely by James Madison and not previously recommended to him by other constitutional delegates or a state ratifying convention.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Takings Clause originally applied only to the federal government, but the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled in the 1897 case <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_%26_Quincy_Railroad_Co._v._City_of_Chicago" title="Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago">Chicago, B. & Q. Railroad Co. v. Chicago</a></i> that the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> incidentally extended the effects of that provision to the states. The federal courts, however, have shown much deference to the determinations of Congress, and even more so to the determinations of the state legislatures, of what constitutes "public use". The property need not actually be used by the public; rather, it must be used or disposed of in such a manner as to benefit the public welfare or public interest. One exception that restrains the federal government is that the property must be used in exercise of a government's enumerated powers. </p><p>The owner of the property that is taken by the government must be justly compensated. When determining the amount that must be paid, the government does not need to take into account any speculative schemes in which the owner claims the property was intended to be used. Normally, the <a href="/wiki/Fair_market_value" title="Fair market value">fair market value</a> of the property determines "just compensation". If the property is taken before the payment is made, interest accrues (though the courts have refrained from using the term "interest"). </p><p>Property under the Fifth Amendment includes <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contractual rights</a> stemming from contracts between the United States, a <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> or any of its subdivisions and the other contract partner(s), because contractual rights are property rights for purposes of the Fifth Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Supreme Court held in <i>Lynch v. United States</i>, 292 U.S. 571 (1934) that valid contracts of the United States are property, and the rights of private individuals arising out of them are protected by the Fifth Amendment. The court said: "The Fifth Amendment commands that property be not taken without making just compensation. Valid contracts are property, whether the obligor be a private individual, a municipality, a state, or the United States. Rights against the United States arising out of a contract with it are protected by the Fifth Amendment. <i>United States v. Central Pacific R. Co.</i>, 118 U. S. 235, 238; <i>United States v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co.</i>, 256 U. S. 51, 64, 67. When the United States enters into contract relations, its rights and duties therein are governed generally by the law applicable to contracts between private individuals<i>.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal courts have not restrained state and local governments from seizing privately owned land for private commercial development on behalf of private developers. This was upheld on June 23, 2005, when the Supreme Court issued its opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London" title="Kelo v. City of New London">Kelo v. City of New London</a></i>. This 5–4 decision remains controversial. The majority opinion, by <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Justice Stevens</a>, found that it was appropriate to defer to the city's decision that the development plan had a public purpose, saying that "the city has carefully formulated a development plan that it believes will provide appreciable benefits to the community, including, but not limited to, new jobs and increased tax revenue." Justice Kennedy's concurring opinion observed that in this particular case the development plan was not "of primary benefit to ... the developer" and that if that was the case the plan might have been impermissible. In the dissent, Justice <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> argued that this decision would allow the rich to benefit at the expense of the poor, asserting that "Any property may now be taken for the benefit of another private party, but the fallout from this decision will not be random. The beneficiaries are likely to be those citizens with disproportionate influence and power in the political process, including large corporations and development firms." She argued that the decision eliminates "any distinction between private and <a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">public use</a> of property—and thereby effectively delete[s] the words 'for public use' from the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment". A number of states, in response to <i>Kelo</i>, have passed laws and/or state constitutional amendments which make it more difficult for state governments to seize private land. Takings that are not "for public use" are not directly covered by the doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however such a taking might violate <a href="/wiki/Due_process_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process in the United States">due process</a> rights under the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth amendment</a>, or other applicable law. </p><p>The exercise of the police power of the state resulting in a taking of private property was long held to be an exception to the requirement of government paying just compensation. However the growing trend under the various state constitution's taking clauses is to compensate innocent third parties whose property was destroyed or "taken" as a result of police action.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Just_compensation">Just compensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Just compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last two words of the amendment promise "just compensation" for takings by the government. In <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._50_Acres_of_Land" title="United States v. 50 Acres of Land">United States v. 50 Acres of Land</a></i> (1984), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> wrote that "The Court has repeatedly held that just compensation normally is to be measured by "the market value of the property at the time of the taking contemporaneously paid in money." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olson_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olson v. United States (page does not exist)">Olson v. United States</a></i>, 292 U.S. 246 (1934)  ... Deviation from this measure of just compensation has been required only "when market value has been too difficult to find, or when its application would result in manifest injustice to owner or public". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Commodities_Trading_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Commodities Trading Corp. (page does not exist)">United States v. Commodities Trading Corp.</a></i>, 339 U.S. 121, 123 (1950). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_asset_forfeiture">Civil asset forfeiture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Civil asset forfeiture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States" title="Civil forfeiture in the United States">Civil forfeiture in the United States</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States" title="Civil forfeiture in the United States">Civil asset forfeiture</a><sup id="cite_ref-twsDeptOfJustice_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsDeptOfJustice-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or occasionally civil seizure, is a <a href="/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States#Reactions" title="Civil forfeiture in the United States">controversial</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_process" title="Legal process">legal process</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officers</a> take <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> from persons suspected of involvement with crime or illegal activity without necessarily charging the owners with wrongdoing. While <a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">civil procedure</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a>, generally involves a dispute between two private citizens, civil forfeiture involves a dispute between <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> and <i>property</i> such as a pile of cash or a house or a boat, such that the thing is suspected of being involved in a crime. To get back the seized property, owners must prove it was not involved in criminal activity. Sometimes it can mean a threat to seize property as well as the act of seizure itself.<sup id="cite_ref-twsBostonGlobe_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsBostonGlobe-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In civil forfeiture, assets are seized by police based on a suspicion of wrongdoing, and without having to charge a person with specific wrongdoing, with the case being between police and the <i>thing itself</i>, sometimes referred to by the Latin term <i><a href="/wiki/In_rem_jurisdiction" title="In rem jurisdiction">in rem</a></i>, meaning "against the property"; the property itself is the defendant and no criminal charge against the owner is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-twsDeptOfJustice_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsDeptOfJustice-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If property is seized in a civil forfeiture, it is "up to the owner to prove that his cash is clean"<sup id="cite_ref-twsNPR3_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsNPR3-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the court can weigh a defendant's use of their Fifth Amendment right to remain silent in their decision.<sup id="cite_ref-twsDeptOfJustice2_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsDeptOfJustice2-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In civil forfeiture, the test in most cases<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is whether police feel there is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof#Preponderance_of_the_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">preponderance of the evidence</a> suggesting wrongdoing; in <a href="/wiki/Criminal_forfeiture" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal forfeiture">criminal forfeiture</a>, the test is whether police feel the evidence is <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">beyond a reasonable doubt</a>, which is a tougher test to meet.<sup id="cite_ref-twsNPR3_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsNPR3-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twsWSJ5_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsWSJ5-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, criminal forfeiture is a legal action brought as "part of the criminal prosecution of a defendant", described by the Latin term <i><a href="/wiki/In_personam" title="In personam">in personam</a></i>, meaning "against the person", and happens when government indicts or charges the property which is either used in connection with a crime, or derived from a crime, that is suspected of being committed by the defendant;<sup id="cite_ref-twsDeptOfJustice_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsDeptOfJustice-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the seized assets are temporarily held and become government property officially <i>after</i> an accused person has been convicted by a court of law; if the person is found to be not guilty, the seized property must be returned. </p><p>Normally both civil and criminal forfeitures require involvement by the judiciary; however, there is a variant of civil forfeiture called <i>administrative forfeiture</i> which is essentially a civil forfeiture which does not require involvement by the judiciary, which derives its powers from the <a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Tariff Act of 1930</a>, and empowers police to seize banned imported merchandise, as well as things used to import or transport or store a controlled substance, money, or other property which is less than $500,000 value.