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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Bestuzev-Rumin" title="Aleksey Bestuzev-Rumin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksey Bestuzev-Rumin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksej_Petrovitj_Bestusjev-Rjumin" title="Aleksej Petrovitj Bestusjev-Rjumin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksej Petrovitj Bestusjev-Rjumin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Petrowitsch_Bestuschew-Rjumin" title="Alexei Petrowitsch Bestuschew-Rjumin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexei Petrowitsch Bestuschew-Rjumin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleks%C3%A9i_Best%C3%BAzhev-Riumin" title="Alekséi Bestúzhev-Riumin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alekséi Bestúzhev-Riumin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Bestoujev-Rioumine" title="Alexis Bestoujev-Rioumine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexis Bestoujev-Rioumine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8E%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98_%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%88%AC%EC%A0%9C%ED%94%84" title="알렉세이 페트로비치 베스투제프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉세이 페트로비치 베스투제프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksej_Petrovi%C4%8D_Bestu%C5%BEev-Rjumin" title="Aleksej Petrovič Bestužev-Rjumin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksej Petrovič Bestužev-Rjumin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%96%27%D7%91-%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אלכסיי בסטוז'ב-ריומין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסיי בסטוז'ב-ריומין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksejs_Bestu%C5%BEevs-Rjumins" title="Aleksejs Bestuževs-Rjumins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksejs Bestuževs-Rjumins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksejus_Bestu%C5%BEevas-Riuminas" title="Aleksejus Bestuževas-Riuminas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksejus Bestuževas-Riuminas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اليكسى بيستوزيف ريومين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليكسى بيستوزيف ريومين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="アレクセイ・ベストゥージェフ＝リューミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクセイ・ベストゥージェフ＝リューミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksiej_Bestu%C5%BCew-Riumin" title="Aleksiej Bestużew-Riumin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksiej Bestużew-Riumin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%A0%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бестужев-Рюмин, Алексей Петрович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бестужев-Рюмин, Алексей Петрович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Bestu%C5%BEev-Rjumin" title="Aleksei Bestužev-Rjumin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksei Bestužev-Rjumin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksej_Bestuzjev-Rjumin" title="Aleksej Bestuzjev-Rjumin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksej Bestuzjev-Rjumin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%A0%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Бестужев-Рюмін Олексій Петрович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бестужев-Рюмін Олексій Петрович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%C2%B7%E5%88%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E7%83%AD%E5%A4%AB-%E7%95%99%E6%98%8E" title="阿列克谢·别斯图热夫-留明 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿列克谢·别斯图热夫-留明" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian diplomat, chancellor of the Russian Empire (1693–1766)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Petrovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Count</div><div class="fn">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Алексей Бестужев-Рюмин</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chancellor_bestuzhev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chancellor_bestuzhev.jpg/220px-Chancellor_bestuzhev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chancellor_bestuzhev.jpg/330px-Chancellor_bestuzhev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chancellor_bestuzhev.jpg/440px-Chancellor_bestuzhev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1693-06-01</span>)</span>June 1, 1693<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 21, 1766<span style="display:none">(1766-04-21)</span> (aged 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Russian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Statesman</li><li>Diplomat</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Anna Ivanovna Bötticher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Andrey Alexeevich Bestuzhev-Ryumin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Pyotr Mikhailovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a> (father)</li><li>Yevdokia Ivanovna Talyzina (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Petrovich_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a> (brother) </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honours</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Order of St. Alexander Nevsky</a> (1734)<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Order of St. Andrew</a> (1741)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the Russian Empire">Chancellor of the Russian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1744–1758</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Petrovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Petrovna">Elizabeth Petrovna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Cherkassky" title="Alexey Cherkassky">Alexey Mikhailovich Cherkassky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov">Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Collegium_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Collegium of Foreign Affairs">Collegium of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1742–1758</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth Petrovna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alexey Mikhailovich Cherkassky</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Vice-Chancellor of the Russian