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<ul id="toc-Political_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merging_of_Scottish_and_English_Parliaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merging_of_Scottish_and_English_Parliaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Merging of Scottish and English Parliaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merging_of_Scottish_and_English_Parliaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_Anne,_1702–1714" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_Anne,_1702–1714"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Queen Anne, 1702–1714</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_Anne,_1702–1714-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanoverian_succession:_1714–1760" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanoverian_succession:_1714–1760"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hanoverian succession: 1714–1760</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanoverian_succession:_1714–1760-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-George_I:_1714–1727" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_I:_1714–1727"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>George I: 1714–1727</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_I:_1714–1727-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Walpole:_1721–1742" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Walpole:_1721–1742"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Age of Walpole: 1721–1742</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Walpole:_1721–1742-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Sea_Bubble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Sea_Bubble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2.1</span> <span>South Sea Bubble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Sea_Bubble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Patronage and corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Walpole's_foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walpole's_foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.1</span> <span>Walpole's foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walpole's_foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_debt_and_taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_debt_and_taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.2</span> <span>Lower debt and taxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_debt_and_taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walpole's_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walpole's_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.3</span> <span>Walpole's reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walpole's_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_George_III,_1760–1820" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_George_III,_1760–1820"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Age of George III, 1760–1820</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_George_III,_1760–1820-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victory_in_the_Seven_Years'_War,_1756–1763" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory_in_the_Seven_Years'_War,_1756–1763"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory_in_the_Seven_Years'_War,_1756–1763-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelical_religion_and_social_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelical_religion_and_social_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Evangelical religion and social reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelical_religion_and_social_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>First British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mercantilist_trade_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercantilist_trade_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Mercantilist trade policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercantilist_trade_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_the_13_American_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_the_13_American_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Loss of the 13 American colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_the_13_American_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Second British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battling_the_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battling_the_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Battling the French Revolution and Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battling_the_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.1</span> <span>Napoleon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_of_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Parliament of Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_of_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Great Britain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Groot-Brittanje" title="Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk van Groot-Brittanje" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien" title="Königreich Großbritannien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Königreich Großbritannien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greate_Bryten_Cynerice" title="Greate Bryten Cynerice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Greate Bryten Cynerice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89" title="مملكة بريطانيا العظمى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة بريطانيا العظمى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Gran_Bretanya" title="Reino de Gran Bretanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino de Gran Bretanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Reinu de Gran Bretaña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Gran Bretaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniya_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Böyük Britaniya krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Britaniya krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="بویوک بریتانیا کراللیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بویوک بریتانیا کراللیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গ্রেট ব্রিটেন রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রেট ব্রিটেন রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i_Put-lia%CC%8Dt-tian_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi Put-lia̍t-tian Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каралеўства Вялікабрытанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Вялікабрытанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Вялікабрытанія (каралеўства) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікабрытанія (каралеўства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кралство Великобритания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Великобритания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Velika_Britanija" title="Kraljevina Velika Britanija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kraljevina Velika Britanija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Breizh-Veur" title="Rouantelezh Breizh-Veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Breizh-Veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_la_Gran_Bretanya" title="Regne de la Gran Bretanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de la Gran Bretanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingharian_sa_Gran_Britanya" title="Gingharian sa Gran Britanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gingharian sa Gran Britanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_Velk%C3%A9_Brit%C3%A1nie" title="Království Velké Británie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Království Velké Británie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_Prydain_Fawr" title="Teyrnas Prydain Fawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas Prydain Fawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Storbritannien" title="Kongeriget Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien" title="Königreich Großbritannien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Großbritannien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurbritannia_kuningriik" title="Suurbritannia kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suurbritannia kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Reino de Gran Bretaña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Gran Bretaña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_de_Granda_Britio" title="Reĝlando de Granda Britio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando de Granda Britio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainia_Handiko_Erresuma" title="Britainia Handiko Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainia Handiko Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پادشاهی بریتانیای کبیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی بریتانیای کبیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande-Bretagne_(royaume)" title="Grande-Bretagne (royaume) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande-Bretagne (royaume)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninkryk_Grut-Brittanje" title="Keninkryk Grut-Brittanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keninkryk Grut-Brittanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_na_Breataine_M%C3%B3ire" title="Ríocht na Breataine Móire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht na Breataine Móire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_y_Vretyn_Vooar" title="Reeriaght y Vretyn Vooar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght y Vretyn Vooar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Reino de Gran Bretaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino de Gran Bretaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%BC_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="그레이트브리튼 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이트브리튼 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="ग्रेट ब्रिटेन राजशाही – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेट ब्रिटेन राजशाही" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Velike_Britanije" title="Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Britania_Raya_(1707%E2%80%931800)" title="Kerajaan Britania Raya (1707–1800) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Britania Raya (1707–1800)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_St%C3%B3ra-Bretland" title="Konungsríkið Stóra-Bretland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konungsríkið Stóra-Bretland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Gran_Bretagna" title="Regno di Gran Bretagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Gran Bretagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ממלכת בריטניה הגדולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת בריטניה הגדולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="დიდი ბრიტანეთის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი ბრიტანეთის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ұлыбритания Патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлыбритания Патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grann_Bretay_(way%C3%B2m)" title="Grann Bretay (wayòm) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grann Bretay (wayòm)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%88" title="ລາຊະອານາຈັກບຣິເຕນໃຫຍ່ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະອານາຈັກບຣິເຕນໃຫຍ່" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielbrit%C4%81nijas_Karaliste" title="Lielbritānijas Karaliste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielbritānijas Karaliste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy-Britannia_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1ga" title="Nagy-Britannia Királysága – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy-Britannia Királysága" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кралство Велика Британија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Велика Британија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रेट ब्रिटनचे राजतंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रेट ब्रिटनचे राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94" title="დიდი ბრიტანეთიშ ომაფე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიდი ბრიტანეთიშ ომაფე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%89" title="مملكة بريطانيا العظمى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة بريطانيا العظمى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Great_Britain" title="Kerajaan Great Britain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Great Britain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Groot-Brittanni%C3%AB" title="Koninkrijk Groot-Brittannië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Groot-Brittannië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="グレートブリテン王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレートブリテン王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriket_Storbritannia" title="Kongeriket Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kongeriket Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80" title="ਗਰੇਟ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੇਨ ਦੀ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੇਟ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੇਨ ਦੀ ਬਾਦਸ਼ਾਹੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مملکت برطانیہ عظمی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مملکت برطانیہ عظمی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%DB%90_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A" title="د لويې بريتانيا پاچاهي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د لويې بريتانيا پاچاهي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Wielkiej_Brytanii" title="Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Gr%C3%A3-Bretanha" title="Reino da Grã-Bretanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Grã-Bretanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Marii_Britanii" title="Regatul Marii Britanii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Marii Britanii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Кральовство Великой Британии – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кральовство Великой Британии" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Королевство Великобритания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевство Великобритания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinrick_o_Great_Breetain" title="Kinrick o Great Breetain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kinrick o Great Breetain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_e_Britanis%C3%AB_s%C3%AB_Madhe" title="Mbretëria e Britanisë së Madhe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria e Britanisë së Madhe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Great Britain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AA" title="عظيم برطانيا جي بادشاهت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عظيم برطانيا جي بادشاهت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo_Ve%C4%BEkej_Brit%C3%A1nie" title="Kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kráľovstvo Veľkej Británie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevina_Velika_Britanija" title="Kraljevina Velika Britanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljevina Velika Britanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86" title="شانشینی بەڕیتانیای مەزن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی بەڕیتانیای مەزن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Краљевство Велика Британија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краљевство Велика Британија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Velika_Britanija" title="Kraljevstvo Velika Britanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kraljevstvo Velika Britanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ison-Britannian_kuningaskunta" title="Ison-Britannian kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ison-Britannian kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Storbritannien" title="Kungariket Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Gran_Britanya" title="Kaharian ng Gran Britanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Gran Britanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெரிய பிரித்தானிய இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெரிய பிரித்தானிய இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Подшоҳии Бритониёи Кабир – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Подшоҳии Бритониёи Кабир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Britanya_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Büyük Britanya Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Britanya Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Королівство Великої Британії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівство Великої Британії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مملکت برطانیہ عظمی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت برطانیہ عظمی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_de_Gran_Bretagna" title="Regno de Gran Bretagna – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno de Gran Bretagna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Anh" title="Vương quốc Đại Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Đại Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="大不列颠王国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大不列颠王国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cl%C3%BA-%E1%BB%8Dba_Br%C3%ADt%C3%A1n%C3%AC_Ol%C3%B3k%C3%ACk%C3%AD" title="Ìlú-ọba Brítánì Olókìkí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìlú-ọba Brítánì Olókìkí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大不列顛王國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Constitutional monarchy in Western Europe (1707–1800)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the British kingdom as it existed from 1707 to the end of 1800. For the island, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. For the United Kingdom between 1801 and 1922, see <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. For the modern state, see <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Great Britain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1707–1800</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Flag of Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_(1714%E2%80%931801).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1714–1800) of Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Coat of arms (1714–1800) of Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain" title="Coat of arms of Great Britain">Coat of arms<br />(1714–1800)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br /> "God and my right"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(since 1745)<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="127" data-mwtitle="Rufst_du,_mein_Vaterland_(1938).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain" title="Coat of arms of Great Britain">Royal coat of arms in Scotland</a>:</b><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_(1714-1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg/98px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg/147px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg/196px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Britain_1789.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Britain in 1789; Kingdom of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, and Electorate of Hanover in light green"><img alt="Great Britain in 1789; Kingdom of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, and Electorate of Hanover in light green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Great_Britain_1789.svg/250px-Great_Britain_1789.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Great_Britain_1789.svg/375px-Great_Britain_1789.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Great_Britain_1789.svg/500px-Great_Britain_1789.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Great Britain in 1789; <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a> in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&params=51_30_N_0_7_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°7′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.500°N 0.117°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.500; -0.117</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised regional languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1707–1714<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1714–1727 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1727–1760 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1760–1800<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1721–1742 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1783–1800 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1706</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Union with Ireland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1800</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/20px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/30px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/40px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Scotland_%281542%E2%80%932003%2C_sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:History of the United Kingdom">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History of the United Kingdom</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_003-BRITANNIA_prout_divisa_fuit_temporibus_ANGLO-SAXONUM,_praesertim_durante_illorum_HEPTARCHIA_crop.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="BRITANNIA prout divisa fuit temporibus ANGLO-SAXONUM, praesertim durante illorum HEPTARCHIA"><img alt="BRITANNIA prout divisa fuit temporibus ANGLO-SAXONUM, praesertim durante illorum HEPTARCHIA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_003-BRITANNIA_prout_divisa_fuit_temporibus_ANGLO-SAXONUM%2C_praesertim_durante_illorum_HEPTARCHIA_crop.jpeg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_003-BRITANNIA_prout_divisa_fuit_temporibus_ANGLO-SAXONUM%2C_praesertim_durante_illorum_HEPTARCHIA_crop.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_003-BRITANNIA_prout_divisa_fuit_temporibus_ANGLO-SAXONUM%2C_praesertim_durante_illorum_HEPTARCHIA_crop.jpeg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_003-BRITANNIA_prout_divisa_fuit_temporibus_ANGLO-SAXONUM%2C_praesertim_durante_illorum_HEPTARCHIA_crop.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_003-BRITANNIA_prout_divisa_fuit_temporibus_ANGLO-SAXONUM%2C_praesertim_durante_illorum_HEPTARCHIA_crop.jpeg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B11_003-BRITANNIA_prout_divisa_fuit_temporibus_ANGLO-SAXONUM%2C_praesertim_durante_illorum_HEPTARCHIA_crop.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3197" data-file-height="4316" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed {{#if|hlist}}"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front 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border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Great_Britain_(1707%E2%80%931800).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Great Britain"><img alt="Flag of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other wars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars" title="Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars">Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><b><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></b></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></b></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Forty-five Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Bourbon War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_Great_Britain" title="Template:Wars of Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Wars_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Wars of Great Britain (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Great Britain</b>, officially known as <b>Great Britain</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> from 1707<sup id="cite_ref-Act_of_Union_1707_article_I_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Act_of_Union_1707_article_I-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> and ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, which united the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and its outlying islands, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> was governed by a single <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">parliament</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, but distinct legal systems—<a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a>—remained in use. </p><p>The formerly separate kingdoms had been in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> since the 1603 "<a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>" when <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a> became <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a>. Since James's reign, who had been the first to refer to himself as "king of Great Britain", a political union between the two mainland British kingdoms had been repeatedly attempted and aborted by both the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1702–1714</span>) did not produce a clear <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> heir and endangered the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession">line of succession</a>, with the laws of succession differing in the two kingdoms and threatening a return to the throne of Scotland of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>, exiled in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688. </p><p>The resulting kingdom was in legislative and personal union with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> from its inception, but the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> resisted early attempts to incorporate Ireland in the political union. The early years of the newly united kingdom were marked by <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite rising of 1715</a>. The relative incapacity or ineptitude of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian kings</a> resulted in a growth in the powers of Parliament and a new role, that of "<a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>", emerged in the heyday of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>. The "South Sea Bubble" economic crisis was brought on by the failure of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a>. The campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> ended in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">defeat for the Stuarts' cause in 1746</a>. </p><p>The Hanoverian line of monarchs gave their names to the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a> and the term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Georgian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Georgian">Georgian</a>" is typically used in the contexts of social and political history for <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature" title="Augustan literature">Augustan literature</a>" is often used for <a href="/wiki/Augustan_drama" title="Augustan drama">Augustan drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustan_poetry" title="Augustan poetry">Augustan poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustan_prose" title="Augustan prose">Augustan prose</a> in the period 1700–1740s. The term "Augustan" refers to the acknowledgement of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victory in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> led to the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which was to become the foremost global power for over a century. Great Britain dominated the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> through the trading and military expansion of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial India</a>. In wars against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, it gained control of both <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, and until suffering defeat in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>, it also had dominion over the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. From 1787, Britain began the colonisation of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> with the departure of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> in the process of <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Britain was a leading belligerent in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. </p><p>Great Britain was merged into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> on 1 January 1801, with the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, enacted by Great Britain and Ireland, under <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, to merge with it the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain (place name)</a></div> <p>The name <i>Britain</i> descends from the Latin name for the island of Great Britain, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Britannia</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Brittānia</i></span>, the land of the Britons via the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Bretaigne</i></span> (whence also <a href="/wiki/Modern_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern French">Modern French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bretagne</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Bretayne</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Breteyne</i></span>. The term <i>Great Britain</i> was first used officially in 1474.