<sup id="cite_ref-twsDeptOfJustice_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsDeptOfJustice-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">United States constitutional criminal procedure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-speech-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speech_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-speech_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-rights/images/handout-2.pdf">"James Madison's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724051933/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-rights/images/handout-2.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Annals of Congress</a></i> (June 8, 1789).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obrien, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2581&context=ndlr">"Fifth Amendment: Fox Hunters, Old Women, Hermits, and the Burger Court"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141218/http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2581&context=ndlr">Archived</a> 2017-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_Review" title="Notre Dame Law Review">Notre Dame Law Review</a></i>, Vol. 54, p. 30 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217205801/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/535/625/">"United States v. Cotton 535 U.S. 625 (2002), at 634"</a>. Justia US Supreme Court Center. May 20, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/535/625/">the original</a> on December 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Cotton+535+U.S.+625+%282002%29%2C+at+634&rft.pub=Justia+US+Supreme+Court+Center&rft.date=2002-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F535%2F625%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Calandra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Calandra (page does not exist)">United States v. Calandra</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_414" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 414">414</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/414/338/">338</a> (1974)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duke v. United States (page does not exist)">Duke v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_301" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 301">301</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/301/492/">492</a> (1937)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua E. Kastenberg, Cause and Effect: The Origins and Impact of Justice William O. Douglas' Anti-Military Ideology from World War II to O'Callahan v. Parker, 26 Thomas Cooley L. Rev (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solorio_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solorio v. United States (page does not exist)">Solorio v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_483" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 483">483</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/483/435/">435</a> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Hurtado_v._California" title="Hurtado v. California">Hurtado v. California</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_110" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 110">110</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/110/517/">517</a> (1884)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex parte Wilson (page does not exist)">Ex parte Wilson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_114" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 114">114</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/114/417/">417</a> (1885)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States v. Cox, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4202544690014107094&q=infamia&hl=en&as_sdt=2006#r%5B38%5D">342 F.2d 167, 187 fn.7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105155947/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4202544690014107094&q=infamia&hl=en&as_sdt=2006#r%5B38%5D">Archived</a> 2020-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (5th Cir. 1965) (<a href="/wiki/John_Minor_Wisdom" title="John Minor Wisdom">Wisdom</a>, J., specially concurring) citing Greenidge, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenidge1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abel_Hendy_Jones_Greenidge" class="mw-redirect" title="Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge">Greenidge, Abel Hendy Jones</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924021131531"><i>Infamia: Its Place in Roman Public and Private Law</i></a>. London: Clarendon Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infamia%3A+Its+Place+in+Roman+Public+and+Private+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Greenidge&rft.aufirst=Abel+Hendy+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924021131531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621064234/http://campus.udayton.edu/~grandjur/feedback/feedba10.htm">"Federal Grand Jury – "Infamous crimes"—part 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dayton_School_of_Law" title="University of Dayton School of Law">University of Dayton School of Law</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.udayton.edu/~grandjur/feedback/feedba10.htm">the original</a> on June 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Grand+Jury+%E2%80%93+%22Infamous+crimes%22%E2%80%94part+1&rft.pub=University+of+Dayton+School+of+Law&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampus.udayton.edu%2F~grandjur%2Ffeedback%2Ffeedba10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifth_amendment_double_jeopardy-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fifth_amendment_double_jeopardy_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2007" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Timothy (October 2, 2007). <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to the U.S. Constitution</i>. Penguin Group. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59257-627-2"><bdi>978-1-59257-627-2</bdi></a>. <q>However, the Fifth Amendment contains several other important provisions for protecting your rights. It is the source of the double jeopardy doctrine, which prevents authorities from trying a person twice for the same crime ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2007-10-02&rft.isbn=978-1-59257-627-2&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_v._Pearce" title="North Carolina v. Pearce">North Carolina v. Pearce</a>, 395 U.S. 711 (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist_v._Bretz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crist v. Bretz (page does not exist)">Crist v. Bretz</a>, 437 U.S. 28 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fong_Foo_v._United_States" title="Fong Foo v. United States">Fong Foo v. United States</a>, 369 U.S. 141 (1962); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanabria_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanabria v. United States (page does not exist)">Sanabria v. United States</a>, 437 U.S. 54 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Martin_Linen_Supply_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. (page does not exist)">United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co.</a>, 430 U.S. 564 (1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Burks_v._United_States" title="Burks v. United States">Burks v. United States</a>, 437 U.S. 1 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green v. United States (page does not exist)">Green v. United States</a>, 355 U.S. 184 (1957).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ashe_v._Swenson" title="Ashe v. Swenson">Ashe v. Swenson</a>, 397 U.S. 436 (1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeager_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeager v. United States (page does not exist)">Yeager v. United States</a>, 557 U.S. 110 (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serfass_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serfass v. United States (page does not exist)">Serfass v. United States</a>, 420 U.S. 377 (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Scott (page does not exist)">United States v. Scott</a>, 437 U.S. 82 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson v. United States (page does not exist)">Wilson v. United States</a>, 420 U.S. 332 (1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Massachusetts (page does not exist)">Smith v. Massachusetts</a>, 543 U.S. 462 (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ball_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ball v. United States (page does not exist)">Ball v. United States</a>, 163 U.S. 662 (1896).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Tateo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Tateo (page does not exist)">United States v. Tateo</a>, 377 U.S. 463 (1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibbs_v._Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibbs v. Florida (page does not exist)">Tibbs v. Florida</a>, 457 U.S. 31 (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aleman_v._Judges_of_the_Circuit_Court_of_Cook_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleman v. Judges of the Circuit Court of Cook County">Aleman v. Judges of the Circuit Court of Cook County</a>, 138 F.3d 302 (7th Cir. 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a>, 284 U.S. 299 (1932). <i>See, e.g.</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Ohio (page does not exist)">Brown v. Ohio</a>, 432 U.S. 161 (1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garrett_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garrett v. United States (page does not exist)">Garrett v. United States</a>, 471 U.S. 773 (1985); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutledge_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutledge v. United States (page does not exist)">Rutledge v. United States</a>, 517 U.S. 292 (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a>, 503 U.S. 378 (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Missouri_v._Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Missouri v. Hunter (page does not exist)">Missouri v. Hunter</a>, 459 U.S. 359 (1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a>, 495 U.S. 508 (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a>, 509 U.S. 688 (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Kennedy" title="Oregon v. Kennedy">Oregon v. Kennedy</a></i>, 456 U.S. 667 (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_v._Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arizona v. Washington (page does not exist)">Arizona v. Washington</a></i>, 434 U.S. 497 (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Black's Law Dictionary</i>, p. 690 (5th ed. 1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From "Self-Incrimination, Privilege Against", <i>Barrons Law Dictionary</i>, p. 434 (2d ed. 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ohio v. Reiner</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_532" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 532">532</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/532/17/">17</a> (2001), citing <i>Hoffman v. U.S.