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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemiluminescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemiluminescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Chemiluminescence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemiluminescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Universe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crust_and_organic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crust_and_organic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Crust and organic sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crust_and_organic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phosphorus(V)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorus(V)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Phosphorus(V) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorus(V)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphorus(III)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorus(III)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Phosphorus(III) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorus(III)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphorus(I)_and_phosphorus(II)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorus(I)_and_phosphorus(II)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Phosphorus(I) and phosphorus(II) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorus(I)_and_phosphorus(II)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphides_and_phosphines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphides_and_phosphines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Phosphides and phosphines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphides_and_phosphines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxoacids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxoacids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Oxoacids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxoacids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Nitrides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulfides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulfides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Sulfides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulfides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organophosphorus_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organophosphorus_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Organophosphorus compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organophosphorus_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_ash_and_guano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_ash_and_guano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Bone ash and guano </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_ash_and_guano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphate_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphate_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Phosphate rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphate_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incendiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incendiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Incendiaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incendiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wet_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wet_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Wet process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Thermal process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Historical routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak_phosphorus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_phosphorus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Peak phosphorus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_phosphorus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimates_of_world_phosphate_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimates_of_world_phosphate_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Estimates of world phosphate reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimates_of_world_phosphate_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhaustion_of_guano_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhaustion_of_guano_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2.2 Exhaustion of guano reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhaustion_of_guano_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphorus_conservation_and_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorus_conservation_and_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Phosphorus conservation and recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorus_conservation_and_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3.2 Agricultural practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excreta_reuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excreta_reuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3.3 Excreta reuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excreta_reuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sewage_sludge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewage_sludge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3.4 Sewage sludge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewage_sludge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_transmutation_doping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_transmutation_doping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Neutron transmutation doping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_transmutation_doping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flame_retardant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flame_retardant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Flame retardant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flame_retardant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_additive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_additive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Food additive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_additive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertiliser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertiliser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Fertiliser </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertiliser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organophosphorus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organophosphorus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Organophosphorus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organophosphorus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallurgical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallurgical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Metallurgical aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallurgical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Matches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_softening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_softening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Water softening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_softening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bone_and_teeth_enamel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_and_teeth_enamel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bone and teeth enamel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_and_teeth_enamel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphorus_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorus_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Phosphorus deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorus_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Dietary recommendations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Food sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Precautions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Precautions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_DEA_List_I_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_DEA_List_I_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 US DEA List I status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_DEA_List_I_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Phosphorus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 167 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" > 167 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="ፎስፈረስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፎስፈረስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="फास्फोरस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फास्फोरस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فسفور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فسفور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fosforo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80)" title="Լուսաբեր (քիմիական տարր) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լուսաբեր (քիմիական տարր)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforu" title="Fosforu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Fosforu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sforu" title="Fósforu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fósforu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="फस्फोरस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फस्फोरस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فوسفور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوسفور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosfor" title="Phosfor – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Phosfor" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ফসফরাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফসফরাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEn" title="Lîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фосфар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фосфар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Фосфар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фосфар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="फॉस्फोरस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फॉस्फोरस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posporo_(elemento)" title="Posporo (elemento) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Posporo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2sfor" title="Fòsfor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fòsfor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posporo" title="Posporo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Posporo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaru" title="Fosfaru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fosfaru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffosfforws" title="Ffosfforws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffosfforws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فوسفور – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوسفور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phosphor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ފޮސްފަރަސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފޮސްފަރަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φωσφόρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωσφόρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo" title="Fósforo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fósforo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fosforo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sforu" title="Fósforu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fósforu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fosforo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="فسفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فسفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Phosphorus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphore" title="Phosphore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phosphore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfar" title="Fosfar – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fosfar" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfar" title="Fosfar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fosfar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaar" title="Fosfaar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fosfaar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaras" title="Fosfaras – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fosfaras" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo_(elemento)" title="Fósforo (elemento) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fósforo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="磷" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorous" title="Phosphorous – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Phosphorous" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8" title="ફોસ્ફરસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફોસ્ફરસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACn" title="Lìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8" title="인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokepola" title="Pokepola – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pokepola" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Ֆոսֆոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոսֆոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="फास्फोरस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फास्फोरस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfo" title="Fosfo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fosfo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fosforus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoro" title="Phosphoro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phosphoro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Phosphorus" title="I-Phosphorus – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Phosphorus" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPholoba" title="IPholoba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPholoba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosf%C3%B3r" title="Fosfór – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fosfór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fosforo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9F" title="זרחן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זרחן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%94s%C9%A9f%C9%94r%C9%A9" title="Fɔsɩfɔrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fɔsɩfɔrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95" title="ರಂಜಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಂಜಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფოსფორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოსფორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforos" title="Fosforos – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fosforos" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posferi" title="Posferi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Posferi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosf%C3%B2" title="Fosfò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fosfò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%9F%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ຟອສຟໍຣັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຟອສຟໍຣັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phosphorus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfors" title="Fosfors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fosfors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Phosphor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforas" title="Fosforas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fosforas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fosforo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforu" title="Fosforu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Fosforu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sackycmu" title="sackycmu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sackycmu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fosforo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foszfor" title="Foszfor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Foszfor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫോസ്ഫറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫോസ്ഫറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABt%C5%ABtaewhet%C5%AB" title="Pūtūtaewhetū – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pūtūtaewhetū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6" title="स्फुरद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्फुरद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فسفور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فسفور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fosforus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACng_(ngu%C3%B2ng-s%C3%B3)" title="Lìng (nguòng-só) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lìng (nguòng-só)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Палыкандор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Палыкандор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဖော့စဖောရပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖော့စဖောရပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="फोस्फरस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फोस्फरस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="फस्फोरस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फस्फोरस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="リン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfoor" title="Fosfoor – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fosfoor" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfore" title="Fosfore – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fosfore" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosf%C3%B2r" title="Fosfòr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fosfòr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8" title="ଫସ୍‌ଫରସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫସ୍‌ଫରସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਫ਼ਾਸਫ਼ੋਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਾਸਫ਼ੋਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="फस्फोरस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फस्फोरस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فاسفورس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فاسفورس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA" title="ဖော့သဖောရတ်သ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဖော့သဖောရတ်သ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فاسفورس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فاسفورس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2sfor" title="Fòsfor – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fòsfor" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Phosphor" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sforo" title="Fósforo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fósforo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuspuru" title="Phuspuru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phuspuru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="फास्फोरस – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फास्फोरस" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2sforu" title="Fòsforu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fòsforu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Phosphorus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Phosphor" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfori" title="Fosfori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fosfori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfuru" title="Fosfuru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fosfuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="පොස්පරස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොස්පරස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phosphorus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فاسفورس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فاسفورس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforos" title="Fosforos – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fosforos" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1" title="فۆسفۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆسفۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfori" title="Fosfori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fosfori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posporo_(elemento)" title="Posporo (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Posporo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பாசுபரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாசுபரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భాస్వరం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భాస్వరం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ฟอสฟอรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟอสฟอรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фосфор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فاسفورس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فاسفورس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="فوسفور – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فوسفور" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz" title="Linz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Linz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2sforo" title="Fòsforo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fòsforo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fosfor" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phosphor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfin" title="Fosfin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fosfin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosf%C3%B4re" title="Fosfôre – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fosfôre" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="磷" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fosforo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="磷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8" title="פאספאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאספאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3sf%C3%B3r%C3%B9" title="Fósfórù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fósfórù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="磷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94" title="ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⵓⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q674#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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Earth's crust">Abundance of elements in Earth's crust</a>. Please discuss at the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Phosphorus#Abundance" title="Talk:Phosphorus">talk page</a> and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Phosphorus (disambiguation)">Phosphorus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 15 (P)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Phosphorus, 15P</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Forms of phosphorus</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG/107px-Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG/161px-Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG/214px-Wei%C3%9Fer_Phosphor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div>Waxy white</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphor_rot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phosphor_rot.jpg/127px-Phosphor_rot.