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the word "Great" before "Britain" originates in the French language, which uses <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bretagne</i></span> for both Britain and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. French therefore distinguishes between the two by calling Britain <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la Grande Bretagne</i></span>, a distinction which was transferred into English.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> state that England and Scotland were to be "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain",<sup id="cite_ref-Acts_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acts-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as such "Great Britain" was the official name of the state, as well as being used in titles such as "Parliament of Great Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-name_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Great Britain</i> had been in use in some official contexts for a century, such as at the proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>'s acession to the throne in 1625 as "King of Great Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The websites of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, and others, including the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Association" title="Historical Association">Historical Association</a>, refer to the state created on 1 May 1707 as <i>the United Kingdom of Great Britain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Acts and the Treaty describe the country as "One Kingdom" and a "United Kingdom", leading some publications to treat the state as the "United Kingdom".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>United Kingdom</i> was sometimes used informally during the 18th century to describe the state.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_structure">Political structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Act of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The kingdoms of England and Scotland, both in existence from the 9th century (with England incorporating Wales in the 16th century), were separate states until 1707. However, they had come into a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> in 1603, when James VI of Scotland became king of England under the name of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> meant that the whole of the island of Great Britain was now ruled by a single monarch, who by virtue of holding the English crown also ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>. Each of the three kingdoms maintained its own parliament and laws. Various smaller islands were in the king's domain, including the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. </p><p>This disposition changed dramatically when the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a> came into force, with a single unified <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom#After_the_1707_Acts_of_Union" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Crown of Great Britain</a> and a single unified parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland remained formally separate, with its own parliament, until the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> took effect. The Union of 1707 provided for <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">a Protestant-only succession</a> to the throne in accordance with the English <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>; rather than Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Security_1704" title="Act of Security 1704">Act of Security 1704</a> (c.3 (S)) and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_War_Act_1703" title="Peace and War Act 1703">Peace and War Act 1703</a> (c. 6) (S)), which ceased to have effect by the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Certain_Scotch_Acts_1707" title="Repeal of Certain Scotch Acts 1707">Repeal of Certain Scotch Acts 1707</a>. The Act of Settlement required that the heir to the English throne be a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Electress_Sophia_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Electress Sophia of Hanover">Electress Sophia of Hanover</a> and not a Roman Catholic; this brought about the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian succession</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I of Great Britain</a> in 1714. </p><p>Legislative power was vested in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>, which replaced both the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, it was a continuation of the English parliament, sitting at the same location in Westminster, expanded to include representation from Scotland. As with the former Parliament of England and the modern <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, the Parliament of Great Britain was formally constituted of three elements: the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>. The right of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">English peers</a> to sit in the House of Lords remained unchanged, while the disproportionately large number of <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scottish peers</a> were permitted to send only sixteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_representative_peers" title="List of Scottish representative peers">Scottish representative peers</a>, elected from amongst their number for the life of each parliament. Similarly, the members of the former English House of Commons continued as members of the British House of Commons, but as a reflection of the relative tax bases of the two countries the number of Scottish representatives was fixed at 45. Newly created peers in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a>, and their successors, had the right to sit in the Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams196211–43_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams196211–43-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the end of a separate parliament for Scotland, it retained its own laws and system of courts, as also its own established Presbyterian Church and control over its own schools. The social structure was highly hierarchical, and the same ruling class remained in control after 1707.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962271–287_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962271–287-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scotland continued to have its own universities, and with its intellectual community, especially in Edinburgh, the Scottish Enlightenment had a major impact on British, American, and European thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_Ireland">Role of Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of <a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a> of 1495, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> was subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, and after 1707 to the Parliament of Great Britain. The Westminster parliament's <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act_1719" title="Declaratory Act 1719">Declaratory Act 1719</a> (also called the Dependency of Ireland on Great Britain Act 1719) noted that the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> had recently "assumed to themselves a Power and Jurisdiction to examine, correct and amend" judgements of the Irish courts and declared that as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> was subordinate to and dependent upon the crown of Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King</a>, through the Parliament of Great Britain, had "full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient validity to bind the Kingdom and people of Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostinWatson1952128–129_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostinWatson1952128–129-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Act_for_Securing_Dependence_of_Ireland_Act_1782" title="Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act 1782">Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act 1782</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostinWatson1952147_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostinWatson1952147-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Irish constitution of 1782</a> produced a period of legislative freedom. However, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, which sought to end the subordination and dependency of the country on the British crown and to establish a republic, was one of the factors that led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962287–306_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962287–306-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merging_of_Scottish_and_English_Parliaments">Merging of Scottish and English Parliaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Merging of Scottish and English Parliaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right;clear:right"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Anne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Queen_Anne.jpg/180px-Queen_Anne.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Queen_Anne.jpg/270px-Queen_Anne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Queen_Anne.jpg/360px-Queen_Anne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, who reigned from 1702 to 1714</figcaption></figure></div> <p>The deeper political integration of her kingdoms was a key policy of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, the last Stuart monarch of England and Scotland and the first monarch of Great Britain. A <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> was agreed in 1706, following negotiations between representatives of the parliaments of England and Scotland, and each parliament then passed separate Acts of Union to ratify it. The Acts came into effect on 1 May 1707, uniting the separate Parliaments and uniting the two kingdoms into a kingdom called Great Britain. Anne became the first monarch to occupy the unified British throne, and in line with Article 22 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> Scotland and England each sent members to the new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons of Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962271–287_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962271–287-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish and English <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling classes</a> retained power, and each country kept its legal and educational systems, as well as its established Church. United, they formed a larger economy, and the Scots began to provide soldiers and colonial officials to the new British forces and Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one notable difference at the outset was that the new Scottish members of parliament and representative peers were elected by the outgoing Parliament of Scotland, while all existing members of the Houses of Commons and Lords at Westminster remained in office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_Anne,_1702–1714"><span id="Queen_Anne.2C_1702.E2.80.931714"></span>Queen Anne, 1702–1714</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Queen Anne, 1702–1714"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1702–14) England continued its policy of forming and funding alliances, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> against their common enemy, <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, who reigned 1702–1714, was the central decision maker, working closely with her advisers, especially her remarkably successful senior general, <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough</a>. The war was a financial drain, for Britain had to finance its allies and hire foreign soldiers. Stalemate on the battlefield and war weariness on the home front set in toward the end. The anti-war Tory politicians won control of Parliament in 1710 and forced a peace. The concluding <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> was highly favourable for Britain. Spain lost its empire in Europe and faded away as a great power, while working to better manage its colonies in the Americas. The First British Empire, based upon the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a>, was enlarged. From France, Great Britain gained <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, and from Spain <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>. Gibraltar became a major naval base which allowed Great Britain to control the entrance from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppit2000chapters_4,_8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppit2000chapters_4,_8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war marks the weakening of French military, diplomatic and economic dominance, and the arrival on the world scene of Britain as a major imperial, military and financial power.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian <a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a> argued: </p> <dl><dd>That Treaty [of Utrecht], which ushered in the stable and characteristic period of Eighteenth-Century civilization, marked the end of danger to Europe from the old French monarchy, and it marked a change of no less significance to the world at large,—the maritime, commercial and financial supremacy of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanoverian_succession:_1714–1760"><span id="Hanoverian_succession:_1714.E2.80.931760"></span>Hanoverian succession: 1714–1760</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hanoverian succession: 1714–1760"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></div> <p>In the 18th century England, and after 1707 Great Britain, rose to become the world's dominant <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial power</a>, with France as its main rival.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-1707 <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a> became the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">First British Empire</a>. </p><p>"In 1714 the ruling class was so bitterly divided that many feared a civil war might break out on Queen Anne's death", wrote historian <a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">W. A. Speck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck1977146–149_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck1977146–149-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few hundred of the richest <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> families controlled parliament, but were deeply split, with Tories committed to the legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">Stuart "Old Pretender"</a>, then in exile. The Whigs strongly supported the Hanoverians, in order to ensure a Protestant succession. The new king, George I was a foreign prince and had a small English <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> to support him, with military support from his native Hanover and from his allies in the Netherlands. In the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite rising of 1715</a>, based in Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/John_Erskine,_Earl_of_Mar_(1675%E2%80%931732)" title="John Erskine, Earl of Mar (1675–1732)">Earl of Mar</a> led eighteen Jacobite peers and 10,000 men, with the aim of overthrowing the new king and restoring the Stuarts. Poorly organised, it was decisively defeated. Several of the leaders were executed, many others dispossessed of their lands, and some 700 prominent followers deported to forced labour on sugar plantations in the West Indies. A key decision was the refusal of the Pretender to change his religion from Roman Catholic to Anglican, which would have mobilised much more of the Tory element. The Whigs came to power, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">James Stanhope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">Charles Townshend</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland">Earl of Sunderland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>. Many Tories were driven out of national and local government, and new laws were passed to impose greater national control. The right of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> was restricted; to reduce electoral instability, the <a href="/wiki/Septennial_Act_1715" title="Septennial Act 1715">Septennial Act 1715</a> increased the maximum life of a parliament from three years to seven.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="George_I:_1714–1727"><span id="George_I:_1714.E2.80.931727"></span>George I: 1714–1727</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: George I: 1714–1727"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his reign, George I spent only about half as much of his time overseas as had William III, who also reigned for thirteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBGeorgeI_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBGeorgeI-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Jeremy Black</a> has argued that George wanted to spend even more time in Hanover: "His visits, in 1716, 1719, 1720, 1723 and 1725, were lengthy, and, in total, he spent a considerable part of his reign abroad. These visits were also occasions both for significant negotiations and for the exchange of information and opinion....The visits to Hanover also provided critics with the opportunity...to argue that British interests were being neglected....George could not speak English, and all relevant documents from his British ministers were translated into French for him....Few British ministers or diplomats...knew German, or could handle it in precise discussion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXdQGDAAAQBAJpgPT44_44–45]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXdQGDAAAQBAJpgPT44_44–45]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George I supported the expulsion of the Tories from power; they remained in the political wilderness until his great-grandson George III came to power in 1760 and began to replace Whigs with Tories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams196211–44_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams196211–44-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George I has often been caricatured in the history books, but according to his biographer <a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Hatton" title="Ragnhild Hatton">Ragnhild Hatton</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...on the whole he did well by Great Britain, guiding the country calmly and responsibly through the difficult postwar years and repeated invasions or threatened invasions... He liked efficiency and expertise, and had long experience of running an orderly state... He cared for the quality of his ministers and his officers, army and naval, and the strength of the navy in fast ships grew during his reign... He showed political vision and ability in the way in which he used British power in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age_of_Walpole:_1721–1742"><span id="Age_of_Walpole:_1721.E2.80.931742"></span>Age of Walpole: 1721–1742</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Age of Walpole: 1721–1742"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Walpole,_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/180px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/270px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg/360px-Robert_Walpole%2C_1st_Earl_of_Orford_by_Arthur_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3059" /></a><figcaption>Walpole, by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pond" title="Arthur Pond">Arthur Pond</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Robert Walpole (1676–1745) was a son of the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> who rose to power in the House of Commons from 1721 to 1742. He became the first "prime minister", a term in use by 1727. In 1742, he was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orford" title="Earl of Orford">Earl of Orford</a> and was succeeded as prime minister by two of his followers, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> (1743–1754) and Pelham's brother the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a> (1754–1762).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962180–212_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962180–212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clayton Roberts summarizes Walpole's new functions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He monopolized the counsels of the King, he closely superintended the administration, he ruthlessly controlled patronage, and he led the predominant party in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Sea_Bubble">South Sea Bubble</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Sea Bubble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sea Bubble">South Sea Bubble</a></div> <p>Corporate stock was a new phenomenon, not well understood, except for the strong gossip among financiers that fortunes could be made overnight. The South Sea Company, although originally set up to trade with the Spanish Empire, quickly turned most of its attention to very high risk financing, involving £30 million, some 60 per cent of the entire British national debt. It set up a scheme that invited stock owners to turn in their certificates for stock in the Company at a par value of £100—the idea was that they would profit by the rising price of their stock. Everyone with connections wanted in on the bonanza, and many other outlandish schemes found gullible takers. South Sea stock peaked at £1,060 on 25 June 1720. Then the bubble burst, and by the end of September it had fallen to £150. Hundreds of prominent men had borrowed to buy stock high; their apparent profits had vanished, but they were liable to repay the full amount of the loans. Many went bankrupt, and many more lost fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-bubble_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bubble-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confidence in the entire national financial and political system collapsed. Parliament investigated and concluded that there had been widespread fraud by the company directors and corruption in the Cabinet. Among Cabinet members implicated were the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General" title="Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a>, and a Secretary of State, as well as two other leading men, <a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Lord Stanhope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland">Lord Sunderland</a>. Walpole had dabbled in the speculation himself but was not a major player. He rose to the challenge, as the new <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a>, of resolving the financial and political disaster. The economy was basically healthy, and the panic ended. Working with the financiers he successfully restored confidence in the system. However, public opinion, as shaped by the many prominent men who had lost so much money so quickly, demanded revenge. Walpole supervised the process, which removed all 33 company directors and stripped them of, on average, 82% of their wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleer165_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleer165-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The money went to the victims. The government bought the stock of the South Sea Company for £33 and sold it to the Bank of England and the East India Company, the only other two corporations big enough to handle the challenge. Walpole made sure that King George and his mistresses were not embarrassed, and by the margin of three votes he saved several key government officials from impeachment.