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id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1995_referendum_on_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1995_referendum_on_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1995 referendum on sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1995_referendum_on_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premier_of_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premier_of_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Premier of Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premier_of_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Pour_un_Québec_lucide"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Pour_un_Québec_lucide""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>"Pour un Québec lucide"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Pour_un_Québec_lucide"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_as_party_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_as_party_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Elections as party leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_as_party_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>In English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>In French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لوسيان بوشارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوسيان بوشارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lucien Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lucien Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lucien Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lucien Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lucien Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucianus_Bouchard" title="Lucianus Bouchard – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lucianus Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لوسين بوتشارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوسين بوتشارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lucien Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lucien Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Бушар, Люсьен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бушар, Люсьен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lucien Bouchard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">27th Premier of Quebec (1996–2001)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lucien Bouchard</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">GOQ</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucien_Bouchard02_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lucien_Bouchard02_crop.jpg/200px-Lucien_Bouchard02_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lucien_Bouchard02_crop.jpg/300px-Lucien_Bouchard02_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lucien_Bouchard02_crop.jpg/400px-Lucien_Bouchard02_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Bouchard in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">27th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Premier of Quebec</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 29, 1996 – March 8, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martial_Asselin" title="Martial Asselin">Martial Asselin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Roux" title="Jean-Louis Roux">Jean-Louis Roux</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lise_Thibault" title="Lise Thibault">Lise Thibault</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_Quebec" title="Deputy Premier of Quebec">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bernard Landry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Bernard Landry</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois#Party_leaders" title="Parti Québécois">President of the Parti Québécois</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 27, 1996 – March 2, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Bernard Landry</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 4, 1993 – January 14, 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois#Party_leaders" title="Bloc Québécois">Leader of the Bloc Québécois</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 25, 1990 – January 16, 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Gilles Duceppe</a> (interim) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Mulroney Cabinet </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Environment_and_Climate_Change" title="Minister of Environment and Climate Change">Minister of the Environment</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 8, 1988 – May 21, 1990<br />Acting: December 8, 1988 – January 30, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMillan_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas McMillan (Canadian politician)">Thomas McMillan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">Robert de Cotret</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretary of State for Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 31, 1988 – January 29, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Crombie" title="David Crombie">David Crombie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Weiner" title="Gerry Weiner">Gerry Weiner</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Supply_and_Services" title="Minister of Supply and Services">Minister of Supply and Services</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Receiver_General_for_Canada" title="Receiver General for Canada">Receiver General for Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 31, 1988 – January 29, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_McInnes" title="Stewart McInnes">Stewart McInnes</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dick" title="Paul Dick">Paul Dick</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary constituencies </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Assembly_(Quebec)" title="Member of the National Assembly (Quebec)">Member</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Jonqui%C3%A8re_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Jonquière (provincial electoral