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_351" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 351">351</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/351/479/">479</a> (1951); cf. <i>Counselman v. Hitchcock</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_142" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 142">142</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/142/547/">547</a> (1892)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmar1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Reed_Amar" title="Akhil Reed Amar">Amar, Akhil Reed</a> (1998). <i>The Bill of Rights</i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08277-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08277-0"><bdi>0-300-08277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bill+of+Rights&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-300-08277-0&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Akhil+Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmar2005" class="citation book cs1">Amar, Akhil Reed (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasconstitu00amar_0"><i>America's Constitution</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasconstitu00amar_0/page/329">329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-6262-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-6262-4"><bdi>1-4000-6262-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Constitution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4000-6262-4&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Akhil+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasconstitu00amar_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-[[ex-officio-mero]]-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-[[ex-officio-mero]]_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreaves1981" class="citation book cs1">Greaves, Richard L. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULHy6AZPd_wC&pg=PA64">"Legal Problems"</a>. <i>Society and religion in Elizabethan England</i>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. pp. 649, 681. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1030-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1030-4"><bdi>0-8166-1030-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7278140">7278140</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429205333/https://books.google.com/books?id=ULHy6AZPd_wC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2009</span>. <q>This situation worsened in the 1580s and 1590s when the machinery of ... the High Commission, was turned against Puritans ... in which a key weapon was the oath <i>ex officio mero</i>, with its capacity for self incrimination ... Refusal to take this oath usually was regarded as proof of guilt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legal+Problems&rft.btitle=Society+and+religion+in+Elizabethan+England&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=649%2C+681&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7278140&rft.isbn=0-8166-1030-4&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULHy6AZPd_wC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ohio v. Reiner</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_532" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 532">532</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/532/17/">17</a> (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_570" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 570">570</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/570/12-246/">12-246</a> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/law-professor-police-interrogation-law-constitution-survival">"A Law Professor Explains Why You Should Never Talk to Police"</a>. Vice.com. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116201755/https://www.vice.com/en/article/mvkgnp/law-professor-police-interrogation-law-constitution-survival">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Law+Professor+Explains+Why+You+Should+Never+Talk+to+Police&rft.pub=Vice.com&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Flaw-professor-police-interrogation-law-constitution-survival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/18/us/supreme-court-hands-down-three-decisions-that-are-5-to-4.html">"A 5-4 Ruling, One of Three, Limits Silence's Protection"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 18 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418034442/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/18/us/supreme-court-hands-down-three-decisions-that-are-5-to-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+5-4+Ruling%2C+One+of+Three%2C+Limits+Silence%27s+Protection&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F18%2Fus%2Fsupreme-court-hands-down-three-decisions-that-are-5-to-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Rule 608(b), Federal Rules of Evidence, as amended through Dec. 1, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Z. Mannheimer, "Ripeness of Self-Incrimination Clause Disputes", <i>Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</i>, Vol. 95, No. 4, p. 1261, footnote 1 (Northwestern Univ. School of Law 2005), citing <i><a href="/wiki/Malloy_v._Hogan" title="Malloy v. Hogan">Malloy v. Hogan</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_378" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 378">378</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/378/1/">1</a> (1964).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=McCarthy_v._Arndstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McCarthy v. Arndstein (page does not exist)">McCarthy v. Arndstein</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_266" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 266">266</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/266/34/">34</a> (1924).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">509 F. 2d 863 (2d Cir. 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">132 F. Supp. 2d 248, 251-53 (S.D.N.Y. 2001), <i>aff'd</i>, 279 F.3d 155, 162 (2d Cir. 2002), <i>cert. denied</i>, 537 U.S. 1028 (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">134 F. Supp. 2d 90, 95 (D.D.C. 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">373 U.S. 503 (1963).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jdb-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jdb_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jdb_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/09-11121.pdf"><i>J.D.B. v. North Carolina</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118032642/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/09-11121.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "United States Supreme Court", June 16, 2011, accessed June 20th, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alvarado-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alvarado_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-1684.ZC.html"><i>Yarborough v. Alvarado</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172313/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/02-1684.ZC.html">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "United States Supreme Court", June 1, 2004, accessed June 20th, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice_Kennedy2010" class="citation web cs1">Justice Kennedy (2010-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/08-1470.ZO.html">"Berghuis v. Thompkins"</a>. <i>Law.cornell.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415172428/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/08-1470.ZO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Berghuis+v.+Thompkins&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.au=Justice+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F08-1470.ZO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Salinas v. Texas</i>, no. 12-246, U.S. Supreme Court (June 17, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukaseyJonathan_N._HalpernFloren_J._TaylorKatherine_M._Sullivan2013" class="citation news cs1">Mukasey, Marc L.; Jonathan N. Halpern; Floren J. Taylor; Katherine M. Sullivan; Bracewell & Giuliani LLP (June 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natlawreview.com/article/salinas-v-texas-your-silence-may-be-used-against-you-re-us-supreme-court-litigation">"Salinas v. Texas: Your Silence May Be Used Against You Re: U.S. Supreme Court Litigation"</a>. <i>The National Law Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124081241/http://www.natlawreview.com/article/salinas-v-texas-your-silence-may-be-used-against-you-re-us-supreme-court-litigation">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Salinas+v.+Texas%3A+Your+Silence+May+Be+Used+Against+You+Re%3A+U.S.+Supreme+Court+Litigation&rft.date=2013-06-21&rft.aulast=Mukasey&rft.aufirst=Marc+L.&rft.au=Jonathan+N.+Halpern&rft.au=Floren+J.+Taylor&rft.au=Katherine+M.+Sullivan&rft.au=Bracewell+%26+Giuliani+LLP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natlawreview.com%2Farticle%2Fsalinas-v-texas-your-silence-may-be-used-against-you-re-us-supreme-court-litigation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">116 U.S. 616 (1886).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>U.S. v. Kordel</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_397" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 397">397</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/397/1/">1</a> (1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Braswell v. U.S.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">487</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/99/">99</a> (1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_380" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 380">380</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/380/609/">609</a> (1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">425 U.S. 308, 318 (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id. at 319 (quoting <i>United States ex rel. Bilokumsky v. Tod</i>, 263 U.S. 149, 153–154 (1923)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id. (quoting <i>United States v. Hale</i>, 422 U.S. 171, 176 (1975)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/116/616/case.html">"Boyd v. United States :: 116 U.S. 616 (1886) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020035254/http://supreme.justia.com/us/116/616/case.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Boyd+v.+United+States+%3A%3A+116+U.S.+616+%281886%29+%3A%3A+Justia+U.S.+Supreme+Court+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fus%2F116%2F616%2Fcase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotsztain1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rotsztain, Diego A. (1996). "The Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self-incrimination and Fear of Foreign Prosecution". <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>96</b> (7): 1940–1972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1123297">10.2307/1123297</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123297">1123297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Fifth+Amendment+Privilege+Against+Self-incrimination+and+Fear+of+Foreign+Prosecution&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1940-1972&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1123297&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1123297%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rotsztain&rft.aufirst=Diego+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_274" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 274">274</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/274/259/">259</a> (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United States v. Sullivan</i>, 274 U.S. 259 (1927).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_424" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 424">424</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/424/648/">648</a> (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Garner v. United States</i>, 424 U.S. 648 (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiniter2011" class="citation book cs1">Miniter, Frank (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781596981508/page/204"><i>Saving the Bill of Rights: Exposing the Left's Campaign to Destroy American Exceptionalism</i></a>. Regnery Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781596981508/page/204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-150-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-150-8"><bdi>978-1-59698-150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Bill+of+Rights%3A+Exposing+the+Left%27s+Campaign+to+Destroy+American+Exceptionalism&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-150-8&rft.aulast=Miniter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781596981508%2Fpage%2F204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United States v. Pilcher</i>, 672 F.2d 875 (11th Cir.), <i>cert. denied</i>, 459 U.S. 973 (1982).