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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Duties and functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_and_promotion_qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_and_promotion_qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Entry and promotion qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry_and_promotion_qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_safety_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Individual cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Accountability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Police officer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="ضابط شرطة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضابط شرطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axente_de_polic%C3%ADa" title="Axente de policía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Axente de policía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9ng-chhat-koa%E2%81%BF" title="Kéng-chhat-koaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kéng-chhat-koaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Полицай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полицай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policista" title="Policista – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Policista" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politibetjent" title="Politibetjent – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politibetjent" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizist" title="Polizist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polizist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politseinik" title="Politseinik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Politseinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agente_de_polic%C3%ADa" title="Agente de policía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agente de policía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policisto" title="Policisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Policisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="افسر پلیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افسر پلیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policier" title="Policier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Policier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oifigear-poileis" title="Oifigear-poileis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oifigear-poileis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%B0%B0%EA%B4%80" title="경찰관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경찰관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27an_%C6%B3an_Sanda" title="Jami'an Ƴan Sanda – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jami'an Ƴan Sanda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पुलिस अधिकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुलिस अधिकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policajac" title="Policajac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Policajac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policistaro" title="Policistaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Policistaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8" title="שוטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizist" title="Polizist – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polizist" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policininkas" title="Policininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Policininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegawai_polis" title="Pegawai polis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pegawai polis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieagent" title="Politieagent – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politieagent" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosjager" title="Bosjager – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bosjager" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98" title="警察官 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="警察官" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingcal" title="Kingcal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kingcal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oficer_(policja)" title="Oficer (policja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oficer (policja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polici" title="Polici – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polici" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custurinu" title="Custurinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Custurinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Police officer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policajt" title="Policajt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Policajt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policist" title="Policist – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Policist" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ئەفسەری پۆلیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەفسەری پۆلیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Полицајац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полицајац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88" title="เจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis_memuru" title="Polis memuru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polis memuru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingjcaz" title="Gingjcaz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gingjcaz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E5%BF%AB" title="捕快 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="捕快" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="警察 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="警察" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E4%BA%BA" title="差人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="差人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="警察 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="警察" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q384593#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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For the 2002 film, see <a href="/wiki/Police_Officers_(film)" title="Police Officers (film)">Police Officers (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Policeman" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Policeman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Policeman (disambiguation)">Policeman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Police_officer" title="Special:EditPage/Police officer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Police+officer%22">"Police officer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Police+officer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Police+officer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Police+officer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Police+officer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Police+officer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Police officer</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/220px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/330px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg/440px-Very_friendly_MPS_officers_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> officers in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Synonyms</th><td class="infobox-data">policeman (<small><abbr title="plural">PL:</abbr></small> policemen)<br /><span class="nowrap">policewoman (<small><abbr title="plural">PL:</abbr></small> policewomen)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Law enforcement</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">public safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public service</a>, rescue, </p> protection of private property</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Secondary or tertiary education</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Public areas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_officer" title="Immigration officer">immigration officer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>police officer</b> (also called a <b>policeman</b> (male) or <b>policewoman</b> (female), a <b>cop</b>, an <b><a href="/wiki/Officer" title="Officer">officer</a></b>, or less commonly a <b><a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">constable</a></b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warranted</a> law employee of a <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police