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phosphor_rot.jpg/191px-Phosphor_rot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phosphor_rot.jpg/254px-Phosphor_rot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="423" /></a></div><div>Light red</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg/238px-Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg/357px-Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg/476px-Phosphor-rot-violett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="417" /></a></div><div>Dark red and violet</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/238px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/357px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg/476px-Black_Phosphorus_Ampoule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="1850" /></a></div><div>Black</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Phosphorus</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfɒsfərəs/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FOS-fər-əs</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white, red, violet, black and others (see <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">Allotropes of phosphorus</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">white, red and violet are waxy, black is metallic-looking</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(P)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>30.973761998±0.000000005<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>30.974±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1em; text-indent:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">in the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1em;">5.2 (silicon = 100)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Phosphorus in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> ↑ P ↓ <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> ← phosphorus → <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">group 15 (pnictogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">period 3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>] 3s2 3p3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 5</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white: 317.3 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (44.15 °C, 111.5 °F) red: ∼860 K (∼590 °C, ∼1090 °F)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white: 553.7 K (280.5 °C, 536.9 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">red: ≈689.2–863 K (≈416–590 °C, ≈780.8–1094 °F) violet: 893 K (620 °C, 1148 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">white: 1.823 g/cm3 red: ≈2.2–2.34 g/cm3 violet: 2.36 g/cm3 black: 2.69 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white: 0.66 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporisation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white: 51.9 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white: 23.824 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapour pressure</a> (white)<div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>279 </td> <td>307 </td> <td>342 </td> <td>388 </td> <td>453 </td> <td>549 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Vapour pressure (red)<div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>455 </td> <td>489 </td> <td>529 </td> <td>576 </td> <td>635 </td> <td>704 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −3, +3, +5 −2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +4<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.19 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionisation energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1011.8 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1907 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2914.1 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#phosphorus" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">107±3 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of phosphorus</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α-white: <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centred cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI232</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centred cubic crystal structure for α-white: phosphorus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 1.869 nm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crystal structure</th><td class="infobox-data">black: <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">oS8</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lattice constants</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthorhombic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orthorhombic crystal structure for black: phosphorus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/50px-Orthorhombic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/75px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Orthorhombic.svg/100px-Orthorhombic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="142" /></a></div>a = 0.33137 nm b = 1.0477 nm c = 0.43755 nm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white: 0.236 W/(m⋅K) black: 12.1 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white, red, violet, black: <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−20.8×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">white: 5 GPa red: 11 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7723-14-0 (red) 12185-10-3 (white)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a> (1669)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised as an element by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a><a href="#cite_note-LavMem1rySrc-10">[10]</a> (1777)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_phosphorus" title="Isotopes of phosphorus">Isotopes of phosphorus</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_phosphorus_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox phosphorus isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_phosphorus_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox phosphorus isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">31P </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus-32" title="Phosphorus-32">32P</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.269 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur-32" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur-32">32S</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">33P </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">25.35 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur-33" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur-33">33S</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Phosphorus" title="Category:Phosphorus">Category: Phosphorus</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_phosphorus" title="Template:Infobox phosphorus">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_phosphorus" title="Template talk:Infobox phosphorus">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_phosphorus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox phosphorus">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Phosphorus is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> P and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">red phosphorus</a>, but because it is highly <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactive</a>, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. It has a concentration in the Earth's crust of about 0.1%, less abundant than <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> but more than <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>. In minerals, phosphorus generally occurs as <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>. Elemental phosphorus was first isolated as white phosphorus in 1669. In white phosphorus, phosphorus atoms are arranged in groups of 4, written as P4. White phosphorus emits a faint glow when exposed to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> – hence, a name, taken from Greek mythology, Φωσφόρος meaning 'light-bearer' (Latin <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>), referring to the "<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Morning Star</a>", the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>. The term <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a>, meaning glow after illumination, has its origin in phosphorus, although phosphorus itself does not exhibit phosphorescence: phosphorus glows due to <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of the white (but not red) phosphorus – a process now called <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">chemiluminescence</a>. Phosphorus is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogen</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">moscovium</a>. Phosphorus is an element essential to sustaining <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> largely through <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>, compounds containing the phosphate ion, PO43−. Phosphates are a component of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>, complex compounds fundamental to <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. Elemental phosphorus was first isolated from human <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bone_ash" title="Bone ash">bone ash</a> was an important early phosphate source. Phosphate mines contain fossils because phosphate is present in the fossilized deposits of animal remains and excreta. Low phosphate levels are an important limit to growth in a number of plant ecosystems. The vast majority of phosphorus compounds mined are consumed as <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a>. Phosphate is needed to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil, and its annual demand is rising nearly twice as fast as the growth of the human population. Other applications include <a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus compound">organophosphorus compounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">nerve agents</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Allotropes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">Allotropes of phosphorus</a></div> Phosphorus has several <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a> that exhibit strikingly diverse properties.<a href="#cite_note-HW85-11">[11]</a> The two most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-Abundance-12">[12]</a> For both pure and applied uses, the most important allotrope is <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#White_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">white phosphorus</a>, often abbreviated WP. White phosphorus is a soft, waxy <a href="/wiki/Molecular_solid" title="Molecular solid">molecular solid</a> composed of P 4 <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedra">tetrahedra</a>. This P 4 tetrahedron is also present in liquid and gaseous phosphorus up to the temperature of 800 °C (1,500 °F; 1,100 K) when it starts decomposing to P 2 molecules.<a href="#cite_note-WPPoly-13">[13]</a> The nature of bonding in this P 4 tetrahedron can be described by <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aromaticity" title="Spherical aromaticity">spherical aromaticity</a> or cluster bonding, that is the electrons are highly <a href="/wiki/Delocalized_electron" title="Delocalized electron">delocalized</a>. This has been illustrated by calculations of the magnetically induced currents, which sum up to 29 nA/T, much more than in the archetypical <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatic</a> molecule <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> (11 nA/T).<a href="#cite_note-Cossairt-2010-14">[14]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Crystalline structures of some phosphorus allotropes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:White_phosphorus_molecule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/White_phosphorus_molecule.jpg/151px-White_phosphorus_molecule.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/White_phosphorus_molecule.jpg/227px-White_phosphorus_molecule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/White_phosphorus_molecule.jpg/302px-White_phosphorus_molecule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="675" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">White</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:RedPhosphorus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/RedPhosphorus.jpg/153px-RedPhosphorus.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/RedPhosphorus.jpg/230px-RedPhosphorus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/RedPhosphorus.jpg/306px-RedPhosphorus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="612" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Red</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png/169px-Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png/254px-Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png/338px-Hittorf%27s_violet_phosphorus.png 2x" data-file-width="4187" data-file-height="3178" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Violet</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackPhosphorus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BlackPhosphorus.jpg/135px-BlackPhosphorus.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BlackPhosphorus.jpg/203px-BlackPhosphorus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BlackPhosphorus.jpg/270px-BlackPhosphorus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="402" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Black</div></div></div></div></div> White phosphorus exists in two crystalline forms: α (alpha) and β (beta). At room temperature, the α-form is stable. It is more common, has cubic crystal structure and at 195.2 K (−78.0 °C), it transforms into β-form, which has hexagonal crystal structure. These forms differ in terms of the relative orientations of the constituent P4 tetrahedra.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> White phosphorus is the least stable, the most reactive, the most <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a>, the least <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a> and the most toxic of the allotropes. White phosphorus gradually changes to red phosphorus, accelerated by light and heat. Samples of white phosphorus almost always contain some red phosphorus and accordingly appear yellow. For this reason, white phosphorus that is aged or otherwise impure (e.g., weapons-grade, not lab-grade WP) is also called yellow phosphorus. White phosphorus is highly <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a> (self-igniting) in air; it faintly glows green and blue in the dark when exposed to oxygen. The autoxidation commonly coats samples with white <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">phosphorus pentoxide</a> (P 4O 10): P4 tetrahedra, but with oxygen inserted between the phosphorus atoms and at the vertices. White phosphorus is a <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a> additive,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and the characteristic odour of combustion is garlicky.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">why?</a>] White phosphorus is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">Thermal decomposition</a> of P4 at 1100 K gives <a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus" title="Diphosphorus">diphosphorus</a>, P2. This species is not stable as a solid or liquid. The dimeric unit contains a triple bond and is analogous to N2. It can also be generated as a transient intermediate in solution by thermolysis of organophosphorus precursor reagents.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> At still higher temperatures, P2 dissociates into atomic P.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center; font-size: 95%; margin-top:1.2em; margin-left:20px"> <caption>Properties of some allotropes of phosphorus<a href="#cite_note-HW85-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-berger-19">[19]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Form </th> <th>white(α) </th> <th>white(β) </th> <th>red </th> <th>violet </th> <th>black </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symmetry </th> <td>Body-centred cubic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Triclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triclinic">Triclinic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">Amorphous</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">Monoclinic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">Orthorhombic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>aP24 </td> <td> </td> <td>mP84 </td> <td>oS8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a> </th> <td>I43m </td> <td>P1 No.2 </td> <td> </td> <td>P2/c No.13 </td> <td>Cmce No.64 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (g/cm3) </th> <td>1.828 </td> <td>1.88 </td> <td>~2.2 </td> <td>2.36 </td> <td>2.69 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">Band gap</a> (eV) </th> <td>2.1 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.34 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> </th> <td>1.8244 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">Red phosphorus</a> is polymeric in structure. It can be viewed as a derivative of P4 wherein one P-P bond is broken, and one additional bond is formed with the neighbouring tetrahedron resulting in chains of P21 molecules linked by <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals forces">van der Waals forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Red phosphorus may be formed by heating white phosphorus to 250 °C (482 °F) or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-717-21">[21]</a> Phosphorus after this treatment is <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a>. Upon further heating, this material crystallises. In this sense, red phosphorus is not an allotrope, but rather an intermediate phase between the white and violet phosphorus, and most of its properties have a range of values. For example, freshly prepared, bright red phosphorus is highly reactive and ignites at about 300 °C (572 °F),<a href="#cite_note-wiberg-22">[22]</a> though it is more stable than white phosphorus, which ignites at about 30 °C (86 °F).