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United States v. Wade</i>, 585 F.2d 573 (5th Cir. 1978), <i>cert. denied</i>, 440 U.S. 928 (1979) (italics in original).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United States v. Johnson</i>, 577 F.2d 1304 (5th Cir. 1978) (italics in original).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>United States v. Brown</i>, 600 F.2d 248 (10th Cir. 1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_406" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 406">406</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/406/441/">441</a> (1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">382 U.S. 70 (1965).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">395 U.S. 6 (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">390 U.S. 85 (1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice_Blackmun1988" class="citation web cs1">Justice Blackmun (1988-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/487/201#writing-type-1-BLACKMUN">"John Doe v. United States"</a>. <i>Law.cornell.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225081456/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/487/201#writing-type-1-BLACKMUN">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=John+Doe+v.+United+States&rft.date=1988-06-22&rft.au=Justice+Blackmun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F487%2F201%23writing-type-1-BLACKMUN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice_Stevens1988" class="citation web cs1">Justice Stevens (1988-06-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/487/201#writing-type-16-STEVENS">"John Doe v. United States"</a>. <i>Law.cornell.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225081456/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/487/201#writing-type-16-STEVENS">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=John+Doe+v.+United+States&rft.date=1988-06-22&rft.au=Justice+Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F487%2F201%23writing-type-16-STEVENS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice_Stevens2000" class="citation web cs1">Justice Stevens (2000-06-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/99-166.ZO.html">"United States v. Hubbell"</a>. <i>Law.cornell.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506123003/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/99-166.ZO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Hubbell&rft.date=2000-06-05&rft.au=Justice+Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F99-166.ZO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Boucher" title="In re Boucher">In re Grand Jury Subpoena to Sebastien Boucher</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volokh.com/files/BoucherDCT.1.pdf"> No. 2:06-mj-91, 2009 WL 424718</a> (D. Vt. Feb 19, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716161430/http://www.volokh.com/files/Boucher.pdf">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See docket entry 247, "ORDER GRANTING APPLICATION UNDER THE ALL WRITS ACT REQUIRING DEFENDANT FRICOSU TO ASSIST IN THE EXECUTION OF PREVIOUSLY ISSUED SEARCH WARRANTS", <i>United States v. Fricosu</i>, case no. 10-cr-00509-REB-02, Jan. 23, 2012, U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2012/01/decrypt.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609162701/https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2012/01/decrypt.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Brown,_Cybercrime_Review2012" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey Brown, Cybercrime Review (January 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028100545/http://www.cybercrimereview.com/2012/01/fifth-amendment-held-not-violated-by.html">"Fifth Amendment held not violated by forced disclosure of unencrypted drive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybercrimereview.com/2012/01/fifth-amendment-held-not-violated-by.html">the original</a> on October 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifth+Amendment+held+not+violated+by+forced+disclosure+of+unencrypted+drive&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft.au=Jeffrey+Brown%2C+Cybercrime+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cybercrimereview.com%2F2012%2F01%2Ffifth-amendment-held-not-violated-by.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In Re Grand Jury Subpoena Duces Tecum Dated March 25, 2011</i> 671 F.3d 1335 (11th Cir. 2012) (the cited reporter is incorrect and leads to <cite><i>Minesen Co. v. McHugh</i></cite>, 671 F.3d 1332, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2012).).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Brown,_Cybercrime_Review2012" class="citation web cs1">Jeffrey Brown, Cybercrime Review (February 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028100555/http://www.cybercrimereview.com/2012/02/11th-cir-finds-fifth-amendment.html">"11th Cir. finds Fifth Amendment violation with compelled production of unencrypted files"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybercrimereview.com/2012/02/11th-cir-finds-fifth-amendment.html">the original</a> on October 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 24, 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215304/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/512/415/">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2020</span>. <q>There is, however, a vast difference between arbitrary grants of freedom and arbitrary deprivations of liberty or property. The Due Process Clause has nothing to say about the former, but its whole purpose is to prevent the latter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honda+Motor+Co.+v.+Oberg%2C+512+U.S.+415+%281994%29%2C+at+434&rft.pub=Justia+US+Supreme+Court+Center&rft.date=1994-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F512%2F415%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Allan Wolf, <i>Superfluous Judicial Activism: The Takings Gloss, 9</i>1 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 287 (2023) - Available at SSRN: <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=4478379">4478379</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Stoltzfus_Jost_(Professor_of_Law_at_the_Washington_and_Lee_University_School_of_Law)2014" class="citation web cs1">Timothy Stoltzfus Jost (Professor of Law at the Washington and Lee University School of Law) (January 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216164926/https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/migrated/uploads/Jost%20Statement%20ObamaCare%20Insurance%20COMPLETE.pdf">"The Operation of the Affordable Care Act's Risk Corridor Program, p. 5 and 6 with reference to the United States Supreme case <i>Lynch v. United States</i>, 292 U.S. 571, 579 (1934)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the United States Congress. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2014</span>. <q>... Every year, about $12 billion in drug profits returns to Mexico from the world's largest narcotics market—the United States. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seized+Drug+Assets+Pad+Police+Budgets&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2008-06-16&rft.au=John+Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D91490480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsDeptOfJustice2-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsDeptOfJustice2_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_GaumerAssistant_United_States_AttorneySouthern_District_of_Iowa2007" class="citation web cs1">Craig Gaumer; Assistant United States Attorney; Southern District of Iowa (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usab5506.pdf">"A Prosecutor's Secret Weapon: Federal Civil Forfeiture Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509164127/http://www.justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usab5506.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2014</span>. <q>November 2007 Volume 55 Number 6 '... One of the main advantages of civil forfeiture is that it has less stringent standards for obtaining a seizure warrant ...' see pages 60, 71<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Prosecutor%27s+Secret+Weapon%3A+Federal+Civil+Forfeiture+Law&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2007-11&rft.au=Craig+Gaumer&rft.au=Assistant+United+States+Attorney&rft.au=Southern+District+of+Iowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fusao%2Feousa%2Ffoia_reading_room%2Fusab5506.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: the legal tests used to justify civil forfeiture vary according to state law, but in most cases the tests are looser than in criminal trials where the "beyond a reasonable doubt" test is predominant</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsWSJ5-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsWSJ5_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._EmshwillerGary_Fields2011" class="citation web cs1">John R. Emshwiller; Gary Fields (August 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512253265073870">"Federal Asset Seizures Rise, Netting Innocent With Guilty"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508054500/https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512253265073870">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2014</span>. <q>... New York businessman James Lieto ... Federal agents seized $392,000 of his cash anyway. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Asset+Seizures+Rise%2C+Netting+Innocent+With+Guilty&rft.pub=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.au=John+R.+Emshwiller&rft.au=Gary+Fields&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424053111903480904576512253265073870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmarLettow,_Renée_B.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Amar, Akhil Reed; Lettow, Renée B. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1957&context=fss_papers">"Fifth Amendment First Principles: The Self-Incrimination Clause"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Law_Review" title="Michigan Law Review">Michigan Law Review</a></i>. <b>93</b> (5). The Michigan Law Review Association: 857–928. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1289986">10.2307/1289986</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289986">1289986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Fifth+Amendment+First+Principles%3A+The+Self-Incrimination+Clause&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=857-928&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1289986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1289986%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Akhil+Reed&rft.au=Lettow%2C+Ren%C3%A9e+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1957%26context%3Dfss_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bugh, Gary (2023). <i>Incorporation of the Bill of Rights: An Accounting of the Supreme Court’s Extension of Federal Civil Liberties to the States</i>. New York: Peter Lang.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2003" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Thomas Y. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612023800/http://www.law.utk.edu/faculty/davies/DaviesTLR04.PDF">"Farther and Farther From the Original Fifth Amendment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tennessee Law Review</i> (70): 987–1045. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.utk.edu/FACULTY/davies/DaviesTLR04.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Farther+and+Farther+From+the+Original+Fifth+Amendment&rft.issue=70&rft.pages=987-1045&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.utk.edu%2FFACULTY%2Fdavies%2FDaviesTLR04.