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<span>Early conservation in the United States, 1866–1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_conservation_in_the_United_States,_1866–1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duties,_disciplines,_and_specializations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duties,_disciplines,_and_specializations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Duties, disciplines, and specializations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duties,_disciplines,_and_specializations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_deficit_in_developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_deficit_in_developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worldwide deficit in developing countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_deficit_in_developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies_Featuring_Rangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies_Featuring_Rangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Movies Featuring Rangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies_Featuring_Rangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Park ranger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="حارس أحراج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حارس أحراج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagawana" title="Jagawana – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jagawana" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardabosc" title="Guardabosc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guardabosc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_(Beruf)" title="Ranger (Beruf) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ranger (Beruf)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δασοφύλακας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δασοφύλακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardaparque" title="Guardaparque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guardaparque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbargardisto" title="Arbargardisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arbargardisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="محیط‌بان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محیط‌بان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_forestier" title="Garde forestier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Garde forestier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagawana" title="Jagawana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jagawana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardaparco" title="Guardaparco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guardaparco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renjer" title="Renjer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Renjer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswachter" title="Boswachter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boswachter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%AE%98" title="自然保護官 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然保護官" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADcia_florestal" title="Polícia florestal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polícia florestal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naravovarstveni_nadzornik" title="Naravovarstveni nadzornik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naravovarstveni nadzornik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mets%C3%A4nvartija" title="Metsänvartija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metsänvartija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skogvaktare" title="Skogvaktare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skogvaktare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="เจ้าหน้าที่พิทักษ์ป่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ้าหน้าที่พิทักษ์ป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger" title="Ranger – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ranger" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Рейнджер парку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рейнджер парку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who protects and preserves parklands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uganda_IMG_5782.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Uganda_IMG_5782.jpg/220px-Uganda_IMG_5782.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Uganda_IMG_5782.jpg/330px-Uganda_IMG_5782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Uganda_IMG_5782.jpg/440px-Uganda_IMG_5782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Park ranger in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ranger</b>, <b>park ranger</b>, <b>park warden</b>, <b>field ranger</b>, or <b>forest ranger</b> is a person entrusted with protecting and preserving <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">parklands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a> – private, national, state, provincial, or local parks. Their duties include law enforcement, wildlife and land management, firefighting, and community engagement and education. Rangers monitor wildlife, remove snares, confront and arrest poachers, identify and remove invasive species, and much more. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Parks" may be broadly defined by some systems in this context, and include protected culturally or historically important built environments, and is not limited to the natural environment. Different countries use different names for the position. <i>Warden</i> is the favored term in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a>. Within <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">the United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> refers to the position as a Park Ranger for all law enforcement, interpretive, and fee collection booth rangers. "District Rangers" in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a> do not perform the same duties, instead focusing on administration/management of Ranger Districts, large subunits of National Forests. Few other positions in the U.S. Forest Service are officially titled "Ranger", but there are several positions that perform similar or identical outdoor work including Foresters, Forestry Technicians, and Law Enforcement Officers. Many are referred