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interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noin-Ula" title="Noin-Ula – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noin-Ula" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ノヨン・オール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノヨン・オール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noin-ula" title="Noin-ula – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Noin-ula" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noin_U%C5%82a" title="Noin Uła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Noin Uła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noin-Ula_Kurgan%C4%B1" title="Noin-Ula Kurganı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Noin-Ula Kurganı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E5%BD%A5%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0" title="諾彥烏拉墓地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諾彥烏拉墓地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Noin-Ula_burial_site&params=48_23_10.4_N_106_45_17.9_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°23′10.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">106°45′17.9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.386222°N 106.754972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.386222; 106.754972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Tov Province, Mongolia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Noin-Ula burial site</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1924_25.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1924_25.JPG/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_1924_25.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Noin-Ula burial site is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Noin-Ula burial site is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/250px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/500px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.585%;left:76.786%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Noin-Ula burial site"><img alt="Noin-Ula burial site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Continental Asia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Continental Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Noin-Ula burial site is located in Mongolia"><img alt="Noin-Ula burial site is located in Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png/250px-Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png/375px-Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png/500px-Relief_map_of_Mongolia.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="568" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.448%;left:58.103%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Noin-Ula burial site"><img alt="Noin-Ula burial site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Noin-Ula burial site (Mongolia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Mongolia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Noin-Ula burial site</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Batsumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsumber">Batsumber sum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tov_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tov Province">Tov Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Noin-Ula_burial_site&params=48_23_10.4_N_106_45_17.9_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°23′10.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">106°45′17.9″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.386222°N 106.754972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.386222; 106.754972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Burial site</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">1st century BCE-1st century CE</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Noin-Ula burial site</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Ноён уулын булш</span>, <b><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="mn-Latn">Noyon uulyn bulsh</span></span></b>, also <b>Noyon Uul</b>) consist of more than 200 large burial mounds, approximately square in plan, some 2 m in height, covering timber burial chambers. They are located by the <a href="/wiki/Selenga" title="Selenga">Selenga</a> River in the hills of northern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Ulaan_Baatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulaan Baatar">Ulaan Baatar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batsumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsumber">Batsumber sum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tov_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tov Province">Tov Province</a>. They were excavated in 1924–1925 by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kozlov" title="Pyotr Kozlov">Pyotr Kozlov</a>, who found them to be the tombs of the aristocracy of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one is an exceptionally rich burial of a historically known ruler of the Xiongnu, <a href="/wiki/Wuzhuliu" title="Wuzhuliu">Wuzhuliu</a>, who died in 13 CE. Most of the objects from Noin-Ula are now in the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> in Russia, while some artifacts unearthed later by Mongolian archaeologists are on display in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mongolian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Mongolian History">National Museum of Mongolian History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulaan_Baatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulaan Baatar">Ulaan Baatar</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Kurgans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgans">kurgans</a> contained lacquer cups inscribed with Chinese characters believed to be the names of Chinese craftsmen, and dated September 5 year of Tsian-ping era, i.e. 2nd year BCE. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Noin-Ula burial site was first discovered in the spring of 1913 by Andrei Ballod, a Russian geologist doing survey work for a new gold-mining company.