<sup id="cite_ref-bubble_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bubble-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_Hall_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Houghton_Hall_01.jpg/300px-Houghton_Hall_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Houghton_Hall_01.jpg/450px-Houghton_Hall_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Houghton_Hall_01.jpg/600px-Houghton_Hall_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Walpole's <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Stanhope and Sunderland died of natural causes, leaving Walpole alone as the dominant figure in British politics. The public hailed him as the saviour of the financial system, and historians credit him with rescuing the Whig government, and indeed the Hanoverian dynasty, from total disgrace.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleer165_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleer165-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1974127–130_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1974127–130-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patronage_and_corruption">Patronage and corruption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patronage and corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a> was a master of the effective use of patronage, as were Pelham and Lord Newcastle. They each paid close attention to the work of bestowing upon their political allies high places, lifetime pensions, honours, lucrative government contracts, and help at election time. In turn the friends enabled them to control Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in 1742, over 140 members of parliament held powerful positions thanks in part to Walpole, including 24 men at the royal court, 50 in the government agencies, and the rest with <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecures</a> or other handsome emoluments, often in the range of £500 – £1000 per year. Usually there was little or no work involved. Walpole also distributed highly attractive ecclesiastical appointments. When the Court in 1725 instituted a new order of chivalry, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a>, Walpole immediately seized the opportunity. He made sure that most of the 36 men honoured were peers and members of parliament who would provide him with useful connections.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole himself became enormously wealthy, investing heavily in his estate at <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Hall" title="Houghton Hall">Houghton Hall</a> and its large collection of European master paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walpole's methods won him victory after victory, but aroused furious opposition. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_H._Plumb" title="John H. Plumb">John H. Plumb</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Walpole's policy had bred distrust, his methods hatred. Time and time again his policy was successful in Parliament only because of the government's absolute control of the Scottish members in the Commons and the Bishops in the Lords. He gave point to the opposition's cry that Walpole's policy was against the wishes of the nation, a policy imposed by a corrupt use of pension and place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlumb195068_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumb195068-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The opposition called for "patriotism" and looked at the Prince of Wales as the future "Patriot King". Walpole supporters ridiculed the very term "patriot".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opposition <a href="/wiki/Country_Party_(Britain)" title="Country Party (Britain)">Country Party</a> attacked Walpole relentlessly, primarily targeting his patronage, which they denounced as corruption. In turn, Walpole imposed censorship on the London theatre and subsidised writers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Arnall" title="William Arnall">William Arnall</a> and others who rejected the charge of political corruption by arguing that corruption is the universal human condition. Furthermore, they argued, political divisiveness was also universal and inevitable because of selfish passions that were integral to human nature. Arnall argued that government must be strong enough to control conflict, and in that regard Walpole was quite successful. This style of "court" political rhetoric continued through the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple,_1st_Viscount_Cobham" title="Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham">Lord Cobham</a>, a leading soldier, used his own connections to build up an opposition after 1733. Young <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the Elder">William Pitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Cobhamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobhamite">Cobham's faction</a>—they were called "Cobham's Cubs". They became leading enemies of Walpole and both later became prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1741, Walpole was facing mounting criticism on foreign policy—he was accused of entangling Britain in a useless war with Spain—and mounting allegations of corruption. On 13 February 1741, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Samuel Sandys</a>, a former ally, called for his removal.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Such has been the conduct of Sir Robert Walpole, with regard to foreign affairs: he has deserted our allies, aggrandized our enemies, betrayed our commerce, and endangered our colonies; and yet this is the least criminal part of his ministry. For what is the loss of allies to the alienation of the people from the government, or the diminution of trade to the destruction of our liberties?<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Walpole's allies defeated a censure motion by a vote of 209 to 106, but Walpole's coalition lost seats in the election of 1741, and by a narrow margin he was finally forced out of office in early 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Walpole's_foreign_policy"><span id="Walpole.27s_foreign_policy"></span>Walpole's foreign policy</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Walpole's foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">International relations (1648–1814)</a> and <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France–United Kingdom relations</a></div> <p>Walpole secured widespread support with his policy of avoiding war.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his influence to prevent George II from entering the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> in 1733, because it was a dispute between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs. He boasted, "There are 50,000 men slain in Europe this year, and not one Englishman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOawxAQAAIAAJpgPA66_66]_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOawxAQAAIAAJpgPA66_66]-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walpole himself let others, especially <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend">his brother-in-law Lord Townshend</a>, handle foreign policy until about 1726, then took charge. A major challenge for his administration was the royal role as simultaneous ruler of Hanover, a small German state that was opposed to Prussian supremacy. George I and George II saw a French alliance as the best way to neutralise Prussia. They forced a dramatic reversal of British foreign policy, which for centuries had seen France as England's greatest enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the bellicose King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> died in 1715, and the regents who ran France were preoccupied with internal affairs. King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> came of age in 1726, and his elderly chief minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Hercule_de_Fleury" title="André-Hercule de Fleury">Cardinal Fleury</a> collaborated informally with Walpole to prevent a major war and keep the peace. Both sides wanted peace, which allowed both countries enormous cost savings, and recovery from expensive wars.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry Pelham became prime minister in 1744 and continued Walpole's policies. He worked for an end to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962259–270_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962259–270-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His financial policy was a major success once peace had been signed in 1748. He demobilised the armed forces, and reduced government spending from £12 million to £7 million. He refinanced the national debt, dropping the interest rate from 4% p.a. to 3% p.a. Taxes had risen to pay for the war, but in 1752 he reduced the land tax from four shillings to two shillings in the pound: that is, from 20% to 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lower_debt_and_taxes">Lower debt and taxes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lower debt and taxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By avoiding wars, Walpole could lower taxes. He reduced the national debt with a sinking fund, and by negotiating lower interest rates. He reduced the land tax from four shillings in 1721, to 3s in 1728, 2s in 1731 and finally to only 1s (i.e. 5%) in 1732. His long-term goal was to replace the land tax, which was paid by the local gentry, with excise and customs taxes, which were paid by merchants and ultimately by consumers. Walpole joked that the landed gentry resembled hogs, which squealed loudly whenever anyone laid hands on them. By contrast, he said, merchants were like sheep, and yielded their wool without complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joke backfired in 1733 when he was defeated in a major battle to <a href="/wiki/Excise_Bill" title="Excise Bill">impose excise taxes on wine and tobacco</a>. To reduce the threat of smuggling, the tax was to be collected not at ports but at warehouses. This new proposal, however, was extremely unpopular with the public, and aroused the opposition of the merchants because of the supervision it would involve. Walpole was defeated as his strength in Parliament dropped a notch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford198928–33_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford198928–33-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Walpole's_reputation"><span id="Walpole.27s_reputation"></span>Walpole's reputation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Walpole's reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg/220px-The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg/330px-The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg/440px-The_Stature_of_a_Great_Man_or_the_English_Colossus_cph.3b03411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>1740 political cartoon depicting a towering Walpole as the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historians hold Walpole's record in high regard, though there has been a recent tendency to share credit more widely among his allies. <a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">W. A. Speck</a> wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as Prime Minister </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history... Explanations are usually offered in terms of his expert handling of the political system after 1720, [and] his unique blending of the surviving powers of the crown with the increasing influence of the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck1977203_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck1977203-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>He was a <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> from the gentry class, who first arrived in Parliament in 1701, and held many senior positions. He was a country squire and looked to country gentlemen for his political base. Historian Frank O'Gorman said his leadership in Parliament reflected his "reasonable and persuasive oratory, his ability to move both the emotions as well as the minds of men, and, above all, his extraordinary self-confidence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Gorman199771_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Gorman199771-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Hoppit" title="Julian Hoppit">Julian Hoppit</a> has said Walpole's policies sought moderation: he worked for peace, lower taxes, growing exports, and allowed a little more tolerance for Protestant Dissenters. He avoided controversy and high-intensity disputes, as his middle way attracted moderates from both the Whig and Tory camps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppit2000410_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppit2000410-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.T. Dickinson summed up his historical role: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Walpole was one of the greatest politicians in British history. He played a significant role in sustaining the Whig party, safeguarding the Hanoverian succession, and defending the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> (1688) ... He established a stable political supremacy for the Whig party and taught succeeding ministers how best to establish an effective working relationship between Crown and Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_George_III,_1760–1820"><span id="Age_of_George_III.2C_1760.E2.80.931820"></span>Age of George III, 1760–1820</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Age of George III, 1760–1820"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of the United Kingdom</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victory_in_the_Seven_Years'_War,_1756–1763"><span id="Victory_in_the_Seven_Years.27_War.2C_1756.E2.80.931763"></span>Victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Victory in the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, which began in 1756, was the first war waged on a global scale and saw <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">British involvement</a> in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">India</a>, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines, and coastal Africa. The results were highly favourable for Britain, and a major disaster for France. Key decisions were largely in the hands of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt the Elder</a>. The war started poorly. Britain <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St_Philip_(1756)" title="Siege of Fort St Philip (1756)">lost the island of Minorca in 1756</a>, and suffered a series of defeats in North America. After years of setbacks and mediocre results, British luck turned in the "miracle year" ("Annus Mirabilis") of 1759. The British had entered the year anxious about a <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)">French invasion</a>, but by the end of the year, they were victorious in all theatres. In the Americas, they <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)" title="Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)">captured Fort Ticonderoga (Carillon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">drove the French out of the Ohio Country</a>, captured <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> in Canada as a result of the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1759)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759)">captured the rich sugar island of Guadeloupe</a> in the West Indies. In India, the John Company <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madras" title="Siege of Madras">repulsed French forces besieging Madras</a>. </p><p>In Europe, British troops partook in a decisive Allied victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minden" title="Battle of Minden">Battle of Minden</a>. The victory over the French navy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lagos" title="Battle of Lagos">Battle of Lagos</a> and the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Battle of Quiberon Bay</a> ended threats of a French invasion, and confirmed Britain's reputation as the world's foremost naval power.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris of 1763</a> marked the high point of the First British Empire. France's future in North America ended, as <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (Quebec) came under British control. In India, the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars#Third_Carnatic_War_(1756–1763)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">third Carnatic War</a> had left France still in control of several small <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">enclaves</a>, but with military restrictions and an obligation to support the British client states, effectively leaving the future of India to Great Britain. The British victory over France in the Seven Years' War therefore left Great Britain as the world's dominant colonial power, with a bitter France thirsting for revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evangelical_religion_and_social_reform">Evangelical religion and social reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Evangelical religion and social reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></div> <p>The evangelical movement inside and outside the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> gained strength in the late 18th and early 19th century. The movement challenged the traditional religious sensibility that emphasized a code of honour for the upper class, and suitable behaviour for everyone else, together with faithful observances of rituals. <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> (1703–1791) and his followers preached revivalist religion, trying to convert individuals to a personal relationship with Christ through Bible reading, regular prayer, and especially the revival experience. Wesley himself preached 52,000 times, calling on men and women to "redeem the time" and save their souls. Wesley always operated inside the Church of England, but at his death, it set up outside institutions that became the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stood alongside the traditional nonconformist churches, Presbyterians, Congregationalist, Baptists, Unitarians and Quakers. The nonconformist churches, however, were less influenced by revivalism.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church of England remained dominant, but it had a growing evangelical, revivalist faction in the "Low Church". Its leaders included <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">Hannah More</a>. It reached the upper class through the <a href="/wiki/Clapham_Sect" title="Clapham Sect">Clapham Sect</a>. It did not seek political reform, but rather the opportunity to save souls through political action by freeing slaves, abolishing the duel, prohibiting cruelty to children and animals, stopping gambling, and avoiding frivolity on the Sabbath; evangelicals read the Bible every day. All souls were equal in God's view, but not all bodies, so evangelicals did not challenge the hierarchical structure of English society.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_British_Empire">First British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></div> <p>The first British Empire was based largely in mainland North America and the West Indies, with a growing presence in India. Emigration from Britain went mostly to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> and the West Indies, with some to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Few permanent settlers went to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, although many young men went there in the hope of making money and returning home.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mercantilist_trade_policy">Mercantilist trade policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mercantilist trade policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a> was the basic policy imposed by Great Britain on its overseas possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries to maximise exports from and minimise imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling—which became a favourite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in London and other British ports. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the Royal Navy captured <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (later <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loss_of_the_13_American_colonies">Loss of the 13 American colonies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Loss of the 13 American colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div> <p>During the 1760s and 1770s, relations with the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> turned from benign neglect to outright revolt, primarily because of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a>'s insistence on taxing colonists without their consent to recover losses incurred protecting the American Colonists during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763). In 1775, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> began at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, and the Americans then trapped the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a> and suppressed the Loyalists who supported <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a>. </p><p>On 4 July 1776, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, unanimously adopted and issued the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. The Second Continental Congress charged the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> with authoring the Declaration, but the committee, in turn, largely relied on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, who authored its first draft. </p><p>Under the military leadership of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> general <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and with some economic and military assistance from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Spain</a>, the United States held off successive British invasions. The Americans captured two main British armies in 1777 and 1781. After that, King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> lost control of Parliament and was unable to continue the war, which was brought to an end with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1783, which acknowledged the independence and sovereignty of the thirteen colonies and recognized the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>The American Revolutionary War, which lasted from 1775 to 1783, was expensive but the British financed it successfully. Approximately 8,500 British troops were killed in action during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_British_Empire">Second British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Second British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The loss of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> marked the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a></i>, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> should replace the old <a href="/wiki/Mercantilist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantilist">mercantilist</a> policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Great Britain after 1781<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1994119_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1994119-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirmed Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History of Canada</a></div> <p>After a series of "French and Indian wars", the British took over most of France's North American operations in 1763. <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">New France</a> became <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a>. Great Britain's policy was to respect Quebec's Catholic establishment as well as its semi-feudal legal, economic, and social systems. By the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> of 1774, the province of Quebec was enlarged to include the western holdings of the American colonies. In the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> became Britain's major base for naval action. They repulsed an American revolutionary invasion in 1776, but in 1777 a British invasion army was captured in New York, encouraging France to enter the war.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the American victory, between 40,000 and 60,000 <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">defeated Loyalists</a> migrated, some bringing their slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most families were given free land to compensate their losses. Several thousand free blacks also arrived; most of them later went to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, were not welcomed by the locals. Therefore, in 1784 the British split off <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> as a separate colony. The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and English-speaking communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Great Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">History of Australia (1788–1850)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History of New Zealand</a></div> <p>In 1770, British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> had discovered the eastern coast of Australia whilst on a scientific <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">voyage</a> to the South Pacific. In 1778, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> for the establishment of a penal settlement. Australia marks the beginning of the Second British Empire. It was planned by the government in London and designed as a replacement for the lost American colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Loyalist <a href="/wiki/James_Matra" title="James Matra">James Matra</a> in 1783 wrote "A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" proposing the establishment of a colony composed of American Loyalists, Chinese and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matra reasoned that the land was suitable for plantations of sugar, cotton and tobacco; New Zealand timber and hemp or flax could prove valuable commodities; it could form a base for Pacific trade; and it could be a suitable compensation for displaced American Loyalists. At the suggestion of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Lord_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Sydney">Lord Sydney</a>, Matra amended his proposal to include convicts as settlers, considering that this would benefit both "Economy to the Publick, & Humanity to the Individual". The government adopted the basics of Matra's plan in 1784, and funded the settlement of convicts.