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function (event) { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll(".navbar-dropdown.show"); dropdowns.forEach((dropdown) => { // Close the dropdown if the clicked target is outside of the dropdown if (!dropdown.parentElement.contains(event.target)) { dropdown.classList.remove("show"); } }); }); </script> </header> <div class="container mx-auto pb-5 mt-32" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <h1 class="pagetitle" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb>The king lists of Ancient Egypt</h1> </div> <div class="container mx-auto" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <div class="block md:grid grid-cols-12 gap-10 px-3" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <article class="text-base col-span-12 lg:col-span-9 z-10 max-w-3xl leading-7 font-normal" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <section class="page-content" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <div class="container" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <p data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> Chronological information about the rulers of Ancient Egypt is extremely scarce. The time span is enormous; Ancient Egypt vanished more than 2000 years ago, and the origin of the kingdom goes back to 3000 BC. There are three categories of king lists: </p> <div data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <ul class="py-3 pl-10" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <li data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><b data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Monuments</b> – inscriptions in a temple or tomb.</li> <li data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><b data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Annals</b> – inscriptions of events on a year-by-year basis.</li> <li data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><b data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Archives</b> – records <i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>on papyrus</i> concerning earlier rulers.</li> </ul> </div> <div data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <figure class="dark:invert" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <img class="float-left mr-5" src="/svg/nswbit.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> </figure> <p data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> The government and priesthood kept records of previous kings for administrative, political and religious reasons. As time passed and new generations of administrators took over from the previous ones, it became increasingly likely that these documents would be lost, destroyed or corrupted because they were written on papyrus, which is susceptible to deterioration. Papyrus thrives in Egypt's dry climate, but it is fragile and vulnerable to insects and both wet and dry conditions. Handling alone caused deterioration, especially when it was repeatedly unrolled. When discovered in modern times, the ageing process, sudden exposure to moisture and careless handling often caused irreparable damage to fragile papyri. </p> </div> <figure data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <img class="j" loading="lazy" src="/images/ph4.webp" alt="" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> </figure> <p class="py-3" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> Ancient scribes had to constantly make copies of the older text to preserve damaged or old, brittle papyri. Copying texts by hand is a laborious process and changes are inevitable, most of them unintentional. It is almost impossible to reproduce a handwritten text accurately; omission of letters or whole words, spelling errors, or incorrect grammar or syntax are common. The quality of the copy is influenced by the clarity of the original text and the competence and literacy of the scribe. Scribes may also make their own corrections if they believe the original to be incorrect, despite misreading the text, and if the scribe was fluent in the language, they would be less likely to make copying errors. </p> <p data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> The largest and most influential temples would have kept their own records, while it is possible that there was a formal 'master list' of ancestral kings written on papyrus. Most of the documents were probably lost over time, as the prosperity of individual temples fluctuated over the centuries. The Turin List of Kings is the only such list that survives today, and although it is the most comprehensive list of ancient Egyptian kings, it is incomplete and in very poor condition, having been written on papyrus. </p> <p data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> The rows of kings inscribed in stone were organised for religious and political purposes: to honour revered ancestors and to emphasise the legitimacy of the reigning king as the latest in a long line of rulers dating back to the time of the gods, rather than for historical accuracy. Certain ancestors on the inscribed lists were deliberately excluded, and the varying names of some kings confirm that there must have been more than one master list of kings. </p> <table class="w-full" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <caption class="my-3 bg-yarrow/25 text-sm dark:bg-transparent dark:text-stone-400" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Table 1: The king lists of Ancient Egypt by number of kings</caption> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <th class="border-b-2 border-stone-200 bg-yarrow/25 px-2 py-2 dark:border-shark-800 dark:bg-transparent" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>King list</th> <th class="border-b-2 border-stone-200 bg-yarrow/25 py-2 pr-3 dark:border-shark-800 dark:bg-transparent" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Kings</th> <th class="border-b-2 border-stone-200 bg-yarrow/25 py-2 dark:border-shark-800 dark:bg-transparent" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Remarks</th> <th class="border-b-2 border-stone-200 bg-yarrow/25 py-2 dark:border-shark-800 dark:bg-transparent" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Dyn.</th> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Turin king list</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>223</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Royal Canon of Turin</i>, (Turin, Italy)</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>19</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/abydos-canon" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Abydos Canon</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>76</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Temple of Seti I</i>, Abydos</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>19</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/karnak-canon" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Karnak Canon</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>61</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Temple of Thutmose III</i>, Karnak</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>18</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/saqqara-canon" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Saqqara Canon</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>58</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Tomb of Tjunery</i>, Saqqara (Cairo)</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>19</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#abydos" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Abydos Table</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>30</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Temple of Ramesses II</i>, Abydos</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>19</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#annals" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Royal Annals</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>26</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Memphis?</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>5</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#genealogy" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Genealogy of Ankhefensekhmet</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>26</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Memphis?