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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shule Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Shule" title="Royaume de Shule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Shule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A5%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="소륵국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소륵국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Shule" title="Kerajaan Shule – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Shule" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Iranian oasis kingdom in contemporary China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Shule Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names">疏勒</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>–790 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarim Basin in the 3rd century AD (the territory of Shule is colored purple)"><img alt="Tarim Basin in the 3rd century AD (the territory of Shule is colored purple)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/250px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/375px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png/500px-Tarimbecken_3._Jahrhundert.png 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1059" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in the 3rd century AD (the territory of Shule is colored purple)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Kanchaki (dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ?–73 AD </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheng_(King_of_Shule)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheng (King of Shule) (page does not exist)">Cheng</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 73 AD – 73 AD </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douti_(King_of_Shule)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douti (King of Shule) (page does not exist)">Douti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ?–? </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhong_(King_of_Shule)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhong (King of Shule) (page does not exist)">Zhong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• ?–? </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chenpan_(King_of_Shule)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chenpan (King of Shule) (page does not exist)">Chenpan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 168–170 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hede_(King_of_Shule)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hede (King of Shule) (page does not exist)">Hede</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Founded </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Shule becomes a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">127 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Gained independence from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">460 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Shule becomes a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Gokturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturks">gokturks</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from the <a href="/wiki/Gokturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturks">Gokturks</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">630</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Vassalized by <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">632 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by Tibet </div></th><td class="infobox-data">670 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declares vassalage to <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">673</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reconquered by <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">692</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquered by <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetans</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">790 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shule Kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">疏勒</span>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> that was on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a>, in the historical <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> of what is now <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the source of Kashgar's water being a <a href="/wiki/Kashgar_River" title="Kashgar River">river of the same name</a>. Much like the neighboring people of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>, people of Kashgar <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">spoke Saka</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a vassal of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> from the 7th century, Shule was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> in the late 8th century and was eventually incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamicisation_and_Turkicisation_of_Xinjiang#Kara-Khanid_conquest_of_Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang">Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></div> <p>The earliest mention of the Shule is around 120 BC, by <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Western Han Chinese</a> when they were exploring their borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su-il,_Jeong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 127 AD Shule began to pay tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su-il,_Jeong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 168, following <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hede_(King_of_Shule)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hede (King of Shule) (page does not exist)">Hede</a>'s murder of the current ruler (name unknown), the Han declared war on the Shule, ending in the unsuccessful <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Zhenzhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Zhenzhong (page does not exist)">Siege of Zhenzhong</a> in 170 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su-il,_Jeong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the Eastern Han period (220 AD), Shule had conquered the city-states of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhenzhong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhenzhong (page does not exist)">Zhenzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkent">Yarkent</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jieshi_(City-state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jieshi (City-state) (page does not exist)">Jieshi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qusha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qusha (page does not exist)">Qusha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiye (page does not exist)">Xiye</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yinai (page does not exist)">Yinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su-il,_Jeong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 5th century the Shule kingdom became a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Gokturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturks">Gokturks</a>. They gained independence from the Gokturks in 630, when the Gokturks fell in battle to the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su-il,_Jeong-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 632 AD it was <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalized</a> by the Tang, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Tang campaign against the oasis states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources say that they were only made into a <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> and the Tang had very loose <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being conquered by the Tang it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 640</span> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 790</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the stations of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a> between 649 and 670, after 670 one of the garrisons was changed, but Kashgar was still a seat of the four garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 670 AD Shule was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>. In 673 the Shule kingdom declared itself a vassal of the Tang,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was not reconquered by the Tang Chinese until 692 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is alleged and probably untrue that <a href="/wiki/Qutayba_ibn_Muslim" title="Qutayba ibn Muslim">Qutayba ibn Muslim</a> in 715 attacked Kashgar.