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1787 the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> set sail, carrying the first shipment of <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">convicts</a> to the colony. It arrived in January 1788. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/250px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/375px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/500px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Clive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Clive">Lord Clive</a> of the East India Company meeting his ally <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar</a> after their decisive victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was not directly ruled by the British government, instead certain parts were seized by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, a private, for-profit corporation, with its own army. The "John Company" (as it was nicknamed) took direct control of half of India and built friendly relations with the other half, which was controlled by numerous local princes. Its goal was trade, and vast profits for the Company officials, not the building of the British empire. Company interests expanded during the 18th century to include control of territory as the old <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> declined in power and the East India Company battled for the spoils with the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a> (<i>Compagnie française des Indes orientales</i>) during the <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> of the 1740s and 1750s. Victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> gave the Company control over <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> and made it the major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of territories under its control, ruling either directly or in cooperation with local princes. Although Britain itself only had a small standing army, the company had a large and well trained force, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">presidency armies</a>, with British officers commanding native Indian troops (called <a href="/wiki/Sepoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoys">sepoys</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battling_the_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">Battling the French Revolution and Napoleon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Battling the French Revolution and Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/250px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/375px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/500px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a> addressing the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">Commons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anton_Hickel" title="Anton Hickel">Anton Hickel</a>'s painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Commons,_1793%E2%80%9394" title="The House of Commons, 1793–94">The House of Commons, 1793–94</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>With the regicide of King Louis XVI in 1793, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> represented a contest of ideologies between conservative, royalist Britain and radical Republican France.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long bitter wars with France 1793–1815, saw anti-Catholicism emerge as the glue that held the three kingdoms together. From the upper classes to the lower classes, Protestants were brought together from England, Scotland and Ireland into a profound distrust and distaste for all things French. That enemy nation was depicted as the natural home of misery and oppression because of its inherent inability to shed the darkness of Catholic superstition and clerical manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Napoleon">Napoleon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Napoleon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was threatened: Napoleon, who came to power in 1799, threatened invasion of Great Britain itself, and with it, a fate similar to the countries of continental Europe that his armies had overrun. The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> were therefore ones in which the British invested all the moneys and energies it could raise. French ports were blockaded by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French Revolution revived religious and political grievances in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. In 1798, Irish nationalists, under Protestant leadership, plotted the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, believing that the French would help them to overthrow the British.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hoped for significant French support, which never came. The uprising was very poorly organized, and quickly suppressed by much more powerful British forces. Including many bloody reprisals, the total death toll was in the range of 10,000 to 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> firmly believed that the only solution to the problem was a union of Great Britain and Ireland. The union was established by the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union 1800</a>; compensation and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> ensured the support of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a>. Great Britain and Ireland were formally united on 1 January 1801. The Irish Parliament was closed down.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliament_of_Great_Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Parliament of Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Great Britain">Elections in Great Britain</a></div> <p>The Parliament of Great Britain consisted of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (an unelected upper house of the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Temporal</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a>, the lower chamber, which was elected periodically. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> parliamentary constituencies remained unchanged throughout the existence of the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monarchs">Monarchs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Monarchs' <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">Coats of arms</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_(1707-1714).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/142px-Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/213px-Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/284px-Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_(1707-1714).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281707-1714%29.svg/142px-Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281707-1714%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281707-1714%29.svg/213px-Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281707-1714%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281707-1714%29.svg/284px-Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281707-1714%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Stuart arms used in Scotland</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_(1714-1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714-1801%29.svg/142px-Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714-1801%29.svg/213px-Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714-1801%29.svg/284px-Royal_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281714-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_(1714-1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg/142px-Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg/213px-Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg/284px-Arms_of_Great_Britain_in_Scotland_%281714-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hanoverian arms used in Scotland</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">History of monarchy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Anne was from the House of Stuart and the Georges were from the House of Hanover. Anne had been <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Queen of Scots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Ireland">Queen of Ireland</a> since 1702. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a> (1707–1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I of Great Britain</a> (1714–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a> (1727–1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> Great Britain (1760–1800)</li></ul> <p>George III continued as King of the United Kingdom until his death in 1820. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#18th_century" title="History of the United Kingdom">History of the United Kingdom § 18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">List of British monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history_(1700%E2%80%931799)" title="Timeline of British history (1700–1799)">Timeline of British history (1700–1799)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There was no authorised version of the national anthem as the words were a matter of tradition; only the first verse was usually sung.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No statute had been enacted designating "God Save the King" as the official anthem. In the English tradition, such laws are not necessary; <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamation</a> and usage are sufficient to make it the national anthem. "God Save the King" also served as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">royal anthem</a> for certain <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">royal colonies</a>. The words <i>King, he, him, his</i> were replaced by <i>Queen, she, her</i> when the monarch was female.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monarch of England and Scotland from 1702 to 1707</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Continued as monarch of the United Kingdom until 1820</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-name-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-name_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"After the political union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland in 1707, the nation's official name became the Kingdom of Great Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/coats-arms">"Coats of Arms"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703214912/https://www.royal.uk/coats-arms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Coats+of+Arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fcoats-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2016" class="citation news cs1">Berry, Ciara (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/national-anthem">"National Anthem"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=National+Anthem&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Ciara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fnational-anthem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Carey" title="Hilary Carey">Carey, Hilary M.</a> (2011). <i>God's Empire: Religion and Colonialism in the British World, c.1801–1908</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139494090" title="Special:BookSources/9781139494090"><bdi>9781139494090</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27576009M">27576009M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Empire%3A+Religion+and+Colonialism+in+the+British+World%2C+c.1801%E2%80%931908&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27576009M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9781139494090&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Hilary+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American Pageant, Volume 1</i>, Cengage Learning (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Act_of_Union_1707_article_I-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Act_of_Union_1707_article_I_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_England" class="citation cs2">Parliament of the Kingdom of England, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ann/6/11">"Union with Scotland Act 1706 Article I"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>, <q>That the two Kingdoms of England and Scotland shall upon the First day of May which shall be in the year One thousand seven hundred and seven and forever after be united into one Kingdom by the name of Great Britain..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Union+with+Scotland+Act+1706+Article+I&rft.au=Parliament+of+the+Kingdom+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Faep%2FAnn%2F6%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2013" class="citation cs2">Lund, Roger D. (2013), "Chapter 1", <i>Ridicule, Religion and the Politics of Wit in Augustan England</i>, Ashgate</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.btitle=Ridicule%2C+Religion+and+the+Politics+of+Wit+in+Augustan+England&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1968" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Denys (1968). <i>Europe: the emergence of an idea</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QLpmAAAAMAAJ">138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+the+emergence+of+an+idea&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Denys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManet1934" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Manet, François-Gille-Pierre (1934), <i>Histoire de la petite Bretagne ou Bretagne armorique</i> (in French), p. 74</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+petite+Bretagne+ou+Bretagne+armorique&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Manet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois-Gille-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acts-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acts_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">"The Treaty (act) of the Union of Parliament 1706"</a>. Scots History Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+%28act%29+of+the+Union+of+Parliament+1706&rft.pub=Scots+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotshistoryonline.co.uk%2Funion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707/7/contents">"Union with England Act 1707"</a>. The national Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+with+England+Act+1707&rft.pub=The+national+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Faosp%2F1707%2F7%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ann/6/11/contents">"Union with Scotland Act 1706"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+with+Scotland+Act+1706&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Faep%2FAnn%2F6%2F11%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>:<br />Both Acts and the Treaty state in Article I: <i>That the Two Kingdoms of Scotland and England, shall upon 1 May next ensuing the date hereof, and forever after, be United into One Kingdom by the Name of GREAT BRITAIN</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American Pageant, Volume 1</i>, Cengage Learning (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford1921" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, Harold Melvin (1921). <i>The Standard Reference Work: For the Home, School and Library</i>. Vol. 3. <q>From 1707 until 1801 <i>Great Britain</i> was the official designation of the kingdoms of England and Scotland</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Standard+Reference+Work%3A+For+the+Home%2C+School+and+Library&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Harold+Melvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>United States Congressional serial set</i>, vol. 10, 1895, <q>In 1707, on the union with Scotland, 'Great Britain' became the official name of the British Kingdom, and so continued until the union with Ireland in 1801.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Congressional+serial+set&rft.date=1895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Paton, <i>HMC Mar & Kellie, Supplement</i> (London, 1930), p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm">"England – Profile"</a>. BBC. 10 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=England+%E2%80%93+Profile&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcountry_profiles%2F7327029.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/scottish-politics/9007300/Scottish-referendum-50-fascinating-facts-you-should-know-about-Scotland.html">"Scottish referendum: 50 fascinating facts you should know about Scotland (see fact 27)"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 11 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Scottish+referendum%3A+50+fascinating+facts+you+should+know+about+Scotland+%28see+fact+27%29&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fscotland%2Fscottish-politics%2F9007300%2FScottish-referendum-50-fascinating-facts-you-should-know-about-Scotland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm">"Uniting the kingdom?"</a>. <i>nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scotlandshistory/unioncrownsparliaments/unionofparliaments/index.asp">the original</a> on 2 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learning+and+Teaching+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+Union+of+the+Parliaments+1707&rft.date=2012-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ltscotland.org.uk%2Fscotlandshistory%2Funioncrownsparliaments%2Funionofparliaments%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515023116/http://www.history.org.uk/resources/he_resource_730_9.html">"The Creation of the United Kingdom of Great britain in 1707"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Association" title="Historical Association">Historical Association</a>. 15 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.uk/resources/he_resource_730_9.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+britain+in+1707&rft.pub=Historical+Association&rft.date=2011-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fhe_resource_730_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/scottish-politics/9007300/Scottish-referendum-50-fascinating-facts-you-should-know-about-Scotland.html">"Scottish referendum: 50 fascinating facts you should know about Scotland"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 11 January 2012. <q>Scotland has been part of the United Kingdom for more than three hundred years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Scottish+referendum%3A+50+fascinating+facts+you+should+know+about+Scotland&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fscotland%2Fscottish-politics%2F9007300%2FScottish-referendum-50-fascinating-facts-you-should-know-about-Scotland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml">"BBC – History – British History in depth: Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+British+History+in+depth%3A+Acts+of+Union%3A+The+creation+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Facts_of_union_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGascoigne" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Gascoigne" title="Bamber Gascoigne">Gascoigne, Bamber</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab07">"History of Great Britain (from 1707)"</a>. History World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Great+Britain+%28from+1707%29&rft.pub=History+World&rft.aulast=Gascoigne&rft.aufirst=Bamber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dab07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns" class="citation book cs1">Burns, William E. <i>A Brief History of Great Britain</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fjf4YynnC90C&pg=PT21">xxi</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Great+Britain&rft.pages=xxi&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/econf/9th_UNCSGN_e-conf-98-48-add1.pdf">"Report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardisation of Geographical Names (Item 4 of the provisional agenda, Reports by Governments on the situations in their countries and of the progress made in the standardisation of geographical names since the eighth conference</i>. 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(2003), <i>Readers Guide to British History</i>, vol. 2, pp. <span class="nowrap">1219–</span>1221</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readers+Guide+to+British+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1219-%3C%2Fspan%3E1221&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1942" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">Trevelyan, G.M.</a> (1942), <i>A shortened history of England</i>, p. 363</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+shortened+history+of+England&rft.pages=363&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagden2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pagden" title="Anthony Pagden">Pagden, Anthony</a> (2003). <i>Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present</i>. Modern Library. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-812-96761-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-812-96761-5"><bdi>0-812-96761-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3702796M">3702796M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+and+Empires%3A+A+Short+History+of+European+Migration%2C+Exploration%2C+and+Conquest%2C+from+Greece+to+the+Present&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3702796M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-812-96761-5&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck1977146–149-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck1977146–149_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeck1977">Speck 1977</a>, pp. 146–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1974">Marshall 1974</a>, pp. 72–89; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1962">Williams 1962</a>, pp. 150–165; <a href="#CITEREFHoppit2000">Hoppit 2000</a>, pp. 392–398; <a href="#CITEREFSpeck1977">Speck 1977</a>, pp. 170–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNBGeorgeI-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNBGeorgeI_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gibbs, G. C. (21 May 2009). "George I". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10538">10.1093/ref:odnb/10538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+I&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10538&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXdQGDAAAQBAJpgPT44_44–45]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXdQGDAAAQBAJpgPT44_44–45]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2016">Black 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">44–45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams196211–44-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams196211–44_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1962">Williams 1962</a>, pp. 11–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatton1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Hatton" title="Ragnhild Hatton">Hatton, Ragnhild</a> (1983), "New Light on George I", in <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)" title="Stephen Baxter (author)">Baxter, Stephen B.</a> (ed.), <i>England's Rise to Greatness</i>, University of California Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">213–</span>255, quoting p. 241, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04572-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04572-9"><bdi>978-0-520-04572-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3505103M">3505103M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+George+I&rft.btitle=England%27s+Rise+to+Greatness&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E255%2C+quoting+p.+241&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3505103M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04572-9&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=Ragnhild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962180–212-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962180–212_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1962">Williams 1962</a>, pp. 180–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2008-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2008_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2008">Taylor 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bubble-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bubble_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bubble_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowles1960" class="citation book cs1">Cowles, Virginia (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatswindlestor01edunse"><i>The Great Swindle: The Story of the South Sea Bubble</i></a></span>. New York: Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Swindle%3A+The+Story+of+the+South+Sea+Bubble&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Cowles&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatswindlestor01edunse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleer165-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleer165_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleer165_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleer2014" class="citation web cs1">Kleer, Richard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehs.org.uk/dotAsset/380e0bd9-47d1-4878-87a1-6bfb013ad21c.pdf">"Riding a wave the Company's role in the South Sea Bubble"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic History Society</i>. University of Regina. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Society&rft.atitle=Riding+a+wave+the+Company%27s+role+in+the+South+Sea+Bubble&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kleer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehs.org.uk%2FdotAsset%2F380e0bd9-47d1-4878-87a1-6bfb013ad21c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1974127–130-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1974127–130_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1974">Marshall 1974</a>, pp. 127–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1975" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Reed (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dukeofnewcastle0000brow"><i>Duke of Newcastle</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dukeofnewcastle0000brow/page/254">254–260</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01746-5"><bdi>978-0-300-01746-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5069181M">5069181M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duke+of+Newcastle&rft.pages=254-260&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5069181M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01746-5&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdukeofnewcastle0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanham2016" class="citation cs2">Hanham, Andrew (2016), "The Politics of Chivalry: Sir Robert Walpole, the Duke of Montagu and the Order of the Bath", <i>Parliamentary History</i>, <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">262–</span>297, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-0206.12236">10.1111/1750-0206.12236</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Chivalry%3A+Sir+Robert+Walpole%2C+the+Duke+of+Montagu+and+the+Order+of+the+Bath&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-0206.12236&rft.aulast=Hanham&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1985" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roberts, Clayton; et al. (1985), <i>A History of England</i>, vol. 2, 1688 to the present (3rd ed.), pp. <span class="nowrap">449–</span>450, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-389974-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-389974-0"><bdi>978-0-13-389974-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2863417M">2863417M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2863417M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-13-389974-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumb195068-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlumb195068_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlumb1950">Plumb 1950</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarretta2007" class="citation book cs1">Carretta, Vincent (2007). <i>George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron</i>. University of Georgia Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQqs0qxcnJMC&pg=PA44">44</a>–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3124-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3124-9"><bdi>978-0-8203-3124-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL29578545M">29578545M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III+and+the+Satirists+from+Hogarth+to+Byron&rft.pages=44-51&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL29578545M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3124-9&rft.aulast=Carretta&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1980" class="citation cs2">Horne, Thomas (October–December 1980), "Politics in a Corrupt Society: William Arnall's Defense of Robert Walpole", <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>, <b>41</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">601–</span>614, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709276">10.2307/2709276</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709276">2709276</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Politics+in+a+Corrupt+Society%3A+William+Arnall%27s+Defense+of+Robert+Walpole&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E601-%3C%2Fspan%3E614&rft.date=1980-10%2F1980-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Leonard" title="Dick Leonard">Leonard, Dick</a> (2010). <i>Eighteenth-Century British Premiers: Walpole to the Younger Pitt</i>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpiIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">94</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30463-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30463-5"><bdi>978-0-230-30463-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL37125742M">37125742M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteenth-Century+British+Premiers%3A+Walpole+to+the+Younger+Pitt&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL37125742M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30463-5&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2011" class="citation book cs1">Kellner, Peter (2011). <i>Democracy: 1,000 Years in Pursuit of British Liberty</i>. Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bobcxij5UkIC&pg=PT264">264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907195-85-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907195-85-3"><bdi>978-1-907195-85-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL36708739M">36708739M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%3A+1%2C000+Years+in+Pursuit+of+British+Liberty&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL36708739M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-907195-85-3&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener1983" class="citation cs2">Wiener, Joel H., ed. (1983), <i>Great Britain: the lion at home: a documentary history of domestic policy, 1689–1973</i>, vol. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain%3A+the+lion+at+home%3A+a+documentary+history+of+domestic+policy%2C+1689%E2%80%931973&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangford1989">Langford 1989</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-b81opKYREC&pg=PA56">54–57</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1974">Marshall 1974</a>, pp. 183–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1984), "Foreign Policy in the Age of Walpole", in <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (ed.), <i>Britain in the Age of Walpole</i>, Macmillan, pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>169, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36863-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36863-3"><bdi>978-0-333-36863-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2348433M">2348433M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Policy+in+the+Age+of+Walpole&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+Age+of+Walpole&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2348433M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-333-36863-3&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1911[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOawxAQAAIAAJpgPA66_66]-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1911[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOawxAQAAIAAJpgPA66_66]_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1911">Robertson 1911</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OawxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66">66</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2016-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2016_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2016">Black 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1936" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_McCandless_Wilson" title="Arthur McCandless Wilson">Wilson, Arthur McCandless</a> (1936), <i>French Foreign Policy during the Administration of Cardinal Fleury, 1726–1743: A Study in Diplomacy and Commercial Development</i>, Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-837-15333-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-837-15333-6"><bdi>0-837-15333-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5703043M">5703043M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Foreign+Policy+during+the+Administration+of+Cardinal+Fleury%2C+1726%E2%80%931743%3A+A+Study+in+Diplomacy+and+Commercial+Development&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5703043M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-837-15333-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+McCandless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962259–270-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1962259–270_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1962">Williams 1962</a>, pp. 259–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrumwellSpeck2001">Brumwell & Speck 2001</a>, p. 288; <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1974">Marshall 1974</a>, pp. 221–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Ward" title="Adolphus Ward">Ward, A. W.</a>; et al., eds. (1909). <i>The Cambridge Modern History</i>. Vol. VI: the Eighteenth Century. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMgFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07814-6"><bdi>978-0-521-07814-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7716876M">7716876M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7716876M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07814-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford198928–33-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford198928–33_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangford1989">Langford 1989</a>, pp. 28–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeck1977203-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeck1977203_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeck1977">Speck 1977</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Gorman199771-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Gorman199771_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Gorman1997">O'Gorman 1997</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoppit2000410-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoppit2000410_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoppit2000">Hoppit 2000</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2003" class="citation cs2">Dickinson, H. P. (2003), <a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">Loades, David</a> (ed.), "Walpole, Sir Robert", <i>Readers Guide to British History</i>, vol. 2, no. 1338</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Readers+Guide+to+British+History&rft.atitle=Walpole%2C+Sir+Robert&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1338&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2004" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (2004). <i>1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World</i>. Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871138811" title="Special:BookSources/9780871138811"><bdi>9780871138811</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24769108M">24769108M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1759%3A+The+Year+Britain+Became+Master+of+the+World&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24769108M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780871138811&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2005). <i>The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War</i>. 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University of Washington Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5951089M">5951089M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeds+of+Liberty%3A+The+Genesis+of+the+American+Mind&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5951089M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Savelle&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNester2000" class="citation book cs1">Nester, William R. (2000). <i>The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755</i>. Praeger. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275967727" title="Special:BookSources/0275967727"><bdi>0275967727</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL40897M">40897M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Frontier+War%3A+Britain%2C+France%2C+and+the+Imperial+Struggle+for+North+America%2C+1607%E2%80%931755&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL40897M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0275967727&rft.aulast=Nester&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1991), <i>War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783</i>, Alan Sutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-862-99725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-862-99725-0"><bdi>978-0-862-99725-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+for+America%3A+The+Fight+for+Independence%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Alan+Sutton&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-862-99725-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagden1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pagden" title="Anthony Pagden">Pagden, Anthony</a> (1998). <i>The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Empire%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Pagden&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1994119-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1994119_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1994">James 1994</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidMancke2008" class="citation book cs1">Reid, John G.; Mancke, Elizabeth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmXnLGX7FvEC&pg=PA22">"From Global Processes to Continental Strategies: The Emergence of British North America to 1783"</a>. In Buckner, Phillip (ed.). <i>Canada and the British Empire</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927164-1"><bdi>978-0-19-927164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Global+Processes+to+Continental+Strategies%3A+The+Emergence+of+British+North+America+to+1783&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927164-1&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Mancke%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmXnLGX7FvEC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maya Jasanoff, <i>Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World</i> (2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinks1997" class="citation book cs1">Winks, Robin (1997). <i>The Blacks in Canada: A History</i>. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6668-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-6668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blacks+in+Canada%3A+A+History&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6668-2&rft.aulast=Winks&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2001" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Desmond (2001). <i>A short history of Canada</i>. McClelland & Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6508-8"><bdi>978-0-7710-6508-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Canada&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-6508-8&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreuderWard2010" class="citation book cs1">Schreuder, Deryck; Ward, Stuart, eds. (2010). "Chapter 1. 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In Delamotte, Tony; Bridge, Carl (eds.). <i>Interpreting Australia: British Perceptions of Australia since 1788</i>. London: Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902499-98-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902499-98-0"><bdi>978-0-902499-98-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banks%2C+Cook+and+the+Eighteenth+Century+Natural+History+Tradition&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Australia%3A+British+Perceptions+of+Australia+since+1788&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Sir+Robert+Menzies+Centre+for+Australian+Studies&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-902499-98-0&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Harold+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson, Alan (1990). 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Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+India+Company%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Philip J. (2009). "History and historiography of the English East India Company: Past, present, and future!". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1146–</span>1180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00617.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=History+and+historiography+of+the+English+East+India+Company%3A+Past%2C+present%2C+and+future%21&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1146-%3C%2Fspan%3E1180&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00617.x&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._B._Knight" title="R. J. B. Knight">Knight, Roger J. B.</a> (2013). <i>Britain against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory, 1793–1815</i>. Penguin UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97702-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97702-7"><bdi>978-0-141-97702-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL30961773M">30961773M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+against+Napoleon%3A+The+Organization+of+Victory%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL30961773M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-141-97702-7&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrury2001" class="citation journal cs1">Drury, Marjule Anne (2001). "Anti-Catholicism in Germany, Britain, and the United States: A Review and Critique of Recent Scholarship". <i>Church History</i>. <b>70</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3654412">10.2307/3654412</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654412">3654412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146522059">146522059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Anti-Catholicism+in+Germany%2C+Britain%2C+and+the+United+States%3A+A+Review+and+Critique+of+Recent+Scholarship&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146522059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3654412%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3654412&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Marjule+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColley1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Colley" title="Linda Colley">Colley, Linda</a> (1992). <i>Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 35, <span class="nowrap">53–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05737-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05737-7"><bdi>0-300-05737-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1711290M">1711290M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britons%3A+Forging+the+Nation+1707%E2%80%931837&rft.pages=35%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1711290M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-300-05737-7&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndress1960" class="citation book cs1">Andress, David (1960). <i>The Savage Storm: Britain on the Brink in the Age of Napoleon</i>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-51321-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-51321-0"><bdi>978-1-405-51321-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL34606684M">34606684M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Savage+Storm%3A+Britain+on+the+Brink+in+the+Age+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL34606684M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-405-51321-0&rft.aulast=Andress&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Simms" title="Brendan Simms">Simms, Brendan</a> (1998). "Britain and Napoleon". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">885–</span>894. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X98008048">10.1017/S0018246X98008048</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639908">2639908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162840420">162840420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Britain+and+Napoleon&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E885-%3C%2Fspan%3E894&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162840420%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2639908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X98008048&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/irish_reb_01.shtml">"British History – The 1798 Irish Rebellion"</a>. BBC. 5 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+History+%E2%80%93+The+1798+Irish+Rebellion&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Firish_reb_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGahan1998" class="citation book cs1">Gahan, Daniel (1998). <i>Rebellion!: Ireland in 1798</i>. O'Brien Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-541-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-541-3"><bdi>978-0-86278-541-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL403106M">403106M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellion%21%3A+Ireland+in+1798&rft.pub=O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL403106M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-86278-541-3&rft.aulast=Gahan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Holland_Rose" title="John Holland Rose">Rose, John Holland</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028005803"><i>William Pitt and the Great War</i></a>. Greenwood Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">339–</span>364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-837-14533-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-837-14533-3"><bdi>0-837-14533-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5756027M">5756027M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Pitt+and+the+Great+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5756027M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-837-14533-3&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=John+Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028005803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ehrman" title="John Ehrman">Ehrman, John</a> (1996). <i>The Younger Pitt: The Consuming Struggle</i>. Constable. pp. <span class="nowrap">158–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-094-75540-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-094-75540-X"><bdi>0-094-75540-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21936112M">21936112M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt%3A+The+Consuming+Struggle&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21936112M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-094-75540-X&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookStevenson1980" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Chris; Stevenson, John (1980). <i>British Historical Facts 1760–1830</i>. The Macmillan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Historical+Facts+1760%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2016). <i>Politics and Foreign Policy in the Age of George I, 1714–1727</i>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">44–45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-07854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-07854-8"><bdi>978-1-317-07854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Age+of+George+I%2C+1714%E2%80%931727&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-07854-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumwellSpeck2001" class="citation book cs1">Brumwell, Stephen; <a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">Speck, W.A.</a> (2001). <i>Cassell's Companion to Eighteenth Century Britain</i>. Cassell & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-34796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-34796-4"><bdi>978-0-304-34796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Companion+to+Eighteenth+Century+Britain&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-34796-4&rft.aulast=Brumwell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Speck%2C+W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostinWatson1952" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/William_Costin_(academic)" title="William Costin (academic)">Costin, W. C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Steven_Watson" title="John Steven Watson">Watson, J. Steven</a>, eds. (1952), <i>The Law & Working of the Constitution: Documents 1660–1914</i>, vol. I: 1660–1783, A. & C. Black</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+%26+Working+of+the+Constitution%3A+Documents+1660%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black&rft.date=1952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppit2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Hoppit" title="Julian Hoppit">Hoppit, Julian</a> (2000). <i>A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822842-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822842-4"><bdi>978-0-19-822842-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Land+of+Liberty%3F%3A+England+1689%E2%80%931727&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822842-4&rft.aulast=Hoppit&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_James" title="Lawrence James">James, Lawrence</a> (1994). <i>The Rise and Fall of the British Empire</i>. Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10667-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-10667-0"><bdi>978-0-349-10667-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9642159M">9642159M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9642159M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-349-10667-0&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langford" title="Paul Langford">Langford, Paul</a> (1989). <i>A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727–1783</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Polite+and+Commercial+People%3A+England+1727%E2%80%931783&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1974" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Dorothy (1974). <i>Eighteenth-Century England</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteenth-Century+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Plumb" title="John H. Plumb">Plumb, John H.