force</a>. In most countries, "police officer" is a generic term not specifying a particular rank. In some, the use of the rank "<a href="/wiki/Officer" title="Officer">officer</a>" is legally reserved for <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police officers are generally charged with the apprehension of <a href="/wiki/Suspect" title="Suspect">suspects</a> and the prevention, detection, and reporting of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, protection and assistance of the general public, and the maintenance of public order. Police officers may be sworn to an <a href="/wiki/Police_oath" title="Police oath">oath</a>, and have the power to <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">arrest</a> people and <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detain</a> them for a limited time, along with other duties and powers. Some officers are trained in special duties, such as <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_protection" title="Child protection">child protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Very_Important_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Important Person">VIP</a> <a href="/wiki/Protective_security_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective security units">protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law enforcement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">investigation</a> techniques into major crime including <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>. Although many police officers wear a corresponding uniform, some police officers are plain-clothed in order to pass themselves off as members of the public. In most countries police officers are given exemptions from certain laws to perform their duties. For example, an officer may use force if necessary to arrest or detain a person when it would ordinarily be assault. In some countries, officers can also violate <a href="/wiki/Traffic_code" title="Traffic code">traffic code</a> to perform their duties.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "police" comes from the Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">politeia</i></span>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, which came to mean its civil administration. The more general term for the function is <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">law enforcement officer</a> or peace officer. A <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a> is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shire</a>. A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce the laws it creates. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist" class="mw-redirect" title="The Federalist">The Federalist</a></i> collection of articles and essays, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> wrote: "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Federalist_(Dawson)/50" class="extiw" title="s:The Federalist (Dawson)/50">If men were angels, no Government would be necessary</a>". These words apply to those who serve government, including police. <span class="anchor" id="cop"></span>A common nickname for a police officer is "cop"; derived from the verb sense "to arrest", itself derived from "to grab". Thus, "someone who captures", a "copper", was shortened to just "cop".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also find its origin in the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">capere</i></span>, brought to English via the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">caper</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties_and_functions">Duties and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Duties and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021-09-08_Hokkaido_Prefectural_Police_officers_in_Ashibetsu_city_(%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E8%AD%A6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1)S0158477.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2021-09-08_Hokkaido_Prefectural_Police_officers_in_Ashibetsu_city_%28%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E8%AD%A6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%29S0158477.jpg/220px-2021-09-08_Hokkaido_Prefectural_Police_officers_in_Ashibetsu_city_%28%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E8%AD%A6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%29S0158477.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2021-09-08_Hokkaido_Prefectural_Police_officers_in_Ashibetsu_city_%28%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E8%AD%A6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%29S0158477.jpg/330px-2021-09-08_Hokkaido_Prefectural_Police_officers_in_Ashibetsu_city_%28%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E8%AD%A6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%29S0158477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/2021-09-08_Hokkaido_Prefectural_Police_officers_in_Ashibetsu_city_%28%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E8%AD%A6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%29S0158477.jpg/440px-2021-09-08_Hokkaido_Prefectural_Police_officers_in_Ashibetsu_city_%28%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E8%AD%A6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%29S0158477.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefectural_police" title="Prefectural police">Prefectural Police</a> officer conducting a routine inspection in <a href="/wiki/Ashibetsu" title="Ashibetsu">Ashibetsu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The responsibilities of a police officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property and the investigation of crimes. Officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, and in many contexts, restrictions are placed on what the uniformed officer may wear. In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Rule_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule making">rules and procedures</a> dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even when off-duty. Police officers in nearly all countries retain their lawful powers while off duty.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the majority of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> legal systems, the major role of the police is to maintain order, keeping the peace through surveillance of the public, and the subsequent reporting and apprehension of suspected violators of the law. They also function to <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterrence (psychology)">discourage</a> crimes through high-visibility policing, and most police forces have an investigative capability. Police have the legal authority to arrest and detain, usually granted by magistrates. Police officers also respond to <a href="/wiki/Call_for_service" title="Call for service">calls for service</a>, along with routine <a href="/wiki/Community_policing" title="Community policing">community policing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Police are often used as an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency service</a> and may provide a public safety function at large gatherings, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_preparedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency preparedness">disasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> operations, and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">traffic collisions</a>. To provide a prompt response in emergencies, the police often coordinate their operations with <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a>. In some countries, individuals serve jointly as police officers as well as <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a> (creating the role of <a href="/wiki/Fire_police" title="Fire police">fire police</a>). In many countries, there is a common <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a> that allows the police, firefighters, or medical services to be summoned to an emergency. Some countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, have introduced command procedures for use in major emergencies or disorder. In the UK, The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Silver_Bronze_command_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Silver Bronze command structure">Gold Silver Bronze command structure</a> is a system set up to improve communications between ground-based officers and the control room. Typically, a Bronze Commander would be a senior officer on the ground, coordinating the efforts in the center of the emergency, Silver Commanders would be positioned in an 'Incident Control Room' erected to improve better communications at the scene, and a Gold Commander would be in overall command in the Control Room.