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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1600s_and_1700s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1600s_and_1700s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1600s and 1700s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1600s_and_1700s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1800s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1900s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire department</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuerwehr" title="Feuerwehr – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Feuerwehr" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="দমকল বাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দমকল বাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Противопожарна служба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Противопожарна служба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feiaweah" title="Feiaweah – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Feiaweah" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_de_bombers" title="Cos de bombers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cos de bombers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandv%C3%A6sen" title="Brandvæsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brandvæsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuerwehr" title="Feuerwehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feuerwehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulet%C3%B5rje" title="Tuletõrje – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuletõrje" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Πυροσβεστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυροσβεστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departamento_de_bomberos" title="Departamento de bomberos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Departamento de bomberos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سازمان آتش‌نشانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان آتش‌نشانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%B0%A9%EB%B3%B8%EB%B6%80" title="소방본부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소방본부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_pemadam_kebakaran" title="Pasukan pemadam kebakaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasukan pemadam kebakaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_de_incendios" title="Servicio de incendios – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Servicio de incendios" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A9" title="מכבי אש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכבי אש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B3" title="ಅಗ್ನಿಶಾಮಕದಳ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಗ್ನಿಶಾಮಕದಳ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_siphonariorum" title="Corpus siphonariorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corpus siphonariorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba" title="Bomba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bomba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94" title="မီးသတ်ဌာန – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးသတ်ဌာန" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandweer" title="Brandweer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brandweer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%A8" title="消防本部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="消防本部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannvesen" title="Brannvesen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brannvesen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brannstell" title="Brannstell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brannstell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCerwehr" title="Füerwehr – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Füerwehr" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%BC_po%C5%BCarna" title="Straż pożarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Straż pożarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigada_de_inc%C3%AAndio" title="Brigada de incêndio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brigada de incêndio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departament_de_pompieri" title="Departament de pompieri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Departament de pompieri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пожарная охрана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пожарная охрана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasi%C4%8Dsk%C3%A1_jednotka" title="Hasičská jednotka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hasičská jednotka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palokunta" title="Palokunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palokunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пожежна охорона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пожежна охорона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%96%80" title="消防部門 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="消防部門" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organization that provides firefighting services</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fire and rescue" redirects here. For the England and Wales fire authorities, see <a href="/wiki/Fire_authority" title="Fire authority">Fire authority</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fire brigade" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fire brigade (disambiguation)">Fire brigade (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_engines_at_station.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fire_engines_at_station.JPG/220px-Fire_engines_at_station.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fire_engines_at_station.JPG/330px-Fire_engines_at_station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fire_engines_at_station.JPG/440px-Fire_engines_at_station.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Fire department vehicles outside a fire station in <a href="/wiki/Middleborough,_Massachusetts" title="Middleborough, Massachusetts">Middleborough, Massachusetts</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fire department</b> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>) or <b>fire brigade</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>), also known as a <b>fire company, fire authority</b>, <b>fire district</b>, <b>fire and rescue</b>, or <b>fire service</b> in some areas, is an organization that provides <a href="/wiki/Fire_prevention" title="Fire prevention">fire prevention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">fire suppression</a> services as well as other <a href="/wiki/Rescuer" title="Rescuer">rescue</a> services. </p><p>Fire departments are most commonly a <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> organization that operate within a municipality, county, state, nation, or special district. Private and specialist firefighting organizations also exist, such as those for <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_rescue_and_firefighting" title="Aircraft rescue and firefighting">aircraft rescue and firefighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fire department contains one or more <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire stations</a> within its boundaries, and may be staffed by <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a>, who may be <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer firefighter">volunteers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Fire_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory Fire Service">conscripts</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Retained_firefighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained firefighters">on-call</a>. <a href="/wiki/Combination_fire_department" title="Combination fire department">Combination fire departments</a> employ a mix of professional and volunteer firefighters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries, fire departments may also run an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">ambulance service</a>, staffed by volunteer or professional <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">EMS personnel</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsatzfahrzeuge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Einsatzfahrzeuge.jpg/220px-Einsatzfahrzeuge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Einsatzfahrzeuge.jpg/330px-Einsatzfahrzeuge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Einsatzfahrzeuge.jpg/440px-Einsatzfahrzeuge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Areal photograph of a public display by the <a href="/wiki/German_Fire_Services" title="German Fire Services">German Fire Services</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fire departments are organized in a system of administration, services, training, and operations; for example: </p> <ul><li>Administration is responsible for supervision, budgets, policy, and <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>.</li> <li>Service offers protection, safety, and education to the public.</li> <li>Training prepares people with the knowledge and skills to perform their duties.</li> <li>Operations performs tasks to mitigate harm to persons, property, and the environment.</li></ul> <p>A fire service is normally set up where it can have fire stations, <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire engines</a> and other relevant equipment strategically deployed throughout the area it serves, so that <a href="/wiki/Dispatcher" title="Dispatcher">dispatchers</a> can send fire engines, fire trucks, or <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulances</a> from the fire stations closest to the incident. Larger departments have branches within themselves to increase efficiency, composed of volunteers, support, and research. </p> <ul><li>Volunteers give additional support to the department in a state of emergency.</li> <li>Support organizing the resources within and outside of the department.</li> <li>Research is to give advantages in new technologies for the department.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAFD_Station_-_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/LAFD_Station_-_1.JPG/220px-LAFD_Station_-_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/LAFD_Station_-_1.JPG/330px-LAFD_Station_-_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/LAFD_Station_-_1.JPG/440px-LAFD_Station_-_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Fire Station No. 1 in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States, one of over 100 stations in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fire_Department" title="Los Angeles Fire Department">Los Angeles Fire Department</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most places are covered by a <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> fire department, which is established by a local or national government and funded by taxation. Even volunteer fire departments may still receive some government funding. </p><p>The typical size of a fire department varies greatly by country. In the United States, firefighting is usually organized on a municipal level. Some municipalities belong to "fire protection districts" that are served by the same fire department, such as the <a href="/wiki/San_Ramon_Valley_Fire_Protection_District" title="San Ramon Valley Fire Protection District">San Ramon Valley Fire Protection District</a>. Austria, <a href="/wiki/German_fire_services" class="mw-redirect" title="German fire services">Germany</a> and Canada also organize fire services at a municipal level. In <a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_France" title="Fire services in France">France</a>, fire services mostly cover one <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a>. In the United Kingdom, most fire services cover one or more <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">counties</a>, while Scotland and Northern Ireland each have a single fire service. In Australia, state governments run the fire services, although three states have separate agencies for metropolitan and rural areas. Poland, the Czech Republic, Israel, Italy, New Zealand, and the Philippines have national fire and rescue services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaughan_Fire_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vaughan_Fire_training.jpg/220px-Vaughan_Fire_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vaughan_Fire_training.jpg/330px-Vaughan_Fire_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vaughan_Fire_training.jpg/440px-Vaughan_Fire_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Firefighters taking part in a training exercise in <a href="/wiki/Vaughan" title="Vaughan">Vaughan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Fire departments may also provide other, more specialized emergency services, such as <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_rescue_and_firefighting" title="Aircraft rescue and firefighting">aircraft rescue and firefighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazardous materials</a> response, <a href="/wiki/Technical_rescue" title="Technical rescue">technical rescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">wildland firefighting</a>. </p><p>In some countries or regions (e.g., the United States, Germany, Japan, Hong Kong, Macau), fire departments can be responsible for providing <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">EMS</a> personnel may either be cross-trained as firefighters or a separate division of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">emergency medical technicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a>. While some services act only as "first responders" to medical emergencies, stabilizing victims until an ambulance can arrive, other fire services also operate <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">ambulance services</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fire_department" title="Talk:Fire department">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knoxfireengine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Knoxfireengine.jpg/220px-Knoxfireengine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Knoxfireengine.jpg/330px-Knoxfireengine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Knoxfireengine.jpg/440px-Knoxfireengine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Knox_Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Knox Automobile">Knox Automobile</a> produced the first modern fire engine in 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis1951FireTender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dennis1951FireTender.jpg/220px-Dennis1951FireTender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dennis1951FireTender.jpg/330px-Dennis1951FireTender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dennis1951FireTender.jpg/440px-Dennis1951FireTender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>A 