district)">Jonquière</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 19, 1996 – March 8, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dufour" title="Francis Dufour">Francis Dufour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Gauthier" title="Françoise Gauthier">Françoise Gauthier</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Lac-Saint-Jean" title="Lac-Saint-Jean">Lac-Saint-Jean</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 20, 1988 – January 15, 1996</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_M._C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Clément M. Côté">Clément M. Côté</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phan_Tremblay" title="Stéphan Tremblay">Stéphan Tremblay</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1938-12-22</span>) </span>December 22, 1938<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 85)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint-C%C5%93ur-de-Marie,_Quebec" title="Saint-Cœur-de-Marie, Quebec">Saint-Cœur-de-Marie, Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> (provincial, 1990–2010)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (federal, 1990–2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (federal, c. 1984–1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Solange Dugas (since May 18, 2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lucien Bouchard</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">GOQ</a></span></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lysjɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>buʃaʁ]</a></span>; born December 22, 1938) is a <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadian</a> lawyer, diplomat and retired <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>. </p><p>A minister for two years in the <a href="/wiki/24th_Canadian_Ministry" title="24th Canadian Ministry">Mulroney cabinet</a>, Bouchard then founded and led the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> from 1993 to 1996. He became a central figure for the "Yes" side in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">1995 Quebec referendum</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a>, whom he succeeded to serve as the 27th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">premier of Quebec</a> from January 29, 1996, to March 8, 2001. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bouchard was born in <a href="/wiki/Saint-C%C5%93ur-de-Marie,_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Cœur-de-Marie, Québec">Saint-Cœur-de-Marie, Québec</a>, the son of Alice (née Simard) and Philippe Bouchard.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother is the historian <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Bouchard" title="Gérard Bouchard">Gérard Bouchard</a>. Lucien Bouchard graduated from Jonquière Classical College in 1959,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and obtained a bachelor's degree in social science and a law degree at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a> in 1964.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was called to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_of_Quebec" title="Bar of Quebec">Bar of Quebec</a> later that year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He practised law in <a href="/wiki/Chicoutimi,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicoutimi, Quebec">Chicoutimi</a> until 1985,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while being given many charges as a public servant over the years: president of the arbitration committee for the education sector (1970 to 1976),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> prosecutor in chief for the commission for labour and industry (Cliche commission, 1974–75),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and co-president of the study commission on the public and parapublic sectors (Martin-Bouchard commission — 1975).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From then, he acted as a coordinator or member of many special teams on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Quebec's government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> negotiations for the public sector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a 2000 interview with the journalist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Auger" title="Michel Auger">Michel Auger</a> about his work with the Cliche commission, Bouchard named union boss <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Desjardins" title="André Desjardins">André Desjardins</a> one of the most toughest witnesses that he ever cross-examined.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_in_politics_and_diplomacy">Early years in politics and diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years in politics and diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bouchard's relationship with politics is a complex one, as he affiliated himself over the years with various <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</a> with highly diverging <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>, going as far as founding one, the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>. </p><p>Bouchard has been a <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalist</a> during his entire political career. Contrary to popular belief, during the <a href="/wiki/1970_Quebec_general_election" title="1970 Quebec general election">1970 Quebec general election</a>, he did <i>not</i> work for the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec federalism">federalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a>. He was deeply shaken by the events of Quebec's <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a>, especially by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>'s imposition of the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a> requested by then Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bouchard worked with the "Yes" side during the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 Quebec referendum</a> on sovereignty. In 1984 <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>, Bouchard's