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accident_involving_a_high_lorry_and_a_low_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_658054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Accident_involving_a_high_lorry_and_a_low_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_658054.jpg/220px-Accident_involving_a_high_lorry_and_a_low_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_658054.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Accident_involving_a_high_lorry_and_a_low_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_658054.jpg/330px-Accident_involving_a_high_lorry_and_a_low_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_658054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Accident_involving_a_high_lorry_and_a_low_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_658054.jpg/440px-Accident_involving_a_high_lorry_and_a_low_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_658054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_and_Isle_of_Wight_Constabulary" title="Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary">Hampshire and Isle of Wight Constabulary</a> officers guarding the scene of a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">traffic collision</a> involving a <a href="/wiki/Lorry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorry">lorry</a> and a bridge.</figcaption></figure> <p>Police are also responsible for reprimanding minor offenders by issuing <a href="/wiki/Summons" title="Summons">citations</a> which typically may result in the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a>, particularly for violations of <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a> law. Traffic enforcement is often, but not always, accomplished by police officers on <a href="/wiki/Police_motorcycle" title="Police motorcycle">police motorcycles</a>—called <i>motor officers,</i> these officers refer to the <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a> they ride on duty as simply <i>motors.</i> Police are also trained to assist persons in distress, such as motorists whose cars have broken down and people experiencing a medical emergency. Police are typically trained in basic <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> such as <a href="/wiki/CPR" class="mw-redirect" title="CPR">CPR</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">park rangers</a> are commissioned as law enforcement officers and carry out a law-enforcement role within <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> and other back-country wilderness and recreational areas, whereas <a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">military police</a> perform law enforcement functions within the military.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_and_promotion_qualifications">Entry and promotion qualifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entry and promotion qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_Police_Cadets_Graduation_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Somali_Police_Cadets_Graduation_02.jpg/220px-Somali_Police_Cadets_Graduation_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Somali_Police_Cadets_Graduation_02.jpg/330px-Somali_Police_Cadets_Graduation_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Somali_Police_Cadets_Graduation_02.jpg/440px-Somali_Police_Cadets_Graduation_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Somali_Police_Force" title="Somali Police Force">Somali Police Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_cadet" title="Police cadet">cadets</a> during a graduation ceremony at a <a href="/wiki/Police_academy" title="Police academy">police academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most countries, candidates for the police force must have completed some formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing numbers of people joining the police possess <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> qualifications and in response to this, many police forces have developed a "fast-track" scheme whereby those with <a href="/wiki/University_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="University degree">university degrees</a> spend two to three years as a <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">constable</a> before receiving promotion to higher ranks, such as <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inspector" title="Inspector">inspectors</a>. (Officers who work within investigative divisions or plainclothes are not necessarily of a higher rank but merely have different duties.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Police officers are also recruited from those with experience in the military or security services. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> laws may <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codify</a> statewide qualification standards regarding age, education, criminal record, and training, but in other countries requirements are set by local police agencies. Generally, each police agency has different requirements. Promotion is not automatic and usually requires the candidate to pass some kind of examination, interview board or other selection procedure. Although promotion normally includes an increase in <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a>, it also brings with it an increase in responsibility and for most, an increase in administrative paperwork. There is no stigma in shunning promotion, as experienced line patrol officers are highly regarded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dependent upon each agency, but generally after completing two years of service, officers may apply for specialist positions, such as <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">detective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">police dog</a> handler, <a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">mounted police</a> officer, <a href="/wiki/Police_motorcycle" title="Police motorcycle">motorcycle</a> officer, <a href="/wiki/Water_police" title="Water police">water police</a> officer, or <a href="/wiki/Authorised_firearms_officer" title="Authorised firearms officer">firearms officer</a> (in countries where police are not routinely armed).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some countries, including <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, police ranks are supplemented through <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national service</a> in the military. Qualifications may thus be relaxed or enhanced depending on the target mix of conscripts. Conscripts face tougher physical requirements in areas such as eyesight, but minimum academic qualification requirements are less stringent. Some join as volunteers, again via differing qualification requirements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pay">Pay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRESIDENT_BIDEN_VISIT_JERUSALEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PRESIDENT_BIDEN_VISIT_JERUSALEM.jpg/220px-PRESIDENT_BIDEN_VISIT_JERUSALEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PRESIDENT_BIDEN_VISIT_JERUSALEM.jpg/330px-PRESIDENT_BIDEN_VISIT_JERUSALEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PRESIDENT_BIDEN_VISIT_JERUSALEM.jpg/440px-PRESIDENT_BIDEN_VISIT_JERUSALEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel Police</a> officers in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In some societies, police officers are paid relatively well compared to other occupations; their pay depends on what rank they are within their police force and how many years they have served.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, an average patrol officer's salary was $64,610 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS_2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS_2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In London, capital of the UK, a police officer's average basic salary in 2020 was £36,773 per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Netherlands, the average police officer working on the street is ranked in salary scale 6 to 9, €27,584 to €54,177 gross (€23,805 to €38,037 net) per year. Apart from these scales, there are higher functions which can increase an officer's salary.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some towns of <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield County, Connecticut</a>, Police officers have earned $178,000-$312,000 with overtime.