to colloquially as "rangers" such as Wilderness Rangers, Climbing Rangers, Snow Rangers, Recreation Rangers, and Forest Protection Officers even though they are all officially categorized as "Forestry Technicians". Other countries use the term <i>park warden</i> or <i>game warden</i> to describe this occupation. The profession includes a number of disciplines and specializations, and park rangers are often required to be proficient in more than one. They take care of national parks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval England">medieval England</a>, rangers, originally called under-foresters, were the most junior officials employed to "range" through the countryside enforcing the forest law imposed by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> to protect the "vert and venison". Their duties were originally confined to seeing that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest#Forest_law" title="Royal forest">Forest Law</a> was enforced in the borders, or <a href="/wiki/Purlieus" class="mw-redirect" title="Purlieus">purlieus</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">royal forests</a>. Above them were the Foresters-in-Fee (later called Woodwards), then the Verderers, then the Justices in Eyre. Their duties corresponded in some respects with that of a mounted <a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">forester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>ranger</i> seems to correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> word <i>regardatores</i> which appeared in 1217 in the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Forest" title="Charter of the Forest">Charter of the Forest</a>. <i>Regardatores</i> was later rendered as <i>rangers</i> in the English translations of the Charter.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others translate it as <i>regarders</i>. For example, the fifth clause of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Forest" title="Charter of the Forest">Charter of the Forest</a> is commonly translated: "Our regarders shall go through the forests making the regard as it used to be made at the time of the first coronation of the aforesaid King Henry [II] our grandfather, and not otherwise."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "regard" is considered to be an inspection of the forest. </p><p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> found mentioning the term refer to a commission of a ranger in 1341.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documents from 1455 state that England had "all manner and singular Offices of <a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Foresters</a> and Rangers of our said Forests".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first appearances of <i>ranger</i> in literature is in <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepheardes_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shepheardes Calendar">The Shepheardes Calendar</a></i> from 1579: "[Wolves] walk not widely, as they were wont, for fear of rangers and the great hunt." </p><p>The office of <a href="/wiki/Ranger_of_Windsor_Great_Park" title="Ranger of Windsor Great Park">Ranger of Windsor Great Park</a> appears to have been created in 1601. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America,_17th–19th_centuries"><span id="North_America.2C_17th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"></span>North America, 17th–19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North America, 17th–19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North America, rangers served in the 17th through 18th-century wars between colonists and Native American Indian tribes. Rangers were full-time soldiers employed by colonial governments to patrol between fixed frontier fortifications in reconnaissance providing early warning of raids. During offensive operations, they acted as scouts and guides, locating villages and other targets for task forces drawn from the militia or other colonial troops. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> ordered Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Knowlton" title="Thomas Knowlton">Thomas Knowlton</a> to select an elite group of men for reconnaissance missions. This unit was known as <a href="/wiki/Knowlton%27s_Rangers" title="Knowlton's Rangers">Knowlton's Rangers</a>, and was the first official Ranger unit for the United States; it is the precusor of the modern day <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers" title="United States Army Rangers">Army Rangers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_conservation_in_the_United_States,_1866–1916"><span id="Early_conservation_in_the_United_States.2C_1866.E2.80.931916"></span>Early conservation in the United States, 1866–1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early conservation in the United States, 1866–1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word was resurrected by Americans in the 19th and 20th centuries from the old idioms used for the wardens – royally appointed – who patrolled the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_deer_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval deer park">deer parks</a> and hunting forests in England. </p><p>There is much debate among scholars about which area was the world's first national park (Yosemite or Yellowstone), so there is little agreement about who was the first national park ranger. Some argue that <a href="/wiki/Galen_Clark" title="Galen Clark">Galen Clark</a> was first when, on May 21, 1866, he became the first person formally appointed and paid to protect and administer Yosemite, thus become California's and the nation's first park ranger.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clark served as the Guardian of Yosemite for 24 years. Others point to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Yount" title="Harry Yount">Harry Yount</a> who worked as a <a href="/wiki/Gamekeeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamekeeper">gamekeeper</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in 1880–1881. Prophetically, Yount recommended "the appointment of a small, active, reliable police force...[to] assist the superintendent of the park in enforcing laws, rules, and regulations."