<sup id="cite_ref-Man7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After discovering a number of already dug mounds, Ballod assumed they were old goldworkings and excavated one, uncovering a number of artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Man7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realizing the importance of his find, he sent some of the artifacts to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society" title="Russian Geographical Society">Imperial Russian Geological Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Man7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the find was recognized as significant, nothing was done for eleven years due to the chaos of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and subsequent revolutions in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Man8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kozlov" title="Pyotr Kozlov">Pyotr Kozlov</a> was alerted to the find by a member of Ballod's team.<sup id="cite_ref-Man8_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a colleague, Sergei Kondratiev, confirmed that the find was a major discovery, Kozlov changed his plans and eventually excavated eight mounds at the Noin-Ula site.<sup id="cite_ref-Man8_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noin-Ula_kurgans">Noin-Ula kurgans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Noin-Ula kurgans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Noin-Ula burial site is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Noin-Ula burial site is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/330px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/500px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/960px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_288x03" style="position:absolute; 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left:148px; top:82px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khotan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Khotan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x65" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KANGJU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_147x35" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:35px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dinlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinlings"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Dinlings</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x42" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:42px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sarmatians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_10x82" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:82px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ROMAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_58x87" style="position:absolute; left:58px; top:87px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PARTHIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x113" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:113px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)" title="Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MITRAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x125" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SATAVA-<br />HANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">HAN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_195x60" style="position:absolute; left:195px; top:60px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">XIONGNU</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Noin-Ula and contemporary polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1 CE</span></div></div></div> <p>As with some finds of the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a>, the Noin Ula graves had been flooded and subsequently frozen, thus preserving the organic material to a remarkable degree. The tombs were opened in antiquity and the bodies were removed. This corroborates the Han chronicles which state the leaders of one of the nomad tribes, oppressed by the Xiongnu at the height of their empire, took an unprecedented step 100 years after the decline of the Xiongnu. Wishing to unite their subjects, and driven by a desire for revenge, the new nomadic leaders desecrated the <a href="/wiki/Chanyu" title="Chanyu">Chanyus</a>' royal tombs. All the burials were unsealed, and the remains of the Chanyus were removed, together with some of their clothing, weaponry and symbols of authority. However, the robbers left Xiongnu weaponry, home utensils, and art objects, and Chinese artifacts of bronze, <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>, lacquered wood and textiles. Many artifacts show origins along the Great <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and some imported objects and fragments of fabrics are recognized as <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a>. The fabric, color, weaving methods and embroidery of the cloth were similar to the fabric produced in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast for the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>. </p><p>Some tombs include horse burials and one tomb had especially lavish furnishings. The coffin was apparently made in China, and the interred person had many of his possessions buried with him. His horse trappings were elaborately decorated and his leather-covered saddle was threaded with black and red wool clipped to resemble velvet. Magnificent textiles included a woven wool rug lined with thin leather with purple, brown, and white felt appliqué work, and textiles of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactria">Greco-Bactrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> and Anatolian origin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2011)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wuzhuliu">Wuzhuliu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wuzhuliu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_carpet,_animal_styleNoin-Ula_carpet,_animal_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_styleNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_style.jpg/250px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_styleNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_styleNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_style.jpg/330px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_styleNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_styleNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_style.jpg/440px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_styleNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_animal_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Noin-Ula carpet, animal style. 