close friend from his law school days at Université Laval, became Canadian Prime Minister. Mulroney would go on to ask Bouchard to serve in various official capacities, including (in 1985) as Canadian ambassador to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MP_in_the_House_of_Commons">MP in the House of Commons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: MP in the House of Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_Minister_in_the_Mulroney_Cabinet">Cabinet Minister in the Mulroney Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cabinet Minister in the Mulroney Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Bouchard returned to Canada to serve as Mulroney's <a href="/wiki/Quebec_lieutenant" title="Quebec lieutenant">Quebec lieutenant</a>, and was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Saguenay_River" title="Saguenay River">Saguenay</a>-area riding. He was immediately named to Cabinet as Secretary of State and later Minister of the Environment. </p><p>While still a strong Quebec nationalist, he believed that Mulroney's <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> was sufficient to placate nationalist feelings and keep Quebec in Confederation. However, after a commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a> recommended some changes to the Accord, Bouchard opposed them, saying they diluted the original spirit and objectives of Meech. Mulroney rejected his reasoning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Bloc_Québécois"><span id="Formation_of_the_Bloc_Qu.C3.A9b.C3.A9cois"></span>Formation of the Bloc Québécois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formation of the Bloc Québécois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouchardimg229us-signed_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bouchardimg229us-signed_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Bouchardimg229us-signed_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bouchardimg229us-signed_%28cropped%29.jpg/301px-Bouchardimg229us-signed_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bouchardimg229us-signed_%28cropped%29.jpg/401px-Bouchardimg229us-signed_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Bouchard in 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon afterward, Bouchard declared himself a sovereigntist and sent a message of support to the PQ, which was holding an anniversary meeting in his riding. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a>'s memory will unite us all this weekend. He was the one who led Quebecers to realize they had the inalienable right to decide their own destiny.</p></blockquote> <p>When Mulroney learned about this, he called Bouchard into his office and fired him, though Bouchard long publicly insisted that he had resigned rather than support what he saw as a betrayal of Meech.<sup id="cite_ref-cbcdoc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcdoc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GlobeMail_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobeMail-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It turned out that Bouchard had cut a deal with PQ leader <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a> in which Bouchard would declare his support for sovereigntism; PQ leaders had told Bouchard that if Meech succeeded, it would mean the end of the PQ. Mulroney only learned of the deal when Parizeau revealed the plot in the early 2000s, and was angered to learn that Bouchard had "cooked up the deal with Parizeau while he was a member of my cabinet."<sup id="cite_ref-GlobeMail_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobeMail-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CTV_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTV-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Years later, Mulroney told <a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a>' <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Robertson" title="Lloyd Robertson">Lloyd Robertson</a> that he seriously considered sacking Bouchard when Bouchard supported Quebec's ban on English-language signs after promising Mulroney that he opposed them. In hindsight, Mulroney said, not firing Bouchard then was "a mistake."<sup id="cite_ref-cbcdoc_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcdoc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two did not speak for years afterward, though they reconciled shortly before Mulroney's death in February 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bouchard resigned from the Progressive Conservatives soon afterward, and sat as an independent for a few months. After the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, Bouchard formed the sovereigntist <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> with five former Tories and two former Liberals. </p><p>The PQ campaigned for the Bloc in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 federal election</a> in order to prepare Quebec for sovereignty, according to the <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Periods" class="mw-redirect" title="The Three Periods">Three Periods strategy</a> devised by Parizeau. In this election, the Bloc Québécois won 54 out of 75 ridings in Quebec, including a near-sweep of the francophone ridings. Despite only running candidates in Quebec, its heavy concentration of support there was enough to give it the second-most seats in the House. Bouchard thus became the first separatist <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Opposition</a> in the history of Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leader of the Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the election, Bouchard discovered that most of the members of his large caucus could not speak English nearly well enough to use it in debate (although he and most of the Bloc's other founding members were fluently bilingual). More or less out of necessity, he announced that Bloc MPs would only speak French on the Commons floor, a policy that remains in place to this day. Since the Official Opposition has considerable advantages over the other parties not in government, <a href="/wiki/Question_Period" title="Question