Empire</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1741–1744</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth Petrovna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Golovkin" title="Mikhail Golovkin">Mikhail Gavrilovich Golovkin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Cabinet Minister</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 August 1740 – 19 November 1740</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ioannovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Ioannovna">Anna Ioannovna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan VI">Ivan VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artemy_Petrovich_Volynsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemy Petrovich Volynsky">Artemy Petrovich Volynsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mikhail Gavrilovich Golovkin</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A.P._Bestuzhev-Rumin_by_L.Tocque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A.P._Bestuzhev-Rumin_by_L.Tocque.jpg/220px-A.P._Bestuzhev-Rumin_by_L.Tocque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A.P._Bestuzhev-Rumin_by_L.Tocque.jpg/330px-A.P._Bestuzhev-Rumin_by_L.Tocque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A.P._Bestuzhev-Rumin_by_L.Tocque.jpg/440px-A.P._Bestuzhev-Rumin_by_L.Tocque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Tocqu%C3%A9" title="Louis Tocqué">Louis Tocqué</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> <b>Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Алексей Петрович Бестужев-Рюмин</span>; 1 June 1693 – 21 April 1766) was a Russian diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(Russia)" title="Chancellor (Russia)">chancellor</a>. He was one of the most influential and successful <a href="/wiki/Diplomats" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomats">diplomats</a> in 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. As the chancellor of the Russian Empire was chiefly responsible for Russian foreign policy during the reign of Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizaveta Petrovna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmelina200729-45_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmelina200729-45-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexey was born at <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to an old noble family of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> descent. His father, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a>, was Novgorod governor and a confidant of Empress <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna Ioannova</a>. Later, he became the Russian ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Courland">duchy of Courland</a>. Educated abroad with his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Petrovich_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Mikhail</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Alexey especially distinguished himself in languages and the applied sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911824_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911824-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1712, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> attached Bestuzhev to Prince <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kurakin" title="Boris Kurakin">Kurakin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1713)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht (1713)">Utrecht Congress</a>, that he might learn <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> and, for the same reason, permitted him in 1713 to enter the service of the elector of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a>. The elector, who became King <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I of Great Britain</a>, took him to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1714 and sent him to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> as his accredited minister with a notification of his accession. Bestuzhev then returned to England, where he remained four years. That period laid the necessary groundwork for his brilliant diplomatic career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911824_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911824-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bestuzhev curiously illustrated his passion for intrigue in a letter to Tsarevich <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexey Petrovich</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, assuring his "future sovereign" of his devotion and representing his sojourn in England as the deliberate seclusion of a zealous but powerless well wisher. That extraordinary indiscretion might well have cost him his life, but the tsarevich destroyed the letter. (A copy of the letter, taken by way of precaution beforehand by the Austrian ministers, survived in the Vienna archives.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to Russia, Bestuzhev served for two years without any salary as chief gentleman of the Bedchamber at the court of <a href="/wiki/Anna_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna I of Russia">Anne of Courland</a>. In 1721, he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Lukich_Dolgorukov" title="Vasily Lukich Dolgorukov">Vasily Dolgorukov</a> as Russian minister at Copenhagen. The city then formed a nexus of diplomatic intrigue, as George I of Great Britain had the aim of arming the northern powers against Peter the Great, and Bestuzhev received the commission to counteract that.