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kurgan No 6 was the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Wuzhuliu" title="Wuzhuliu">Wuzhuliu</a> (烏珠留若提 <i>Wuzhuliuruodi</i>, reigned 8 BCE–13 CE), who is mentioned in the Chinese annals. He is famous for freeing his people from the Chinese protectorate that lasted 56 years, from 47 BCE to 9 CE. Wuzhuliu was buried in 13 CE, a date established from the inscription on a cup given to him by the Chinese Emperor during a reception in the Shanlin park near <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> in 1 BCE. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F.%D0%9A._(%D1%83%D0%BC.1935)_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_1924.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F.%D0%9A._%28%D1%83%D0%BC.1935%29_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_1924.JPG/250px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F.%D0%9A._%28%D1%83%D0%BC.1935%29_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_1924.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F.%D0%9A._%28%D1%83%D0%BC.1935%29_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_1924.JPG/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F.%D0%9A._%28%D1%83%D0%BC.1935%29_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_1924.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F.%D0%9A._%28%D1%83%D0%BC.1935%29_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_1924.JPG/500px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F.%D0%9A._%28%D1%83%D0%BC.1935%29_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_1924.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>An object from the burial site</figcaption></figure> <p>The most dramatic objects of Wuzhuliu's funeral inventory are the textiles, of local, Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> origin. The art objects show that Xiongnu craftsmen used the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian "animal" style</a>. </p><p>A surviving portrait shows a low nose bridge, eyes with <a href="/wiki/Epicanthic_fold" title="Epicanthic fold">epicanthic fold</a>, long wavy hair, divided in the middle, and a braid visibly tied and falling from the tip of the head over the right ear. Such braids were found in other kurgan tombs in the Noin Ula cemetery, they were braided from horsehair, and kept in special cases. The braid was a part of a formal hairstyle, and the braid resembles the death-masks of the <a href="/wiki/Tashtyk_culture" title="Tashtyk culture">Tashtyk</a>. From these observations, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Gumilyov">L.N. Gumilev</a> concluded that among the Xiongnu of the 1st century BC, a far-eastern ideal of beauty overcame the traditional western model, which continued in the art of the Scythian "animal" style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embroidered_carpets">Embroidered carpets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Embroidered carpets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg/330px-Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg/500px-Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg/960px-Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Men in Iranian dress in one of the Noin-Ula embroidered carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been proposed to be <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>. 1st century BC - 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Among the most important artifacts from Noin-Ula are embroidered portrait images. The portraits are not made in the Chinese manner, and are the handiwork of a <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> artist, or perhaps of a <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> master in the capital of the Chanyus (who had active diplomatic relations with these Central Asian states). </p><p>It has been claimed that the portraits depict <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrians">Greco-Bactrians</a>, or are Greek depictions of <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> soldiers from the Black Sea. According to Sergey Yatsenko, the carpets were made by the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and were obtained by the Xiongnu through commercial exchange or tributary payment, as the Yuezhi may have remained tributaries of the Xiongnu a long time following their defeat. Embroidered carpets were one of the highest prized luxury items for the Xiongnu.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuezhi horseman. Noin-Ula carpet.[9]"><img alt="Yuezhi horseman. Noin-Ula carpet.[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg/120px-Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg/250px-Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> horseman. Noin-Ula carpet.<sup id="cite_ref-SAY_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuezhi nobleman and priest over fire altar. Noin-Ula carpet.[9]"><img alt="Yuezhi nobleman and priest over fire altar. Noin-Ula carpet.[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg/250px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg/330px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yuezhi nobleman and priest over fire altar. Noin-Ula carpet.<sup id="cite_ref-SAY_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_nobleman_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Yuezhi nobleman presenting mushroom at fire altar.[9]"><img alt="Detail of Yuezhi nobleman presenting mushroom at fire altar.[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Noin-Ula_nobleman_portrait.jpg/130px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Noin-Ula_nobleman_portrait.jpg/195px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Noin-Ula_nobleman_portrait.jpg/260px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="636" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of Yuezhi nobleman presenting mushroom at fire altar.<sup id="cite_ref-SAY_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_carpet,_fighting_sceneNoin-Ula_carpet,_fighting_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fighting scene, between Yuezhi (warrior on the left in each pair), and Sogdians (warriors on the right in each pair).[9]"><img alt="Fighting scene, between Yuezhi (warrior on the left in each pair), and Sogdians (warriors on the right in each pair).