Period">Question Periods</a> during the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of Canadian unity. </p><p>However, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> regarded <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a> as his main opponent on non-Quebec matters. For example, in 1995, when Bouchard garnered an invitation to meet visiting US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> by virtue of being Opposition Leader, Manning was also granted a meeting with Clinton in order to diffuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bouchard was still serving in that capacity in Ottawa, and working closely with the provincial <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> to bring about the independence of Quebec, when he lost a leg to <a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">necrotizing fasciitis</a> on December 1, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1995_referendum_on_sovereignty">1995 referendum on sovereignty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1995 referendum on sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, Bouchard signed, as Bloc leader, a tripartite agreement with Parti Québécois leader Jacques Parizeau and <a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Mario_Dumont" title="Mario Dumont">Mario Dumont</a>, which mapped the way to the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">referendum</a> on independence. He was instrumental in convincing Parizeau to include a plan of association with Canada in the referendum question. He campaigned with the other two leaders for the "Oui" side. Quebec premier Jacques Parizeau first led the "Oui" campaign but, as support for sovereignty began to plateau, Bouchard was given the official leadership. The referendum was extremely narrowly defeated by a majority vote of 50.58% to 49.42%. </p><p>Not long before the 1995 referendum, Bouchard drew considerable ire when he said on October 14, 1995, "We're one of the white races that has the fewest children." <a href="/wiki/Liza_Frulla" title="Liza Frulla">Liza Frulla</a>, former Quebec culture minister commented, "We were shocked and hurt by Mr. Bouchard's various comments over the weekend. ... He is insulting our intelligence."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next week, on 25 October, Bouchard's TV appeal following Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's televised address to the nation was likewise the subject of controversy. During his speech, Bouchard suddenly brandished a newspaper from the 1981 constitutional negotiations featuring a front-page photo of Pierre Trudeau and Chrétien together, laughing at a joke. Bouchard claimed they had been laughing at Quebec. In his autobiography of his years as prime minister, Chrétien describes the stunt as "absolutely the worst kind of demagoguery. It was the crudest stunt I had ever seen in Canadian politics."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premier_of_Quebec">Premier of Quebec</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Premier of Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Yes side lost the 1995 referendum, Parizeau resigned as Quebec premier. Bouchard was <a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">acclaimed</a> his successor as leader of the Parti Québécois in January 1996, and was appointed premier of Quebec shortly afterward. </p><p>On the matter of sovereignty, while in office, he stated that no new referendum would be held, at least for the time being. In 2014, Bouchard revealed to Chantal Hébert that he had no plans calling for a referendum when becoming Premier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHébertLapierre201412_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHébertLapierre201412-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A main concern of the Bouchard government, considered part of the necessary "conditions gagnantes" ("winning conditions" for the feasibility of a new referendum on sovereignty), was economic recovery through the achievement of "zero deficit". Long-term <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesian</a> policies resulting from the "Quebec model", developed by both PQ governments in the past and the previous <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Liberal</a> government had left a substantial <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a> in the provincial budget. </p><p>Bouchard led the PQ into the <a href="/wiki/1998_Quebec_general_election" title="1998 Quebec general election">1998 provincial election</a>. He faced his former Cabinet colleague, Charest, who was now leader of the provincial Liberal Party. Although the Liberals won a narrow plurality of the popular vote, most of their margin was wasted on huge majorities in federalist areas of the province. As a result, the PQ suffered a net loss of only one seat, allowing it another term in government. </p><p>As Premier, Bouchard presided both over balanced budgets and a significant expansion of the province's social safety net with the implementation of a universal <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">childcare</a> system and pharmacare.<sup id="cite_ref-hebert_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time as Premier, Bouchard refused to grant provincial funding to the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Expos" title="Montreal Expos">Montreal Expos</a> for a new stadium, which would have played a major role in helping the Expos stay in Montreal. Bouchard said that he couldn't in good conscience authorize funding for a new sports facility when the province was being forced to shutter hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucien_Bouchard_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lucien_Bouchard_2009.png/220px-Lucien_Bouchard_2009.