1951 <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Specialist_Vehicles" title="Dennis Specialist Vehicles">Dennis</a> P12 fire tender as formerly used by the <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Service">Wiltshire Fire Brigade</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSW_Fire_Brigades_Pumper_Class_2_and_rescue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NSW_Fire_Brigades_Pumper_Class_2_and_rescue.jpg/220px-NSW_Fire_Brigades_Pumper_Class_2_and_rescue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NSW_Fire_Brigades_Pumper_Class_2_and_rescue.jpg/330px-NSW_Fire_Brigades_Pumper_Class_2_and_rescue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NSW_Fire_Brigades_Pumper_Class_2_and_rescue.jpg/440px-NSW_Fire_Brigades_Pumper_Class_2_and_rescue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Rescue_NSW" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire and Rescue NSW">Fire and Rescue NSW</a> truck in 2008</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grupa_Ratownictwa_Specjalnego_Ochotniczej_Stra%C5%BCy_Po%C5%BCarnej_z_Nowego_S%C4%85cza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grupa_Ratownictwa_Specjalnego_Ochotniczej_Stra%C5%BCy_Po%C5%BCarnej_z_Nowego_S%C4%85cza.jpg/220px-Grupa_Ratownictwa_Specjalnego_Ochotniczej_Stra%C5%BCy_Po%C5%BCarnej_z_Nowego_S%C4%85cza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grupa_Ratownictwa_Specjalnego_Ochotniczej_Stra%C5%BCy_Po%C5%BCarnej_z_Nowego_S%C4%85cza.jpg/330px-Grupa_Ratownictwa_Specjalnego_Ochotniczej_Stra%C5%BCy_Po%C5%BCarnej_z_Nowego_S%C4%85cza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grupa_Ratownictwa_Specjalnego_Ochotniczej_Stra%C5%BCy_Po%C5%BCarnej_z_Nowego_S%C4%85cza.jpg/440px-Grupa_Ratownictwa_Specjalnego_Ochotniczej_Stra%C5%BCy_Po%C5%BCarnej_z_Nowego_S%C4%85cza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/State_Fire_Service" title="State Fire Service">Polish Firefighters</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a>, Special Rescue Group with <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">rescue dogs</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known firefighting service was formed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Egnatius_Rufus" title="Marcus Egnatius Rufus">Marcus Egnatius Rufus</a> who used his slaves to provide a free fire service.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These men fought fires using <a href="/wiki/Bucket_brigade" title="Bucket brigade">bucket chains</a> and also patrolled the streets with the authority to impose <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> upon those who violated fire-prevention codes. The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> established a public fire department in 24 BCE, composed of 600 slaves distributed amongst seven fire stations in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe20092_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe20092-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1600s_and_1700s">1600s and 1700s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1600s and 1700s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fire departments were again formed by <a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">property insurance</a> companies beginning in the 17th century after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> in 1666. The first insurance brigades were established the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-CoteBugbee19882_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoteBugbee19882-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others began to realize that a lot of money could be made from this practice, and ten more insurance companies set up in London before 1832: The Alliance, Atlas, Globe, Imperial, London, Protector, Royal Exchange, Sun Union and Westminster.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each company had its own <a href="/wiki/Fire_insurance_mark" title="Fire insurance mark">fire mark</a>, a durable plaque that would be affixed to the building exterior. Although a popular legend says a company's fire brigade would not extinguish a burning building if it did not have the correct fire mark, there is little evidence to support this; evidence shows insurance companies required their firefighters to fight every fire they encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> also had a sophisticated firefighting system in the late 17th century, under the direction of artist <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_der_Heyden" title="Jan van der Heyden">Jan van der Heyden</a>, who had improved the designs of both <a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">fire hoses</a> and fire pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-Hensler20112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hensler20112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> established America's first publicly funded, paid fire department in 1678.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fire insurance made its debut in the American colonies in South Carolina in 1736, but it was <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> who imported the London model of insurance. He established the colonies' first fire insurance company in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> named the Philadelphia Contributionship,<sup id="cite_ref-CoteBugbee19882_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoteBugbee19882-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as its associated <a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Volunteer Fire Company</a>, which was an unpaid (volunteer) company.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A document dated in 1686 informs about the payment system of four so called "fire servants" (German: <i>Feuerknecht</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, which is the official founding year of the Vienna Fire Department. </p><p>In 1754,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Fire_and_Emergency" title="Halifax Regional Fire and Emergency">Halifax Regional Fire and Emergency</a>, which is today Canada's oldest fire department. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haddonfield_fire_department_history.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Haddonfield_fire_department_history.jpg/220px-Haddonfield_fire_department_history.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Haddonfield_fire_department_history.jpg/330px-Haddonfield_fire_department_history.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Haddonfield_fire_department_history.jpg/440px-Haddonfield_fire_department_history.