[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_sceneNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_scene.jpg/150px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_sceneNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_sceneNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_scene.jpg/225px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_sceneNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_sceneNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_scene.jpg/300px-Noin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_sceneNoin-Ula_carpet%2C_fighting_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fighting scene, between Yuezhi (warrior on the left in each pair), and <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a> (warriors on the right in each pair).<sup id="cite_ref-SAY_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAY-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_enthroned_figure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noin-Ula enthroned figure.[10][11]"><img alt="Noin-Ula enthroned figure.[10][11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Noin-Ula_enthroned_figure.jpg/134px-Noin-Ula_enthroned_figure.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Noin-Ula_enthroned_figure.jpg/201px-Noin-Ula_enthroned_figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Noin-Ula_enthroned_figure.jpg/268px-Noin-Ula_enthroned_figure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Noin-Ula enthroned figure.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_horsemen,_1st_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Noin-Ula_horsemen%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/250px-Noin-Ula_horsemen%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="550" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Noin-Ula_horsemen%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/330px-Noin-Ula_horsemen%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Noin-Ula_horsemen%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg/500px-Noin-Ula_horsemen%2C_1st_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="3112" /></a><figcaption>Embroidery with horsemen from the burial chamber of the 6th barrow at Noin-Ula, 1st century CE. <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> No. MR 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Noin-Ula burials were intensively studied, but because the cemetery was desecrated in antiquity and bodies removed, no craniological, odontological, or genetic studies could be conducted. One exception is the odontological study of preserved enamel caps of seven permanent teeth belonging to a young woman. The study describes highly diagnostic traits with a very rare combination found in certain ancient and modern populations of the Caspian–Aral region and in the northern Indus–Ganges interfluve. A Parthian woolen cloth in the grave indicates that the woman was of northwestern Indian origin associated with the Parthian culture. The finds suggest that at the beginning of the Common Era, peoples of Parthian origin were incorporated within Xiongnu society.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scfh.ru/en/papers/the-light-of-distant-hellas/">Noin-Ula Hellenistic silver plate</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTreister2016" class="citation journal cs1">Treister, Mikhail (26 July 2016). "On the Find of a Phalera Made from the Medallion of a Hellenistic Cup in Barrow No. 20 of the Noin-Ula Burial-Ground (Northern Mongolia)". <i>Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700577-12341295">10.1163/15700577-12341295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Civilizations+from+Scythia+to+Siberia&rft.atitle=On+the+Find+of+a+Phalera+Made+from+the+Medallion+of+a+Hellenistic+Cup+in+Barrow+No.+20+of+the+Noin-Ula+Burial-Ground+%28Northern+Mongolia%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700577-12341295&rft.aulast=Treister&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoin-Ula+burial+site" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rene-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/39"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoin-Ula+burial+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Man7_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man7_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man7_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMan2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Man_(author)" title="John Man (author)">Man, John</a> (2020). <i>Empire of Horses: The First Nomadic Civilization and the Making of China</i>. New York: Pegasus Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-327-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64313-327-0"><bdi>978-1-64313-327-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Horses%3A+The+First+Nomadic+Civilization+and+the+Making+of+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-64313-327-0&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoin-Ula+burial+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Man8_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man8_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man8_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMan2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Man_(author)" title="John Man (author)">Man, John</a> (2020). <i>Empire of Horses: The First Nomadic Civilization and the Making of China</i>. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoin-Ula+burial+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAY-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAY_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAY_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAY_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAY_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. 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Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9"><bdi>978-1-78969-407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultures+of+Ancient+Xinjiang%2C+Western+China%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Silk+Roads&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-407-9&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Vicziany%2C+Marika&rft.au=Jia%2C+Peter+Weiming&rft.au=Castro%2C+Angelo+Andrea+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxUSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoin-Ula+burial+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLukonin2003" class="citation book cs1">Lukonin, V. G. (Vladimir Grigorʹevich) (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persianart0000luko/page/71/mode/1up"><i>Persian art</i></a>. London : Sirocco. p. 71-73, Object 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904310-13-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904310-13-6"><bdi>978-1-904310-13-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+art&rft.pages=71-73%2C+Object+36&rft.pub=London+%3A+Sirocco&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-904310-13-6&rft.aulast=Lukonin&rft.aufirst=V.