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broomhall1910_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broomhall1910-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kara Khanid Muslim Turks absorbed Kashgar during the <a href="/wiki/Islamicisation_and_Turkicisation_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang">Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> within Kashgar's vicinity, some non-Turkic languages like the Kanchaki and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> were still used in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-LeviSela2010_2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeviSela2010_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka language</a> group was what Kanchaki belonged to.<sup id="cite_ref-DaniLitvinsky1996_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaniLitvinsky1996-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dani1999_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dani1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the Tarim Basin was linguistically Turkified before the end of the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Akiner2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akiner2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As it was on the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a>, Shule traded mostly through the <a href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SeidenstrasseGMT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SeidenstrasseGMT.JPG/220px-SeidenstrasseGMT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SeidenstrasseGMT.JPG/330px-SeidenstrasseGMT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/SeidenstrasseGMT.JPG/440px-SeidenstrasseGMT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>The capital of the Shule Kingdom, Kashgar, is marked</figcaption></figure> <p>The Northern Silk Road that passed through Kashgar split off into the northern <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> route which ran from <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> over <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kucha_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kucha (city)">Kucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korla" title="Korla">Korla</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_Pass" title="Iron Gate Pass">Iron Gate Pass</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_Ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaohe Ruins">Jiaohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kumul,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumul, Xinjiang">Kumul</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anxi_(historic_town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi (historic town)">Anxi</a>. The southern Tarim Basin route ran from Kashgar over <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkant (town)">Yarkant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kargilik_Town" title="Kargilik Town">Karghalik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guma,_Pishan_County" title="Guma, Pishan County">Pishan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keriya_Town" title="Keriya Town">Keriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niya_(Tarim_Basin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niya (Tarim Basin)">Niya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarqan_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarqan (town)">Qarqan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarkilik_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarkilik (town)">Qarkilik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miran_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miran (China)">Miran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> to Anxi.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paternal_haplogroups">Paternal haplogroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paternal haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saka Shule had predominantly haplogroup Q1a, with R1a and N1a also present.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_haplogroups">Maternal haplogroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maternal haplogroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the maternal haplogroups were H14a, H13a, U2e, U5a, M3a, D4j, C4a.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetically, the Saka Shule appear to be descended from steppe pastoralists associated with the Andronovo/Sintasha and Afanasevo cultures, but with significant contributions from other populations such as the bmac, Baikal HG and local Tarim mummies. During the Iron Age, the region received genetic flow from the Central Asian Saka. There is also minor contribution from Yellow farmer and AASI.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka-Shule_DNA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Saka-Shule_DNA.jpg/250px-Saka-Shule_DNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Saka-Shule_DNA.jpg/500px-Saka-Shule_DNA.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Autosomal DNA Saka Shule. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter_Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter Gatherer">Eastern Hunter Gatherer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasian</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#0bda51"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#0BDA51;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> EHG/ANE), <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Iran Neolithic Farmer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ff2400"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FF2400;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> CHG/INF), <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic">Anatolian Neolithic</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#9966cc"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#9966CC;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">East Asian hunter gatherer</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffff00"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFFF00;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> ANA), Yellow River Neolithic Farmer (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ed760e"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#ED760E;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> YRNF), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Ancestral_South_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Ancestral South Indians">Ancient Ancestral South Indians</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#1560bd"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#1560BD;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> AASI) and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Paleo-Siberian" title="Ancient Paleo-Siberian">Ancient