</a> (1950). <i>England in the Eighteenth Century</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Plumb&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant_Robertson" title="Charles Grant Robertson">Robertson, Charles Grant</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924014654044"><i>England under the Hanoverians</i></a>. Methuen & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-56207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-56207-4"><bdi>978-0-598-56207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+under+the+Hanoverians&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-0-598-56207-4&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924014654044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">Speck, W.A</a> (1977). <i>Stability and Strife: England, 1714–1760</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-83350-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-83350-0"><bdi>978-0-674-83350-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stability+and+Strife%3A+England%2C+1714%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-674-83350-0&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=W.A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Williams_(historian)" title="Basil Williams (historian)">Williams, Basil</a> (1962), <i>The Whig Supremacy: 1714 – 1760</i> (2nd ed.), At the Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-230-01144-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-230-01144-0"><bdi>978-7-230-01144-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Supremacy%3A+1714+%E2%80%93+1760&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=At+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-7-230-01144-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2002). <i>Britain as a Military Power, 1688–1815</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-98791-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-98791-3"><bdi>978-1-138-98791-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+as+a+Military+Power%2C+1688%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-138-98791-3&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisco1907" class="citation book cs1">Brisco, Norris Arthur (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicpolicyof00brisrich"><i>The economic policy of Robert Walpole</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-93374-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-93374-2"><bdi>978-0-231-93374-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+economic+policy+of+Robert+Walpole&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-0-231-93374-2&rft.aulast=Brisco&rft.aufirst=Norris+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicpolicyof00brisrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cannon_(historian)" title="John Cannon (historian)">Cannon, John</a> (1984). <i>Aristocratic century: the peerage of eighteenth-century England</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25729-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25729-9"><bdi>978-0-521-25729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristocratic+century%3A+the+peerage+of+eighteenth-century+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25729-9&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColley2009" class="citation book cs1">Colley, Linda (2009). <i>Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837</i> (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15280-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15280-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15280-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britons%3A+Forging+the+Nation+1707%E2%80%931837&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15280-7&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowie1967" class="citation book cs1">Cowie, Leonard W (1967). <i>Hanoverian England, 1714–1837</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7135-0235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7135-0235-0"><bdi>978-0-7135-0235-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanoverian+England%2C+1714%E2%80%931837&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-7135-0235-0&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Leonard+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaunton1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daunton" title="Martin Daunton">Daunton, Martin</a> (1995). <i>Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700–1850</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822281-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822281-1"><bdi>978-0-19-822281-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progress+and+Poverty%3A+An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+Britain+1700%E2%80%931850&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822281-1&rft.aulast=Daunton&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Hilton" title="Boyd Hilton">Hilton, Boyd</a> (2008). <i>A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921891-2"><bdi>978-0-19-921891-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mad%2C+Bad%2C+and+Dangerous+People%3F%3A+England+1783%E2%80%931846&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921891-2&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Hunt_(priest)" title="William Hunt (priest)">Hunt, William</a> (2019) [1905]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203898"><i>The History of England from the Accession of George III – to the close of Pitt's first Administration</i></a>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-530-51826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-530-51826-8"><bdi>978-0-530-51826-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+from+the+Accession+of+George+III+%E2%80%93+to+the+close+of+Pitt%27s+first+Administration&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-530-51826-8&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.203898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.readingroo.ms/2/5/2/3/25232/25232.txt">Gutenberg edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langford" title="Paul Langford">Langford, Paul</a> (1976). <i>The Eighteenth Century, 1688-1815</i>. A. and C. Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-1652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-1652-1"><bdi>978-0-7136-1652-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighteenth+Century%2C+1688-1815&rft.pub=A.+and+C.+Black&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-1652-1&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeadam1912" class="citation book cs1">Leadam, I. S (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459426"><i>The History of England From The Accession of Anne to the Death of George II</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+From+The+Accession+of+Anne+to+the+Death+of+George+II&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Leadam&rft.aufirst=I.+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.459426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1956" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Dorothy (1956). <i>English People in the Eighteenth Century</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+People+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1997" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Gerald, ed. (1997). <i>Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0396-1"><bdi>978-0-8153-0396-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+Hanoverian+Age%2C+1714%E2%80%931837%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0396-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Gorman1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Gorman, Frank (1997). <i>The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688–1832</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Eighteenth+Century%3A+British+Political+and+Social+History+1688%E2%80%931832&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=O%27Gorman&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1976" class="citation book cs1">Owen, John B (1976). <i>The Eighteenth Century: 1714–1815</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eighteenth+Century%3A+1714%E2%80%931815&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=John+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peters, Marie (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22337">"Pitt, William, first earl of Chatham [Pitt the elder] (1708–1778)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22337">10.1093/ref:odnb/22337</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pitt%2C+William%2C+first+earl+of+Chatham+%5BPitt+the+elder%5D+%281708%E2%80%931778%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22337&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F22337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterStockwell1989" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Porter_(historian)" title="Andrew Porter (historian)">Porter, A.N.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stockwell" title="Anthony Stockwell">Stockwell, A.J.</a> (1989) [1986], <i>British Imperial Policy and Decolonization, 1938-64</i>, vol. 2, <span class="nowrap">1951–</span>64, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-48284-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-48284-1"><bdi>978-0-333-48284-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Imperial+Policy+and+Decolonization%2C+1938-64&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-333-48284-1&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rft.au=Stockwell%2C+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb1956" class="citation book cs1">Plumb, J. H (1956). <i>Sir Robert Walpole: The Making of a Statesman</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Walpole%3A+The+Making+of+a+Statesman&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Plumb&rft.aufirst=J.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Porter, Roy</a> (1990). <i>English Society in the Eighteenth Century</i> (2nd ed.). Penguin Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-13819-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-13819-1"><bdi>978-0-140-13819-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Society+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-140-13819-1&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRule1992" class="citation book cs1">Rule, John (1992). <i>Albion's People: English Society 1714–1815</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albion%27s+People%3A+English+Society+1714%E2%80%931815&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms2008" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threevictoriesan00simm"><i>Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01332-6"><bdi>978-0-465-01332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Victories+and+a+Defeat%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+First+British+Empire%2C+1714%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01332-6&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreevictoriesan00simm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">Speck, W.A</a> (1998). <i>Literature and Society in Eighteenth-Century England: Ideology, Politics and Culture, 1680–1820</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Society+in+Eighteenth-Century+England%3A+Ideology%2C+Politics+and+Culture%2C+1680%E2%80%931820&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=W.A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Taylor, Stephen (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28601">"Walpole, Robert, first earl of Orford (1676–1745)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28601">10.1093/ref:odnb/28601</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walpole%2C+Robert%2C+first+earl+of+Orford+%281676%E2%80%931745%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F28601&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F28601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardGooch1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ward, A.W.; Gooch, G.P., eds. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00ward"><i>The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919</i></a>. Vol. 1, <span class="nowrap">1783–</span>1815. Cambridge, The University press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+British+Foreign+Policy%2C+1783%E2%80%931919&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+The+University+press&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory00ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1960" class="citation book cs1">Watson, J. Steven (1960). <i>The Reign of George III, 1760–1815</i>. Oxford History of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+George+III%2C+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Oxford+History+of+England&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J.+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Williams_(historian)" title="Basil Williams (historian)">Williams, Basil</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whigsupremacy171001761mbp"><i>The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whig+Supremacy+1714%E2%80%931760&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhigsupremacy171001761mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1900" class="citation journal cs1">—— (April 1900). "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>15</b> (58): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXV.LVIII.251">10.1093/ehr/XV.LVIII.251</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/548451">548451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+England+under+Walpole&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1900-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXV.LVIII.251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F548451%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1900" class="citation journal cs1">—— (July 1900). "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>15</b> (59): <span class="nowrap">479–</span>494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXV.LIX.479">10.1093/ehr/XV.LIX.479</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549078">549078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+England+under+Walpole+%28Continued%29&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E494&rft.date=1900-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXV.LIX.479&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F549078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1900" class="citation journal cs1">—— (October 1900). "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>59</b> (60): <span class="nowrap">665–</span>698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXV.LX.665">10.1093/ehr/XV.LX.665</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/548535">548535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+England+under+Walpole+%28Continued%29&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E665-%3C%2Fspan%3E698&rft.date=1900-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXV.LX.665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F548535%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1901" class="citation journal cs1">—— (January 1901). "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>16</b> (61): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXVI.LXI.67">10.1093/ehr/XVI.LXI.67</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549509">549509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+England+under+Walpole&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=61&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1901-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXVI.LXI.67&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F549509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1901" class="citation journal cs1">—— (April 1901). "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>16</b> (62): <span class="nowrap">308–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXVI.LXII.308">10.1093/ehr/XVI.LXII.308</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/548655">548655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+England+under+Walpole+%28Continued%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1901-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXVI.LXII.308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F548655%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1901" class="citation journal cs1">—— (July 1901). "The Foreign Policy of England under Walpole (Continued)". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>16</b> (53): <span class="nowrap">439–</span>451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXVI.LXIII.439">10.1093/ehr/XVI.LXIII.439</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549205">549205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+England+under+Walpole+%28Continued%29&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E451&rft.date=1901-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXVI.LXIII.439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F549205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">Historiography of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_British_Empire" title="Historiography of the British Empire">Historiography of the British Empire</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1987). "British foreign policy in the eighteenth century: A survey". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385878">10.1086/385878</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175553">175553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145307952">145307952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=British+foreign+policy+in+the+eighteenth+century%3A+A+survey&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145307952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175553%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385878&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereaux2009" class="citation journal cs1">Devereaux, Simon (2009). "The Historiography of the English State during 'the Long Eighteenth Century': Part I–Decentralized Perspectives". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">742–</span>764. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00591.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00591.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Historiography+of+the+English+State+during+%27the+Long+Eighteenth+Century%27%3A+Part+I%E2%80%93Decentralized+Perspectives&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E742-%3C%2Fspan%3E764&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2009.00591.x&rft.aulast=Devereaux&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereaux2010" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2010). "The Historiography of the English State During 'The Long Eighteenth Century'Part Two–Fiscal-Military and Nationalist Perspectives". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>8</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">843–</span>865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00706.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00706.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Historiography+of+the+English+State+During+%27The+Long+Eighteenth+Century%27Part+Two%E2%80%93Fiscal-Military+and+Nationalist+Perspectives&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E843-%3C%2Fspan%3E865&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00706.x&rft.aulast=Devereaux&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1978" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Richard R. (1978). "Politics Redefined: An Assessment of Recent Writings on the Late Stuart Period of English History, 1660 to 1714". <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">691–</span>732. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1923211">10.2307/1923211</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923211">1923211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Politics+Redefined%3A+An+Assessment+of+Recent+Writings+on+the+Late+Stuart+Period+of+English+History%2C+1660+to+1714&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E691-%3C%2Fspan%3E732&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1923211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1923211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Gorman1986" class="citation journal cs1">O'Gorman, Frank (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.csulb.edu/~ssayeghc/foucault/ogorman.pdf">"The recent historiography of the Hanoverian regime"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>29</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1005–</span>1020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00019178">10.1017/S0018246X00019178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159984575">159984575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+recent+historiography+of+the+Hanoverian+regime&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1005-%3C%2Fspan%3E1020&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00019178&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159984575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Gorman&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.csulb.edu%2F~ssayeghc%2Ffoucault%2Fogorman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlatter1984" class="citation book cs1">Schlatter, Richard, ed. (1984). <i>Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing Since 1966</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Views+on+British+History%3A+Essays+on+Historical+Writing+Since+1966&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmsRiotte2007" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan; Riotte, Torsten, eds. (2007). <i>The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15462-8"><bdi>978-0-521-15462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hanoverian+Dimension+in+British+History%2C+1714%E2%80%931837&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15462-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&PageNumber=0&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=2078400">Text of Union with Scotland Act</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a><br />12 July 927 – 1 May 1707<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 843</span> – 1 May 1707</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Kingdom of Great Britain </b><br />1 May 1707 – 31 December 1800 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a><br />1 January 1801 – 6 December 1922</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Template:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Constitutional development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union of 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Union of 1801</a></li></ul></li> <li>External wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Jenkins Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early-18th-century_Whig_plots" title="Early-18th-century Whig plots">Whig plots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797" title="Panic of 1796–1797">Panic of 1796–1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Scottish Agricultural Revolution">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral Badge of Great Britain"><img alt="Floral Badge of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/120px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/180px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg/240px-Floral_Badge_of_Great_Britain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Floral Badge of Great Britain</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_Great_Britain" title="List of parliaments of Great Britain">List of parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain">Acts of