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Plaque with the history of the department in <a href="/wiki/Haddonfield,_New_Jersey" title="Haddonfield, New Jersey">Haddonfield, New Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1764, <a href="/wiki/Haddonfield,_New_Jersey" title="Haddonfield, New Jersey">Haddonfield, New Jersey</a> established the second oldest fire company in the United States. </p><p>Another early American fire department, staffed by unpaid volunteers,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established in the city of <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a> in 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800s">1800s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1800s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, cities began to form their own fire departments as a civil service to the public, obliging private fire companies to shut down, many merging their fire stations into the city's fire department. In 1833, London's ten independent brigades all merged to form the London Fire Engine Establishment (LFEE), with <a href="/wiki/James_Braidwood_(firefighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Braidwood (firefighter)">James Braidwood</a> as the Chief Officer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braidwood had previously been the fire chief in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, where the world's first municipal fire service was founded in 1824, and he is now regarded, along with Van der Heyden, as one of founders of modern firefighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Hensler20112_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hensler20112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LFEE then was incorporated into the city's <a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">Metropolitan Fire Brigade</a> in 1865 under <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Massey_Shaw" title="Eyre Massey Shaw">Eyre Massey Shaw</a>. </p><p>In 1879, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> established the first University-based fire department in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900s">1900s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1900s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first motorized fire department was organized in 1906 in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Knox_Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Knox Automobile">Knox Automobile</a> had developed the first modern <a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">fire engine</a> one year earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Firefighters%27_Day" title="International Firefighters' Day">International Firefighters' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_fire_service" title="Compulsory fire service">Compulsory fire service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">Emergency service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">Fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">List of fire departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">Volunteer fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department_ranks_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire department ranks by country">Fire department ranks by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_department&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMadrigal2018" class="citation news cs1">Madrigal, Alexis C. (14 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/11/kim-kardashian-kanye-west-history-private-firefighting/575887/">"Kim Kardashian's Private Firefighters Expose America's Fault Lines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Kim+Kardashian%27s+Private+Firefighters+Expose+America%27s+Fault+Lines&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft.aulast=Madrigal&rft.aufirst=Alexis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2018%2F11%2Fkim-kardashian-kanye-west-history-private-firefighting%2F575887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCote2003" class="citation book cs1">Cote, Arthur E. (2003). "Basics of Fire and Fire Science". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M8NZeVI6eZUC&pg=PA1"><i>Organizing for Fire And Rescue Services</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-577-0"><bdi>978-0-87765-577-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basics+of+Fire+and+Fire+Science&rft.btitle=Organizing+for+Fire+And+Rescue+Services&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87765-577-0&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM8NZeVI6eZUC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economypoint.org/f/fire-brigades-in-the-roman-realm.html">"Fire-brigades in the Roman realm"</a>. Economypoint.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire-brigades+in+the+Roman+realm&rft.pub=Economypoint.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economypoint.org%2Ff%2Ffire-brigades-in-the-roman-realm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coe20092-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coe20092_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2009" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Charles K. (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HrUu6UTXFEC&pg=PA29"><i>Handbook of Urban Services: A Basic Guide for Local Governments</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2294-5"><bdi>978-0-7656-2294-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Urban+Services%3A+A+Basic+Guide+for+Local+Governments&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2294-5&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HrUu6UTXFEC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoteBugbee19882-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoteBugbee19882_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoteBugbee19882_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoteBugbee1988" class="citation book cs1">Cote, Arthur E.; Bugbee, Percy (December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8jU-2xyw5EC&pg=PA6"><i>Principles of fire protection</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87765-345-5"><bdi>978-0-87765-345-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+fire+protection&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=1988-12&rft.isbn=978-0-87765-345-5&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rft.au=Bugbee%2C+Percy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8jU-2xyw5EC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1stassociated.co.uk/from-fire-marks-to-surveyor-john-braid-wood.asp">"From Fire Marks to James Braidwood, the Surveyor who set up the Fire Brigade"</a>. Independent Surveyors Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Fire+Marks+to+James+Braidwood%2C+the+Surveyor+who+set+up+the+Fire+Brigade&rft.pub=Independent+Surveyors+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1stassociated.co.uk%2Ffrom-fire-marks-to-surveyor-john-braid-wood.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220032630/https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/museum/history-and-stories/early-insurance-brigades-brigades/">"Early insurance brigades"</a>. London Fire Brigade. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/museum/history-and-stories/early-insurance-brigades-brigades/">the original</a> on 20 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+insurance+brigades&rft.pub=London+Fire+Brigade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-fire.gov.uk%2Fmuseum%2Fhistory-and-stories%2Fearly-insurance-brigades-brigades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hensler20112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hensler20112_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hensler20112_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHensler2011" class="citation book cs1">Hensler, Bruce (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uO538fBcbm4C&pg=PA1"><i>Crucible of Fire: Nineteenth-Century Urban Fires and the Making of the Modern Fire Service</i></a>. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-684-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-684-8"><bdi>978-1-59797-684-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+Fire%3A+Nineteenth-Century+Urban+Fires+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Fire+Service&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-684-8&rft.aulast=Hensler&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuO538fBcbm4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinoff2007" class="citation book cs1">Klinoff, Robert (2007). 