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> (1721), which terminated the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>'s 21 years of struggle between Russia and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, Bestuzhev designed and had minted a commemorative <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medal</a> with a panegyrical Latin inscription, which so delighted Peter, then at <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, that he sent a letter of thanks written in his own hand along with his portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sudden death of Peter the Great (8 February 1725) seriously injured Bestuzhev's prospects. For more than ten years, he remained at Copenhagen, looking vainly towards Russia as a sort of promised land from which he was excluded by enemies or rivals. He rendered some important services, however, to Empress <a href="/wiki/Anna_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna I of Russia">Anne</a> (reigned 1730–1740), who decorated him and made him a privy councillor. He also won the favour of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Johann_von_Biron" title="Ernst Johann von Biron">Ernst von Biren</a>, and on the tragic fall of <a href="/wiki/Artemy_Petrovich_Volynsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemy Petrovich Volynsky">Artemy Petrovich Volynsky</a> in 1739, Bestuzhev returned to Russia to take Volynsky's place in the council. He assisted Biren to obtain the regency in the last days of Anne, but when his patron fell three weeks later (November 1740), his own position became precarious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_Chancellor_of_the_Russian_Empire">Grand Chancellor of the Russian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grand Chancellor of the Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bestuzhev's chance came when Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a>, immediately after her accession (6 December 1741), summoned him back to court and appointed him vice-chancellor. For the next 20 years, during a period of exceptional difficulty, Bestuzhev practically controlled the foreign policy of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, Bestuzhev judged <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> the natural enemy of Russia. The interests of the two states in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland–Lithuania">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> were diametrically opposed, and Bestuzhev considered that Russia needed to fear the intrigues of France in all three countries, all of which bordered Russia. The enemies of France thus necessarily became the friends of Russia, and its friends were conversely viewed as Russia's enemies. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> became Russia's "natural" allies, and the aggressive and energetic King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick II of Prussia</a>, then engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Silesian Wars</a> and allied with France in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, presented a danger to be guard. Bestuzhev therefore adopted the policy of bringing about a quadruple alliance of Russia, Austria, Britain and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, to counteract the Franco-Prussian league. However, he stood on dangerous ground. Empress Elizabeth herself had an aversion to an alliance with Britain and with Austria, whose representatives had striven to prevent her accession. Many of her personal friends, in the pay of France and Prussia, took part in innumerable conspiracies to overthrow Bestuzhev. Despite those hindrances, Bestuzhev, aided by his elder brother, Mikhail, implemented his policy step by step.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia and Sweden <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War,_1741-1743" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Swedish War, 1741-1743">had commenced hostilities in 1741</a>. On 11 December 1742 Bestuzhev concluded a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive alliance">defensive alliance</a> between Britain and Russia. He had previously rejected with scorn French proposals to mediate between Russia and Sweden on the basis of a territorial surrender on the part of the former. Bestuzhev conducted the war so vigorously that by the end of 1742, Sweden lay at the mercy of Russia. During the negotiations for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C3%85bo" title="Treaty of Åbo">Treaty of Åbo</a> (January to August 1743) Bestuzhev insisted for Sweden to cede the whole of <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland</a> to Russia, thus completing the work of Peter the Great. However, the French contrived to get better terms for Sweden by artfully appealing to Empress Elizabeth's fondness for the House of <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>. The Swedes, with the encouragement of Elizabeth, accepted <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">Adolphus Frederick</a>, Duke of Holstein, as their future king, and, in return, received Finland again, with the exception of a small strip of land up to the <a href="/wiki/Kymmene_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kymmene River">Kymmene River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bestuzhev could not prevent the signing of a Russo-Prussian defensive alliance in March 1743 but deprived it of all political significance by excluding the proposed guarantee of Frederick's conquests from the <a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_War" title="First Silesian War">First Silesian War</a>. Moreover Bestuzhev's efforts made the standing of the Prussian king, whom he regarded as even more dangerous than France, at the Russian court fell steadily, and the vice-chancellor prepared the way for an alliance with Austria by agreeing on 1 November 1743 to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">Treaty of Breslau</a> of 11 June 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bogus <a href="/wiki/Lopukhina_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopukhina Conspiracy">Lopukhina Conspiracy</a>, however, put in place by the Holstein faction and aided by France and Prussia, persuaded Elizabeth that the Austrian ambassador had intrigued to restore <a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a> to the throne and alienated her from Austria for a time. Bestuzhev's ruin appeared certain when, in 1743, a French agent, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Joachim_Trotti,_marquis_de_la_Ch%C3%A9tardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Joachim Trotti, marquis de la Chétardie">Jacques-Joachim Trotti, marquis de la Chétardie</a>, arrived to reinforce his enemies. However, Bestuzhev found a friend in need in <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov">Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov</a>, the empress's confidant, who shared his political views. Still, his position remained most delicate, especially when the betrothal between Grand-Duke <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter</a> and Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst (later <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II</a>) took place against his will, and <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Elisabeth_of_Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp">Elizabeth of Holstein</a>, the mother of the bride, arrived to promote Prussian interests. Frederick II, conscious of the instability of his French ally, now keenly wished to contract an offensive alliance with Russia. The first step to realizing that plan required the overthrow of Bestuzhev, "upon whom", Frederick II wrote to his minister Axel von Mardefeld, "the fate of Prussia and my own house depends". However, Bestuzhev succeeded, at last, in convincing the empress of Chétardie's dangerous intrigues, and on 6 June 1744, Chétardie received orders to quit Russia within twenty-four hours. Five weeks later, Bestuzhev became grand chancellor (15 July 1744). Before the end of the year, Elizabeth of Holstein also was expelled from Russia, and Bestuzhev remained supreme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Prussian_coalition">Anti-Prussian coalition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-Prussian coalition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European diplomacy then focused on the king of Prussia, whose apparently insatiable acquisitiveness disturbed all his neighbours. Bestuzhev's offer, communicated to the British government at the end of 1745, to attack Prussia if Britain would guarantee subsidies to the amount of some £6,000,000, carried no weight now that Austria and Prussia had started coming to terms. Then, Bestuzhev turned to Austria and, on 22 May 1746, concluded an offensive and defensive alliance between both powers that was manifestly directed against Prussia. In 1747, he also signed alliances with <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">the Porte</a>. At the same time, Bestuzhev resisted any rapprochement with France and severely rebuked the court of Saxony for its intrigues with the French court in Versailles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then felt hampered by the persistent opposition of the vice-chancellor <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Illarionovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov">Mikhail Vorontsov</a>, formerly his friend but now his jealous rival, whom Frederick the Great secretly supported. In 1748, however, Bestuzhev was able to have Vorontsov removed by proving to the empress that Vorontsov had received money from Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hour of Bestuzhev's triumph coincided with the peace congress of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Aix-la-Chapelle</a> (April to October 1748), which altered the whole situation of European politics and introduced fresh combinations, the breaking away of Prussia from France and a <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> between Britain and Prussia, with the inevitable corollary of an alliance between France and the enemies of Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bestuzhev's strong political prejudices, at first, prevented him from properly recognising that change. Passion had always been too large an ingredient in his diplomacy. His Anglomania also misled him. His enemies, headed by his elder brother, Mikhail and the vice-chancellor Vorontsov, were powerless while his diplomacy seemed faultless but quickly took advantage of his mistakes. When the Anglo-Prussian and Franco-Austrian Alliances were formed in the first half of 1756, Vorontsov advocated the accession of Russia to the latter, but Bestuzhev insisted on a treaty with Britain. However, his influence had started to wane. The totally unexpected Anglo-Prussian alliance had justified the arguments of his enemies that Britain seemed impossible to deal with, while his hatred of France prevented him from adopting the only alternative of an alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counter the covert intrigues against him, Bestuzhev now proposed the erection of a council of ministers to settle all important affairs, and its first session (14–30 March 1756) proposed an alliance with Austria, France and Poland against Frederick II, but Bestuzhev opposed any arrangement with France. He endeavoured to counteract his failing influence by a secret alliance with Grand-Duchess Catherine, whom he proposed to raise to the throne instead of her Holstein husband, Peter, from whom Bestuzhev expected nothing good either for himself or for Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911826_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911826-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He conducted negotiations through <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> and then the Russian ambassador of Saxony, later Stanisław II of Poland. </p><p>The inclusion of Russia in the anti-Prussian coalition (1756) in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763) occurred over Bestuzhev's head, and the cowardice and incapacity of his friend, the Russian commander-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Fyodorovich_Apraksin" title="Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin">Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin</a>, after winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf">Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf</a> (30 August 1757), became the pretext for overthrowing the chancellor. His unwillingness to agree to the coalition became magnified in opposition accounts into a determination to defeat it although his opponents never proved anything against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911826_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911826-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKindinov201536-54_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKindinov201536-54-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, he lost the chancellorship and suffered banishment to his estate at Goretovo (April 1759), where he remained until the accession of Catherine II (28 June 1762). Catherine recalled him to court and made him a <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a>. However, he took no leading part in affairs and died on 21 April 1766 in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin_snuffbox02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin_snuffbox02.jpg/220px-Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin_snuffbox02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin_snuffbox02.jpg/330px-Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin_snuffbox02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin_snuffbox02.jpg/440px-Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin_snuffbox02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Bestuzhev's silver <a href="/wiki/Snuffbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Snuffbox">snuffbox</a> with impressions of portrait medallions minted to his order.