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFifth+Amendment+to+the+United+States+Constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Amendment_5_Annot.pdf" title="File:Amendment 5 Annot.pdf">Fifth Amendment with Annotations</a></li> <li>"Fifth Amendment Rights of a Resident Alien After Balsys". Lloyd, Sean K. In: <i>Tulsa Journal of Comparative & International Law</i>, Vol. 6, Issue 2 (Spring 1999), pp. 163–194.</li> <li>"An analysis of American Fifth Amendment jurisprudence and its relevance to the South African right to silence". Theophilopoulos C. In: <i>South African Law Journal</i>, Mar 2006, Vol. 123, Issue 3, pp. 516–538. Juta Law Publishing, 2006.</li> <li>"Fifth Amendment: Rights of Detainees". <i>The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</i>. 70(4):482–489; Williams & Wilkins Company, 1979.</li> <li>"FBAR Reporting and the Required Records Doctrine: Continued Erosion of Fifth Amendment Rights". COMISKY, IAN M.; LEE, MATTHEW D. <i>Journal of Taxation & Regulation of Financial Institutions</i>. Mar/Apr 2012, Vol. 25 Issue 4, pp. 17–22.</li> <li>"Fifth Amendment Rights of a Client regarding Documents Held by His Attorney: United States v. White". In: <i>Duke Law Journal</i>. 1973(5):1080–1097; Duke University School of Law, 1973.</li> <li>Matthew J. Weber. "Warning—Weak Password: The Courts' Indecipherable Approach to Encryption and the Fifth Amendment", <i>U. Ill. J.L Tech & Pol'y</i> (2016).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795–1804</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" title="Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" title="Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">"Liberty" amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_subject_amendment" title="Single subject amendment">Single subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_Rights_Amendment" title="Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">List of Framers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of clauses of the United States Constitution">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Assemble and Petition Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections clause">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_Clause" title="Engagements Clause">Engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Exceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_Bail_Clause" title="Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law#United_States" title="Ex post facto law">Ex Post Facto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause#General_Welfare_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">House Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">Oath or Affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">Original Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Presidential Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Making_recommendations_to_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Self-incrimination">Self-Incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">Speedy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_State_of_the_Union" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">State of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Take Care</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Eminent_domain">Takings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_property_and_the_Territorial_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Territorial</a></li> <li>Title of Nobility (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial#United_States" title="Jury trial">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" title="Vesting Clauses">Vesting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinage_Clause" title="Vicinage Clause">Vicinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" title="United States constitutional sentencing law">Criminal sentencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">Executive privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">Implied powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Reserved powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Taxation power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)" title="Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)">Richard Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">Pierce Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Shallus" title="Jacob Shallus">Jacob Shallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union</a></i> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_influence_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States">Worldwide influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fifth_Amendment_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US5thAmendment" title="Template:US5thAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US5thAmendment" title="Template talk:US5thAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US5thAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US5thAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fifth_Amendment_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Fifth Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fifth_Amendment_criminal_procedure_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US5thAmendment_crimpro" title="Template:US5thAmendment crimpro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US5thAmendment_crimpro" title="Template talk:US5thAmendment crimpro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US5thAmendment_crimpro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US5thAmendment crimpro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fifth_Amendment_criminal_procedure_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Fifth Amendment</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Jury_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">Grand Jury</a> Clause</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurtado_v._California" title="Hurtado v. California">Hurtado v. California</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bain" title="Ex parte Bain">Ex parte Bain</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wong_Wing_v._United_States" title="Wong Wing v. United States">Wong Wing v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_v._Dow" title="Maxwell v. Dow">Maxwell v. Dow</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Moreland" title="United States v. Moreland">United States v. Moreland</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beck_v._Washington" title="Beck v. Washington">Beck v. Washington</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cotton" title="United States v. Cotton">United States v. Cotton</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Double_Jeopardy_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meaning of "same offense"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After acquittal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Randenbush" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Randenbush">United States v. Randenbush</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ball_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ball v. United States (page does not exist)">Ball v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fong_Foo_v._United_States" title="Fong Foo v. United States">Fong Foo v. United States</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashe_v._Swenson" title="Ashe v. Swenson">Ashe v. Swenson</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burks_v._United_States" title="Burks v. United States">Burks v. United States</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Michigan" title="Evans v. Michigan">Evans v. Michigan</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bravo-Fernandez_v._United_States" title="Bravo-Fernandez v. United States">Bravo-Fernandez v. United States</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McElrath_v._Georgia" title="McElrath v. Georgia">McElrath v. Georgia</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After conviction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wilson" title="United States v. Wilson">United States v. Wilson</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_v._Massachusetts" title="Ludwig v. Massachusetts">Ludwig v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._United_States_(2023)" title="Smith v. United States (2023)">Smith v. United States</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After mistrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Perez" title="United States v. Perez">United States v. Perez</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jorn" title="United States v. Jorn">United States v. Jorn</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dinitz" title="United States v. Dinitz">United States v. Dinitz</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Kennedy" title="Oregon v. Kennedy">Oregon v. Kennedy</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blueford_v._Arkansas" title="Blueford v. Arkansas">Blueford v. Arkansas</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dual sovereignty doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Lanza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Lanza (page does not exist)">United States v. Lanza</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartkus_v._Illinois" title="Bartkus v. Illinois">Bartkus v. Illinois</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waller_v._Florida" title="Waller v. Florida">Waller v. Florida</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wheeler_(1978)" title="United States v. Wheeler (1978)">United States v. Wheeler</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heath_v._Alabama" title="Heath v. Alabama">Heath v. Alabama</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lara" title="United States v. Lara">United States v. Lara</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_v._Sanchez_Valle" title="Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle">Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamble_v._United_States" title="Gamble v. United States">Gamble v. United States</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denezpi_v._United_States" title="Denezpi v. United States">Denezpi v. United States</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bigelow" title="Ex parte Bigelow">Ex parte Bigelow</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palko_v._Connecticut" title="Palko v. Connecticut">Palko v. Connecticut</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_ex_rel._Francis_v._Resweber" title="Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber">Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baxstrom_v._Herold" title="Baxstrom v. Herold">Baxstrom v. Herold</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_v._Pearce" title="North Carolina v. Pearce">North Carolina v. Pearce</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benton_v._Maryland" title="Benton v. Maryland">Benton v. Maryland</a></i> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Self-Incrimination_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Self-Incrimination_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Incrimination Clause">Self-Incrimination Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curcio_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curcio v. United States (page does not exist)">Curcio v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._California" title="Griffin v. California">Griffin v. California</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulden_v._Holman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulden v. Holman (page does not exist)">Boulden v. Holman</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Florida" title="Williams v. Florida">Williams v. Florida</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_v._Tucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan v. Tucker (page does not exist)">Michigan v. Tucker</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Arizona" title="Edwards v. Arizona">Edwards v. Arizona</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Elstad" title="Oregon