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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulties_of_water_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties_of_water_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Difficulties of water rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_of_water_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_law_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_law_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Water law by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_law_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water law by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_law_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>International law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tasmania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasmania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Tasmania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasmania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_law_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_law_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Water law in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_law_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_law_in_England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_law_in_England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Water law in England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_law_in_England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_law_in_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_law_in_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Water law in the European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_law_in_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Law and regulations that relate to water resources</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the laws regulating the use of water. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/125px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/188px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/250px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Pollution control law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Air quality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality_law" title="Water quality law">Water quality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_cleanup_law" title="Environmental cleanup law">Environmental cleanup law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Natural resources law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Species protection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water resources law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">Forestry law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Reference materials</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals" title="List of environmental journals">Environmental journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">International environmental agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Environmental laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuits" title="List of environmental lawsuits">Environmental lawsuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environmental ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supranational_environmental_agencies" title="List of supranational environmental agencies">Supranational environmental agencies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_law" title="Earth law">Earth law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">Insurance law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">Law of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust_doctrine" title="Public trust doctrine">Public trust doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_law" title="Wild law">Wild law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_law" title="Template:Environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_law" title="Template talk:Environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Water resources law</b> (in some jurisdictions, shortened to "water law") is the field of law dealing with the ownership, control, and use of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">resource</a>. It is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property law</a>, and is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Water_quality_law" title="Water quality law">laws governing water quality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waters_subject_to_regulation">Waters subject to regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Waters subject to regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is ubiquitous and does not respect political boundaries. Water resources laws may apply to any portion of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> over which claims may be made to appropriate or maintain the water to serve some purpose. Such waters include, but are not limited to: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface waters</a>—lakes, rivers, streams, oceans, and wetlands;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a>—generally water that flows across the land from <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floodwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodwater">floodwaters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snowmelt" title="Snowmelt">snowmelt</a> before those waters reach watercourses, lakes, wetlands, or oceans;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a>—particularly water present in <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammurabi_code.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hammurabi_code.jpg/220px-Hammurabi_code.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hammurabi_code.jpg/330px-Hammurabi_code.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hammurabi_code.jpg/440px-Hammurabi_code.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The Code of Hammurabi, containing one of the earliest legal statutes related to water resources.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of people's relation to water illustrates varied approaches to the management of water resources. "Lipit Ishtar and Ur Nammu both contain water provisions, pre-date Hammurabi by at least 250 years, and clearly provide the normative underpinnings on which the Hammurabi Code was constructed."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> was one of the earliest written laws to deal with water issues, and this code included the administration of water use. At the time the code was written in ancient Mesopotamia, the civilizations in the surrounding lands were dependent on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to survive. As a result, the leaders needed to develop intricate canal and irrigation systems to sustain their needs for the water.