<a href="#cite_note-mellor-721-722-23">[23]</a> After prolonged heating or storage, the color darkens (see infobox images); the resulting product is more stable and does not spontaneously ignite in air.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Violet_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet phosphorus">Violet phosphorus</a> is a form of phosphorus that can be produced by day-long annealing of red phosphorus above 550 °C. In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Hittorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittorf">Hittorf</a> discovered that when phosphorus was recrystallised from molten <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, a red/purple form is obtained. Therefore, this form is sometimes known as "Hittorf's phosphorus" (or violet or α-metallic phosphorus).<a href="#cite_note-berger-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Black phosphorus">Black phosphorus</a> is the least reactive allotrope and the thermodynamically stable form below 550 °C (1,022 °F). It is also known as β-metallic phosphorus and has a structure somewhat resembling that of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It is obtained by heating white phosphorus under high pressures (about 12,000 standard atmospheres or 1.2 gigapascals). It can also be produced at ambient conditions using metal salts, e.g. mercury, as catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In appearance, properties, and structure, it resembles <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, being black and flaky, a conductor of electricity, and has puckered sheets of linked atoms.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Another form, scarlet phosphorus, is obtained by allowing a solution of white phosphorus in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> to evaporate in <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berger-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemiluminescence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_phosphorus_glowing_e17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/White_phosphorus_glowing_e17.png/200px-White_phosphorus_glowing_e17.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/White_phosphorus_glowing_e17.png/300px-White_phosphorus_glowing_e17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/White_phosphorus_glowing_e17.png/400px-White_phosphorus_glowing_e17.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>White phosphorus exposed to air glows in the dark.</figcaption></figure> When first isolated, it was observed that the green glow emanating from white phosphorus would persist for a time in a stoppered jar, but then cease. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> in the 1680s ascribed it to "debilitation" of the air. In fact, this process is caused by the phosphorus reacting with oxygen in the air; in a sealed container, this process will eventually stop when all the oxygen in the container is consumed. By the 18th century, it was known that in pure oxygen, phosphorus does not glow at all;<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> there is only a range of <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressures</a> at which it does. Heat can be applied to drive the reaction at higher pressures.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1974, the glow was explained by R. J. van Zee and A. U. Khan.<a href="#cite_note-shockinghistory-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A reaction with oxygen takes place at the surface of the solid (or liquid) phosphorus, forming the short-lived molecules HPO and P 2O 2 that both emit visible light. The reaction is slow and only very little of the intermediates are required to produce the luminescence, hence the extended time the glow continues in a stoppered jar. Since its discovery, <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a> were used loosely to describe substances that shine in the dark without burning. Although the term <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a> is derived from phosphorus, the reaction that gives phosphorus its glow is properly called <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">chemiluminescence</a> (glowing due to a cold chemical reaction), not phosphorescence (re-emitting light that previously fell onto a substance and excited it).<a href="#cite_note-sommers-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_phosphorus" title="Isotopes of phosphorus">Isotopes of phosphorus</a></div> There are 22 known <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a> of phosphorus,<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-34">[34]</a> ranging from 26 P to 47 P.<a href="#cite_note-neufcourt-35">[35]</a> Only 31 P is stable and is therefore present at 100% abundance. The half-integer <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spin</a> and high abundance of 31P make <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus-31_NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus-31 NMR">phosphorus-31 NMR</a> spectroscopy a very useful analytical tool in studies of phosphorus-containing samples. Two <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive isotope">radioactive isotopes</a> of phosphorus have half-lives suitable for biological scientific experiments. These are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus-32" title="Phosphorus-32">32 P</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta</a>-emitter (1.71 MeV) with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 14.3 days, which is used routinely in life-science laboratories, primarily to produce <a href="/wiki/Radiolabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolabel">radiolabeled</a> DNA and RNA <a href="/wiki/Hybridization_probe" title="Hybridization probe">probes</a>, e.g. for use in <a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blots</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blots</a>.</li> <li>33 P, a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequencing.</li></ul> The high-energy beta particles from 32 P penetrate skin and <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">corneas</a> and any 32 P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into bone and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>. For these reasons, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> in the United States, and similar institutions in other developed countries require personnel working with 32 P to wear lab coats, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles to protect the eyes, and avoid working directly over open containers. <a href="/wiki/Biomonitoring" title="Biomonitoring">Monitoring</a> personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. <a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">Shielding</a> requires special consideration. The high energy of the beta particles gives rise to secondary emission of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> via <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a> (braking radiation) in dense shielding materials such as lead. Therefore, the radiation must be shielded with low density materials such as acrylic or other plastic, water, or (when transparency is not required), even wood.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Phosphate_minerals" title="Category:Phosphate minerals">Category:Phosphate minerals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universe">Universe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Universe">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, astronomers detected phosphorus in <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_A" title="Cassiopeia A">Cassiopeia A</a>, which confirmed that this element is produced in <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">supernova nucleosynthesis</a>. The phosphorus-to-<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> ratio in material from the <a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">supernova remnant</a> could be up to 100 times higher than in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2020, astronomers analysed <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)#Gas_and_particles" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">ROSINA</a> data from the massive <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star-forming region</a> AFGL 5142, to detect phosphorus-bearing molecules and how they are carried in comets to the early Earth.<a href="#cite_note-ARX-2019-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-PHYS-20200115-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crust_and_organic_sources">Crust and organic sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crust and organic sources">edit</a>]</div> Phosphorus has a concentration in the Earth's crust of about one gram per kilogram (compare copper at about 0.06 grams). It is not found free in nature, but is widely distributed in many <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, usually as phosphates.<a href="#cite_note-Abundance-12">[12]</a> Inorganic <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a>, which is partially made of <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> (a group of minerals being, generally, pentacalcium triorthophosphate fluoride (hydroxide)), is today the chief commercial source of this element. According to the <a href="/wiki/US_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="US Geological Survey">US Geological Survey (USGS)</a>, about 50 percent of the global phosphorus reserves are in <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Amazigh</a> nations like <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-40">[40]</a> 85% of Earth's known reserves are in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> with smaller deposits in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MJ-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albright_and_Wilson" title="Albright and Wilson">Albright and Wilson</a> in the UK and their <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> plant, for instance, were using phosphate rock in the 1890s and 1900s from Tennessee, Florida, and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_du_Conn%C3%A9table" title="Îles du Connétable">Îles du Connétable</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> island sources of phosphate); by 1950, they were using phosphate rock mainly from Tennessee and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-51-43">[43]</a> Organic sources, namely <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_ash" title="Bone ash">bone ash</a> and (in the latter 19th century) <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>, were historically of importance but had only limited commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> As urine contains phosphorus, it has fertilising qualities which are still harnessed today in some countries, including <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, using methods for <a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuse of excreta">reuse of excreta</a>. To this end, urine can be used as a fertiliser in its pure form or part of being mixed with water in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_halides" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus halides">Phosphorus halides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Phosphate_minerals" title="Category:Phosphate minerals">Category:Phosphate minerals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Phosphorus_compounds" title="Category:Phosphorus compounds">Category:Phosphorus compounds</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphorus(V)">Phosphorus(V)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phosphorus(V)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorus-pentoxide-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phosphorus-pentoxide-3D-balls.png/220px-Phosphorus-pentoxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phosphorus-pentoxide-3D-balls.png/330px-Phosphorus-pentoxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Phosphorus-pentoxide-3D-balls.png/440px-Phosphorus-pentoxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>The tetrahedral structure of P4O10 and P4S10</figcaption></figure> The most prevalent compounds of phosphorus are derivatives of phosphate (PO43−), a tetrahedral anion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbridge1995-45">[45]</a> Phosphate is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid, which is produced on a massive scale for use in fertilisers. Being triprotic, phosphoric acid converts stepwise to three conjugate bases: <dl><dd>H3PO4 + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + H2PO4−       Ka1 = 7.25×10−3</dd></dl> <dl><dd>H2PO4− + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + HPO42−       Ka2 = 6.31×10−8</dd></dl> <dl><dd>HPO42− + H2O ⇌ H3O+ +  PO43−        Ka3 = 3.98×10−13</dd></dl> Phosphate exhibits a tendency to form chains and rings containing P-O-P bonds. Many polyphosphates are known, including <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. Polyphosphates arise by dehydration of hydrogen phosphates such as HPO42− and H2PO4−. For example, the industrially important pentasodium triphosphate (also known as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tripolyphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium tripolyphosphate">sodium tripolyphosphate</a>, STPP) is produced industrially by the megatonne by this <a href="/wiki/Condensation_reaction" title="Condensation reaction">condensation reaction</a>: <dl><dd>2 Na2HPO4 + NaH2PO4 → Na5P3O10 + 2 H2O</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">Phosphorus pentoxide</a> (P4O10) is the <a href="/wiki/Acid_anhydride" title="Acid anhydride">acid anhydride</a> of phosphoric acid, but several intermediates between the two are known. This waxy white solid reacts vigorously with water. With metal <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a>, phosphate forms a variety of salts. These solids are polymeric, featuring P-O-M linkages. When the metal cation has a charge of 2+ or 3+, the salts are generally insoluble, hence they exist as common minerals. Many phosphate salts are derived from hydrogen phosphate (HPO42−). <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">PCl5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentafluoride" title="Phosphorus pentafluoride">PF5</a> are common compounds. PF5 is a colourless gas and the molecules have <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_bipyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal bipyramid">trigonal bipyramidal</a> geometry. PCl5 is a colourless solid which has an ionic formulation of PCl4+ PCl6−, but adopts the <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_bipyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal bipyramid">trigonal bipyramidal</a> geometry when molten or in the vapour phase.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentabromide" title="Phosphorus pentabromide">PBr5</a> is an unstable solid formulated as PBr4+Br−and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentaiodide" title="Phosphorus pentaiodide">PI5</a> is not known.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> The pentachloride and pentafluoride are <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acids</a>. With fluoride, PF5 forms PF6−, an <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Isoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoelectronic">isoelectronic</a> with SF6. The most important oxyhalide is <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_oxychloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus oxychloride">phosphorus oxychloride</a>, (POCl3), which is approximately tetrahedral. Before extensive computer calculations were feasible, it was thought that bonding in phosphorus(V) compounds involved d orbitals. Computer modeling of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital_theory" title="Molecular orbital theory">molecular orbital theory</a> indicates that this bonding involves only s- and p-orbitals.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphorus(III)">Phosphorus(III)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phosphorus(III)">edit</a>]</div> All four symmetrical trihalides are well known: gaseous <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trifluoride" title="Phosphorus trifluoride">PF3</a>, the yellowish liquids <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">PCl3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_tribromide" title="Phosphorus tribromide">PBr3</a>, and the solid <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_triiodide" title="Phosphorus triiodide">PI3</a>. These materials are moisture sensitive, hydrolysing to give <a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid">phosphorous acid</a>. The trichloride, a common reagent, is produced by chlorination of white phosphorus: <dl><dd>P4 + 6 Cl2 → 4 PCl3</dd></dl> The trifluoride is produced from the trichloride by halide exchange. PF3 is toxic because it binds to <a href="/wiki/Haemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemoglobin">haemoglobin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide" title="Phosphorus trioxide">Phosphorus(III) oxide</a>, P4O6 (also called tetraphosphorus hexoxide) is the anhydride of P(OH)3, the minor tautomer of phosphorous acid. The structure of P4O6 is like that of P4O10 without the terminal oxide groups. Symmetric phosphorus(III) trithioesters (e.g. P(SMe)3) can be produced from the reaction of <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> and the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a>, or phosphorus(III) halides and <a href="/wiki/Thiolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiolate">thiolates</a>. Unlike the corresponding esters, they do not undergo a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Michaelis-Arbuzov_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction">Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction</a> with electrophiles, instead reverting to another phosphorus(III) compound through a <a href="/wiki/Sulfonium" title="Sulfonium">sulfonium</a> intermediate.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphorus(I)_and_phosphorus(II)">Phosphorus(I) and phosphorus(II)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phosphorus(I) and phosphorus(II)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YoshifujiR2P2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/YoshifujiR2P2.png/220px-YoshifujiR2P2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/YoshifujiR2P2.png/330px-YoshifujiR2P2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/YoshifujiR2P2.png/440px-YoshifujiR2P2.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>A stable <a href="/wiki/Diphosphene" title="Diphosphene">diphosphene</a>, a derivative of phosphorus(I)</figcaption></figure> These compounds generally feature P–P bonds.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> Examples include catenated derivatives of phosphine and organophosphines. Compounds containing P=P double bonds have also been observed, although they are rare. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphides_and_phosphines">Phosphides and phosphines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phosphides and phosphines">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Phosphide" title="Phosphide">Phosphides</a> arise by reaction of metals with red phosphorus. The alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals can form ionic compounds containing the <a href="/wiki/Phosphide" title="Phosphide">phosphide</a> ion, P3−. These compounds react with water to form <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Phosphide" title="Phosphide">phosphides</a>, for example Na3P7, are known for these reactive metals. With the transition metals as well as the monophosphides there are metal-rich phosphides, which are generally hard refractory compounds with a metallic lustre, and phosphorus-rich phosphides which are less stable and include semiconductors.