Parliament:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1707" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1708" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1709" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1709">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1710" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1710">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1711" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1711">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1712" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1712">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1713" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1713">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1714" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1714">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1715" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1715">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1716" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1716">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1717" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1717">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1718" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1718">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1719" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1719">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1720" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1720">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1721" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1721">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1722" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1723" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1723">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1724" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1724">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1725" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1725">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1726" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1726">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1727" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1727">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1728" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1728">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1729" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1729">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1730" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1730">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1731" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1731">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1732" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1732">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1733" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1734" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1734">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1735" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1735">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1736" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1736">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1737" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1737">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1738" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1738">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1739" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1739">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1740" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1740">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1741" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1741">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1742" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1742">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1743" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1743">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1744" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1744">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1745" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1746" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1746">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1747" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1747">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1748" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1748">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1749" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1749">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1750" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1750">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1751" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1751">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1753" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1753">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1754" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1754">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1755" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1755">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1756" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1756">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1757" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1757">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1758" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1758">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1759" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1759">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1760" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1760">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1761" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1761">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1762" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1762">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1763" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1763">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1764" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1764">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1765" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1765">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1766" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1766">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1767" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1767">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1768" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1768">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1769" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1769">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1770" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1770">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1771" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1771">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1772" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1772">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1773" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1773">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1774" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1774">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1775" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1775">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1776" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1776">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1777" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1777">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1778" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1778">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1779" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1779">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1780" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1780">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1781" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1781">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1782" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1782">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1783" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1783">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1784" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1784">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1785" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1785">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1786" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1786">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1787" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1787">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1788" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1788">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1789" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1789">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1790" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1790">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1791" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1791">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1792" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1792">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1793" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1793">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1794" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1794">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1795" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1795">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1796" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1796">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1797" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1797">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1798" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1798">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1799" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1799">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1800" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1800">1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Great Britain">Elections:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1708_British_general_election" title="1708 British general election">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710_British_general_election" title="1710 British general election">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713_British_general_election" title="1713 British general election">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_British_general_election" title="1715 British general election">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722_British_general_election" title="1722 British general election">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727_British_general_election" title="1727 British general election">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_British_general_election" title="1734 British general election">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747_British_general_election" title="1747 British general election">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754_British_general_election" title="1754 British general election">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_British_general_election" title="1761 British general election">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_British_general_election" title="1768 British general election">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774_British_general_election" title="1774 British general election">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_British_general_election" title="1780 British general election">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_British_general_election" title="1790 British general election">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_British_general_election" title="1796 British general election">1796</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Junto" title="Whig Junto">Whig Junto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whigs" title="Patriot Whigs">Patriot Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_periodicals" title="List of 18th-century British periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Romantic literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish literature in the eighteenth century">Scottish 18th-century literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Stockings_Society" title="Blue Stockings Society">Blue Stockings Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitude_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude prize">Longitude prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_tax" title="Window tax">Window tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain" title="Coat of arms of Great Britain">Royal arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_the_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_the_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to the Kingdom of Great Britain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_Great_Britain_(1707–1800)_→_1801–present172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Years in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Years in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_Great_Britain_(1707–1800)_→_1801–present172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Years in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Britain</a> (1707–1800) → <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Years in the United Kingdom">1801–present</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1707–1800</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1707_in_Great_Britain" title="1707 in Great Britain">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1708_in_Great_Britain" title="1708 in Great Britain">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1709_in_Great_Britain" title="1709 in Great Britain">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710_in_Great_Britain" title="1710 in Great Britain">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711_in_Great_Britain" title="1711 in Great Britain">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1712_in_Great_Britain" title="1712 in Great Britain">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713_in_Great_Britain" title="1713 in Great Britain">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1714_in_Great_Britain" title="1714 in Great Britain">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_in_Great_Britain" title="1715 in Great Britain">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1716_in_Great_Britain" title="1716 in Great Britain">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717_in_Great_Britain" title="1717 in Great Britain">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1718_in_Great_Britain" title="1718 in Great Britain">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1719_in_Great_Britain" title="1719 in Great Britain">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720_in_Great_Britain" title="1720 in Great Britain">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721_in_Great_Britain" title="1721 in Great Britain">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722_in_Great_Britain" title="1722 in Great Britain">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1723_in_Great_Britain" title="1723 in Great Britain">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1724_in_Great_Britain" title="1724 in Great Britain">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1725_in_Great_Britain" title="1725 in Great Britain">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1726_in_Great_Britain" title="1726 in Great Britain">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727_in_Great_Britain" title="1727 in Great Britain">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1728_in_Great_Britain" title="1728 in Great Britain">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1729_in_Great_Britain" title="1729 in Great Britain">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1730_in_Great_Britain" title="1730 in Great Britain">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1731_in_Great_Britain" title="1731 in Great Britain">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1732_in_Great_Britain" title="1732 in Great Britain">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1733_in_Great_Britain" title="1733 in Great Britain">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_in_Great_Britain" title="1734 in Great Britain">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1735_in_Great_Britain" title="1735 in Great Britain">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1736_in_Great_Britain" title="1736 in Great Britain">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1737_in_Great_Britain" title="1737 in Great Britain">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1738_in_Great_Britain" title="1738 in Great Britain">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1739_in_Great_Britain" title="1739 in Great Britain">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_in_Great_Britain" title="1740 in Great Britain">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741_in_Great_Britain" title="1741 in Great Britain">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1742_in_Great_Britain" title="1742 in Great Britain">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1743_in_Great_Britain" title="1743 in Great Britain">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1744_in_Great_Britain" title="1744 in Great Britain">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1745_in_Great_Britain" title="1745 in Great Britain">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1746_in_Great_Britain" title="1746 in Great Britain">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747_in_Great_Britain" title="1747 in Great Britain">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1748_in_Great_Britain" title="1748 in Great Britain">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1749_in_Great_Britain" title="1749 in Great Britain">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1750_in_Great_Britain" title="1750 in Great Britain">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1751_in_Great_Britain" title="1751 in Great Britain">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1752_in_Great_Britain" title="1752 in Great Britain">1752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1753_in_Great_Britain" title="1753 in Great Britain">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754_in_Great_Britain" title="1754 in Great Britain">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_in_Great_Britain" title="1755 in Great Britain">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1756_in_Great_Britain" title="1756 in Great Britain">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1757_in_Great_Britain" title="1757 in Great Britain">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1758_in_Great_Britain" title="1758 in Great Britain">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1759_in_Great_Britain" title="1759 in Great Britain">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1760_in_Great_Britain" title="1760 in Great Britain">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_in_Great_Britain" title="1761 in Great Britain">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1762_in_Great_Britain" title="1762 in Great Britain">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1763_in_Great_Britain" title="1763 in Great Britain">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1764_in_Great_Britain" title="1764 in Great Britain">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1765_in_Great_Britain" title="1765 in Great Britain">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766_in_Great_Britain" title="1766 in Great Britain">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1767_in_Great_Britain" title="1767 in Great Britain">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_in_Great_Britain" title="1768 in Great Britain">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769_in_Great_Britain" title="1769 in Great Britain">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770_in_Great_Britain" title="1770 in Great Britain">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1771_in_Great_Britain" title="1771 in Great Britain">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772_in_Great_Britain" title="1772 in Great Britain">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1773_in_Great_Britain" title="1773 in Great Britain">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774_in_Great_Britain" title="1774 in Great Britain">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775_in_Great_Britain" title="1775 in Great Britain">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_in_Great_Britain" title="1776 in Great Britain">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777_in_Great_Britain" title="1777 in Great Britain">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778_in_Great_Britain" title="1778 in Great Britain">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779_in_Great_Britain" title="1779 in Great Britain">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_in_Great_Britain" title="1780 in Great Britain">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Great_Britain" title="1781 in Great Britain">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_in_Great_Britain" title="1782 in Great Britain">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783_in_Great_Britain" title="1783 in Great Britain">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_in_Great_Britain" title="1784 in Great Britain">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785_in_Great_Britain" title="1785 in Great Britain">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786_in_Great_Britain" title="1786 in Great Britain">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787_in_Great_Britain" title="1787 in Great Britain">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788_in_Great_Britain" title="1788 in Great Britain">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789_in_Great_Britain" title="1789 in Great Britain">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_in_Great_Britain" title="1790 in Great Britain">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_in_Great_Britain" title="1791 in Great Britain">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_in_Great_Britain" title="1792 in Great Britain">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_in_Great_Britain" title="1793 in Great Britain">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_in_Great_Britain" title="1794 in Great Britain">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_in_Great_Britain" title="1795 in Great Britain">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_in_Great_Britain" title="1796 in Great Britain">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_in_Great_Britain" title="1797 in Great Britain">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_in_Great_Britain" title="1798 in Great Britain">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_in_Great_Britain" title="1799 in Great Britain">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_in_Great_Britain" title="1800 in Great Britain">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legislation_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GB_legislation" title="Template:GB legislation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GB_legislation" title="Template talk:GB legislation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GB_legislation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GB legislation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Legislation_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legislation of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Acts</a><br />by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1707" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1708" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1709" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1709">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1710" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1710">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1711" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1711">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1712" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1712">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1713" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1713">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1714" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1714">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1715" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1715">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1716" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1716">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1717" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1717">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1718" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1718">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1719" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1719">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1720" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1720">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1721" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1721">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1722" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1723" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1723">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1724" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1724">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1725" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1725">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1726" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1726">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1727" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1727">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1728" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1728">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1729" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1729">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1730" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1730">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1731" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1731">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1732" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1732">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1733" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1734" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1734">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1735" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1735">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1736" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1736">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1737" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1737">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1738" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1738">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1739" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1739">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1740" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1740">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1741" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1741">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1742" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1742">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1743" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1743">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1744" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1744">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1745" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1746" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1746">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1747" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1747">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1748" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1748">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1749" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1749">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1750" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1750">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1751" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1751">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1753" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1753">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1754" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1754">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1755" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1755">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1756" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1756">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1757" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1757">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