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first permanent appointment of rangers in a national park occurred on September 23, 1898, when Charles A. Leidig and Archie O. Leonard became forest rangers at <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest uses of the term <i>ranger</i> was on badges with the title "Forest Reserve Ranger" which were used from 1898 to 1906 by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>. These badges were presumably issued to rangers working in the national parks as well as those in the national forests, since both were known as Forest Rangers at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>ranger</i> was also applied to a reorganization of the Fire Warden force in the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Park" title="Adirondack Park">Adirondack Park</a> after 1899 when fires burned 80,000 acres (320 km<sup>2</sup>) in the park.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The name was taken from <a href="/wiki/Rogers%27_Rangers" title="Rogers' Rangers">Rogers' Rangers</a>, a small force famous for their woodcraft that fought in the area during the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> in 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duties,_disciplines,_and_specializations"><span id="Duties.2C_disciplines.2C_and_specializations"></span>Duties, disciplines, and specializations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duties, disciplines, and specializations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Cieslik.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jorge_Cieslik.JPG/220px-Jorge_Cieslik.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jorge_Cieslik.JPG/330px-Jorge_Cieslik.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jorge_Cieslik.JPG/440px-Jorge_Cieslik.JPG 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Jorge Cieslik, a park ranger in the <a href="/wiki/Iguaz%C3%BA_National_Park" title="Iguazú National Park">Iguazú National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, on the border with <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The duties of the modern park ranger are as varied and diverse as the parks where they serve and in recent years have become more highly specialized. Regardless of the regular duties of any one discipline, the goal of all rangers remains to protect the park resources for future generations and to protect park visitors. This goal is accomplished by the professionalism and sometimes overlapping of the different divisions. For example, an interpretive ranger may perform a law enforcement role by explaining special park regulations to visitors and encouraging them to be proper stewards of natural and cultural history. Law enforcement rangers and other park employees may contribute to the mission of the interpretive ranger by providing information to park visitors about park resources and facilities. The spirit of teamwork in accomplishing the mission of protecting the parks and people is underscored by the fact that in many cases, for the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_ranger" title="National Park Service ranger">U.S. National Park Rangers</a> in particular, all park rangers share a common uniform regardless of work assignment. Similarly, in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a>, due to the broad landscapes and relatively fewer employees, any field going employee (that meets the background and training requirements) can be certified as an unarmed Forest Protection Officer with the authority to write federal citations even though they are not armed/sworn Forest Service Law Enforcement Officers. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Law enforcement</a>: Law enforcement rangers have police powers and enforce national, state, provincial, and/or local laws as well as park regulations. In some developing countries, the park rangers patrolling natural preserves may be heavily armed and function as <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organizations against organized poachers or even guerrillas. (Too, some are armed with <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> to protect expeditions from <a href="/wiki/Rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhino">rhinos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many other developing countries, park rangers have law enforcement authority and do carry firearms as they seek to achieve respect for nature by building good relationships with local communities and the visiting public. In units of the U.S. National Park System, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_Law_Enforcement_Rangers" title="National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers">Law Enforcement Rangers</a> are the primary police agency; their services may be augmented by the <a href="/wiki/US_Park_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="US Park Police">US Park Police</a>, particularly in the Washington, DC and San Francisco metropolitan areas. The U.S. National Park Service also has a section of "Special Agents" who conduct more complex criminal investigations. According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> statistics, National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers suffer the highest number of felonious assaults, and the highest number of homicides of all federal law enforcement officers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The City of New York has a uniformed division of Park Rangers called the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Parks_Enforcement_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol">New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol</a> who are responsible for patrolling the city parks, pools and beaches.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">Interpretation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>: Park Rangers provide a wide range of informational services to visitors. Some Rangers provide practical information—such as driving directions, train timetables, weather forecasts, trip-planning resources, and beyond. Rangers may provide <i><a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">interpretive programs</a></i> to visitors intended to foster <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a> of the resources by the visitor as a method of resource protection. Interpretation in this sense includes (but is not limited to): guided tours about the park's history, ecology, or both; slideshows, talks, demonstrations; informal contacts, and historical re-enactments. Rangers may also engage in leading more formalized <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>-based educational programs, meant to support and complement instruction received by visiting students in traditional academic settings and often designed to help educators meet specific national and/or local standards of instruction. All uniformed rangers, regardless of their primary duties, are often expected to be experts on the resources in their care, whether they are natural or cultural.