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code was developed about 3,800 years ago by King Hammurabi of Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difficulties_of_water_rights">Difficulties of water rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Difficulties of water rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is uniquely difficult to regulate, because laws are designed mainly for land. Water is mobile, its supply varies by year, season, and location, and it can be used simultaneously by many entities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with property law, water rights can be described as a "bundle of sticks" containing multiple, separable activities that can have varying levels of regulation. For instance, some uses of water divert it from its natural course but return most or all of it (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric plants</a>), while others consume much of what they take (ice, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>), and still others use water without diverting it at all (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a>). Each type of activity has its own needs and can in theory be regulated separately. There are several types of conflict likely to arise: absolute shortages; shortages in a particular time or place, diversions of water that reduce the flow available to others, pollutants or other changes (such as temperature or <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a>) that render water unfit for others' use, and the need to maintain "in-stream flows" of water to protect the natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. </p><p>One theory of history, put forward in <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Wittfogel" title="Karl August Wittfogel">Karl August Wittfogel</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Despotism:_A_Comparative_Study_of_Total_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power">Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power</a></i>, holds that many empires were organized around a central authority that controlled a population through monopolizing the water supply. Such a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_empire" title="Hydraulic empire">hydraulic empire</a> creates the potential for <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>, and serves as a cautionary tale for designing water regulations. </p><p>Water law involves controversy in some parts of the world where a growing population faces increasing competition over a limited natural supply. Disputes over <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and underground <a href="/wiki/Aquifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a> cross national borders.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although water law is still regulated mainly by individual countries, there are international sets of proposed rules such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/IntlDocs/Helsinki_Rules.htm">Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanwater.org/hague_declaration.htm">Hague Declaration on Water Security in the 21st Century</a>. </p><p>Long-term issues in water law include the possible <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a> on rainfall patterns and evaporation; the availability and cost of <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> technology; the control of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>; and the growth of <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_models">Legal models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legal right to use a designated water supply is known as a <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">water right</a>. There are two major models used for water rights. The first is <a href="/wiki/Riparian_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian rights">riparian rights</a>, where the owner of the adjacent land has the right to the water in the body next to it. The other major model is the <a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior appropriations model</a>, the first party to make use of a water supply has the first rights to it, regardless of whether the property is near the water source.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riparian systems are generally more common in areas where water is plentiful, while appropriations systems are more common in dry climates. As water resource law is complex, many areas have a combination of the two models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_law_by_country">Water law by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Water law by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right_to_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to water">Right to water</a></div> <p>The right to use water to satisfy basic human needs for personal and domestic uses has been protected under international <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights law">human rights law</a>. When incorporated in national legal frameworks, this right is articulated to other water rights within the broader body of water law. The human right to water has been recognized in international law through a wide range of international documents, including international human rights treaties, declarations and other standards. Additionally, the United Nations passed a resolution stating that the member states "recognizes the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human right to water places the main responsibilities upon governments to ensure that people can enjoy "sufficient, safe, accessible and affordable water, without discrimination". Most especially, governments are expected to take reasonable steps to avoid a <a href="/wiki/Contaminated_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminated water">contaminated water supply</a> and to ensure there are no water access distinctions amongst citizens. Today all states have at least ratified one human rights convention which explicitly or implicitly recognizes the right, and they all have signed at least one political declaration recognizing this right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>, jurisdiction over waterways is divided between the federal and provincial governments. Federal jurisdiction is derived from the powers to regulate navigation and shipping, fisheries, and the governing of the northern territories, which has resulted in the passage of: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Act_(Canada)" title="Fisheries Act (Canada)">Fisheries Act</a></i>,</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Protection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigation Protection Act">Navigation Protection Act</a></i>,</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Waters_Pollution_Prevention_Act" title="Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act">Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act</a></i>, and</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Oceans_Act_(Canada)" title="Oceans Act (Canada)">Oceans Act</a></i>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Provincial jurisdiction is derived from the powers over <a href="/wiki/Property_and_civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property and civil rights">property and civil rights</a>, matters of a local and private nature, and management of <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown lands</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and other provinces, the <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">beds</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Navigable_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigable waters">navigable waters</a> are vested in the Crown, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All provincial governments also govern <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> through laws on <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act_(Ontario)" title="Clean Water Act (Ontario)">Clean Water Act</a></i> in Ontario. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water law in Australia varies with each state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tasmania">Tasmania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tasmania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tasmanian Water Corporation compulsorily acquired all drinking water supply infrastructure previously managed by local councils This policy was not popular with all local councillors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seventh program of Iranian government in 2023-22 ordered the preparing and deployment of a new the bureau of unified water resource administration system.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_law_in_the_United_States">Water law in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Water law in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_law_in_the_United_States" title="Water law in the United States">Water law in the United States</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> there are complex legal systems for allocating <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">water rights</a> that vary by region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These varying systems exist for both historical and geographic reasons. Water law encompasses a broad array of subjects or categories designed to provide a framework to resolve disputes and policy issues relating to water: </p> <ul><li>Public waters, including tidal waters and navigable waterways.