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Schreibersite" title="Schreibersite">Schreibersite</a> is a naturally occurring metal-rich phosphide found in meteorites. The structures of the metal-rich and phosphorus-rich phosphides can be complex. <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a> (PH3) and its organic derivatives (PR3) are structural analogues of ammonia (NH3), but the bond angles at phosphorus are closer to 90° for phosphine and its organic derivatives. Phosphine is an ill-smelling, toxic gas. Phosphorus has an oxidation number of −3 in phosphine. Phosphine is produced by hydrolysis of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphide" title="Calcium phosphide">calcium phosphide</a>, Ca3P2. Unlike ammonia, phosphine is oxidised by air. Phosphine is also far less basic than ammonia. Other phosphines are known which contain chains of up to nine phosphorus atoms and have the formula PnHn+2.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> The highly flammable gas <a href="/wiki/Diphosphine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphosphine">diphosphine</a> (P2H4) is an analogue of <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxoacids">Oxoacids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oxoacids">edit</a>]</div> Phosphorus <a href="/wiki/Oxoacid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxoacid">oxoacids</a> are extensive, often commercially important, and sometimes structurally complicated. They all have acidic protons bound to oxygen atoms, some have nonacidic protons that are bonded directly to phosphorus and some contain phosphorus–phosphorus bonds.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> Although many oxoacids of phosphorus are formed, only nine are commercially important, and three of them, <a href="/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acid" title="Hypophosphorous acid">hypophosphorous acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid">phosphorous acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>, are particularly important. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidation state</th> <th>Formula</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Acidic protons</th> <th>Compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td>HH2PO2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphorous_acid" title="Hypophosphorous acid">hypophosphorous acid</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>acid, salts </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td>H3PO3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid">phosphorous acid</a> (phosphonic acid)</td> <td>2</td> <td>acid, salts </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td>HPO2</td> <td>metaphosphorous acid</td> <td>1</td> <td>salts </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td>H4P2O6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphoric_acid" title="Hypophosphoric acid">hypophosphoric acid</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>acid, salts </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td>(HPO3)n</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metaphosphoric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphosphoric acid">metaphosphoric acids</a></td> <td>n</td> <td>salts (n = 3,4,6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td>H(HPO3)nOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyphosphoric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphosphoric acid">polyphosphoric acids</a></td> <td>n+2</td> <td>acids, salts (n = 1-6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td>H5P3O10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripolyphosphoric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripolyphosphoric acid">tripolyphosphoric acid</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>salts </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td>H4P2O7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrophosphoric_acid" title="Pyrophosphoric acid">pyrophosphoric acid</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>acid, salts </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td>H3PO4</td> <td>(ortho)<a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>acid, salts </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrides">Nitrides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nitrides">edit</a>]</div> The PN molecule is considered unstable, but is a product of crystalline <a href="/wiki/Triphosphorus_pentanitride" title="Triphosphorus pentanitride">phosphorus nitride</a> decomposition at 1100 K. Similarly, H2PN is considered unstable, and phosphorus nitride halogens like F2PN, Cl2PN, Br2PN, and I2PN oligomerise into cyclic <a href="/wiki/Polyphosphazene" title="Polyphosphazene">polyphosphazenes</a>. For example, compounds of the formula (PNCl2)n exist mainly as rings such as the <a href="/wiki/Trimer_(chemistry)" title="Trimer (chemistry)">trimer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hexachlorophosphazene" title="Hexachlorophosphazene">hexachlorophosphazene</a>. The phosphazenes arise by treatment of phosphorus pentachloride with ammonium chloride:<blockquote>PCl5 + NH4Cl → 1/n (NPCl2)n + 4 HCl</blockquote>When the chloride groups are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alkoxide" title="Alkoxide">alkoxide</a> (RO−), a family of polymers is produced with potentially useful properties.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulfides">Sulfides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sulfides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus sulfide">phosphorus sulfide</a></div> Phosphorus forms a wide range of sulfides, where the phosphorus can be in P(V), P(III) or other oxidation states. The three-fold symmetric P4S3 is used in strike-anywhere matches. P4S10 and P4O10 have analogous structures.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Mixed oxyhalides and oxyhydrides of phosphorus(III) are almost unknown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organophosphorus_compounds">Organophosphorus compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organophosphorus compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus compounds">organophosphorus compounds</a></div> Compounds with P-C and P-O-C bonds are often classified as organophosphorus compounds. They are widely used commercially. The PCl3 serves as a source of P3+ in routes to organophosphorus(III) compounds. For example, it is the precursor to <a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine" title="Triphenylphosphine">triphenylphosphine</a>: <dl><dd>PCl3 + 6 Na + 3 C6H5Cl → P(C6H5)3 + 6 NaCl</dd></dl> Treatment of phosphorus trihalides with alcohols and <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> gives phosphites, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphite" class="mw-redirect" title="Triphenylphosphite">triphenylphosphite</a>: <dl><dd>PCl3 + 3 C6H5OH → P(OC6H5)3 + 3 HCl</dd></dl> Similar reactions occur for <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_oxychloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus oxychloride">phosphorus oxychloride</a>, affording <a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Triphenylphosphate">triphenylphosphate</a>: <dl><dd>OPCl3 + 3 C6H5OH → OP(OC6H5)3 + 3 HCl</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Phosphorus in Ancient Greece was the name for the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words (φῶς = light, φέρω = carry), which roughly translates as light-bringer or light carrier.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-717-21">[21]</a> (In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> and tradition, Augerinus (Αυγερινός = morning star, still in use today), Hesperus or Hesperinus (΄Εσπερος or Εσπερινός or Αποσπερίτης = evening star, still in use today) and Eosphorus (Εωσφόρος = dawnbearer, not in use for the planet after Christianity) are close homologues, and also associated with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus-the-morning-star</a>). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the correct spelling of the element is phosphorus. The word phosphorous is the adjectival form of the P3+ valence: so, just as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> forms sulfurous and sulfuric compounds, phosphorus forms phosphorous compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid">phosphorous acid</a>) and P5+ valence phosphoric compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and_phosphates" title="Phosphoric acids and phosphates">phosphoric acids and phosphates</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_boyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Robert_boyle.jpg/170px-Robert_boyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Robert_boyle.jpg/255px-Robert_boyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Robert_boyle.jpg/340px-Robert_boyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></figcaption></figure> The discovery of phosphorus, the first element to be discovered that was not known since ancient times,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> is credited to the German alchemist <a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a> in 1669, although others might have discovered phosphorus around the same time.<a href="#cite_note-disc-51">[51]</a> Brand experimented with <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, which contains considerable quantities of dissolved phosphates from normal metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-717-21">[21]</a> Working in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Brand attempted to create the fabled <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosopher's stone</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> by evaporating urine, and in the process produced a white material that glowed in the dark and burned brilliantly. It was named phosphorus mirabilis ("miraculous bearer of light").<a href="#cite_note-schmundt-52">[52]</a> Brand's process originally involved letting urine stand for days until it gave off a terrible stench. Then he boiled it down to a paste, heated this paste to a high temperature, and led the vapours through water, where he hoped they would condense to gold. Instead, he obtained a white, waxy substance that glowed in the dark. Brand had discovered phosphorus. Specifically, Brand produced ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate, (NH 4)NaHPO 4. While the quantities were essentially correct (it took about 1,100 litres [290 US gal] of urine to make about 60 g of phosphorus), it was unnecessary to allow the urine to rot first. Later scientists discovered that fresh urine yielded the same amount of phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-sommers-33">[33]</a> Brand at first tried to keep the method secret,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> but later sold the recipe for 200 thalers to Johann Daniel Kraft (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Daniel_Kraft" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Daniel Kraft">de</a>) from Dresden.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-717-21">[21]</a> Kraft toured much of Europe with it, including England, where he met with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>. The secret—that the substance was made from urine—leaked out, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_L%C3%B6wenstern-Kunckel" title="Johann von Löwenstern-Kunckel">Johann Kunckel</a> (1630–1703) was able to reproduce it in Sweden (1678). Later, Boyle in London (1680) also managed to make phosphorus, possibly with the aid of his assistant, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Godfrey" title="Ambrose Godfrey">Ambrose Godfrey-Hanckwitz</a>. Godfrey later made a business of the manufacture of phosphorus. Boyle states that Kraft gave him no information as to the preparation of phosphorus other than that it was derived from "somewhat that belonged to the body of man". This gave Boyle a valuable clue, so that he, too, managed to make phosphorus, and published the method of its manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-717-21">[21]</a> Later he improved Brand's process by using sand in the reaction (still using urine as base material), <dl><dd>4 NaPO 3 + 2 SiO 2 + 10 C → 2 Na 2SiO 3 + 10 CO + P 4</dd></dl> Robert Boyle was the first to use phosphorus to ignite sulfur-tipped wooden splints, forerunners of modern matches, in 1680.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Phosphorus was the 13th element to be discovered. Because of its tendency to spontaneously combust when left alone in air, it is sometimes referred to as "the Devil's element".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2002-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_ash_and_guano">Bone ash and guano</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bone ash and guano">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN5766-guano-glantz_crop_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DSCN5766-guano-glantz_crop_b.jpg/150px-DSCN5766-guano-glantz_crop_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DSCN5766-guano-glantz_crop_b.jpg/225px-DSCN5766-guano-glantz_crop_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DSCN5766-guano-glantz_crop_b.jpg/300px-DSCN5766-guano-glantz_crop_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a> mining in the Central <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands" title="Chincha Islands">Chincha Islands</a>, c. 1860</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> recognized phosphorus as an element in 1777 after <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn">Johan Gottlieb Gahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>, in 1769, showed that <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a> (Ca 3(PO 4) 2) is found in bones by obtaining elemental phosphorus from <a href="/wiki/Bone_ash" title="Bone ash">bone ash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LavMem1rySrc-10">[10]</a> Bone ash was the major source of phosphorus until the 1840s. The method started by roasting bones, then employed the use of <a href="/wiki/Fire_clay" title="Fire clay">fire clay</a> <a href="/wiki/Retorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Retorts">retorts</a> encased in a very hot brick furnace to distill out the highly toxic elemental phosphorus product.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Alternately, precipitated phosphates could be made from ground-up bones that had been de-greased and treated with strong acids. White phosphorus could then be made by heating the precipitated phosphates, mixed with ground coal or <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> in an iron pot, and distilling off phosphorus vapour in a <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-v-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> and other flammable gases produced during the reduction process were burnt off in a <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">flare stack</a>. In the 1840s, world phosphate production turned to the mining of tropical island deposits formed from bird and bat <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a>). These became an important source of phosphates for fertiliser in the latter half of the 19th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphate_rock">Phosphate rock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phosphate rock">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">Phosphate rock</a>, which usually contains calcium phosphate, was first used in 1850 to make phosphorus, and following the introduction of the electric arc furnace by <a href="/wiki/James_Burgess_Readman" title="James Burgess Readman">James Burgess Readman</a> in 1888<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToy1975-58">[58]</a> (patented 1889),<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> elemental phosphorus production switched from the bone-ash heating, to electric arc production from phosphate rock. After the depletion of world guano sources about the same time, mineral phosphates became the major source of phosphate fertiliser production. Phosphate rock production greatly increased after World War II, and remains the primary global source of phosphorus and phosphorus chemicals today. Phosphate rock remains a feedstock in the fertiliser industry, where it is treated with sulfuric acid to produce various "<a href="/wiki/Superphosphate" title="Superphosphate">superphosphate</a>" fertiliser products. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incendiaries">Incendiaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Incendiaries">edit</a>]</div> White phosphorus was first made commercially in the 19th century for the <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">match</a> industry. This used bone ash for a phosphate source, as described above. The bone-ash process became obsolete when the <a href="/wiki/Submerged-arc_furnace_for_phosphorus_production" title="Submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production">submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production</a> was introduced to reduce phosphate rock.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-vii-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-mellor-718-720-61">[61]</a> The electric furnace method allowed production to increase to the point where phosphorus could be used in weapons of war.<a href="#cite_note-shockinghistory-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-threlfall-xi-62">[62]</a> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it was used in incendiaries, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_screen" title="Smoke screen">smoke screens</a> and tracer bullets.<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-xi-62">[62]</a> A special incendiary bullet was developed to shoot at <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-filled <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelins</a> over Britain (hydrogen being highly <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a>).<a href="#cite_note-threlfall-xi-62">[62]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> made of phosphorus dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> were distributed in Britain to specially selected civilians within the British resistance operation, for defence; and phosphorus incendiary bombs were used in war on a large scale. Burning phosphorus is difficult to extinguish and if it splashes onto human skin it has horrific effects.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> Early matches used white phosphorus in their composition, which was dangerous due to its toxicity. Murders, suicides and accidental <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonings</a> resulted from its use. (An apocryphal tale tells of a woman attempting to murder her husband with white phosphorus in his food, which was detected by the stew's giving off luminous steam).<a href="#cite_note-shockinghistory-31">[31]</a> In addition, exposure to the vapours gave match workers a severe <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> of the bones of the jaw, known as "<a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">phossy jaw</a>". When a safe process for manufacturing red phosphorus was discovered, with its far lower flammability and toxicity, laws were enacted, under the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_(1906)" title="Berne Convention (1906)">Berne Convention (1906)</a>, requiring its adoption as a safer alternative for match manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-phbook-63">[63]</a> The toxicity of white phosphorus led to discontinuation of its use in matches.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Allies used phosphorus <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Incendiary bomb">incendiary bombs</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to destroy Hamburg, the place where the "miraculous bearer of light" was first discovered.<a href="#cite_note-schmundt-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_site_of_secondary_mining_of_Phosphate_rock_in_Nauru,_2007._Photo-_Lorrie_Graham_(10729889683).