v. Elstad">Oregon v. Elstad</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doe_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doe v. United States (page does not exist)">Doe v. United States</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Perkins" title="Illinois v. Perkins">Illinois v. Perkins</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McNeil_v._Wisconsin" title="McNeil v. Wisconsin">McNeil v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._United_States_(1999)" title="Mitchell v. United States (1999)">Mitchell v. United States</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbell" title="United States v. Hubbell">United States v. Hubbell</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickerson_v._United_States" title="Dickerson v. United States">Dickerson v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavez_v._Martinez" title="Chavez v. Martinez">Chavez v. Martinez</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarborough_v._Alvarado" title="Yarborough v. Alvarado">Yarborough v. Alvarado</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Seibert" title="Missouri v. Seibert">Missouri v. Seibert</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Patane" title="United States v. Patane">United States v. Patane</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corley_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corley v. United States (page does not exist)">Corley v. United States</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Powell" title="Florida v. Powell">Florida v. Powell</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Shatzer" title="Maryland v. Shatzer">Maryland v. Shatzer</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berghuis_v._Thompkins" title="Berghuis v. Thompkins">Berghuis v. Thompkins</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._D._B._v._North_Carolina" title="J. D. B. v. North Carolina">J. D. B. v. North Carolina</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobby_v._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby v. Dixon">Bobby v. Dixon</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Howes_v._Fields" title="Howes v. Fields">Howes v. Fields</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinas_v._Texas" title="Salinas v. Texas">Salinas v. Texas</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vega_v._Tekoh" title="Vega v. Tekoh">Vega v. Tekoh</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Due_Process_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adair_v._United_States" title="Adair v. United States">Adair v. United States</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adkins_v._Children%27s_Hospital" title="Adkins v. Children's Hospital">Adkins v. Children's Hospital</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nichols_v._Coolidge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nichols v. Coolidge (page does not exist)">Nichols v. Coolidge</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Board_v._Alton_Railroad_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co.">Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co.</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Carolene_Products_Co." title="United States v. Carolene Products Co.">United States v. Carolene Products Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneider_v._Rusk" title="Schneider v. Rusk">Schneider v. Rusk</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Bellei" title="Rogers v. Bellei">Rogers v. Bellei</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richardson_v._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richardson v. Davis (page does not exist)">Richardson v. Davis</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frontiero_v._Richardson" title="Frontiero v. Richardson">Frontiero v. Richardson</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_v._Moreno" title="Department of Agriculture v. Moreno">Department of Agriculture v. Moreno</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morton_v._Mancari" title="Morton v. Mancari">Morton v. Mancari</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_v._Ballard" title="Schlesinger v. Ballard">Schlesinger v. Ballard</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weinberger_v._Wiesenfeld" title="Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld">Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews_v._Eldridge" title="Mathews v. Eldridge">Mathews v. Eldridge</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hills_v._Gautreaux" title="Hills v. Gautreaux">Hills v. Gautreaux</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathews_v._Diaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathews v. Diaz (page does not exist)">Mathews v. Diaz</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampton_v._Mow_Sun_Wong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong (page does not exist)">Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Davis" title="Washington v. Davis">Washington v. Davis</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathews_v._Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathews v. Lucas (page does not exist)">Mathews v. Lucas</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Califano_v._Goldfarb" title="Califano v. Goldfarb">Califano v. Goldfarb</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Califano_v._Webster" title="Califano v. Webster">Califano v. Webster</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Antelope" title="United States v. Antelope">United States v. Antelope</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiallo_v._Bell" title="Fiallo v. Bell">Fiallo v. Bell</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califano_v._Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Califano v. Torres (page does not exist)">Califano v. Torres</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vance_v._Bradley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vance v. Bradley (page does not exist)">Vance v. Bradley</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davis_v._Passman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davis v. Passman (page does not exist)">Davis v. Passman</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Califano_v._Westcott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Califano v. Westcott (page does not exist)">Califano v. Westcott</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harris_v._Rosario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harris v. Rosario (page does not exist)">Harris v. Rosario</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._McRae" title="Harris v. McRae">Harris v. McRae</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullilove_v._Klutznick" title="Fullilove v. Klutznick">Fullilove v. Klutznick</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rostker_v._Goldberg" title="Rostker v. Goldberg">Rostker v. Goldberg</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heckler_v._Mathews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heckler v. Mathews (page does not exist)">Heckler v. Mathews</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lyng_v._Castillo" title="Lyng v. Castillo">Lyng v. Castillo</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_v._Gilliard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen v. Gilliard (page does not exist)">Bowen v. Gilliard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metro_Broadcasting,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC">Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adarand_Constructors,_Inc._v._Pe%C3%B1a" title="Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña">Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._Albright" title="Miller v. Albright">Miller v. Albright</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nguyen_v._INS" title="Nguyen v. INS">Nguyen v. INS</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores-Villar_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores-Villar v. United States (page does not exist)">Flores-Villar v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerry_v._Din" title="Kerry v. Din">Kerry v. Din</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sessions_v._Morales-Santana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sessions v. Morales-Santana (page does not exist)">Sessions v. Morales-Santana</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California">Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Vaello_Madero" title="United States v. Vaello Madero">United States v. Vaello Madero</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz">Department of State v. Muñoz</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Takings_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Takings_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Takings Clause">Takings Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barron_v._Baltimore" title="Barron v. Baltimore">Barron v. Baltimore</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kohl_v._United_States" title="Kohl v. United States">Kohl v. United States</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Lawton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Lawton (page does not exist)">United States v. Lawton</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cole_v._City_of_La_Grange" title="Cole v. City of La Grange">Cole v. City of La Grange</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Head_v._Amoskeag_Manufacturing_Co." title="Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.">Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monongahela_Nav._Co._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States (page does not exist)">Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States</a></i> (1893)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Burlington_%26_Quincy_Railroad_Co._v._City_of_Chicago" title="Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago">Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peabody_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peabody v. United States (page does not exist)">Peabody v. United States</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Cress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Cress (page does not exist)">United States v. Cress</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Block_v._Hirsh" title="Block v. Hirsh">Block v. Hirsh</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Coal_Co._v._Mahon" title="Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon">Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaboard_Air_Line_Ry._Co._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. United States (page does not exist)">Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. United States</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rindge_Company_v._County_of_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rindge Company v. County of Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Rindge Company v. County of Los Angeles</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_v._Earle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard v. Earle (page does not exist)">Leonard v. Earle</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Joint_Stock_Land_Bank_v._Radford" title="Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford">Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._General_Motors_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. General Motors Corp. (page does not exist)">United States v. General Motors Corp.</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Causby" title="United States v. Causby">United States v. Causby</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Laundry_Co._v._United_States" title="Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States">Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Pewee_Coal_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Pewee Coal Co. (page does not exist)">United States v. Pewee Coal Co.