</li> <li>Other surface waters—generally water that flows across non-public land from rain, floodwaters, and snowmelt before those waters reach public watercourses.</li> <li>Groundwater, sometimes called subterranean, percolating, or underground water</li> <li>Public regulation of waters, including flood control, environmental regulation—state and federal, public health regulation and regulation of fisheries</li> <li>Related to all of the above is interplay of public and private rights in water, which draws on aspects of eminent domain law and the federal commerce clause powers</li> <li>Water project law: the highly developed law regarding the formation, operation, and finance of public and quasi-public entities which operate local public works of flood control, navigation control, irrigation, and avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a></li> <li>Treaty Rights of Native Americans</li></ul> <p>The law governing these topics comes from all layers of law. Some derives from common law principles which have developed over centuries, and which evolve as the nature of disputes presented to courts change. For example, the judicial approach to landowner rights to divert surface waters has changed significantly in the last century as public attitudes about land and water have evolved. Some derives from state statutory law. Some derives from the original public grants of land to the States and from the documents of their origination. Some derives from state, federal and local regulation of waters through zoning, public health and other regulation. Non-federally recognized Indian tribes do not have water rights. </p><p>Many states in the Midwestern US, such as Wisconsin, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, employ a riparian system of law when it comes to water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_law_in_England_and_Wales">Water law in England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water law in England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private companies are obliged to publish annually a sizeable report providing a relevant amount of nationwide comparable data on costs, revenues, profits, and performance levels. An independent regulatory authority of the <a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">water industry</a> sector analyzes private companies outcomes and sets an allowed level of <a href="/wiki/Return_on_equity" title="Return on equity">return</a> which is not fixed and incentive-based. Privatizations in the UK were driven by an historical under-investment on an asset-intensive sector.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_law_in_the_European_Union">Water law in the European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Water law in the European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For countries within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, water-related <a href="/wiki/European_Union_directive" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union directive">directives</a> are important for <a href="/wiki/Water_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource">water resource</a> management and environmental and <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> standards. Key directives include the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Waste Water Directive">Urban Waste Water Directive</a> 1992 <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (requiring most towns and cities to treat their wastewater to specified standards), and the <a href="/wiki/Water_Framework_Directive" title="Water Framework Directive">Water Framework Directive</a> 2000/60/EC, which requires water resource plans based on <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">river basins</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">public participation</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Convention" title="Aarhus Convention">Aarhus Convention</a> principles. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.watertime.net/Docs/WP1/D7_Int_Context_final-revb.pdf">Watertime — the international context</a>, Section 2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act_(Ontario)" title="Clean Water Act (Ontario)">Clean Water Act (Ontario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Protection_Act" title="Clean Water Protection Act">Clean Water Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB_X-7" class="mw-redirect" title="SB X-7">SB X-7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Water_Conservation_District_v._United_States" title="Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States">Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_law" title="Drainage law">Drainage law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Law">Environmental Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigable_servitude" title="Navigable servitude">Navigable servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to water">Right to water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water right</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/58fe4142518a43d09df67dcc5bc6c080">"WATER GOVERNANCE"</a>. <i>ArcGIS StoryMaps</i>. 2020-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArcGIS+StoryMaps&rft.atitle=WATER+GOVERNANCE&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorymaps.arcgis.com%2Fstories%2F58fe4142518a43d09df67dcc5bc6c080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornfeld2009" class="citation cs2">Kornfeld, Itzchak E. (2009), Dellapenna, Joseph W.; Gupta, Joyeeta (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_2">"Mesopotamia: A History of Water and Law"</a>, <i>The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water</i>, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 21–36, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9867-3_2">10.1007/978-1-4020-9867-3_2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9866-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-9866-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Law+and+Politics+of+Water&rft.atitle=Mesopotamia%3A+A+History+of+Water+and+Law&rft.pages=21-36&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9867-3_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9866-6&rft.aulast=Kornfeld&rft.aufirst=Itzchak+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9867-3_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, P. Andrew, and Cech, Tom. <i>Colorado Water Law for Non-Lawyers</i>. Boulder, CO, USA: University Press of Colorado, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalaglawcenter.org/overview/water-law/">"Water Law Overview - National Agricultural Law Center"</a>. <i>nationalaglawcenter.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalaglawcenter.org&rft.atitle=Water+Law+Overview+-+National+Agricultural+Law+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalaglawcenter.org%2Foverview%2Fwater-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Olivia N. (2009-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3758">"Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region"</a>. <i>An Applied Research Project Submitted to the Department of Political Science, Texas State University-San Marcos, in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Public Administration, December 2009</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=An+Applied+Research+Project+Submitted+to+the+Department+of+Political+Science%2C+Texas+State+University-San+Marcos%2C+in+Partial+Fulfillment+for+the+Requirements+for+the+Degree+of+Masters+of+Public+Administration%2C+December+2009&rft.atitle=Binational+Water+Management%3A+Perspectives+of+Local+Texas+Officials+in+the+U.S.