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_site_of_secondary_mining_of_Phosphate_rock_in_Nauru%2C_2007._Photo-_Lorrie_Graham_%2810729889683%29.jpg/200px-The_site_of_secondary_mining_of_Phosphate_rock_in_Nauru%2C_2007._Photo-_Lorrie_Graham_%2810729889683%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_site_of_secondary_mining_of_Phosphate_rock_in_Nauru%2C_2007._Photo-_Lorrie_Graham_%2810729889683%29.jpg/300px-The_site_of_secondary_mining_of_Phosphate_rock_in_Nauru%2C_2007._Photo-_Lorrie_Graham_%2810729889683%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_site_of_secondary_mining_of_Phosphate_rock_in_Nauru%2C_2007._Photo-_Lorrie_Graham_%2810729889683%29.jpg/400px-The_site_of_secondary_mining_of_Phosphate_rock_in_Nauru%2C_2007._Photo-_Lorrie_Graham_%2810729889683%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Mining of phosphate rock in <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></figcaption></figure> In 2017, the USGS estimated 68 billion tons of world reserves, where reserve figures refer to the amount assumed recoverable at current market prices; 0.261 billion tons were mined in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Critical to contemporary agriculture, its annual demand is rising nearly twice as fast as the growth of the human population.<a href="#cite_note-MJ-41">[41]</a> The production of phosphorus may have peaked before 2011 and some scientists predict reserves will be depleted before the end of the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-MJ-41">[41]</a> Phosphorus comprises about 0.1% by mass of the average rock, and consequently, the Earth's supply is vast, though dilute.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wet_process">Wet process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wet process">edit</a>]</div> Most phosphorus-bearing material is for agriculture fertilisers. In this case where the standards of purity are modest, phosphorus is obtained from phosphate rock by what is called the "wet process." The minerals are treated with sulfuric acid to give <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>. Phosphoric acid is then neutralized to give various phosphate salts, which comprise fertilizers. In the wet process, phosphorus does not undergo redox.<a href="#cite_note-KC-67">[67]</a> About five tons of <a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">phosphogypsum</a> waste are generated per ton of phosphoric acid production. Annually, the estimated generation of phosphogypsum worldwide is 100 to 280 Mt.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_process">Thermal process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Thermal process">edit</a>]</div> For the use of phosphorus in drugs, detergents, and foodstuff, the standards of purity are high, which led to the development of the thermal process. In this process, phosphate minerals are converted to white phosphorus, which can be purified by distillation. The white phosphorus is then oxidised to phosphoric acid and subsequently neutralised with a base to give phosphate salts. The thermal process is conducted in a <a href="/wiki/Submerged-arc_furnace_for_phosphorus_production" title="Submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production">submerged-arc furnace</a> which is energy intensive.<a href="#cite_note-KC-67">[67]</a> Presently, about 1,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a> (910,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) of elemental phosphorus is produced annually. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">Calcium phosphate</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">phosphate rock</a>), mostly mined in Florida and North Africa, can be heated to 1,200–1,500 °C with sand, which is mostly SiO 2, and <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> to produce P 4. The P 4 product, being volatile, is readily isolated:<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>4 Ca5(PO4)3F + 18 SiO2 + 30 C → 3 P4 + 30 CO + 18 CaSiO3 + 2 CaF2</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 SiO2 + 10 C → 6 CaSiO3 + 10 CO + P4</dd></dl> Side products from the thermal process include <a href="/wiki/Ferrophosphorus" title="Ferrophosphorus">ferrophosphorus</a>, a crude form of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2P, resulting from iron impurities in the mineral precursors. The silicate <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> is a useful construction material. The fluoride is sometimes recovered for use in <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">water fluoridation</a>. More problematic is a "mud" containing significant amounts of white phosphorus. Production of white phosphorus is conducted in large facilities in part because it is energy intensive. The white phosphorus is transported in molten form. Some major accidents have occurred during transportation.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_routes">Historical routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historical routes">edit</a>]</div> Historically, before the development of mineral-based extractions, white phosphorus was isolated on an industrial scale from <a href="/wiki/Bone_ash" title="Bone ash">bone ash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In this process, the <a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_phosphate" title="Tricalcium phosphate">tricalcium phosphate</a> in bone ash is converted to <a href="/wiki/Monocalcium_phosphate" title="Monocalcium phosphate">monocalcium phosphate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ca3(PO4)2 + 2 H2SO4 → Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2 CaSO4</dd></dl> Monocalcium phosphate is then dehydrated to the corresponding metaphosphate: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ca(H2PO4)2 → Ca(PO3)2 + 2 H2O</dd></dl> When ignited to a white heat (~1300 °C) with <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, calcium metaphosphate yields two-thirds of its weight of white phosphorus while one-third of the phosphorus remains in the residue as calcium orthophosphate: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">3 Ca(PO3)2 + 10 C → Ca3(PO4)2 + 10 CO + P4</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_phosphorus">Peak phosphorus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Peak phosphorus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_phosphate_rock_production_USGS_1994-2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Global_phosphate_rock_production_USGS_1994-2022.png/220px-Global_phosphate_rock_production_USGS_1994-2022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Global_phosphate_rock_production_USGS_1994-2022.png/330px-Global_phosphate_rock_production_USGS_1994-2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Global_phosphate_rock_production_USGS_1994-2022.png/440px-Global_phosphate_rock_production_USGS_1994-2022.png 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>Annual global phosphate rock production (megatonnes per yr), 1994–2022 (data from US Geological Survey)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></figcaption></figure> Peak phosphorus is a concept to describe the point in time when humanity reaches the maximum global production rate of phosphorus as an industrial and commercial <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw material</a>. The term is used in an equivalent way to the better-known term <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cordell2009-73">[73]</a> The issue was raised as a debate on whether phosphorus shortages might be imminent around 2010, which was largely dismissed after <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> and other organizations<a href="#cite_note-VanKauwenbergh-74">[74]</a> increased world estimates on available phosphorus resources, mostly in the form of additional resources in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. However, exact reserve quantities remain uncertain, as do the possible impacts of increased phosphate use on future generations.<a href="#cite_note-Edixhoven2013-75">[75]</a> This is important because <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">rock phosphate</a> is a key ingredient in many inorganic <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>. Hence, a shortage in rock phosphate (or just significant price increases) might negatively affect the world's <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmundsonBerhe2015-76">[76]</a> Phosphorus is a finite (limited) resource that is widespread in the Earth's crust and in living organisms but is relatively <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">scarce</a> in concentrated forms, which are not evenly distributed across the Earth. The only cost-effective production method to date is the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">phosphate rock</a>, but only a few countries have significant commercial <a href="/wiki/Mineral_resource_classification#Mineral_reserves_and_ore_reserves" title="Mineral resource classification">reserves</a>. The top five are <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (including reserves located in <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>), <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-2023-77">[77]</a> Estimates for future production vary significantly depending on modelling and assumptions on extractable volumes, but it is inescapable that future production of phosphate rock will be heavily influenced by Morocco in the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-Walan2014-78">[78]</a> Means of commercial phosphorus production besides mining are few because the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus cycle</a> does not include significant gas-phase transport.<a href="#cite_note-Neset-79">[79]</a> The predominant source of phosphorus in modern times is phosphate rock (as opposed to the guano that preceded it). According to some researchers, Earth's commercial and affordable phosphorus reserves are expected to be depleted in 50–100 years and peak phosphorus to be reached in approximately 2030.<a href="#cite_note-Cordell2009-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-66">[66]</a> Others suggest that supplies will last for several hundreds of years.<a href="#cite_note-ifdc.org-80">[80]</a> As with the <a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing of peak oil</a>, the question is not settled, and researchers in different fields regularly publish different estimates of the rock phosphate reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Edixhoven-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Mined_Phosphate_Rock_1900-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/US_Mined_Phosphate_Rock_1900-2015.png/330px-US_Mined_Phosphate_Rock_1900-2015.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/US_Mined_Phosphate_Rock_1900-2015.png/495px-US_Mined_Phosphate_Rock_1900-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/US_Mined_Phosphate_Rock_1900-2015.png/660px-US_Mined_Phosphate_Rock_1900-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="3209" data-file-height="2063" /></a><figcaption>Phosphate rock mined in the United States, 1900–2015 (data from US Geological Survey)</figcaption></figure> The peak phosphorus concept is connected with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a>. Phosphorus, as part of <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">biogeochemical</a> processes, belongs to one of the nine "Earth system processes" which are known to have boundaries. As long as the boundaries are not crossed, they mark the "safe zone" for the planet.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estimates_of_world_phosphate_reserves">Estimates of world phosphate reserves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Estimates of world phosphate reserves">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_distribution_of_commercial_reserves_of_rock_phosphate_USGS_2016;_GTK_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Global_distribution_of_commercial_reserves_of_rock_phosphate_USGS_2016%3B_GTK_2015.jpg/290px-Global_distribution_of_commercial_reserves_of_rock_phosphate_USGS_2016%3B_GTK_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Global_distribution_of_commercial_reserves_of_rock_phosphate_USGS_2016%3B_GTK_2015.jpg/435px-Global_distribution_of_commercial_reserves_of_rock_phosphate_USGS_2016%3B_GTK_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Global_distribution_of_commercial_reserves_of_rock_phosphate_USGS_2016%3B_GTK_2015.jpg/580px-Global_distribution_of_commercial_reserves_of_rock_phosphate_USGS_2016%3B_GTK_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of commercial reserves of rock phosphate in 2016<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> The accurate determination of peak <a class="mw-selflink selflink">phosphorus</a> is dependent on knowing the total world's commercial <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> reserves and resources, especially in the form of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a> (a summarizing term for over 300 ores of different origin, composition, and phosphate content). "Reserves" refers to the amount assumed recoverable at current market prices and "resources" refers to estimated amounts of such a grade or quality that they have reasonable prospects for economic extraction.<a href="#cite_note-Sutton-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Unprocessed phosphate rock has a concentration of 1.7–8.7% phosphorus by mass (4–20% <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">phosphorus pentoxide</a>). By comparison, the Earth's crust contains 0.1% phosphorus by mass,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and vegetation 0.03–0.2%.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Although quadrillions of tons of phosphorus exist in the Earth's crust,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> these are currently not economically extractable. In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS) estimated that economically extractable phosphate rock reserves worldwide are 72 billion tons, while world mining production in 2022 was 220 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-2023-77">[77]</a> Assuming zero growth, the reserves would thus last for around 300 years. This broadly confirms a 2010 <a href="/wiki/International_Fertilizer_Development_Center" title="International Fertilizer Development Center">International Fertilizer Development Center</a> (IFDC) report that global reserves would last for several hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-ifdc.org-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-VanKauwenbergh-74">[74]</a> Phosphorus reserve figures are intensely debated.<a href="#cite_note-Sutton-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordellWhite2011-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_VuurenBouwman2010-90">[90]</a> Gilbert suggest that there has been little external verification of the estimate.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-91">[91]</a> A 2014 review<a href="#cite_note-Edixhoven-81">[81]</a> concluded that the IFDC report "presents an inflated picture of global reserves, in particular those of Morocco, where largely hypothetical and inferred resources have simply been relabeled “reserves". The countries with most phosphate rock commercial reserves (in billion metric tons): <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> 50, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 3.2, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> 2.8, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> 2.2, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> 1.8, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> 1.6, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> 1.4, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> 1.4, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> 1.1, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 1.0, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> 1.0, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 0.6, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> 0.8.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-2023-77">[77]</a> Rock phosphate shortages (or just significant price increases) might negatively affect the world's <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmundsonBerhe2015-76">[76]</a> Many agricultural systems depend on supplies of inorganic fertilizer, which use rock phosphate. Under the food production regime in developed countries, shortages of rock phosphate could lead to shortages of inorganic fertilizer, which could in turn reduce the global food production.<a href="#cite_note-Pollan-93">[93]</a> Economists have pointed out that price fluctuations of rock phosphate do not necessarily indicate peak phosphorus, as these have already occurred due to various demand- and supply-side factors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeckenmüllerNaritaKlepper2014-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States">United States</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Phosphate mining in the United States">Phosphate mining in the United States</a></div> US production of phosphate rock peaked in 1980 at 54.4 million metric tons. The United States was the world's largest producer of phosphate rock from at least 1900, up until 2006, when US production was exceeded by that of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. In 2019, the US produced 10 percent of the world's phosphate rock.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Exhaustion_of_guano_reserves">Exhaustion of guano reserves</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Exhaustion of guano reserves">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a></div> In 1609 <a href="/wiki/Garcilaso_de_la_Vega_(El_Inca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcilaso de la Vega (El Inca)">Garcilaso de la Vega</a> wrote the book Comentarios Reales in which he described many of the agricultural practices of the Incas prior to the arrival of the Spaniards and introduced the use of guano as a fertilizer. As Garcilaso described, the Incas near the coast harvested guano.<a href="#cite_note-Leigh-96">[96]</a> In the early 1800s <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> as a source of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> to Europe after having discovered it on islands off the coast of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. It has been reported that, at the time of its discovery, the guano on some islands was over 30 meters deep.<a href="#cite_note-Skaggs-97">[97]</a> The guano had previously been used by the <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a> people as a source of fertilizer by mining it and transporting it back to <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> by boat. International commerce in guano did not start until after 1840.<a href="#cite_note-Skaggs-97">[97]</a> By the start of the 20th century guano had been nearly completely depleted and was eventually overtaken with the discovery of methods of production of <a href="/wiki/Superphosphate" title="Superphosphate">superphosphate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phosphorus_conservation_and_recycling">Phosphorus conservation and recycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Phosphorus conservation and recycling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nauru-phosphatefields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nauru-phosphatefields.jpg/220px-Nauru-phosphatefields.