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Thomson Delmar Learning. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4180-0177-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4180-0177-3"><bdi>978-1-4180-0177-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Public+Fire+Protection&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Fire+Protection%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Thomson+Delmar+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4180-0177-3&rft.aulast=Klinoff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWP9LRAAACAAJ%26q%3DIntroduction%2Bto%2BFire%2BProtection%2Bklinoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofboston.gov/fire/about/history.asp">"History - City of Boston"</a>. February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+-+City+of+Boston&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofboston.gov%2Ffire%2Fabout%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bostonfirehistory.org/boston-history-before-1859/">"Boston History Before 1859"</a>. <i>Boston Fire Historical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Fire+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Boston+History+Before+1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbostonfirehistory.org%2Fboston-history-before-1859%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIFSTA2004" class="citation book cs1">IFSTA (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMjkAQAACAAJ&q=Fire+Service+Orientation+and+Terminology"><i>Fire Service Orientation and Terminology</i></a>. Fire Protection Publications, University of Oklahoma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87939-232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87939-232-1"><bdi>978-0-87939-232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Service+Orientation+and+Terminology&rft.pub=Fire+Protection+Publications%2C+University+of+Oklahoma&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87939-232-1&rft.au=IFSTA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMjkAQAACAAJ%26q%3DFire%2BService%2BOrientation%2Band%2BTerminology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechronicleherald.ca/community/bedford-sackville/1134967-museum-shows-off-canada-s-oldest-fire-department-s-history">"Museum shows off Canada's oldest fire department's history"</a>. <i>The Chronicle Herald</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+Herald&rft.atitle=Museum+shows+off+Canada%27s+oldest+fire+department%27s+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechronicleherald.ca%2Fcommunity%2Fbedford-sackville%2F1134967-museum-shows-off-canada-s-oldest-fire-department-s-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petersburg-va.org/index.aspx?NID=702">"Petersburg, VA - Official Website - Fire Department History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petersburg%2C+VA+-+Official+Website+-+Fire+Department+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petersburg-va.org%2Findex.aspx%3FNID%3D702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628001404/http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2015/09/fire-apparatus-petersburg-va-fire-chooses-kme.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Established in 1773, the Petersburg Department of Fire, Rescue, and Emergency Services is one of the oldest organized fire departments in the country"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2015/09/fire-apparatus-petersburg-va-fire-chooses-kme.html">the original</a> on 28 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Established+in+1773%2C+the+Petersburg+Department+of+Fire%2C+Rescue%2C+and+Emergency+Services+is+one+of+the+oldest+organized+fire+departments+in+the+country%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fireengineering.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F09%2Ffire-apparatus-petersburg-va-fire-chooses-kme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petersburg-va.org/index.aspx?NID=155">"Petersburg, VA - Official Website - Fire, Rescue, and Emergency Services"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petersburg%2C+VA+-+Official+Website+-+Fire%2C+Rescue%2C+and+Emergency+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petersburg-va.org%2Findex.aspx%3FNID%3D155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903052849/http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/JamesBraidwoodAndTheLFEE.asp">"James Braidwood and the London Fire Engine Establishment (LFEE)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Braidwood+and+the+London+Fire+Engine+Establishment+%28LFEE%29&rft.pub=London+Fire+Brigade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-fire.gov.uk%2FJamesBraidwoodAndTheLFEE.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFENR/PAZ_//_University_Communications:_Web_//_University_of_Notre_Dame" class="citation web cs1">ENR/PAZ // University Communications: Web // University of Notre Dame. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nd.edu/news/54276-ndfd-nations-oldest-university-fire-department-turns-135/">"NDFD, nation's oldest university fire department, turns 135"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NDFD%2C+nation%27s+oldest+university+fire+department%2C+turns+135&rft.au=ENR%2FPAZ+%2F%2F+University+Communications%3A+Web+%2F%2F+University+of+Notre+Dame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nd.edu%2Fnews%2F54276-ndfd-nations-oldest-university-fire-department-turns-135%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFire+department" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=9780738504995&Store_Code=arcadia&search=MA&offset=100&filter_cat=&PowerSearch_Begin_Only=&sort=&range_low=&range_high=%20%26srch_state%3D1">KNOX AUTOMOBILE COMPANY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001013914/http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=9780738504995&Store_Code=arcadia&search=MA&offset=100&filter_cat=&PowerSearch_Begin_Only=&sort=&range_low=&range_high=%20&srch_state=1">Archived</a> 1 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed: 27 April 2012</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firefighting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firefighting" title="Template:Firefighting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firefighting" title="Template talk:Firefighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firefighting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firefighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">Personnel and organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_chief" title="Battalion chief">Battalion chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_fire_officer" title="Chief fire officer">Chief fire officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_captain" title="Fire captain">Fire captain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_chief" title="Fire chief">Fire chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_officer" title="Station officer">Station officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_firefighter" title="Retained firefighter">Retained firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_marshal" title="Fire marshal">Fire marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_police" title="Fire police">Fire police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighter_assist_and_search_team" title="Firefighter