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmelina200729-45-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmelina200729-45_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmelina2007">Emelina 2007</a>, p. 29-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911824-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911824_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911824_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1911">Bain 1911</a>, p. 824.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911825-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911825_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1911">Bain 1911</a>, p. 825.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain1911826-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911826_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain1911826_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBain1911">Bain 1911</a>, p. 826.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKindinov201536-54-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKindinov201536-54_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKindinov2015">Kindinov 2015</a>, p. 36-54.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmer_Elena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palmer Elena (page does not exist)">Palmer Elena</a>. Peter III. Der Prinz von Holstein. Sutton, Germany, 2005 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89702-788-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-89702-788-7">3-89702-788-7</a></li> <li>The Winter Palace by Eva Stachniak, chancellor and the teacher of spies to the main character.</li> <li><i>The Sbornik of the Russian Historical Society</i>, vols. 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 22, 26, 66, 79, 80, 81, 85-86, 91-92, 96, 99, 100, 103 (St Petersburg, 1870, &c.)</li> <li><i>Politische Correspondenz Friedrichs des Grossen</i>, vols. 1–21 (Berlin, 1879–1904.)</li> <li>R. Nisbet Bain, <i>The Daughter of Peter the Great</i> (London, 1899).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmelina2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Emelina, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9519114">"Алексей Петрович Бестужев-Рюмин"</a> [Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Riumin]. <i>Вопросы истории</i> (in Russian). <b>7</b>: 29–45. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-8779">0042-8779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%A0%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=29-45&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0042-8779&rft.aulast=Emelina&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elibrary.ru%2Fitem.asp%3Fid%3D9519114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexey+Bestuzhev-Ryumin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindinov2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kindinov, Mikhail (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nauka-dialog.ru/assets/userfiles/2006/36-54_Kindinov_ND_2015_8(44).pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Система Петра Великого": к вопросу о дипломатии канцлера А. П. Бестужева-Рюмина (1748—1756 гг.)"</a> ["System of Peter the Great": on Chancellor A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin Diplomacy (1748—1756)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nauchny Dialog</i> (in Russian). <b>8</b> (44). Gorno-Altaysk: 36–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nauchny+Dialog&rft.atitle=%22%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%22%3A+%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%90.+%D0%9F.+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A0%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%281748%E2%80%941756+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=36-54&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kindinov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnauka-dialog.ru%2Fassets%2Fuserfiles%2F2006%2F36-54_Kindinov_ND_2015_8%2844%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexey+Bestuzhev-Ryumin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bestuzhev-Ryumin,_Alexius_Petrovich,_Count" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alexius Petrovich, Count">Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alexius Petrovich, Count</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 824–826.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bestuzhev-Ryumin%2C+Alexius+Petrovich%2C+Count&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=824-826&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexey+Bestuzhev-Ryumin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnisimov2023" class="citation web cs1">Anisimov, E. V. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3789920">"БЕСТУЖЕВ-РЮМИН АЛЕКСЕЙ ПЕТРОВИЧ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia#Electronic_version" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia.+Electronic+version&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%96%D0%95%D0%92-%D0%A0%D0%AE%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9D+%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%99+%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A7&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Anisimov&rft.aufirst=E.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.bigenc.ru%2Fdomestic_history%2Ftext%2F3789920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexey+Bestuzhev-Ryumin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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