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nauru-phosphatefields.jpg/330px-Nauru-phosphatefields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Nauru-phosphatefields.jpg/440px-Nauru-phosphatefields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Phosphate mine on <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, once one of the world's major sources of phosphate rock</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Overview">Overview</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Phosphorus can be transferred from the soil in one location to another as food is transported across the world, taking the phosphorus it contains with it. Once consumed by humans, it can end up in the local environment (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">open defecation</a> which is still widespread on a global scale) or in rivers or the ocean via <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewage systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage treatment plant">sewage treatment plants</a> in the case of cities connected to sewer systems. An example of one crop that takes up large amounts of phosphorus is <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>. In an effort to postpone the onset of peak phosphorus several methods of reducing and reusing phosphorus are in practice, such as in agriculture and in <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> systems. The <a href="/wiki/Soil_Association" title="Soil Association">Soil Association</a>, the UK organic agriculture certification and pressure group, issued a report in 2010 "A Rock and a Hard Place" encouraging more recycling of phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> One potential solution to the shortage of phosphorus is greater recycling of human and animal wastes back into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-McCune-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Agricultural_practices">Agricultural practices</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Agricultural practices">edit</a>]</div> Reducing agricultural runoff and soil erosion can slow the frequency with which farmers have to reapply phosphorus to their fields. Agricultural methods such as <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terracing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contour_plowing" title="Contour plowing">contour tilling</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreaks</a> have been shown to reduce the rate of phosphorus depletion from farmland. These methods are still dependent on a periodic application of phosphate rock to the soil and as such methods to recycle the lost phosphorus have also been proposed. Perennial vegetation, such as grassland or forest, is much more efficient in its use of phosphate than arable land. Strips of grassland and/or forest between arable land and rivers can greatly reduce losses of phosphate and other nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Integrated farming systems which use animal sources to supply phosphorus for crops do exist at smaller scales, and application of the system to a larger scale is a potential alternative for supplying the nutrient, although it would require significant changes to the widely adopted modern crop fertilizing methods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Excreta_reuse">Excreta reuse</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Excreta reuse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Excreta_reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Excreta reuse">Excreta reuse</a></div> The oldest method of recycling phosphorus is through the reuse of animal <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> and human <a href="/wiki/Excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Excreta">excreta</a> in agriculture. Via this method, phosphorus in the foods consumed are excreted, and the animal or human excreta are subsequently collected and re-applied to the fields. Although this method has maintained civilizations for centuries the current system of manure management is not logistically geared towards application to crop fields on a large scale. At present, manure application could not meet the phosphorus needs of large scale agriculture. Despite that, it is still an efficient method of recycling used phosphorus and returning it to the soil. There are concerns with pathogens in manure and human excreta, but those pathogens can be eliminated via suitable treatment. However, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a> these processes are not always followed, leading to outbreaks of diseases transmitted via the <a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">fecal–oral route</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sewage_sludge">Sewage sludge</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sewage sludge">edit</a>]</div> Sewage treatment plants that have an <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_biological_phosphorus_removal" title="Enhanced biological phosphorus removal">enhanced biological phosphorus removal</a> step produce a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> that is rich in phosphorus. Various processes have been developed to extract phosphorus from sewage sludge directly, from the ash after <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a> of the sewage sludge or from other products of <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">sewage sludge treatment</a>. This includes the extraction of phosphorus rich materials such as <a href="/wiki/Struvite" title="Struvite">struvite</a> from waste processing plants.<a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-91">[91]</a> The struvite can be made by adding magnesium to the waste. Some companies such as Ostara in Canada and NuReSys in Belgium are already using this technique to recover phosphate.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Research on phosphorus recovery methods from sewage sludge has been carried out in Sweden and Germany since around 2003, but the technologies currently under development are not yet cost effective, given the current price of phosphorus on the world market.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_transmutation_doping">Neutron transmutation doping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Neutron transmutation doping">edit</a>]</div> The above routes refer to "production" in the chemical sense i.e. extracting a desired element or compound from a source without changing the atoms themselves. However, there is a process which produces phosphorus in a nuclear sense in that atoms of another element are turned into phosphorus. While the amount of phosphorus produced this way is minuscule, it is nonetheless a crucial process in semiconductor production. Neutron <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmutation</a> doping (NTD) is an unusual doping method for special applications. Most commonly, it is used to dope silicon n-type in high-power electronics and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_detector" title="Semiconductor detector">semiconductor detectors</a>. It is based on the conversion of the 30Si isotope into phosphorus atoms by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron absorption">neutron absorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> as follows: <math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ^{30}\mathrm {Si} \,(n,\gamma )\,^{31}\mathrm {Si} \rightarrow \,^{31}\mathrm {P} +\beta ^{-}\;(T_{1/2}=2.62\mathrm {h} ).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>30</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>31</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>31</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2.62</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ^{30}\mathrm {Si} \,(n,\gamma )\,^{31}\mathrm {Si} \rightarrow \,^{31}\mathrm {P} +\beta ^{-}\;(T_{1/2}=2.62\mathrm {h} ).}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d4b8861f979cbcc314b5ae3d54aaf2af6d39d2e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:42.736ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ^{30}\mathrm {Si} \,(n,\gamma )\,^{31}\mathrm {Si} \rightarrow \,^{31}\mathrm {P} +\beta ^{-}\;(T_{1/2}=2.62\mathrm {h} ).}"> In practice, the silicon is typically placed near or inside a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> (most commonly a <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactor</a> e.g. the one at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>) to receive the neutrons. As neutrons continue to pass through the silicon, more and more phosphorus atoms are produced by transmutation, and therefore the doping becomes more and more strongly n-type. NTD is a far less common doping method than diffusion or ion implantation, but it has the advantage of creating an extremely uniform dopant distribution.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flame_retardant">Flame retardant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Flame retardant">edit</a>]</div> Phosphorus compounds are used as flame retardants. Flame-retardant materials and coatings are being developed that are both phosphorus- and bio-based.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_additive">Food additive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Food additive">edit</a>]</div> Phosphorus is an essential <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">mineral</a> for humans listed in the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Minerals" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intake</a> (DRI). Food-grade <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a> (additive <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E338</a><a href="#cite_note-fgovuk-108">[108]</a>) is used to acidify foods and beverages such as various <a href="/wiki/Cola" title="Cola">colas</a> and jams, providing a tangy or sour taste. The phosphoric acid also serves as a <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Soft drinks containing phosphoric acid, including <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>, are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_soda" title="Phosphate soda">phosphate sodas</a> or phosphates. Phosphoric acid in soft drinks has the potential to cause dental erosion.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Phosphoric acid also has the potential to contribute to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease" title="Kidney stone disease">kidney stones</a>, especially in those who have had kidney stones previously.<a href="#cite_note-Qa2014-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertiliser">Fertiliser</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Fertiliser">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">Fertiliser</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></div> Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient (the most often limiting nutrient, after <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>),<a href="#cite_note-et-112">[112]</a> and the bulk of all phosphorus production is in concentrated phosphoric acids for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a>, containing as much as 70% to 75% P2O5. That led to large increase in <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> (PO43−) production in the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-MJ-41">[41]</a> Artificial phosphate fertilisation is necessary because phosphorus is essential to all living organisms; it is involved in energy transfers, strength of root and stems, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Plant_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant roots">plant roots</a>, formation of seeds and flowers, and other important factors effecting overall plant health and genetics.<a href="#cite_note-et-112">[112]</a> Heavy use of phosphorus fertilizers and their runoff have resulted in <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> (overenrichment) of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_2005-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conley_2009-114">[114]</a> Natural phosphorus-bearing compounds are mostly inaccessible to plants because of the low solubility and mobility in soil.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Most phosphorus is very stable in the soil minerals or organic matter of the soil. Even when phosphorus is added in manure or fertilizer it can become fixed in the soil. Therefore, the natural <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus cycle</a> is very slow. Some of the fixed phosphorus is released again over time, sustaining wild plant growth, however, more is needed to sustain intensive cultivation of crops.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Fertiliser is often in the form of superphosphate of lime, a mixture of calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2), and calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) produced reacting sulfuric acid and water with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>. Processing phosphate minerals with sulfuric acid for obtaining fertiliser is so important to the global economy that this is the primary industrial market for <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and the greatest industrial use of elemental <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Widely used compounds</th> <th>Use </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocalcium_phosphate" title="Monocalcium phosphate">Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O</a></td> <td>Baking powder and fertilisers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dicalcium_phosphate" title="Dicalcium phosphate">CaHPO4·2H2O</a></td> <td>Animal food additive, toothpowder </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">H3PO4</a></td> <td>Manufacture of phosphate fertilisers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">PCl3</a></td> <td>Manufacture of POCl3 and pesticides </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphoryl_chloride" title="Phosphoryl chloride">POCl3</a></td> <td>Manufacture of plasticiser </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentasulfide" title="Phosphorus pentasulfide">P4S10</a></td> <td>Manufacturing of additives and pesticides </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate" title="Sodium triphosphate">Na5P3O10</a></td> <td>Detergents </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organophosphorus">Organophosphorus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Organophosphorus">edit</a>]</div> White phosphorus is widely used to make <a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus compound">organophosphorus compounds</a> through intermediate <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_chlorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus chlorides">phosphorus chlorides</a> and two phosphorus sulfides, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentasulfide" title="Phosphorus pentasulfide">phosphorus pentasulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sesquisulfide" title="Phosphorus sesquisulfide">phosphorus sesquisulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951-118">[118]</a> Organophosphorus compounds have many applications, including in <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, extraction agents, nerve agents and <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiskowskiHofmann-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallurgical_aspects">Metallurgical aspects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Metallurgical aspects">edit</a>]</div> Phosphorus is also an important component in <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production, in the making of <a href="/wiki/Phosphor_bronze" title="Phosphor bronze">phosphor bronze</a>, and in many other related products.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Phosphorus is added to metallic copper during its smelting process to react with oxygen present as an impurity in copper and to produce phosphorus-containing copper (<a href="/wiki/CuOFP" class="mw-redirect" title="CuOFP">CuOFP</a>) alloys with a higher <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen embrittlement</a> resistance than normal copper.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_conversion_coating" title="Phosphate conversion coating">Phosphate conversion coating</a> is a chemical treatment applied to steel parts to improve their corrosion resistance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matches">Matches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Matches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Match_striking_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Match_striking_surface.jpg/220px-Match_striking_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Match_striking_surface.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Match striking surface made of a mixture of red phosphorus, glue and ground glass. The glass powder is used to increase the friction.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">Match</a></div> The first striking match with a phosphorus head was invented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sauria" title="Charles Sauria">Charles Sauria</a> in 1830. These matches (and subsequent modifications) were made with heads of white phosphorus, an oxygen-releasing compound (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">lead dioxide</a>, or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>), and a binder. They were poisonous to the workers in manufacture,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> sensitive to storage conditions, toxic if ingested, and hazardous when accidentally ignited on a rough surface.<a href="#cite_note-crass9-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Production in several countries was banned between 1872 and 1925.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The international <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_(1906)" title="Berne Convention (1906)">Berne Convention</a>, ratified in 1906, prohibited the use of white phosphorus in matches. In consequence, phosphorous matches were gradually replaced by safer alternatives. Around 1900 French chemists Henri Sévène and Emile David Cahen invented the modern strike-anywhere match, wherein the white phosphorus was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sesquisulfide" title="Phosphorus sesquisulfide">phosphorus sesquisulfide</a> (P4S3), a non-toxic and non-pyrophoric compound that ignites under friction. For a time these safer strike-anywhere matches were quite popular but in the long run they were superseded by the modern safety match. Safety matches are very difficult to ignite on any surface other than a special striker strip. The strip contains non-toxic red phosphorus and the match head <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a>, an oxygen-releasing compound. When struck, small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)" title="Abrasion (mechanical)">abrasion</a> from match head and striker strip are mixed intimately to make a small quantity of <a href="/wiki/Armstrong%27s_mixture" title="Armstrong's mixture">Armstrong's mixture</a>, a very touch sensitive composition. The fine powder ignites immediately and provides the initial spark to set off the match head. Safety matches separate the two components of the ignition mixture until the match is struck. This is the key safety advantage as it prevents accidental ignition. Nonetheless, safety matches, invented in 1844 by <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Erik_Pasch" title="Gustaf Erik Pasch">Gustaf Erik Pasch</a> and market ready by the 1860s, did not gain consumer acceptance until the prohibition of white phosphorus. Using a dedicated striker strip was considered clumsy.<a href="#cite_note-wiberg-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hardt_2001-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_softening">Water softening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Water softening">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tripolyphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium tripolyphosphate">Sodium tripolyphosphate</a> made from phosphoric acid is used in laundry detergents in some countries, but banned for this use in others.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-24">[24]</a> This compound softens the water to enhance the performance of the detergents and to prevent pipe/boiler tube <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrödterBettermannStaffelWahl-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Phosphates are used to make special glasses for <a href="/wiki/Sodium_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium lamp">sodium lamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-24">[24]</a></li> <li>Bone-ash (mostly <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a>) is used in the production of fine china.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-24">[24]</a></li> <li>Phosphoric acid made from elemental phosphorus is used in food applications such as <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink#Phosphate_soda" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a>, and as a starting point for food grade phosphates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951-118">[118]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Monocalcium_phosphate" title="Monocalcium phosphate">monocalcium phosphate</a> for <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tripolyphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium tripolyphosphate">sodium tripolyphosphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951-118">[118]</a> Phosphates are used to improve the characteristics of processed meat and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, and in toothpaste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">White phosphorus</a>, called "WP" (slang term "Willie Peter") is used in <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> applications as <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary bombs</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Smoke-screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke-screen">smoke-screening</a> as smoke pots and <a href="/wiki/Smoke_bomb" title="Smoke bomb">smoke bombs</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">tracer ammunition</a>. It is also a part of an obsolete <a href="/wiki/M34_grenade" title="M34 grenade">M34 White Phosphorus US hand grenade</a>. This multipurpose grenade was mostly used for signaling, smoke screens, and inflammation; it could also cause severe burns and had a psychological impact on the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Military uses of white phosphorus are constrained by international law.