1758" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1758">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1759" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1759">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1760" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1760">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1761" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1761">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1762" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1762">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1763" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1763">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1764" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1764">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1765" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1765">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1766" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1766">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1767" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1767">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1768" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1768">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1769" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1769">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1770" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1770">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1771" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1771">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1772" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1772">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1773" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1773">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1774" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1774">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1775" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1775">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1776" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1776">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1777" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1777">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1778" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1778">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1779" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1779">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1780" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1780">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1781" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1781">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1782" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1782">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1783" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1783">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1784" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1784">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1785" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1785">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1786" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1786">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1787" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1787">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1788" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1788">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1789" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1789">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1790" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1790">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1791" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1791">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1792" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1792">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1793" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1793">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1794" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1794">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1795" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1795">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1796" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1796">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1797" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1797">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1798" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1798">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1799" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1799">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain_from_1800" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1800">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts<br />by parliament<br />and session</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b>1</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_1st_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 1st Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>2</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_2nd_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 2nd Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_2nd_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 2nd Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>3</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_3rd_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_3rd_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_3rd_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 3rd Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>4</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_4th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 4th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_4th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 4th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>5</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_7th_session_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 7th session of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_8th_session_of_the_5th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 8th session of the 5th Parliament of Great Britain">8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>6</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_6th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_6th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_6th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_6th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_6th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_6th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 6th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>7</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_7th_session_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 7th session of the 7th Parliament of Great Britain">7</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>8</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_8th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_8th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_8th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_8th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_8th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_8th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_7th_session_of_the_8th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 7th session of the 8th Parliament of Great Britain">7</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>9</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_9th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 9th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_9th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 9th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_9th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 9th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_9th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 9th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_9th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 9th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_9th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 9th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>10</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_10th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_10th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_10th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_10th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_10th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_10th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_7th_session_of_the_10th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 7th session of the 10th Parliament of Great Britain">7</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>11</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_7th_session_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 7th session of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_8th_session_of_the_11th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 8th session of the 11th Parliament of Great Britain">8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>12</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_12th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_12th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_12th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_12th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_12th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_12th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_7th_session_of_the_12th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 7th session of the 12th Parliament of Great Britain">7</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>13</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_13th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_13th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_13th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_13th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_13th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_13th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_7th_session_of_the_13th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 7th session of the 13th Parliament of Great Britain">7</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>14</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_14th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 14th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_14th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 14th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_14th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 14th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_14th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 14th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_14th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 14th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_14th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 14th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>15</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 15th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 15th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 15th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 15th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>16</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_16th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 16th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_16th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 16th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_16th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 16th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_16th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 16th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_16th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 16th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_16th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 16th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_7th_session_of_the_16th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 7th session of the 16th Parliament of Great Britain">7</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>17</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_17th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_17th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_17th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_17th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_17th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_6th_session_of_the_17th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 6th session of the 17th Parliament of Great Britain">6</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b>18</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_1st_session_of_the_18th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 1st session of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_2nd_session_of_the_18th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 2nd session of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_3rd_session_of_the_18th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 3rd session of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_4th_session_of_the_18th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="List of acts of the 4th session of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_5th_session_of_the_18th_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acts of the 5th session of the 18th Parliament of Great Britain">5</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts by<br />regnal year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anne</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_Ann._(GB)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 Ann. (GB)">6 Ann.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="7 Ann.">7 Ann.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="8 Ann.">8 Ann.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="9 Ann.">9 Ann.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="10 Ann.">10 Ann.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="12 Ann.">12 Ann.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="13 Ann.">13 Ann.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">George I</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Geo._1._St._1" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Geo. 1. St. 1">1 Geo. 1. St. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Geo._1._St._2" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Geo. 1. St. 2">1 Geo. 1. St. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Geo. 1">3 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Geo. 1">4 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Geo. 1">5 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="6 Geo. 1">6 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_Geo._1._St._1" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Geo. 1. St. 1">7 Geo. 1. St. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_Geo._1._St._2" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Geo. 1. St. 2">7 Geo. 1. St. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="8 Geo. 1">8 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Geo. 1">9 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Geo. 1">10 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="11 Geo. 1">11 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Geo. 1">12 Geo. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="13 Geo. 1">13 Geo. 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">George II</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Geo._2._St._1" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Geo. 2. St. 1">1 Geo. 2. St. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Geo._2._St._2" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Geo. 2. St. 2">1 Geo. 2. St. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Geo. 2">2 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Geo. 2">3 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Geo. 2">4 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Geo. 2">5 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="6 Geo. 2">6 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Geo. 2">7 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="8 Geo. 2">8 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Geo. 2">9 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Geo. 2">10 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="11 Geo. 2">11 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Geo. 2">12 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="13 Geo. 2">13 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="14 Geo. 2">14 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="15 Geo. 2">15 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="16 Geo. 2">16 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="17 Geo. 2">17 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Geo. 2">18 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="19 Geo. 2">19 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="20 Geo. 2">20 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="21 Geo. 2">21 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="22 Geo. 2">22 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="23 Geo. 2">23 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Geo. 2">24 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Geo. 2">25 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="26 Geo. 2">26 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Geo. 2">27 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_%26_28_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="27 & 28 Geo. 2">27 & 28 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Geo. 2">28 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="29 Geo. 2">29 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="30 Geo. 2">30 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="31 Geo. 2">31 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="32 Geo. 2">32 Geo. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33_Geo._2" class="mw-redirect" title="33 Geo. 2">33 Geo. 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">George III</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Geo. 3">1 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Geo. 3">2 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Geo. 3">3 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Geo. 3">4 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Geo. 3">5 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="6 Geo. 3">6 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="7 Geo. 3">7 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="8 Geo. 3">8 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Geo._3._Sess._2" class="mw-redirect" title="8 Geo. 3. Sess. 2">8 Geo. 3. Sess. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="9 Geo. 3">9 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Geo. 3">10 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="11 Geo. 3">11 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Geo. 3">12 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="13 Geo. 3">13 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="14 Geo. 3">14 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="15 Geo. 3">15 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="16 Geo. 3">16 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="17 Geo. 3">17 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="18 Geo. 3">18 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="19 Geo. 3">19 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="20 Geo. 3">20 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="21 Geo. 3">21 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="22 Geo. 3">22 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="23 Geo. 3">23 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Geo._3._Sess._1" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Geo. 3. Sess. 1">24 Geo. 3. Sess. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Geo._3._Sess._2" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2">24 Geo. 3. Sess. 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Geo. 3">25 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="26 Geo. 3">26 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="27 Geo. 3">27 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Geo. 3">28 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="29 Geo. 3">29 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="30 Geo. 3">30 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="31 Geo. 3">31 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="32 Geo. 3">32 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="33 Geo. 3">33 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="34 Geo. 3">34 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="35 Geo. 3">35 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="36 Geo. 3">36 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="37 Geo. 3">37 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="38 Geo. 3">38 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="39 Geo. 3">39 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_%26_40_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="39 & 40 Geo. 3">39 & 40 Geo. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41_Geo._3._(G.B.)" class="mw-redirect" title="41 Geo. 3. (G.B.)">41 Geo. 3. (G.B.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&oldid=1275653067">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Great_Britain&oldid=1275653067</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-67jjx","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.611","walltime":"1.894","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13525,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":529329,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":99242,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":449084,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1575.752 1 -total"," 26.23% 413.274 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.06% 268.800 68 Template:Cite_book"," 16.21% 255.470 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 9.34% 147.128 22 Template:Sfn"," 6.71% 105.724 15 Template:Cite_web"," 6.52% 102.793 1 Template:Native_name"," 6.12% 96.430 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.08% 95.762 1 Template:History_of_the_United_Kingdom_sidebar"," 5.14% 81.059 20 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.016","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18606017,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndress1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrisco1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrumwellSpeck2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCannon1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarretta2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColley1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookStevenson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostinWatson1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowie1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowles1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaunton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereaux2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereaux2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrury2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalkner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGahan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGascoigne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanham2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatton1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppit2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangford1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangford1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeadam1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoades2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLund2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManet1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLynn2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNester2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Gorman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Gorman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagden1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPagden2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_England\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumb1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlumb1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorterStockwell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidMancke2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRule1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSavelle1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlatter1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreuderWard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimms1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimms2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSimmsRiotte2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeck1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeck1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanford1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevelyan1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardGooch1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiener1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1900\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1901\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinks1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"British Isles\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Kingdom of Great Britain\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 12,\n [\"GB legislation\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"History of the United Kingdom sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Kingdom of Great Britain\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wars of Great Britain\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n 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