+G.+%28Vladimir+Grigor%CA%B9evich%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersianart0000luko%2Fpage%2F71%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoin-Ula+burial+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSutiagina2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sutiagina, Natalia (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45011440/NATALIA_SUTIAGINA_RECONSTRUCTION_OF_THE_INTERIOR_DECORATION_OF_THE_NOIN_ULA_TOMBS_BASED_ON_MATERIALS_FROM_THE_EXCAVATIONS_OF_THE_MONGOLIAN_TIBETAN_EXPEDITION_">"NATALIA SUTIAGINA. RECONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERIOR DECORATION OF THE NOIN-ULA TOMBS (BASED ON MATERIALS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS OF THE MONGOLIAN-TIBETAN EXPEDITION)"</a>. <i>ДРЕВНИЕ И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ КУЛЬТУРЫ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ (СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ, РАЗВИТИЕ И ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ УРБАНИЗИРОВАННЫХ И СКОТОВОДЧЕСКИХ ОБЩЕСТВ)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%94%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%95+%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%AB+%D0%A6%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%90%D0%97%D0%98%D0%98+%28%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95%2C+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%97%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%98+%D0%92%D0%97%D0%90%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%95%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%97%D0%98%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%A5+%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%A9%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%29&rft.atitle=NATALIA+SUTIAGINA.+RECONSTRUCTION+OF+THE+INTERIOR+DECORATION+OF+THE+NOIN-ULA+TOMBS+%28BASED+ON+MATERIALS+FROM+THE+EXCAVATIONS+OF+THE+MONGOLIAN-TIBETAN+EXPEDITION%29&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Sutiagina&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45011440%2FNATALIA_SUTIAGINA_RECONSTRUCTION_OF_THE_INTERIOR_DECORATION_OF_THE_NOIN_ULA_TOMBS_BASED_ON_MATERIALS_FROM_THE_EXCAVATIONS_OF_THE_MONGOLIAN_TIBETAN_EXPEDITION_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoin-Ula+burial+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChikisheva2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chikisheva, T.A.; et al. (2009). "Dental remains From Kurgan 20 At Noin-ula, Mongolia". <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeology,_Ethnology_and_Anthropology_of_Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia">Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia</a></i>. <b>37</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aeae.2009.11.016">10.1016/j.aeae.2009.11.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology%2C+Ethnology+and+Anthropology+of+Eurasia&rft.atitle=Dental+remains+From+Kurgan+20+At+Noin-ula%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aeae.2009.11.016&rft.aulast=Chikisheva&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoin-Ula+burial+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noin-Ula_burial_site&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noin-Ul" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Noin-Ul">Noin-Ul</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>S. S. Minyaev. To the interpretation of some finds from Noyon uul //Ancient Cultures of Eurasia. St-Petersburg, 2010: 182-186.</li> <li>Sergei Miniaev, Julia Elikhina. On the Chronology of the Noyon uul Barrows// The Silk Road 7 (2009): 21-35</li> <li>V. E. Kulikov, E. Iu. Mednikova, Iu. I. Elikhina, S. S. Miniaev. AN EXPERIMENT IN STUDYING THE FELT CARPET FROM NOYON UUL BY THE METHOD OF POLYPOLARIZATION// The Silk Road 8 (2010): 73-78.</li> <li>V. N. Kononov. Vosstanovlenie pervonachal’nykh krasok kovra iz Noin-Ula [Restoration of the</li></ul> <p>original colors of a carpet from Noyon uul]. Moscow-Leningrad, 1937. </p> <ul><li>Kratkie otchety ekspeditsii po issledovaniiuSevernoi Mongolii v sviazi s Mongolo-Tibetskoi</li></ul> <p>ekspeditsii P. K. Kozlova [Brief reports of the expedition to study Northern Mongolia in conjunction with the Mongolia-Tibetan expedition of P. K. Kozlov]. Leningrad, 1925. </p> <ul><li>S. S. Miniaev. “Bronzovye izdeliia Noin-Uly (po rezul’tatam spektral’nogo analiza) [Bronze</li></ul> <p>artefacts of Noyon uul (results of spectroscopic analysis)]. //Kratkie soobshcheniia Instituta arkheologii 167 (1981): </p> <ul><li>A. A. Voskresenskii and V. N. Kononov. "Khimiko-tekhnologicheskii analiz kovra No. 14568" [Technical chemical analysis of carpet no. 14568]. In: Tekhnologicheskoe izuchenie tkanei kurgannykh pogrebenii Noin-Ula [Technical study of the fabrics from the burial barrows of Noyon uul]. Izvestiia GAIMK, XI/vyp. 7-9. Leningrad, 1932: 76–98.</li> <li>Trever C. "Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924–1925)", Leningrad: J. Fedorov Printing House, 1932</li> <li>Rudenko S.I. "Hun Culture and Noin Ula kurgans", M-L, 1962 (In Russian)</li> <li>Rudenko S.I., Gumilev L.N., "Archaeological Studies of P.K.Kozlov from standpoint of historical geography", in News of All-Union Geographical Society No 3, 1966 (In Russian)</li> <li>Gumilev L.N., "History of Hun People", 'Eastern Literature', 1960, Ch. 12 Regained Freedom <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph12.htm">http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/hph12.htm</a></li> <li>N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102846-4" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102846-4">92-3-102846-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://xiongnu.atspace.com">http://xiongnu.atspace.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://eurasica.xiongnu.ru">http://eurasica.xiongnu.ru</a></li> <li>Video: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lisa.gerda-henkel-stiftung.de/videos_projects_watch.php?nav_id=946">Xiongnu – the burial site of the Hun prince (Mongolia)</a> Video-Documentation in 10 Episodes</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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