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lucien_Bouchard_2009.png/330px-Lucien_Bouchard_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lucien_Bouchard_2009.png/440px-Lucien_Bouchard_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Bouchard in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Bouchard retired from electoral politics in 2001, and was replaced as Quebec premier by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Bernard Landry</a>. He stated that his relative failure to revive the sovereigntist flame was a cause of his departure, something for which he took responsibility. Others have speculated that the <a href="/wiki/Michaud_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Michaud Affair">Michaud Affair</a>, regarding allegedly anti-Semitic comments by Parti Québécois candidate <a href="/wiki/Yves_Michaud_(politician)" title="Yves Michaud (politician)">Yves Michaud</a>, was another factor favouring Bouchard's departure. </p><p>He returned to practising law by becoming a partner at <a href="/wiki/Davies_Ward_Phillips_%26_Vineberg" title="Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg">Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg</a>, where he specializes in commercial and corporate law. He serves as a negotiator, legal counsel and mediator in commercial matters and, occasionally, in labour-related disputes. He sits on the board of several private companies as well as organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Montreal Symphony Orchestra">Montreal Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/TC_Transcontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="TC Transcontinental">TC Transcontinental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saputo_Inc." title="Saputo Inc.">Saputo Inc.</a>, Groupe BMTC and, until August 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TFI_International" title="TFI International">TFI International</a>. In April 2004, he helped launch the Centre for International Studies of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a> (CÉRIUM), of which he is a board member. He served as President of the Quebec Oil and Gas Association from 2011 until 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After retiring as premier, Bouchard avoided making public comments on politics until 2010, when he used a panel event celebrating the 100th anniversary of Montreal newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a></i> to contend that sovereignty was out of reach for Quebec. Although he still considered himself a sovereigntist at heart, Bouchard argued that sovereignty did not offer any solutions for Quebec. He also accused the PQ of being so fixated on independence that it had no solutions for the province's basic needs, and also accused it of pandering to xenophobic elements by taking a hard line on immigration. In response, several sovereigntists, including PQ leader <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Pauline Marois</a>, accused Bouchard of becoming one of the party's many <i>belle mères</i>, or "armchair quarterbacks."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bouchard revealed in a 2014 documentary that the Bloc Québécois was only intended to last long enough to prepare the ground for the 1995 referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-cbcdoc_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcdoc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed its long duration weakened Quebec's influence within Canada by limiting the potential pool for federal cabinet ministers in successive Liberal and Conservative governments.<sup id="cite_ref-cbcdoc_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcdoc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hebert_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also averred that the 1995 referendum may have passed had it been part of a two-step process. In his view, there should have been a first referendum to give the government the authority to negotiate Quebec sovereignty with an economic and political partnership with Canada and a second to approve the results of negotiations. He blamed Parizeau's rejection of that approach for the referendum's failure.<sup id="cite_ref-cbcdoc_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbcdoc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hebert_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bouchard married his first wife, Jocelyne Côte, on October 15, 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVastel199653_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVastel199653-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following their divorce, Bouchard married his second wife, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199789,_159_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199789,_159-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audrey Best.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199789,_159_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199789,_159-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Best was the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">Côte d'Azur</a>-born and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>-raised daughter of James Best, a U.S. Navy officer, and his French wife, Marie-Josée Massa. Best worked as a flight attendant, where she met Bouchard. She later became a lawyer, eventually working for the Heenan-Blaikie firm of Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died on January 25, 2011, aged 50, from <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>. Best had separated from Bouchard for several years before her passing.