</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>5</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/marseille" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Table of Qenhirkhopshef</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>17</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Karnak Temple Complex</i>, (Marseille)</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>19</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/ramesseum-canon" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Ramesseum Canon</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>14</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Ramesseum Temple</i>, Thebes</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>19</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#amenmose" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Tomb of Amenmose</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>12</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>TT 19</i>, Thebes</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>19</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/medinet-habu-canon" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Medinet Habu Canon</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>9</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Medinet Habu Temple</i>, Thebes</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>20</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#qaa" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Seal of Qaa</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>8</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Tomb Q</i>, Abydos</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>1</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#inherkhau" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Tomb of Inherkhau</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>7</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>TT 359</i>, Thebes</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>20</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#giza" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Giza writing board</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>6</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Cedar wood and gypsum</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>5</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#netjerpunesut" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Tomb of Netjerpunesut</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>6</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Giza, central field</i>, small mastaba.</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>5</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#den" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Seal of Den</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>5</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Abydos tomb T</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>1</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#sekhemkara" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Tomb of Sekhemkara</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>5</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>G 8146</i>, Giza</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>5</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#wadi" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Wadi Hammamat king list</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>5</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Rock inscription</i>, Wadi Hammamat</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>12</td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 p-2 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other#ssaqqara" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>South Saqqara Stone</a></td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>4</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle><i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Erased</i> annals, sarcophagus lid, Saqqara</td> <td class="border-b border-stone-200 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>6</td> </tr> </table> <p data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> Attempting to establish an <a href="/ancient-egypt/chronology" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>absolute chronology</a> of dates in terms of the Gregorian calendar based on the available information from the king lists is a challenging endeavour, primarily due to the fragmentary nature of the king lists and the scarcity of contemporary records that have survived. The surviving astronomical records permit the determination of absolute dates for specific events, thereby corroborating the assertion that a given king actually ruled on a given date. The king lists agree only on a <a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/compare-canons" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>small number of kings</a>, which is to be expected, given that there were more than two hundred kings and that the lists themselves were most likely derived from different sources and periods. </p> <h2 class="py-3" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>King lists of Antiquity</h2> <figure data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> <img class="h" loading="lazy" src="/images/heka.webp" alt="" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> </figure> <p data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> Greek historians visiting Egypt in antiquity were the first to share information about the Egyptian kings, but the accounts were incomplete and suffered by the transcription of the foreign Egyptian language into Greek. For example, Herodotus heard the priests talk about pharaoh <i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Khufu</i>, yet wrote down it as <i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Cheops</i>, which to his ears was the closest approximation. It should be noted that throughout the 2,500 years that followed Khufu's passing, the pronunciation of his name changed as the Egyptian language evolved. Due to the nature of the <a href="/ancient-egypt/hieroglyphs" class="it" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>hieroglyphs</a>, we can only speculate as to the precise names that the pharaohs were known by to their contemporaries. </p> <p data-astro-cid-pupxvlle> The Ptolemaic Dynasty ushered in a new era of interest in ancient Egypt, repairing and restoring many of the ancient crumbling temples and monuments, while also building new ones over the next centuries. It also inspired an Egyptian priest named <a href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho" class="it" data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Manetho</a> to address the many inaccuracies and misconceptions about the long history of the kingdom in his book <em data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>Aegyptiaca</em> (the History of Egypt), sourced from the three categories above; the original was probably the most complete source for the names of the kings ever compiled. We only have indirect knowledge of the original Aegyptiaca, and in subsequent centuries it was replaced by Epitomes (summaries). The extent to which the epitomes preserved Manetho鈥檚 original writing is unclear, but each subsequent <i data-astro-cid-pupxvlle>hand-written</i> copy undoubtedly introduced some further corruption of the original. The authors whose works have survived clearly only had access to epitomes of Aegyptiaca. </p> </div> </section> <div class="py-10 my-5 print:hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <img src="/svg/thoth.svg" loading="lazy" class="mx-auto h-28 opacity-50 transition duration-300 hover:opacity-100" alt="Thoth" title="You have reached the end of the page. This is Thoth, the wise God of writing and hieroglyphs." srcset=""> <p class="text-center uppercase font-sans text-xs pt-3"> <abbr class="text-stone-400 dark:text-shark-700 no-underline" title="Latin for: Nothing comes from nothing">Ex nihilo nihil fit</abbr> </p> </div> <div class="hidden print:block print:py-20 text-center"> <h3>Original text from:</h3><a