</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berman_v._Parker" title="Berman v. Parker">Berman v. Parker</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson_v._City_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelson v. City of New York (page does not exist)">Nelson v. City of New York</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Dow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Dow (page does not exist)">United States v. Dow</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armstrong v. United States">Armstrong v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Co._v._New_York_City" title="Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City">Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaiser_Aetna_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaiser Aetna v. United States (page does not exist)">Kaiser Aetna v. United States</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agins_v._City_of_Tiburon" title="Agins v. City of Tiburon">Agins v. City of Tiburon</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webb%27s_Fabulous_Pharmacies,_Inc._v._Beckwith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Webb's Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith (page does not exist)">Webb's Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loretto_v._Teleprompter_Manhattan_CATV_Corp." title="Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.">Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Housing_Authority_v._Midkiff" title="Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff">Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruckelshaus_v._Montanato_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruckelshaus v. Montanato Company (page does not exist)">Ruckelshaus v. Montanato Company</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County_Regional_Planning_Commission_v._Hamilton_Bank_of_Johnson_City" title="Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City">Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Bituminous_Coal_Ass%27n_v._DeBenedictis" title="Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis">Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hodel_v._Irving" title="Hodel v. Irving">Hodel v. Irving</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_English_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_v._Los_Angeles_County" title="First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County">First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nollan_v._California_Coastal_Commission" title="Nollan v. California Coastal Commission">Nollan v. California Coastal Commission</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennell_v._City_of_San_Jose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennell v. City of San Jose (page does not exist)">Pennell v. City of San Jose</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preseault_v._Interstate_Commerce_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preseault v. Interstate Commerce Commission (page does not exist)">Preseault v. Interstate Commerce Commission</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yee_v._City_of_Escondido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yee v. City of Escondido (page does not exist)">Yee v. City of Escondido</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucas_v._South_Carolina_Coastal_Council" title="Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council">Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolan_v._City_of_Tigard" title="Dolan v. City of Tigard">Dolan v. City of Tigard</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_v._Youpee" title="Babbitt v. Youpee">Babbitt v. Youpee</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suitum_v._Tahoe_Regional_Planning_Agency" title="Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency">Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phillips_v._Washington_Legal_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation (page does not exist)">Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Enterprises_v._Apfel" title="Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel">Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palazzolo_v._Rhode_Island" title="Palazzolo v. Rhode Island">Palazzolo v. Rhode Island</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahoe-Sierra_Preservation_Council,_Inc._v._Tahoe_Regional_Planning_Agency" title="Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency">Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Legal_Foundation_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington (page does not exist)">Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingle_v._Chevron_U.S.A._Inc." title="Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc.">Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Remo_Hotel,_L.P._v._City_%26_County_of_San_Francisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City & County of San Francisco (page does not exist)">San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City & County of San Francisco</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelo_v._City_of_New_London" title="Kelo v. City of New London">Kelo v. City of New London</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Beach_Renourishment_v._Florida_Department_of_Environmental_Protection" title="Stop the Beach Renourishment v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection">Stop the Beach Renourishment v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Game_%26_Fish_Commission_v._United_States" title="Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States">Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horne_v._Department_of_Agriculture" title="Horne v. Department of Agriculture">Horne v. Department of Agriculture I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koontz_v._St._Johns_River_Water_Management_District" title="Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District">Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horne_v._Department_of_Agriculture" title="Horne v. Department of Agriculture">Horne v. Department of Agriculture II</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murr_v._Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murr v. Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Murr v. Wisconsin</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knick_v._Township_of_Scott,_Pennsylvania" title="Knick v. Township of Scott, Pennsylvania">Knick v. Township of Scott, Pennsylvania</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Point_Nursery_v._Hassid" title="Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid">Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakdel_v._City_and_County_of_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakdel v. City and County of San Francisco">Pakdel v. City and County of San Francisco</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyler_v._Hennepin_County" title="Tyler v. Hennepin County">Tyler v. Hennepin County</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheetz_v._County_of_El_Dorado" title="Sheetz v. County of El Dorado">Sheetz v. County of El Dorado</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DeVillier_v._Texas" title="DeVillier v. Texas">DeVillier v. Texas</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fifth_Amendment_criminal_procedure_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US5thAmendment_crimpro" title="Template:US5thAmendment crimpro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US5thAmendment_crimpro" title="Template talk:US5thAmendment crimpro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US5thAmendment_crimpro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US5thAmendment crimpro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fifth_Amendment_criminal_procedure_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Fifth Amendment</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Jury_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">Grand Jury</a> Clause</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurtado_v._California" title="Hurtado v. California">Hurtado v. California</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bain" title="Ex parte Bain">Ex parte Bain</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wong_Wing_v._United_States" title="Wong Wing v. United States">Wong Wing v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_v._Dow" title="Maxwell v. Dow">Maxwell v. Dow</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Moreland" title="United States v. Moreland">United States v. Moreland</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beck_v._Washington" title="Beck v. Washington">Beck v. Washington</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cotton" title="United States v. Cotton">United States v. Cotton</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Double_Jeopardy_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meaning of "same offense"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After acquittal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Randenbush" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Randenbush">United States v. Randenbush</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ball_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ball v. United States (page does not exist)">Ball v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fong_Foo_v._United_States" title="Fong Foo v. United States">Fong Foo v. United States</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashe_v._Swenson" title="Ashe v. Swenson">Ashe v. Swenson</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burks_v._United_States" title="Burks v. United States">Burks v. United States</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Michigan" title="Evans v. Michigan">Evans v. Michigan</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bravo-Fernandez_v._United_States" title="Bravo-Fernandez v. United States">Bravo-Fernandez v. United States</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McElrath_v._Georgia" title="McElrath v. Georgia">McElrath v. Georgia</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After conviction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wilson" title="United States v. Wilson">United States v. Wilson</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_v._Massachusetts" title="Ludwig v. Massachusetts">Ludwig v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._United_States_(2023)" title="Smith v. United States (2023)">Smith v. United States</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After mistrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Perez" title="United States v. Perez">United States v. Perez</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jorn" title="United States v. Jorn">United States v. Jorn</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dinitz" title="United States v. Dinitz">United States v. Dinitz</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Kennedy" title="Oregon v. Kennedy">Oregon v. Kennedy</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blueford_v._Arkansas" title="Blueford v. Arkansas">Blueford v. Arkansas</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dual sovereignty doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Lanza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Lanza (page does not exist)">United States v. Lanza</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartkus_v._Illinois" title="Bartkus v. Illinois">Bartkus v. Illinois</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waller_v._Florida" title="Waller v. Florida">Waller v. Florida</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wheeler_(1978)" title="United States v. Wheeler (1978)">United States v. Wheeler</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heath_v._Alabama" title="Heath v. Alabama">Heath v. Alabama</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lara" title="United States v. Lara">United States