<sup id="cite_ref-Audrey-Best-dies_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Audrey-Best-dies-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 18, 2013, Bouchard married his third wife, Solange Dugas. </p><p>Bouchard has two children, Alexandre and Simon, who hold dual Canadian-United States citizenship via Audrey Best, their mother. </p><p>In 1994, while serving as Leader of the Opposition, Bouchard lost his left leg to a type of flesh-eating bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Pour_un_Québec_lucide""><span id=".22Pour_un_Qu.C3.A9bec_lucide.22"></span>"Pour un Québec lucide"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Pour un Québec lucide""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 19, 2005, Bouchard and eleven other Quebecers of different backgrounds and political aspirations published a manifesto entitled "<a href="/wiki/Pour_un_Qu%C3%A9bec_lucide" title="Pour un Québec lucide">Pour un Québec lucide</a>" ("For a clear-eyed vision of Quebec"). The manifesto warned Quebec's aging population about the challenges the future poses, demographically, economically and culturally. It made a certain impression on the <a href="/wiki/2005_Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="2005 Parti Québécois leadership election">Parti Québécois leadership race of 2005</a>, getting mixed reactions. It was well received in other quarters, garnering praise on the editorial page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. </p><p>On October 16, 2006, Bouchard declared to <a href="/wiki/TVA_Nouvelles" title="TVA Nouvelles">TVA news</a> reporter Paul Larocque, that the population of the province is not working enough and that it should be more productive in order to produce more resources for the population. He also added that his generation had contracted 75% of the province's current debt and that the future generations should not be handling the burden of paying for the previous ones.<sup id="cite_ref-lcn.canoe.com_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcn.canoe.com-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bouchard's government implemented some controversial policies, including cuts to the province's <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> spending in order to balance the provincial budget, and the amalgamation of Quebec's larger cities undertaken by his successor <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Bernard Landry</a>. Other aspects of his legacy include the creation of a low-cost, universal public daycare system, the implementation of a universal system of pharmacare,<sup id="cite_ref-hebert_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the birth of <i>Emploi Québec</i>, and achieving a balanced budget. He is remembered for his sometimes short fuse when provoked and his unforgiving demands for excellence in those he worked with, but also for his charm and eloquence, and was appreciated as a formidable foe by his political adversaries. Bouchard has stated that he will not return to politics.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_as_party_leader">Elections as party leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elections as party leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He won the <a href="/wiki/1998_Quebec_general_election" title="1998 Quebec general election">1998 election</a> and resigned in 2001. Bouchard is the only PQ leader to be Premier of Quebec for his entire leadership and the only non-interim PQ leader to never lose an election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a> 31 March 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/125th_Anniversary_of_the_Confederation_of_Canada_Medal" title="125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal">125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal</a> (1992)</li> <li>On April 7, 2000, Lucien Bouchard received a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">Honoris causa</a></i> of Law from the <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_University_Lyon_2" title="Lumière University Lyon 2">Lumière University Lyon 2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal</a> (2002) <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (2002) <sup id="cite_ref-legion_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legion-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On October 5, 2006, Lucien Bouchard received a second <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">Honoris causa</a></i> of Law, this time from the Law Faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a>.</li> <li>On April 27, 2007, Lucien Bouchard received a third <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">Honoris causa</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Chicoutimi" title="Université du Québec à Chicoutimi">Université du Québec à Chicoutimi</a> (UQAC).</li> <li>Grand Commander of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec" title="National Order of Quebec">National Order of Quebec</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal</a> (2012) <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_premiers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Quebec premiers">List of Quebec premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Quebec_premiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicknames of Quebec premiers">Nicknames of Quebec premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec" title="Politics of Quebec">Politics of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Press2007" class="citation news cs1">Canadian Press (2007-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/02/19/lucien_bouchard39s_mother_dies_at_95.html">"Lucien Bouchard's mother dies at 95"</a>. <i>thestar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Lucien+Bouchard%27s+mother+dies+at+95&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.au=Canadian+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F02%2F19%2Flucien_bouchard39s_mother_dies_at_95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran2012" class="citation news cs1">Curran, Peggy (10 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/montreal/40-years-ago-an-inquiry-pointed-to-wrongdoing-and-violence-in-quebecs-construction-industry-will-anything-change-this-time">"Trip back in corruption time machine"</a>. <i>The Montreal Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Lucien+Bouchard+says+%27wounds%27+remain+with+Brian+Mulroney&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Flucien-bouchard-says-wounds-remain-with-brian-mulroney-1.2742836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobeMail-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobeMail_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobeMail_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloria_Galloway2005" class="citation news cs1">Gloria Galloway (November 12, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/bouchard-was-fired-in-1990-mulroney-insists-on-tapes/article20429938/">"Bouchard