href="https://pharaoh.se{currentPath}" class="font-mono text-sm text-black"><img src="/svg/pharaohse.svg" alt="Pharaoh.SE" class="w-60 mx-auto block">https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/kinglists/</a> </div> </article> <aside class="hidden lg:grid lg:col-span-3 print:hidden border-s border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-900 dark:bg-darky" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="flex h-full px-5 overflow-y-auto sm:w-64 w-80 font-sans" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <nav class="-mx-3 space-y-8 pb-36" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="pharaohs" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaohs</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/pharaohs" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaohs</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/dynasties" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Dynasties</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/chronology" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Chronology</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Egyptian king lists" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800/80 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Egyptian king lists</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglists" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Overview</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/abydos-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Abydos Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/karnak-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Karnak Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/saqqara-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Saqqara Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/compare-canons" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Compare canons</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/medinet-habu-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Medinet Habu Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/ramesseum-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Ramesseum Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/marseille" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Marseille offering table</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Minor king lists</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Turin king list" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800/80 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Turin king list</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Overview</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-history" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>History</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-contents" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Contents</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-fragments" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Fragments</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-vorlage" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Vorlage</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-gallery" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Gallery</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-recto" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Recto</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin/library" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Library</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Historians" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Historians</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/herodotus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Herodotus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Manetho</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho-king-list" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Manetho鈥檚 king list</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/africanus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Africanus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eusebius" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Eusebius</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/josephus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Josephus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/diodorus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Diodorus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/jerome" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>St. Jerome</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eratosthenes" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Eratosthenes</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/syncellus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Syncellus</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Ancient Egypt: Miscellaneous" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Ancient Egypt</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/obelisks" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Obelisks</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/temples-and-monuments" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Monuments & Temples</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/hieroglyphs" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Hieroglyphs</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/cartography" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Cartography</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/egyptology" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Egyptology</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/titles-and-epithets" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Titles & epithets</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/book-series" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Important books</a>  <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/battle-of-kadesh" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Battle of Kadesh</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/bibliography" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Bibliography</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Ancient Egypt Periods" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Periods</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/old-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Old Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/first-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>First Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/middle-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Middle Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/second-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Second Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/new-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>New Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/third-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Third Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/late-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Late Period</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/roman-emperors" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Roman Egypt</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/unplaced-kings" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Unplaced kings</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="About these pages" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaoh.se</label>  <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/curiosities" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Curiosities</a> <a class="list-link" href="/privacy" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Privacy</a> <a class="list-link" href="/about" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>About / Contact</a> </div> </nav> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="g2 text-stone-100 print:hidden"> <div class="text-center font-sans container mx-auto pb-20 sm:pb-0"> <div class="flex flex-col gap-x-10 sm:flex-row flex-wrap items-center justify-center min-h-[320px]"> <div class="flex-0 w-28 place-items-end my-5 sm:my-0"> <a href="/" class="no-underline"><img 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