Paleo-Siberian</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#249bba"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#249BBA;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> APS)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka-Shule_DNA2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Saka-Shule_DNA2.jpg/250px-Saka-Shule_DNA2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Saka-Shule_DNA2.jpg/500px-Saka-Shule_DNA2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Autosomal DNA Saka Shule. <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#62ad5e"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#62AD5E;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>), <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#7f5233"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#7F5233;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>), <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#66cee7"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#66CEE7;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Baikal HG</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#e29bae"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#E29BAE;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) and <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Central Saka</a> (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#261f84"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#261F84;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cheng (成) 70</li> <li>Dou Ti (兜題) 72</li> <li>Zhong (忠) 74</li> <li>Cheng Da (成大) 84</li> <li>An Guo (安國) 116</li> <li>Yi Fu (遺腹) 125</li> <li>Chen Pan (臣磐) 127</li> <li>He De (和得) 168</li> <li>A Mijue (阿彌厥) 605</li> <li>Pei Chuo (裴綽) 618</li> <li>Pei Amozhi (裴阿摩支) 627</li> <li>Pei Yijian (裴夷健) 698</li> <li>Pei Anding (裴安定) 728</li> <li>Pei Guoliang (裴國良) 753</li> <li>Pei Lengleng (裴冷冷) 784–789? / Tang general – Lu Yang (魯陽) 789</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millward 2007:23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTremblay2007" class="citation book cs1">Tremblay, Xavier (2007). "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century". In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacker, Stephan Peter (eds.). <i>The Spread of Buddhism</i>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15830-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15830-6"><bdi>978-90-04-15830-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Buddhism+in+Serindia%3A+Buddhism+Among+Iranians%2C+Tocharians+and+Turks+before+the+13th+Century&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15830-6&rft.aulast=Tremblay&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Su-il,_Jeong-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Su-il,_Jeong_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSu-il2016" class="citation book cs1">Su-il, Jeong (July 18, 2016). <i>The Silk Road Encyclopedia</i>. Seoul: Seoul Selection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1624120763" title="Special:BookSources/978-1624120763"><bdi>978-1624120763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Seoul+Selection&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1624120763&rft.aulast=Su-il&rft.aufirst=Jeong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wechsler, Howard J.; Twitchett, Dennis C. (1979). Denis C. Twitchett; John K. Fairbank, eds. The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–227. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9">978-0-521-21446-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitfield 2004, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twitchett 2000, pp. 116–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wechsler 1979, pp. 226–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i> (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xue, p. 596-598.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wechsler 1979, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckwith, 36, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dillon2014" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dillon (August 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2MtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 7–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64721-8"><bdi>978-1-317-64721-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang+and+the+Expansion+of+Chinese+Communist+Power%3A+Kashgar+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=7-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-317-64721-8&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2MtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broomhall1910-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broomhall1910_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Broomhall1910" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Broomhall (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ"><i>Islam in China: A Neglected Problem</i></a>. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ/page/n38">17</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+China%3A+A+Neglected+Problem&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Scott%2C+Limited&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Marshall+Broomhall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ObcNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeviSela2010_2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeviSela2010_2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott_Cameron_LeviRon_Sela2010" class="citation book cs1">Scott Cameron Levi; Ron Sela (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAX5ohFkcVgC&q=kanchaki&pg=PA72"><i>Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 72–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35385-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35385-6"><bdi>978-0-253-35385-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Central+Asia%3A+An+Anthology+of+Historical+Sources&rft.pages=72-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35385-6&rft.au=Scott+Cameron+Levi&rft.au=Ron+Sela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAX5ohFkcVgC%26q%3Dkanchaki%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaniLitvinsky1996-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DaniLitvinsky1996_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Hasan_DaniB._A._LitvinskyUnesco1996" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Hasan Dani; B. A. Litvinsky; Unesco (January 1, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&q=kanchaki&pg=PA283"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750</i></a>. UNESCO. pp. 283–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103211-0"><bdi>978-92-3-103211-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%2C+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=283-&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103211-0&rft.au=Ahmad+Hasan+Dani&rft.au=B.+A.+Litvinsky&rft.au=Unesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC%26q%3Dkanchaki%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dani1999-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dani1999_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Hasan_Dani1999" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Hasan Dani (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FcKtIPVQ6REC&q=kanchaki&pg=PA283"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 283–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1540-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%3A+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=283-&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1540-7&rft.au=Ahmad+Hasan+Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcKtIPVQ6REC%26q%3Dkanchaki%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akiner2013-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akiner2013_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkiner2013" class="citation book cs1">Akiner, Shirin (October 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udjWAQAAQBAJ&q=chagatai+language&pg=PA71"><i>Cultural Change & Continuity In Central Asia</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 71–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-15034-0"><bdi>978-1-136-15034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Change+%26+Continuity+In+Central+Asia&rft.pages=71-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-136-15034-0&rft.aulast=Akiner&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudjWAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchagatai%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia, Judy (2004). The Silk Road From Xi’an to Kashgar. Revised by Christoph Baumer. 