-Mexico+Border+Region&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Olivia+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.txstate.edu%2Fhandle%2F10877%2F3758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalakrishnan1973" class="citation journal cs1">Gopalakrishnan, Chennat (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3485791">"The Doctrine of Prior Appropriation and Its Impact on Water Development: A Critical Survey"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 61–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1973.tb02180.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.1973.tb02180.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9246">0002-9246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3485791">3485791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+of+Prior+Appropriation+and+Its+Impact+on+Water+Development%3A+A+Critical+Survey&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-72&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0002-9246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3485791%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1973.tb02180.x&rft.aulast=Gopalakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Chennat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3485791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/64/292">"A/RES/64/292 - E - A/RES/64/292 -Desktop"</a>. <i>undocs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undocs.org&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F64%2F292+-+E+-+A%2FRES%2F64%2F292+-Desktop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FA%2FRES%2F64%2F292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Beds_of_Navigable_Waters_Act" class="extiw" title="s:The Beds of Navigable Waters Act">The Beds of Navigable Waters Act</a></i> in Ontario and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/CCQ/CCQ_A.html">Civil Code of Quebec</a>, s. 919, in Quebec</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816121658/https://florafox.tumblr.com/post/3418412236/water-sewer-governance-tasmania">"Water and sewage governance Tasmania"</a>. Flora Fox Regional News. 21 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florafox.tumblr.com/post/3418412236/water-sewer-governance-tasmania">the original</a> on 16 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+and+sewage+governance+Tasmania&rft.pub=Flora+Fox+Regional+News&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflorafox.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F3418412236%2Fwater-sewer-governance-tasmania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dolat.ir/detail/395982">"سياست‌هاي كلي برنامه هفتم از سوي مقام معظم رهبري ابلاغ شد"</a> [The general policies of the 7th plan were announced by the Supreme Leader]. <i>dolat.ir</i> (in Persian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dolat.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87+%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85+%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA+%D8%B4%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdolat.ir%2Fdetail%2F395982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlesner1966" class="citation journal cs1">Glesner, Richard C. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?lname=Glesner&public=false&collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/wlr1966&men_hide=false&men_tab=toc&kind=&page=172">"Riparian Water Law - Lakeshore Developments"</a>. <i>Wisconsin Law Review</i>. <b>1966</b>: 172–190 – via Hein Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Riparian+Water+Law+-+Lakeshore+Developments&rft.volume=1966&rft.pages=172-190&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Glesner&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Flname%3DGlesner%26public%3Dfalse%26collection%3Djournals%26handle%3Dhein.journals%2Fwlr1966%26men_hide%3Dfalse%26men_tab%3Dtoc%26kind%3D%26page%3D172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.water.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Re-municipalisation-case-study-review-25.07.19_FINAL.pdf">"Remunicipalisation of Water Utilities - A desk review of selected case studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>water.org.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a>. 2017. pp. 1–2, 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003145107/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AeCZpUxVvIqYJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.water.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FRe-municipalisation-case-study-review-25.07.19_FINAL.pdf+&cd=1&hl=it&ct=clnk&gl=it&client=ubuntu">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=water.org.uk&rft.atitle=Remunicipalisation+of+Water+Utilities+-+A+desk+review+of+selected+case+studies&rft.pages=1-2%2C+11&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.water.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FRe-municipalisation-case-study-review-25.07.19_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/index_en.html">"Water pollution - Environment - European Commission"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>. 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Water+pollution+-+Environment+-+European+Commission&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fwater%2Fwater-urbanwaste%2Findex_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+resources+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Hildering, A. (2004), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eburon.nl/en/product/international_law_sustainable_development_and_water_management/">International Law, Sustainable Development and Water Management</a></i>, Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft, The Netherlands, 2004</li> <li>International Law Association Water Resources Committee (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/intldocs/ILA/ILA_Berlin_Rules-2004.pdf">Final Report presented at the Association's 2004 Conference in Berlin</a></li> <li>UNEP (2002), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/report/vital-water-graphics-overview-state-worlds-fresh-and-marine-waters">Vital Water Graphics — An Overview of the State of the World's Fresh and Marine Waters</a></i>. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.</li> <li>Sax, J. L., et al.. <i>Legal Control of Water Resources: Cases and Materials (4th edition)</i>. Thomson/West (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-16314-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-16314-1">978-0-314-16314-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ute Mager, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jura.uni-heidelberg.de/md/jura/mat/band_3_international_water_law.pdf">International Water Law. Global Developments and Regional Examples</a></i> Jedermann-Verlag, Heidelberg 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86825-319-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86825-319-1">978-3-86825-319-1</a>.</li> <li>George Vranesh, <i>Colorado Water Law. Revised Edition</i>, University Press of Colorado (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-543-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-543-0">978-0-87081-543-0</a>, 2003 supplement (March, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-755-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-755-7">978-0-87081-755-7</a></li> <li>Washington Office of Attorney General. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/SummaryPages/0011012.html">"An Introduction to Washington Water Law."</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policywest.net/index.html">Paul Stanton Kibel</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/pubs/688/">Grasp on Water: a Natural Resource that Eludes NAFTA's Notion of Investment</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boalt.org/elq/documents/elq34-2-12-kibel-2007-0910.pdf">Ecology Law Quarterly (2007)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_resources_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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