assist and search team">Firefighter assist and search team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations_firefighter" title="Special operations firefighter">Special operations firefighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_fire_department" title="Volunteer fire department">Volunteer fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_firefighting" title="Women in firefighting">Women in firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_firefighting_ranks" title="List of comparative firefighting ranks">Fire department ranks by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drill_tower" title="Drill tower">Drill tower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fire department</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">Fire station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_tower" title="Hose tower">Hose tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_command_vehicle" title="Fire command vehicle">Fire command vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine" title="Fire engine">Fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_motorcycle" title="Fire motorcycle">Fire motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_materials_apparatus" title="Hazardous materials apparatus">Hazardous materials apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_air_unit" title="Light and air unit">Light and air unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quint_(fire_apparatus)" title="Quint (fire apparatus)">Quint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_vehicle" title="Rescue vehicle">Rescue vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tender" title="Water tender">Water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting_equipment" title="Glossary of firefighting equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunker_gear" title="Bunker gear">Bunker gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_chair" title="Escape chair">Escape chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_brigade_key" title="Fire brigade key">Fire brigade keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_proximity_suit" title="Fire proximity suit">Fire proximity suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_shelter" title="Fire shelter">Fire shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_pole" title="Fireman's pole">Fireman's pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_switch" title="Fireman's switch">Fireman's switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_nozzle" title="Fog nozzle">Fog nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligan_bar" title="Halligan bar">Halligan bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_suction_hose" title="Hard suction hose">Hard suction hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">Hazmat suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_bridge" title="Hose bridge">Hose bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_rescue_tool" title="Hydraulic rescue tool">Hydraulic rescue tool</a> ("Jaws of life")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_tool" title="Kelly tool">Kelly tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_roof_hook" title="New York roof hook">New York roof hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PASS_device" title="PASS device">PASS device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_pig_(tool)" title="The pig (tool)">The pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_water_tank" title="Portable water tank">Portable water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_saw" title="Rotary saw">Rotary saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_information_box" title="Secure information box">Secure information box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">Self-contained breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(alarm)" title="Siren (alarm)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera" title="Thermal imaging camera">Thermal imaging camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting">Terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_fire" title="Barn fire">Barn fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_fire" title="Chimney fire">Chimney fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man_zone" title="Dead man zone">Dead man zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_gun" title="Deluge gun">Deluge gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door_breaching" title="Door breaching">Door breaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(water)" title="Draft (water)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">False alarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireman%27s_carry" title="Fireman's carry">Fireman's carry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fire" title="Flash fire">Flash fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-alarm_fire" title="Multiple-alarm fire">Multiple-alarm fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollover_(fire)" title="Rollover (fire)">Rollover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop,_drop_and_roll" title="Stop, drop and roll">Stop, drop and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-in,_two-out" title="Two-in, two-out">Two-in, two-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(firefighting)" title="Ventilation (firefighting)">Ventilation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_Physical_Ability_Test" title="Candidate Physical Ability Test">Candidate Physical Ability Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_camp" title="Fire camp">Fire camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_firefighting" title="Geography of firefighting">Geography of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_firefighting" title="History of firefighting">History of firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Fire_Fighters" title="International Association of Fire Fighters">International Association of Fire Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Firefighters%27_Day" title="International Firefighters' Day">International Firefighters' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firefighting_films" title="List of firefighting films">List of firefighting films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muster_(event)" title="Muster (event)">Muster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Florian" title="Saint Florian">Saint Florian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_emergency_management" title="Wildfire emergency management">Wildfire emergency management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression" title="Wildfire suppression">Wildfire suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment <br />and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper" title="Fire flapper">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout_tower" title="Fire lookout tower">Fire lookout tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_trail" title="Fire trail">Fire trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebreak" title="Firebreak">Firebreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">Firefighting apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_bucket" title="Helicopter bucket">Helicopter bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_pack" title="Hose pack">Hose pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Airborne_FireFighting_System" title="Modular Airborne FireFighting