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar pay rates have made reports for <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a> police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, a Senior Deputy with The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="San Francisco Sheriff's Office">San Francisco Sheriff's Office</a> earned a top salary of double those in Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_safety_and_health">Occupational safety and health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occupational safety and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_officer_safety_and_health" title="Police officer safety and health">Police officer safety and health</a></div> <p>There are numerous concerns affecting the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">safety and health</a> of police officers, including <a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">occupational stress</a> and death in the line of duty. On August 6, 2019, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Attorney General">New Jersey Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurbir_Grewal" title="Gurbir Grewal">Gurbir Grewal</a> announced the creation of the first U.S. state-wide program to support the <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> of police officers. The goal of the program is to train officers in emotional resiliency and to help destigmatize mental health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_of_force">Application of force</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Application of force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_arrest_a_member_of_the_Nordic_Resistance_Movement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Police_arrest_a_member_of_the_Nordic_Resistance_Movement.jpg/220px-Police_arrest_a_member_of_the_Nordic_Resistance_Movement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Police_arrest_a_member_of_the_Nordic_Resistance_Movement.jpg/330px-Police_arrest_a_member_of_the_Nordic_Resistance_Movement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Police_arrest_a_member_of_the_Nordic_Resistance_Movement.jpg/440px-Police_arrest_a_member_of_the_Nordic_Resistance_Movement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Police_Authority" title="Swedish Police Authority">Swedish Police Authority</a> officers arresting a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_cases">Individual cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Individual cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Use_of_force" title="Use of force">Use of force</a></div> <p>Almost universally, police officers are authorized to use force, up to and including <a href="/wiki/Deadly_force" title="Deadly force">deadly force</a>, when acting in a law enforcement capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement agencies">law enforcement agencies</a> follow some variant of the <a href="/wiki/Use_of_force_continuum" title="Use of force continuum">use of force continuum</a>, where officers are only authorized to use the level of force required to match situational requirements, specific thresholds and responses vary between <a href="/wiki/Jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurisdictions">jurisdictions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While officers are trained to avoid excessive use of force, and may be held <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">legally accountable</a> for infractions, the variability of law enforcement and its dependence on <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">human judgment</a> have made the subject an area of <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">controversy</a> and research.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accountability">Accountability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Accountability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Police_accountability" title="Police accountability">Police accountability</a></div> <p>In the performance of their duties, police officers may act unlawfully, either deliberately or as a result of errors in judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police accountability efforts strive to protect citizens and their rights by ensuring legal and effective law enforcement conduct, while affording individual officers the required autonomy, protection, and <a href="/wiki/Discretion" title="Discretion">discretion</a>. As an example, the use of <a href="/wiki/Police_body_camera" title="Police body camera">body-worn cameras</a> has been shown to reduce both instances of misconduct and complaints against officers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace officer">Peace officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Military police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(military_police)" title="Provost (military police)">Provost (military police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_training_officer" title="Field training officer">Field training officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_affairs_(law_enforcement)" title="Internal affairs (law enforcement)">Internal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_police" title="Chief of police">Chief of police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_unit" title="Police tactical unit">Police tactical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy cop">Gypsy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slang_terms_for_police_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of slang terms for police officers">List of slang terms for police officers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRfletcher" class="citation web cs1">Rfletcher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militaryonesource.mil/military-basics/new-to-the-military/military-officer-and-enlisted-service-members-roles/">"Understanding the Roles of Military Officers and Enlisted Service Members"</a>. <i>Military OneSource</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Indiana University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21040-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21040-2"><bdi>0-253-21040-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Police+in+America&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-253-21040-2&rft.au=Dulaney%2C+W.+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaseH2ICEX4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolice+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalzell2007" class="citation book cs1">Dalzell, T. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140510461" title="Special:BookSources/9780140510461"><bdi>9780140510461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Historical+Slang&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780140510461&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flenglish00eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolice+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education-portal.com/articles/Police_Officer_Educational_Requirements_for_Police_Officers.html">"Educational Requirements for Police Officers"</a>. <i>education-portal.com</i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surveillance+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Lights%2C+Camera%2C+Redaction...+Police+Body-Worn+Cameras%3A+Autonomy%2C+Discretion+and+Accountability&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=131&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F261975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24908%2Fss.v14i1.6285&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24908%252Fss.v14i1.6285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolice+officer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Police officer</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Police+officer">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_officer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Police_officers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Police officers">Police officers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverpolicing.org">discoveringpolicing.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020414181517/http://www.met.police.uk/history/">Metropolitan Police history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=3uNpO3NX&id=F0F7CC87F394CCD8207AAF364D88026E6C4EC147&thid=OIP.3uNpO3NXDCTpM-OX8N4S7wHaKj&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fs-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com%2f736x%2ff4%2fb6%2fdd%2ff4b6ddaca0efd1bd6e4607d066b8366c.jpg&exph=1049&expw=736&q=constable+civil+war&simid=608014938935201477&selectedIndex=9&ajaxhist=0">19th Century picture of a US Police Officer with 6 pointed badge star</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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