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response">Emergency response</a>: Rangers are often trained in <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_first_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness first aid">wilderness first aid</a> and participate in <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> to locate lost persons in the wilderness. Many national parks require law enforcement rangers to maintain certification as Emergency Medical Responders, Emergency Medical Technicians, or Paramedics. Depending on the needs of the park where assigned, rangers may participate in high-angle rescue, swift-water rescue, may be certified scuba divers, and can become specially trained as helicopter pilots or crew members.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting" title="Firefighting">Firefighting</a>: Rangers are often the first to spot <a href="/wiki/Forest_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fire">forest fires</a> and are often trained to engage in <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildland firefighting</a> and in some cases structural fire fighting. Rangers also enforce laws and regulations regarding campfires and other fires on parklands. In the face of a fire outside their control, rangers will call for help and evacuate persons from the area pending the arrival of additional firefighters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatcher" title="Dispatcher">Dispatcher</a>: Some rangers work as park protection dispatchers, answering emergency calls and dispatching law enforcement rangers, park fire fighters or Park EMS crews by radio to emergency calls for service. Park Dispatchers provide pre-arrival instructions to callers to help them stay alive until responding units arrive. Dispatchers coordinate multi-agency responses to emergencies within the park boundaries and utilize computer systems to check for criminal histories of subjects stopped by park law enforcement rangers. Park Dispatchers typically perform other duties such as taking lost-and-found reports, monitoring CCTV surveillance cameras and fire alarms. Dispatchers are assigned to the Park Protection Division.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">Scientists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholars</a>: Rangers are responsible for protecting the natural resources or cultural sites for which they work. This includes obtaining and preserving knowledge about the area. As such, many different types of <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a> are employed as rangers. Some scientific positions often filled by rangers include <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a>, many different types of <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologist">paleontologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">soil scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanologist" title="Volcanologist">volcanologist</a>, etc. Rangers in these positions are expected to study, monitor, and inform others (in the form of published, peer-reviewed scientific papers as well as internally) about their findings. These people add to the knowledge dispersed in interpretive and educational programs, and provide information needed by managers and others to more effectively protect the resource.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranger%27s_vehicle,_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path,_Hayton_Barn,_Lanercost,_Cumbria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ranger%27s_vehicle%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path%2C_Hayton_Barn%2C_Lanercost%2C_Cumbria.jpg/220px-Ranger%27s_vehicle%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path%2C_Hayton_Barn%2C_Lanercost%2C_Cumbria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ranger%27s_vehicle%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path%2C_Hayton_Barn%2C_Lanercost%2C_Cumbria.jpg/330px-Ranger%27s_vehicle%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path%2C_Hayton_Barn%2C_Lanercost%2C_Cumbria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ranger%27s_vehicle%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path%2C_Hayton_Barn%2C_Lanercost%2C_Cumbria.jpg/440px-Ranger%27s_vehicle%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path%2C_Hayton_Barn%2C_Lanercost%2C_Cumbria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>A vehicle used by rangers responsible for maintaining <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path" title="Hadrian's Wall Path">Hadrian's Wall Path</a> in the north of England.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance, repair and operations">Maintenance</a>: Some rangers perform regular maintenance on infrastructure or equipment such as fire rings as part of their duties — especially in preparing for winter closures and spring reopenings. Rangers are often the first to discover vandalism or weather-related damage to park roads, trails and campgrounds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">Administration</a>: In many cases administrative staff members are categorized officially as park rangers and may wear the distinct park ranger uniform while working "behind the scenes" to ensure the continued operation of the parks. These rangers may set policy for the parks, or handle park budgets, computers and technology, human resources, or other fields related to the administration of parks. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> these positions are usually filled by individuals who have moved up from other field-based positions. These individuals are often heavily cross trained in order to allow for a knowledge of all other areas and duties under their authority.