System">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_engine" title="Wildland fire engine">Wildland fire engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_water_tender" title="Wildland water tender">Wildland water tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">Fire lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">Handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotshot_crew" title="Hotshot crew">Hotshot crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">Smokejumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_fire_module" title="Wildland fire module">Wildland fire module</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_ancient_Rome" title="Firefighting in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfires_in_the_United_States" title="Wildfires in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildfire_suppression_in_the_United_States" title="History of wildfire suppression in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires" title="List of California wildfires">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_wildfires" title="List of Washington wildfires">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wildfire_terms" title="Glossary of wildfire terms">Glossary of wildfire terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildfires" title="List of wildfires">List of wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection">Template:Fire protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Firefighting" title="Category:Firefighting"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Firefighting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Firefighting"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firefighting" title="Glossary of firefighting"><b>Glossary</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_firefighting_articles" title="Index of firefighting articles"><b>Index</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_firefighting" title="Outline of firefighting"><b>Outline</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_firefighting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_services_by_country" title="Template:Fire services by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fire_services_by_country" title="Template talk:Fire services by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fire_services_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fire services by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_firefighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_firefighting" title="Geography of firefighting">Geography of firefighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Rescue_services_of_Albania" title="Fire and Rescue services of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Defence" title="Algerian Civil Defence">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra#Fire_brigade" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Fire_and_Emergency_Service_Authorities_Council" title="Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Belgium" title="Firefighting in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Rescue_Department_(Brunei)" title="Fire and Rescue Department (Brunei)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_and_Rescue_Administration" title="National Fire and Rescue Administration">China (People's Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Fire_Service" title="Cyprus Fire Service">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Fire_Department" title="Copenhagen Fire Department">Denmark - Copenhagen Fire Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Rescue_Board" title="Estonian Rescue Board">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_France" title="Fire services in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fire_services" class="mw-redirect" title="German fire services">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_National_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Ghana National Fire and Rescue Service">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Fire_Service" title="Hellenic Fire Service">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Fire_Services_Department" title="Hong Kong Fire Services Department">Hong Kong SAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_firefighting#Indonesia" title="Geography of firefighting">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Fire_and_Rescue_Services" title="Israel Fire and Rescue Services">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigili_del_Fuoco" title="Vigili del Fuoco">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Fire_Brigade" title="Jamaica Fire Brigade">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Ducal_Fire_and_Rescue_Corps_of_Luxembourg" title="Grand-Ducal Fire and Rescue Corps of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Services_Bureau" title="Fire Services Bureau">Macau SAR</a></li> <li>Malaysia (<a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Rescue_Department_of_Malaysia" title="Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia">JBPM</a>•<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Civil_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Civil Defence Force">MCDF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_fighting_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire fighting in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Emergency_New_Zealand" title="Fire and Emergency New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Fire_Service" title="State Fire Service">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Fire_Protection" title="Bureau of Fire Protection">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_fire_services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian fire services (page does not exist)">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Fire_Service" title="Russian State Fire Service">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Defence_Force" title="Singapore Civil Defence Force">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Fire services in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Fire Agency (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Agency" title="National Fire Agency">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fire_corps_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Municipal fire corps (Turkey) (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_the_United_States" title="Firefighting in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Vatican City/Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_departments" title="List of fire departments">List of fire departments</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6498663#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6498663#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6498663#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/925238/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017013-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85048470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Services des incendies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119772921">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Services des incendies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119772921">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hasičské sbory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph162652&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533684105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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