v. Lara</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_v._Sanchez_Valle" title="Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle">Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamble_v._United_States" title="Gamble v. United States">Gamble v. United States</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denezpi_v._United_States" title="Denezpi v. United States">Denezpi v. United States</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bigelow" title="Ex parte Bigelow">Ex parte Bigelow</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palko_v._Connecticut" title="Palko v. Connecticut">Palko v. Connecticut</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_ex_rel._Francis_v._Resweber" title="Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber">Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baxstrom_v._Herold" title="Baxstrom v. Herold">Baxstrom v. Herold</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_v._Pearce" title="North Carolina v. Pearce">North Carolina v. Pearce</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benton_v._Maryland" title="Benton v. Maryland">Benton v. Maryland</a></i> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Self-Incrimination_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Self-Incrimination_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Incrimination Clause">Self-Incrimination Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curcio_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curcio v. United States (page does not exist)">Curcio v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._California" title="Griffin v. California">Griffin v. California</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulden_v._Holman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulden v. Holman (page does not exist)">Boulden v. Holman</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Florida" title="Williams v. Florida">Williams v. Florida</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_v._Tucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan v. Tucker (page does not exist)">Michigan v. Tucker</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Arizona" title="Edwards v. Arizona">Edwards v. Arizona</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Elstad" title="Oregon v. Elstad">Oregon v. Elstad</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doe_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doe v. United States (page does not exist)">Doe v. United States</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Perkins" title="Illinois v. Perkins">Illinois v. Perkins</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McNeil_v._Wisconsin" title="McNeil v. Wisconsin">McNeil v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._United_States_(1999)" title="Mitchell v. United States (1999)">Mitchell v. United States</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbell" title="United States v. Hubbell">United States v. Hubbell</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickerson_v._United_States" title="Dickerson v. United States">Dickerson v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavez_v._Martinez" title="Chavez v. Martinez">Chavez v. Martinez</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarborough_v._Alvarado" title="Yarborough v. Alvarado">Yarborough v. Alvarado</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Seibert" title="Missouri v. Seibert">Missouri v. Seibert</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Patane" title="United States v. Patane">United States v. Patane</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corley_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corley v. United States (page does not exist)">Corley v. United States</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Powell" title="Florida v. Powell">Florida v. Powell</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Shatzer" title="Maryland v. Shatzer">Maryland v. Shatzer</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berghuis_v._Thompkins" title="Berghuis v. Thompkins">Berghuis v. Thompkins</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._D._B._v._North_Carolina" title="J. D. B. v. North Carolina">J. D. B. v. North Carolina</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobby_v._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby v. Dixon">Bobby v. Dixon</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Howes_v._Fields" title="Howes v. Fields">Howes v. Fields</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinas_v._Texas" title="Salinas v. Texas">Salinas v. Texas</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vega_v._Tekoh" title="Vega v. Tekoh">Vega v. Tekoh</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_criminal_due_process_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_criminal_due_process" title="Template:US criminal due process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_criminal_due_process" title="Template talk:US criminal due process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_criminal_due_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US criminal due process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_criminal_due_process_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">criminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">due process</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reasonable_doubt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">Reasonable doubt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Leland_v._Oregon" title="Leland v. Oregon">Leland v. Oregon</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holland_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holland v. United States (page does not exist)">Holland v. United States</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Winship" title="In re Winship">In re Winship</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cool v. United States (page does not exist)">Cool v. United States</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullaney_v._Wilbur" title="Mullaney v. Wilbur">Mullaney v. Wilbur</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patterson_v._New_York" title="Patterson v. New York">Patterson v. New York</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taylor_v._Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taylor v. Kentucky (page does not exist)">Taylor v. Kentucky</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_Court_of_Ulster_Cty._v._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County Court of Ulster Cty. v. Allen (page does not exist)">County Court of Ulster Cty. v. Allen</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandstrom_v._Montana" title="Sandstrom v. Montana">Sandstrom v. Montana</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_v._Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jackson v. Virginia (page does not exist)">Jackson v. Virginia</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._Carrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray v. Carrier (page does not exist)">Murray v. Carrier</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cage_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cage v. Louisiana (page does not exist)">Cage v. Louisiana</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sullivan_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sullivan v. Louisiana (page does not exist)">Sullivan v. Louisiana</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_v._Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor v. Nebraska (page does not exist)">Victor v. Nebraska</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlup_v._Delo" title="Schlup v. Delo">Schlup v. Delo</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Brady_disclosure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brady_disclosure" title="Brady disclosure"><i>Brady</i> disclosure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brady_v._Maryland" title="Brady v. Maryland">Brady v. Maryland</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giglio_v._United_States" title="Giglio v. United States">Giglio v. United States</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i>Moore v. Illinois</i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Agurs" title="United States v. Agurs">United States v. Agurs</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_v._Trombetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California v. Trombetta (page does not exist)">California v. Trombetta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bagley" title="United States v. Bagley">United States v. Bagley</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Youngblood" title="Arizona v. Youngblood">Arizona v. Youngblood</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyles_v._Whitley" title="Kyles v. Whitley">Kyles v. Whitley</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_v._Bartholomew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wood v. Bartholomew (page does not exist)">Wood v. Bartholomew</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strickler_v._Greene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strickler v. Greene (page does not exist)">Strickler v. Greene</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ruiz" title="United States v. Ruiz">United States v. Ruiz</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois v. Fisher">Illinois v. Fisher</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banks_v._Dretke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banks v. Dretke (page does not exist)">Banks v. Dretke</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youngblood_v._West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Youngblood v. West Virginia">Youngblood v. West Virginia</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cone_v._Bell" title="Cone v. Bell">Cone v. Bell</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Cain" title="Smith v. Cain">Smith v. 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United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pate_v._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pate v. Robinson (page does not exist)">Pate v. Robinson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drope_v._Missouri" title="Drope v. Missouri">Drope v. Missouri</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riggins_v._Nevada" title="Riggins v. Nevada">Riggins v. Nevada</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina_v._California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medina v. California (page does not exist)">Medina v. California</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godinez_v._Moran" title="Godinez v. Moran">Godinez v. Moran</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Oklahoma" title="Cooper v. Oklahoma">Cooper v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sell_v._United_States" title="Sell v. United States">Sell v. United States</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_v._Edwards" title="Indiana v. 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Florida (page does not exist)">Hysler v. Florida</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyle_v._Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyle v. Kansas (page does not exist)">Pyle v. Kansas</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_ex_rel._Whitman_v._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York ex rel. Whitman v. Wilson (page does not exist)">New York ex rel. Whitman v. Wilson</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_v._Ragen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White v. Ragen (page does not exist)">White v. Ragen</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesarosh_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesarosh v. United States (page does not exist)">Mesarosh v. United States</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcorta_v._Texas" title="Alcorta v. Texas">Alcorta v. Texas</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napue_v._Illinois" title="Napue v. Illinois">Napue v. 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