</li> <li>Combat wildlife <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> state government in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> has recruited and trained local rangers to respond to real-time alerts, perform ad hoc operations, support investigations and wildlife conservation efforts to combat wildlife poaching, trafficking and illegal wildlife trade in Sabah.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_deficit_in_developing_countries">Worldwide deficit in developing countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Worldwide deficit in developing countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_Cieslik_ultima_recorrida_del_Jefe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jorge_Cieslik_ultima_recorrida_del_Jefe.jpg/330px-Jorge_Cieslik_ultima_recorrida_del_Jefe.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jorge_Cieslik_ultima_recorrida_del_Jefe.jpg/495px-Jorge_Cieslik_ultima_recorrida_del_Jefe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Jorge_Cieslik_ultima_recorrida_del_Jefe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Park Rangers (<i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">guardaparques</i></span></i>, in Spanish) patrolling in the <a href="/wiki/Iguaz%C3%BA_National_Park" title="Iguazú National Park">Iguazú National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, on the border with <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Adopt A Ranger Foundation has calculated that worldwide about 150,000 rangers are needed for the protected areas in developing and transitions countries. There is no data on how many rangers are employed at the moment, but probably less than half the protected areas in developing and transition countries have any rangers at all and those that have them are at least 50% short. This means that there would be a worldwide ranger deficit of 105,000 rangers in the developing and transition countries. </p><p>One of the world's foremost conservationists, Dr. Kenton Miller, stated about the importance of rangers: "The future of our <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> and our heritage depends upon park rangers. With the rapidity at which the challenges to protected areas are both changing and increasing, there has never been more of a need for well prepared human capacity to manage. Park rangers are the backbone of park management. They are on the ground. They work on the front line with scientists, visitors, and members of local communities."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (June 2023)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Adopt A Ranger claims that the ranger deficit is the single greatest limiting factor in effectively protecting nature in 75% of the world. Currently, no conservation organization or Western country or international organization addresses this problem. Adopt A Ranger has been incorporated to draw worldwide public attention to the most urgent problem that conservation is facing in developing and transition countries: protected areas without field staff. Specifically, it will contribute to solving the problem by fund raising to finance rangers in the field. It will also help governments in developing and transition countries to assess realistic staffing needs and staffing strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In popular culture, a <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a> of American park rangers has been created by children's media such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Bear" title="Yogi Bear">Yogi Bear</a></i> cartoon series (<a href="/wiki/Ranger_Smith" title="Ranger Smith">Ranger Smith</a>), as well as Disney's <a href="/wiki/Ranger_Woodlore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranger Woodlore">Ranger Woodlore</a> and the anthropomorphic character <a href="/wiki/Ranger_Rick" title="Ranger Rick">Ranger Rick</a> from the magazine of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the work of rangers and the harsh realities they face around the world are being captured in highly produced documentaries and films.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movies_Featuring_Rangers">Movies Featuring Rangers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Movies Featuring Rangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashinga:_The_Brave_Ones" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashinga: The Brave Ones">Akashinga: The Brave Ones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_Man" title="Rhino Man">Rhino Man</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elephant_Whisperers" title="The Elephant Whisperers">The Elephant Whisperers</a></li> <li>We Are Guardians<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virunga_(film)" title="Virunga (film)">Virunga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaufman, Herbert (1960). <i>The Forest Ranger: A Study in Administrative Behavior</i>. Johns Hopkins Press. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_trap" title="Camera trap">Camera trap</a>: for detecting which animals are present in an area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourism in Africa">Ecotourism in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Game warden">Game warden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfire_locator" title="Gunfire locator">Gunfire locator</a>: locating of (illegal) hunting activity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)#Dehorning" title="Horn (anatomy)">Preventive horn removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubator_(egg)" title="Incubator (egg)">Hatching out eggs using an incubator</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> eradication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_ivory#Corruption_and_security" title="Destruction of ivory">Moving out ivory stockpiles</a> (burning, sale, ...): increases park ranger safety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">Protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ranger (disambiguation)">Ranger (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">Rewilding</a>: reintroduction of lost native species (especially <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> and predators) into an area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">Sea turtle hatcheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Green_Line" title="The Thin Green Line">The Thin Green Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_National_Park_Rangers" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Park Rangers">US