2004. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Road%2C+North+China%2C+C.Michael+Hogan%2C+the+Megalithic+Portal%2C+ed.+A.+Burnham&rft.pub=Megalithic.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D18006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/trade/trade.html">"Silk Road Trade Routes"</a>. University of Washington<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Road+Trade+Routes&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Fexhibit%2Ftrade%2Ftrade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarWangJieWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Vikas; Wang, Wenjun; Jie, Zhang; Wang, Yongqiang; Ruan, Qiurong; Yu, Jianjun; Wu, Xiaohong; Hu, Xingjun; Wu, Xinhua; Guo, Wu; Wang, Bo; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Lv, Enguo; Tang, Zihua; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Yang, Ruowei; Feng, Xiaotian; Ping, Wanjing; Zhang, Lizhao; Zhang, Ming; Hou, Weihong; Yichen, Liu; E. Andrew, Bennett (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk1534">"Bronze and Iron Age population movements underlie Xinjiang population history"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>376</b> (6588): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247">10.1126/science.abm4247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684%2F12345">20.500.12684/12345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357918">35357918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bronze+and+Iron+Age+population+movements+underlie+Xinjiang+population+history&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=6588&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12684%2F12345&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35357918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Jie%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yongqiang&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Qiurong&rft.au=Yu%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xingjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xinhua&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bo&rft.au=Niyazi%2C+Alipujiang&rft.au=Lv%2C+Enguo&rft.au=Tang%2C+Zihua&rft.au=Cao%2C+Peng&rft.au=Liu%2C+Feng&rft.au=Dai%2C+Qingyan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ruowei&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xiaotian&rft.au=Ping%2C+Wanjing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Lizhao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ming&rft.au=Hou%2C+Weihong&rft.au=Yichen%2C+Liu&rft.au=E.+Andrew%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarWangJieWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Vikas; Wang, Wenjun; Jie, Zhang; Wang, Yongqiang; Ruan, Qiurong; Yu, Jianjun; Wu, Xiaohong; Hu, Xingjun; Wu, Xinhua; Guo, Wu; Wang, Bo; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Lv, Enguo; Tang, Zihua; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Yang, Ruowei; Feng, Xiaotian; Ping, Wanjing; Zhang, Lizhao; Zhang, Ming; Hou, Weihong; Yichen, Liu; E. Andrew, Bennett (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk1534">"Bronze and Iron Age population movements underlie Xinjiang population history"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>376</b> (6588): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247">10.1126/science.abm4247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684%2F12345">20.500.12684/12345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357918">35357918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bronze+and+Iron+Age+population+movements+underlie+Xinjiang+population+history&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=6588&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12684%2F12345&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35357918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Jie%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yongqiang&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Qiurong&rft.au=Yu%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xingjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xinhua&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bo&rft.au=Niyazi%2C+Alipujiang&rft.au=Lv%2C+Enguo&rft.au=Tang%2C+Zihua&rft.au=Cao%2C+Peng&rft.au=Liu%2C+Feng&rft.au=Dai%2C+Qingyan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ruowei&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xiaotian&rft.au=Ping%2C+Wanjing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Lizhao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ming&rft.au=Hou%2C+Weihong&rft.au=Yichen%2C+Liu&rft.au=E.+Andrew%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarWangJieWang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Vikas; Wang, Wenjun; Jie, Zhang; Wang, Yongqiang; Ruan, Qiurong; Yu, Jianjun; Wu, Xiaohong; Hu, Xingjun; Wu, Xinhua; Guo, Wu; Wang, Bo; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Lv, Enguo; Tang, Zihua; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Yang, Ruowei; Feng, Xiaotian; Ping, Wanjing; Zhang, Lizhao; Zhang, Ming; Hou, Weihong; Yichen, Liu; E. Andrew, Bennett (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk1534">"Bronze and Iron Age population movements underlie Xinjiang population history"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>376</b> (6588): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247">10.1126/science.abm4247</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12684%2F12345">20.500.12684/12345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35357918">35357918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bronze+and+Iron+Age+population+movements+underlie+Xinjiang+population+history&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=6588&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12684%2F12345&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35357918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Jie%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yongqiang&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Qiurong&rft.au=Yu%2C+Jianjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xiaohong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xingjun&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xinhua&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bo&rft.au=Niyazi%2C+Alipujiang&rft.au=Lv%2C+Enguo&rft.au=Tang%2C+Zihua&rft.au=Cao%2C+Peng&rft.au=Liu%2C+Feng&rft.au=Dai%2C+Qingyan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ruowei&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xiaotian&rft.au=Ping%2C+Wanjing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Lizhao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ming&rft.au=Hou%2C+Weihong&rft.au=Yichen%2C+Liu&rft.au=E.+Andrew%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abk1534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shule_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXue1992" class="citation cs2">Xue, Zongzheng (1992), <i>Turkic peoples</i>, 中国社会科学出版社</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkic+peoples&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Zongzheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShule+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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