</li> <li>32P and 33P are used as radioactive tracers in biochemical laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>Phosphorus is a <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)" title="Doping (semiconductor)">dopant</a> in <a href="/wiki/N-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-type semiconductor">n-type semiconductors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Calcium_metabolism" title="Calcium metabolism">Calcium metabolism</a></div> Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO3− 4 is required for all known forms of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuttenberg-131">[131]</a> Phosphorus plays a major role in the structural framework of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. Living cells use phosphate to transport cellular energy with <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP), necessary for every cellular process that uses energy. ATP is also important for <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a>, a key regulatory event in cells. <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">Phospholipids</a> are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">Calcium phosphate</a> salts assist in stiffening <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> Biochemists commonly use the abbreviation "Pi" to refer to inorganic phosphate.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Every living cell is encased in a membrane that separates it from its surroundings. Cellular membranes are composed of a phospholipid matrix and proteins, typically in the form of a bilayer. Phospholipids are derived from <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> with two of the glycerol hydroxyl (OH) protons replaced by fatty acids as an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a>, and the third hydroxyl proton has been replaced with phosphate bonded to another alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> An average adult human contains about 0.7 kilograms (1.5 lb) of phosphorus, about 85–90% in bones and teeth in the form of <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, and the remainder in soft tissues and extracellular fluids. The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5% by mass in infancy to 0.65–1.1% by mass in adults. Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4 g/L; about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> An adult with healthy diet consumes and excretes about 1–3 grams of phosphorus per day, with consumption in the form of inorganic phosphate and phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleic acids">nucleic acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phospholipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholipids">phospholipids</a>; and excretion almost exclusively in the form of phosphate ions such as H 2PO− 4 and HPO2− 4. Only about 0.1% of body phosphate circulates in the blood, paralleling the amount of phosphate available to soft tissue cells. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_and_teeth_enamel">Bone and teeth enamel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bone and teeth enamel">edit</a>]</div> The main component of bone is <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a> as well as amorphous forms of calcium phosphate, possibly including carbonate. Hydroxyapatite is the main component of tooth enamel. <a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation" title="Water fluoridation">Water fluoridation</a> enhances the resistance of teeth to decay by the partial conversion of this mineral to the still harder material <a href="/wiki/Fluorapatite" title="Fluorapatite">fluorapatite</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> <dl><dd>Ca 5(PO 4) 3OH + F− → Ca 5(PO 4) 3F + OH− </dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphorus_deficiency">Phosphorus deficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Phosphorus deficiency">edit</a>]</div> In medicine, phosphate deficiency syndrome may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, by failure to absorb phosphate, and by metabolic syndromes that draw phosphate from the blood (such as in <a href="/wiki/Refeeding_syndrome" title="Refeeding syndrome">refeeding syndrome</a> after malnutrition<a href="#cite_note-pmid18583681-135">[135]</a>) or passing too much of it into the urine. All are characterised by <a href="/wiki/Hypophosphatemia" title="Hypophosphatemia">hypophosphatemia</a>, which is a condition of low levels of soluble phosphate levels in the blood serum and inside the cells. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include neurological dysfunction and disruption of muscle and blood cells due to lack of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. Too much phosphate can lead to diarrhoea and calcification (hardening) of organs and soft tissue, and can interfere with the body's ability to use iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Phosphorus is an essential <a href="/wiki/Macromineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Macromineral">macromineral</a> for plants, which is studied extensively in <a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">edaphology</a> to understand plant uptake from <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> systems. Phosphorus is a <a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">limiting factor</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>; that is, the scarcity of phosphorus limits the rate of organism growth. An excess of phosphorus can also be problematic, especially in aquatic systems where <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> sometimes leads to <a href="/wiki/Algal_blooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal blooms">algal blooms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MJ-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Dietary recommendations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Institute of Medicine">U.S. Institute of Medicine</a> (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and <a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">Recommended Dietary Allowances</a> (RDAs) for phosphorus in 1997. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated <a href="/wiki/Adequate_Intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Adequate Intake">Adequate Intake</a> (AI) is used instead. The current EAR for phosphorus for people ages 19 and up is 580 mg/day. The RDA is 700 mg/day. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher-than-average requirements. RDA for pregnancy and lactation are also 700 mg/day. For people ages 1–18 years, the RDA increases with age from 460 to 1250 mg/day. As for safety, the IOM sets <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of phosphorus, the UL is 4000 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intakes</a> (DRIs).<a href="#cite_note-DRItext-137">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR.<a href="#cite_note-efsa24-138">[138]</a> AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 15 and older, including pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, the AI is set at 550 mg/day. For children ages 4–10, the AI is 440 mg/day, and for ages 11–17 it is 640 mg/day. These AIs are lower than the U.S. RDAs. In both systems, teenagers need more than adults.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> EFSA reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was not sufficient information to set a UL.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For phosphorus labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 1000 mg, but as of May 27, 2016, it was revised to 1250 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_sources">Food sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Food sources">edit</a>]</div> The main food sources for phosphorus are the same as those containing <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, although proteins do not contain phosphorus. For example, milk, meat, and soya typically also have phosphorus. As a rule, if a diet has sufficient protein and calcium, the amount of phosphorus is probably sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorus_explosion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phosphorus_explosion.gif/220px-Phosphorus_explosion.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phosphorus_explosion.gif/330px-Phosphorus_explosion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phosphorus_explosion.gif/440px-Phosphorus_explosion.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Phosphorus explosion</figcaption></figure> Organic compounds of phosphorus form a broad class of materials; many are required for life, but some are highly toxic. Fluorophosphate <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> are among the most potent <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxins</a> known. A wide range of organophosphorus compounds are used for their toxicity as <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">herbicides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insecticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecticides">insecticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungicides">fungicides</a>, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weaponised</a> as nerve agents against enemy humans. Most inorganic phosphates are relatively nontoxic and essential nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-17">[17]</a> The white phosphorus allotrope presents a significant hazard because it ignites in the air and produces phosphoric acid residue. Chronic white phosphorus poisoning leads to necrosis of the jaw called "<a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">phossy jaw</a>". White phosphorus is <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>, causing severe liver damage on ingestion and may cause a condition known as "Smoking Stool Syndrome".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the past, external exposure to elemental phosphorus was treated by washing the affected area with 2% <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">copper(II) sulfate</a> solution to form harmless compounds that are then washed away. According to the recent US Navy's Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries: FM8-285: Part 2 Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, "Cupric (copper(II)) sulfate has been used by U.S. personnel in the past and is still being used by some nations. However, copper sulfate is toxic and its use will be discontinued. Copper sulfate may produce kidney and cerebral toxicity as well as intravascular hemolysis."<a href="#cite_note-:0-145">[145]</a> The manual suggests instead "a bicarbonate solution to neutralise phosphoric acid, which will then allow removal of visible white phosphorus. Particles often can be located by their emission of smoke when air strikes them, or by their phosphorescence in the dark. In dark surroundings, fragments are seen as luminescent spots. Promptly <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">debride</a> the burn if the patient's condition will permit removal of bits of WP (white phosphorus) that might be absorbed later and possibly produce systemic poisoning. DO NOT apply oily-based <a href="/wiki/Topical#Ointment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">ointments</a> until it is certain that all WP has been removed. Following complete removal of the particles, treat the lesions as thermal burns."<a href="#cite_note-146">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-145">[145]</a> As white phosphorus readily mixes with oils, any oily substances or ointments are not recommended until the area is thoroughly cleaned and all white phosphorus removed. In the workplace, people can be exposed to phosphorus by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact. The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the phosphorus exposure limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">Permissible exposure limit</a>) in the workplace at 0.1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">Recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 0.1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 5 mg/m3, phosphorus is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_DEA_List_I_status">US DEA List I status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: US DEA List I status">edit</a>]</div> Phosphorus can reduce elemental <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hydroiodic_acid" title="Hydroiodic acid">hydroiodic acid</a>, which is a reagent effective for reducing <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> For this reason, red and white phosphorus were designated by the United States <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> as <a href="/wiki/DEA_list_of_chemicals#List_I_chemicals" title="DEA list of chemicals">List I precursor chemicals</a> under <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">21 CFR 1310.02</a> effective on November 17, 2001.<a href="#cite_note-66_CFR_52670-149">[148]</a> In the United States, handlers of red or white phosphorus are subject to stringent regulatory controls.<a href="#cite_note-66_CFR_52670-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-21_CFR_1309-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSA-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory" title="Hubbert peak theory">Hubbert peak theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> WP, (white phosphorus), exhibits chemoluminescence upon exposure to air and if there is any WP in the wound, covered by tissue or fluids such as blood serum, it will not glow until it is exposed to air, which requires a very dark room and dark-adapted eyes to see clearly </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/phosphorus.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Phosphorus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Phosphorus&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fphosphorus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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(2009). "Controlling Eutrophication: Nitrogen and Phosphorus". Science. 323 (5917): 1014–1015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1167755">10.1126/science.1167755</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19229022">19229022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Controlling+Eutrophication%3A+Nitrogen+and+Phosphorus&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5917&rft.pages=1014-1015&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19229022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1167755&rft.aulast=Conley&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Paerl%2C+Hans+W.&rft.au=Howarth%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028202404/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053254.pdf">"Soil Phosphorous"</a> (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053254.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Soil+Phosphorous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcs.usda.gov%2FInternet%2FFSE_DOCUMENTS%2Fnrcs142p2_053254.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020090515/https://extension.psu.edu/programs/nutrient-management/educational/soil-fertility/managing-phosphorus-for-crop-production#:~:text=The%20challenge%20is%20that%20phosphorus,only%20from%20the%20soil%20solution">"Managing Phosphorus for Crop Production"</a>. Penn State Extension. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.psu.edu/programs/nutrient-management/educational/soil-fertility/managing-phosphorus-for-crop-production#:~:text=The%20challenge%20is%20that%20phosphorus,only%20from%20the%20soil%20solution">the original</a> on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+State+Extension&rft.atitle=Managing+Phosphorus+for+Crop+Production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextension.psu.edu%2Fprograms%2Fnutrient-management%2Feducational%2Fsoil-fertility%2Fmanaging-phosphorus-for-crop-production%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520challenge%2520is%2520that%2520phosphorus%2Conly%2520from%2520the%2520soil%2520solution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Elzea_Kogel2006" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Elzea Kogel, ed. (2006). Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses. SME, 2006. p. 964. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87335-233-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87335-233-5"><bdi>0-87335-233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Minerals+%26+Rocks%3A+Commodities%2C+Markets%2C+and+Uses&rft.pages=964&rft.pub=SME%2C+2006&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-87335-233-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrelfall1951_118-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFThrelfall1951">Threlfall 1951</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiskowskiHofmann-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiskowskiHofmann_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiskowskiHofmann">Diskowski & Hofmann</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDiskowskiHofmann (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland_W._ScholzAmit_H._RoyFridolin_S._BrandDeborah_Hellums2014" class="citation book cs1">Roland W. Scholz; Amit H. Roy; Fridolin S. Brand; Deborah Hellums; Andrea E. Ulrich, eds. (2014-03-12). Sustainable Phosphorus Management: A Global Transdisciplinary Roadmap. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7250-2"><bdi>978-94-007-7250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Phosphorus+Management%3A+A+Global+Transdisciplinary+Roadmap&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7250-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel_Schwartz2016" class="citation book cs1">Mel Schwartz (2016-07-06). Encyclopedia and Handbook of Materials, Parts and Finishes. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-03206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-03206-4"><bdi>978-1-138-03206-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+and+Handbook+of+Materials%2C+Parts+and+Finishes&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft.isbn=978-1-138-03206-4&rft.au=Mel+Schwartz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_R._Davisz2001" class="citation book cs1">Joseph R. Davisz, ed. (January 2001). Copper and Copper Alloys. ASM International. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87170-726-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87170-726-8"><bdi>0-87170-726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copper+and+Copper+Alloys&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2001-01&rft.isbn=0-87170-726-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_J._P._WBaron,_R.Buckland,_D._H.Cooke,_M._A.1962" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, J. P. W; Baron, R.; Buckland, D. H.; et al. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1038164">"Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies"</a>. Br. J. Ind. Med. 19 (2): 83–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.19.2.83">10.1136/oem.19.2.83</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1038164">1038164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14449812">14449812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.+J.+Ind.+Med.&rft.atitle=Phosphorus+Necrosis+of+the+Jaw%3A+A+Present-day+Study%3A+With+Clinical+and+Biochemical+Studies&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-99&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1038164%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14449812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.19.2.83&rft.au=Hughes%2C+J.+P.+W&rft.au=Baron%2C+R.&rft.au=Buckland%2C+D.+H.&rft.au=Cooke%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Craig%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Duffield%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Grosart%2C+A.+W.&rft.au=Parkes%2C+P.+W.+J.&rft.au=Porter%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1038164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crass9-124"><a href="#cite_ref-crass9_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrass,_M._F._Jr.1941" class="citation journal cs1">Crass, M. F. Jr. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jce.divched.org/journal/Issues/1941/Sep/jceSubscriber/JCE1941p0428.pdf">"A history of the match industry. Part 9"</a> (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 18 (9): 428–431. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941JChEd..18..428C">1941JChEd..18..428C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed018p428">10.1021/ed018p428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+match+industry.+Part+9&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=428-431&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed018p428&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941JChEd..18..428C&rft.au=Crass%2C+M.+F.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jce.divched.org%2Fjournal%2FIssues%2F1941%2FSep%2FjceSubscriber%2FJCE1941p0428.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver,_Thomas1906" class="citation journal cs1">Oliver, Thomas (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/archivesofpublic01victuoft#page/2/mode/1up">"Industrial disease due to certain poisonous fumes or gases"</a>. Archives of the Public Health Laboratory. 1. Manchester University Press: 1–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+the+Public+Health+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Industrial+disease+due+to+certain+poisonous+fumes+or+gases&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Farchivesofpublic01victuoft%23page%2F2%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnovitz1987" class="citation journal cs1">Charnovitz, Steve (1987). "The Influence of International Labour Standards on the World Trading Regime. A Historical Overview". 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Post Falls Idaho US: Pyrotechnica Publications. pp. 74–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929388-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-929388-06-2"><bdi>0-929388-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matches&rft.btitle=Pyrotechnics&rft.place=Post+Falls+Idaho+US&rft.pages=74-84&rft.pub=Pyrotechnica+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-929388-06-2&rft.au=Alexander+P.+Hardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrödterBettermannStaffelWahl-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrödterBettermannStaffelWahl_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchrödterBettermannStaffelWahl">Schrödter et al</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchrödterBettermannStaffelWahl (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockery,_Kevin1997" class="citation book cs1">Dockery, Kevin (1997). 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Retrieved 2009-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=66+FR+52670%E2%80%9452675&rft.date=2001-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D2001_register%26docid%3D01-26013-filed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21_CFR_1309-150"><a href="#cite_ref-21_CFR_1309_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503063012/http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/21cfr1309_06.html">"21 cfr 1309"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_06/21cfr1309_06.html">the original</a> on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21+cfr+1309&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.access.gpo.gov%2Fnara%2Fcfr%2Fwaisidx_06%2F21cfr1309_06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSA-151"><a href="#cite_ref-CSA_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa.html">"21 USC, Chapter 13 (Controlled Substances Act)"</a>. Retrieved 2009-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21+USC%2C+Chapter+13+%28Controlled+Substances+Act%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Fdea%2Fpubs%2Fcsa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatty2000" class="citation book cs1">Beatty, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHJIUJM1_JUC">Phosphorus</a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-0946-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-0946-7"><bdi>0-7614-0946-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phosphorus&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7614-0946-7&rft.aulast=Beatty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHJIUJM1_JUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2010" class="citation news cs1">Burns, Melinda (10 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107014214/http://www.miller-mccune.com/science-environment/the-story-of-pee-8736/">"The Story of P(ee)"</a>. Miller-McCune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miller-mccune.com/science-environment/the-story-of-pee-8736/">the original</a> on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miller-McCune&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+P%28ee%29&rft.date=2010-02-10&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miller-mccune.com%2Fscience-environment%2Fthe-story-of-pee-8736%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFCorbridge1995">Corbridge, D. E. C. (1995) "Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-89307-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-89307-5">0-444-89307-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellDrangertWhite2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Cordell" title="Dana Cordell">Cordell, Dana</a>; Drangert, Jan-Olof; White, Stuart (2009). "The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought". Global Environmental Change. 19 (2): 292–305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GEC....19..292C">2009GEC....19..292C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2008.10.009">10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780">0959-3780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1450932">1450932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=The+story+of+phosphorus%3A+Global+food+security+and+food+for+thought&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-305&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2008.10.009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1450932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-3780&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GEC....19..292C&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Drangert%2C+Jan-Olof&rft.au=White%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellWhite2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cordell, Dana; White, Stuart (2011-10-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu3102027">"Peak Phosphorus: Clarifying the Key Issues of a Vigorous Debate about Long-Term Phosphorus Security"</a>. Sustainability. 3 (10): 2027–2049. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu3102027">10.3390/su3102027</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10453%2F31261">10453/31261</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Peak+Phosphorus%3A+Clarifying+the+Key+Issues+of+a+Vigorous+Debate+about+Long-Term+Phosphorus+Security&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2027-2049&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10453%2F31261&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu3102027&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=White%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu3102027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiskowskiHofmann" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Diskowski, Herbert; Hofmann, Thomas. "Phosphorus". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a19_505">10.1002/14356007.a19_505</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phosphorus&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a19_505&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Diskowski&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2000" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2000). The Shocking history of Phosphorus: A biography of the Devil's Element. London: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-76638-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-76638-5"><bdi>0-333-76638-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shocking+history+of+Phosphorus%3A+A+biography+of+the+Devil%27s+Element.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-333-76638-5&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2002" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (7 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D8IMOQAACAAJ">The 13th Element: The Sordid Tale of Murder, Fire, and Phosphorus</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44149-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-44149-6"><bdi>978-0-471-44149-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+13th+Element%3A+The+Sordid+Tale+of+Murder%2C+Fire%2C+and+Phosphorus&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002-01-07&rft.isbn=978-0-471-44149-6&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD8IMOQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHeckenmüllerNaritaKlepper2014">Heckenmüller, M.; Narita, D.; Klepper, G. (2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/90630/1/776834355.pdf">Global availability of phosphorus and its implications for global food supply: An economic overview</a>". Kiel Working Paper no. 1897. Accessed 11 May 2020.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-Medline"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002424.htm">Phosphorus in diet: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia</a>. Nlm.nih.gov (2011-11-07). Retrieved on 2011-11-19.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkesMellor1939" class="citation book cs1">Parkes, G. D.; Mellor, J. W. (1939). Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry. Longman's Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mellor%27s+Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pub=Longman%27s+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=G.+D.&rft.au=Mellor%2C+J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFRuttenberg">Ruttenberg, K. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/3375/Phosphorus-Cycle.html">Phosphorus Cycle – Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycle, Transport of Phosphorus</a>, from Continents to the Ocean, The Marine Phosphorus Cycle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110713204340/http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/3375/Phosphorus-Cycle.html">Archived</a> July 13, 2011, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommers2007" class="citation book cs1">Sommers, Michael A. (2007-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phosphorus0000somm/">Phosphorus</a>. Rosen Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-1960-1"><bdi>978-1-4042-1960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phosphorus&rft.pub=Rosen+Group&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-1960-1&rft.aulast=Sommers&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphosphorus0000somm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrödterBettermannStaffelWahl" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schrödter, Klaus; Bettermann, Gerhard; Staffel, Thomas; Wahl, Friedrich; Klein, Thomas; Hofmann, Thomas. "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a19_465.pub3">10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phosphoric+Acid+and+Phosphates&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a19_465.pub3&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6dter&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Bettermann%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Staffel%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Wahl%2C+Friedrich&rft.au=Klein%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrelfall1951" class="citation book cs1">Threlfall, Richard E. (1951). The Story of 100 years of Phosphorus Making: 1851–1951. Oldbury: Albright & Wilson Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+100+years+of+Phosphorus+Making%3A+1851%E2%80%931951&rft.place=Oldbury&rft.pub=Albright+%26+Wilson+Ltd&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Threlfall&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToy1975" class="citation book cs1">Toy, Arthur D. F. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryofphosp0003toya/">The Chemistry of Phosphorus</a>. Texts in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 3. Pergamon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-4741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-4741-3"><bdi>978-1-4831-4741-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2013-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+Phosphorus&rft.series=Texts+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-4741-3&rft.aulast=Toy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+D.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryofphosp0003toya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodger2002" class="citation book cs1">Podger, Hugh (2002). Albright & Wilson. The Last 50 years. Studley: Brewin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85858-223-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85858-223-7"><bdi>1-85858-223-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albright+%26+Wilson.+The+Last+50+years.&rft.place=Studley&rft.pub=Brewin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85858-223-7&rft.aulast=Podger&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Kolbert, Elizabeth</a>, "Elemental Need: Phosphorus helped save our way of life – and now threatens to end it", <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, 6 March 2023, pp. 24–27. "[T]he world's phosphorus problem [arising from the element's exorbitant use in agriculture] resembles its carbon-dioxide problem, its plastics problem, its groundwater-use problem, its soil-erosion problem, and its nitrogen problem. The path humanity is on may lead to ruin, but, as of yet, no one has found a workable way back." (p. 27.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phosphorus_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phosphorus_compounds" title="Template:Phosphorus compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phosphorus_compounds" title="Template talk:Phosphorus compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phosphorus_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phosphorus compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phosphorus_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus compounds">Phosphorus compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphide" title="Phosphide">Phosphides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum phosphide">AlP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_monophosphide" title="Arsenic monophosphide">AsP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_phosphide" title="Boron phosphide">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphide" title="Bismuth phosphide">BiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_phosphide" title="Caesium phosphide">Cs2P5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphide" title="Calcium phosphide">Ca3P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_phosphide" title="Cadmium phosphide">Cd3P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper phosphide">Cu3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_phosphide" title="Dysprosium phosphide">DyP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium_phosphide" title="Erbium phosphide">ErP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_phosphide" title="Europium(III) phosphide">EuP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium_phosphide" title="Gadolinium phosphide">GdP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_phosphide" title="Gold phosphide">AuP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(III) phosphide">FeP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron(I)_phosphide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron(I) phosphide (page does not exist)">Fe3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_phosphide" title="Hafnium phosphide">HfP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium_phosphide" title="Holmium phosphide">HoP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_phosphide" title="Indium phosphide">InP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_phosphide" title="Lanthanum phosphide">LaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_phosphide" title="Lithium phosphide">Li3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium_phosphide" title="Lutetium phosphide">LuP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_monophosphide" title="Molybdenum monophosphide">MoP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diphosphide" title="Molybdenum diphosphide">MoP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimolybdenum_phosphide" title="Trimolybdenum phosphide">Mo3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_phosphide" title="Niobium phosphide">NbP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium_phosphide" title="Neodymium phosphide">NdP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium phosphide">NpP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_phosphide" title="Neptunium(IV) phosphide">Np3P4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_diphosphide" title="Osmium diphosphide">OsP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diruthenium_phosphide" title="Diruthenium phosphide">Ru2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_diphosphide" title="Platinum diphosphide">PtP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium phosphide">PrP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_pentaphosphide" title="Praseodymium pentaphosphide">PrP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium phosphide">PuP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_phosphide" title="Scandium phosphide">ScP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium phosphide">SmP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_pentaphosphide" title="Samarium pentaphosphide">SmP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_phosphide" title="Strontium phosphide">Sr3P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium_phosphide" title="Terbium phosphide">TbP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_triphosphide" title="Tin triphosphide">SnP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_heptaphosphide" title="Thorium heptaphosphide">ThP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium_phosphide" title="Thulium phosphide">TmP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_phosphide" title="Yttrium phosphide">YP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium phosphide">YbP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_diphosphide" title="Zinc diphosphide">ZnP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_phosphide" title="Zinc phosphide">Zn3P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium phosphide">ZrP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_diphosphide" title="Zirconium diphosphide">ZrP2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_tribromide" title="Phosphorus tribromide">PBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentabromide" title="Phosphorus pentabromide">PBr5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_heptabromide" title="Phosphorus heptabromide">PBr7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">PCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">PCl5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus_tetrachloride" title="Diphosphorus tetrachloride">P2Cl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trifluoride" title="Phosphorus trifluoride">PF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentafluoride" title="Phosphorus pentafluoride">PF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_triiodide" title="Phosphorus triiodide">PI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">PH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">PN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphorus_pentanitride" title="Triphosphorus pentanitride">P3N5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">PO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide" title="Phosphorus trioxide">P2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_tetroxide" title="Phosphorus tetroxide">P2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">P2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sesquisulfide" title="Phosphorus sesquisulfide">P4S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus sulfide">P4Sx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentasulfide" title="Phosphorus pentasulfide">P4S10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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