National Park Rangers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Cox" title="John Charles Cox">John Charles Cox</a>, <i>The Royal Forests of England</i>, 1905, page 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hensleigh Wedgewood, <i>A Dictionary of English Etymology</i>, vol. III, 1865, pages 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101205955/http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/Carta.htm">"Forests and Chases: Henry III's Charter of the Forest"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/Carta.htm">the original</a> on 2011-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forests+and+Chases%3A+Henry+III%27s+Charter+of+the+Forest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.sjc.ox.ac.uk%2Fforests%2FCarta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark+ranger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles R. Young, <i>The Royal Forest of Medieval England</i>, 1979, page 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rolls of Parliament</i> V:318/1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael G. Lynch, <i>California State Park Rangers</i>, Arcadia Publishing, 2009, page 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Yount, "Appendix A – Report of Gamekeeper," <i>Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior on the Operations of the Department for the Year Ended June 30, 1880</i>, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, page 620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Workman, R. Bryce, <i>In Search of an Identity</i>, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Workman, R. Bryce, <i>Badges and Ornamentation of the National Park Service</i>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121220000628/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/workman3/">"National Park Service: Uniforms (Ironing Out the Wrinkles)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/workman3/">the original</a> on 2012-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Park+Service%3A+Uniforms+%28Ironing+Out+the+Wrinkles%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fworkman3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark+ranger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus, Christopher, <i>The Extraordinary Adirondack Journey of Clarence Petty</i>, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0741-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0741-5">0-8156-0741-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g4g455p8lo">"S2 meteorite: What happened when a rock as big as London hit Earth?"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=S2+meteorite%3A+What+happened+when+a+rock+as+big+as+London+hit+Earth%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc4g4g455p8lo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark+ranger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2004/2004-09-01-02.asp">"U.S. Rangers, Park Police Sustain Record Levels of Violence"</a>. 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Kelly (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fcs.cs_16_62">"Is that Gun for the Bears? The National Park Service Ranger as a Historically Contradictory Figure"</a>. <i>Conservation and Society</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 243–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fcs.cs_16_62">10.4103/cs.cs_16_62</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0972-4923">0972-4923</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26393293">26393293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+and+Society&rft.atitle=Is+that+Gun+for+the+Bears%3F+The+National+Park+Service+Ranger+as+a+Historically+Contradictory+Figure&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=243-254&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0972-4923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26393293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2Fcs.cs_16_62&rft.aulast=Pennaz&rft.aufirst=Alice+B.+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4103%252Fcs.cs_16_62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark+ranger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIILindenbergRoberts2024" class="citation cs2">II, John Jurko; Lindenberg, Matt; Roberts, Daniel (2024-07-26), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8584728/"><i>Rhino Man</i></a> (Documentary, Crime), Anton Mzimba, Martin Mthembu, Ruben De Kock, Global Conservation Corps<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhino+Man&rft.pub=Global+Conservation+Corps&rft.date=2024-07-26&rft.aulast=II&rft.aufirst=John+Jurko&rft.au=Lindenberg%2C+Matt&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt8584728%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark+ranger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneGrobmanGuajajara2023" class="citation cs2">Greene, Chelsea; Grobman, Rob; Guajajara, Edivan (2023-10-28), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27248255/"><i>We Are Guardians</i></a> (Documentary), Mídia Índia, Highly Flammable, Appian Way<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+Guardians&rft.pub=M%C3%ADdia+%C3%8Dndia%2C+Highly+Flammable%2C+Appian+Way&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rft.au=Grobman%2C+Rob&rft.au=Guajajara%2C+Edivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt27248255%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark+ranger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/albatrosses/royal-albatross-toroa/royal-cam/rangers-work-for-royal-albatross/">Rangers work for royal albatross</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opm.gov/fedclass/gs0025.pdf">"POSITION CLASSIFICATION STANDARD FOR PARK RANGER SERIES, GS-0025 (<i>also</i> "TS-75")"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: United States Office of Personnel Management. November 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POSITION+CLASSIFICATION+STANDARD+FOR+PARK+RANGER+SERIES%2C+GS-0025+%28also+%22TS-75%22%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Office+of+Personnel+Management&rft.date=1985-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opm.gov%2Ffedclass%2Fgs0025.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark+ranger" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_ranger&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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