was fired in 1990, Mulroney insists on tapes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bouchard+was+fired+in+1990%2C+Mulroney+insists+on+tapes&rft.date=2005-11-12&rft.au=Gloria+Galloway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fbouchard-was-fired-in-1990-mulroney-insists-on-tapes%2Farticle20429938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTV-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CTV_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/mulroney-i-ll-never-forgive-bouchard-s-betrayal-1.255259">"Mulroney: I'll never forgive Bouchard's betrayal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clinton+visits+Chr%C3%A9tien&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Maclean%27s&rft.date=1995-03-06&rft.au=Warren+Caragata+in+Ottawa+with+Carl+Mollins+in+Washington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.com%2Findex.cfm%3FPgNm%3DTCE%26Params%3DM1ARTM0010399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1704562045">"BQ leader Lucien Bouchard returns to work in 1995 after losing leg"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC.ca" title="CBC.ca">CBC</a> Archives. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Audrey+Best+dies&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Faudrey-best-dies-1.987866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2012/01/24/flesheating_disease_could_turn_deadly_in_a_matter_of_hours.html">"Flesh-eating disease could turn deadly in a matter of hours | The Star"</a>. <i>thestar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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LCN, 16 October 2006"</a>. Lcn.canoe.com. 2006-10-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcn.canoe.com/infos/national/archives/2006/10/20061016-172121.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Un+an+apr%C3%A8s+%22Pour+un+Qu%C3%A9bec+lucide%22%22+Interview+with+Paul+Larocque.+LCN%2C+16+October+2006&rft.pub=Lcn.canoe.com&rft.date=2006-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcn.canoe.com%2Finfos%2Fnational%2Farchives%2F2006%2F10%2F20061016-172121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604204840/http://lcn.canoe.com/lcn/infos/national/archives/2006/05/20060512-114538.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>""La porte reste fermée"" LCN, May 12, 2006"</a>. Lcn.canoe.com. 2009-04-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcn.canoe.com/lcn/infos/national/archives/2006/05/20060512-114538.html">the original</a> on June 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%22La+porte+reste+ferm%C3%A9e%22%22+LCN%2C+May+12%2C+2006&rft.pub=Lcn.canoe.com&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcn.canoe.com%2Flcn%2Finfos%2Fnational%2Farchives%2F2006%2F05%2F20060512-114538.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/125-43382">"Recipients"</a>. 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fen%2Fhonours%2Frecipients%2F125-43382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legion-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legion_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/gazette/archives/p1/2002/2002-09-28/pdf/g1-13639.pdf">"Government House. Awards to Canadians"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Gazette" title="Canada Gazette">Canada Gazette</a></i>. <b>136</b> (39): 2894. 2002-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada+Gazette&rft.atitle=Government+House.+Awards+to+Canadians&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=2894&rft.date=2002-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fgazette%2Farchives%2Fp1%2F2002%2F2002-09-28%2Fpdf%2Fg1-13639.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=802&t=13&ln=Bouchard">"Recipients"</a>. 11 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipients&rft.date=2018-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.ca%2Fhonour.aspx%3Fid%3D802%26t%3D13%26ln%3DBouchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHébertLapierre2014" class="citation book cs1">Hébert, Chantal (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/morningafter19950000hebe"><i>The Morning After: The 1995 Referendum and the Day that Almost Was</i></a></span>. With Jean Lapierre. Toronto: Alfred A Knopf Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-80762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-80762-5"><bdi>978-0-345-80762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Morning+After%3A+The+1995+Referendum+and+the+Day+that+Almost+Was&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Alfred+A+Knopf+Canada&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-345-80762-5&rft.aulast=H%C3%A9bert&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmorningafter19950000hebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1997" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Lawrence (1997). <i>The antagonist : a biography of Lucien Bouchard</i>. Toronto: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/067087437X" title="Special:BookSources/067087437X"><bdi>067087437X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+antagonist+%3A+a+biography+of+Lucien+Bouchard&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=067087437X&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVastel1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vastel, Michel (1996). <i>Lucien Bouchard : en attendant la suite</i> (in French). Outremont, Qc: Lanctôt Editeur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2894850093" title="Special:BookSources/2894850093"><bdi>2894850093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucien+Bouchard+%3A+en+attendant+la+suite&rft.place=Outremont%2C+Qc&rft.pub=Lanct%C3%B4t+Editeur&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2894850093&rft.aulast=Vastel&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_English">In English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lucien-bouchard">"Lucien Bouchard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lucien+Bouchard&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Flucien-bouchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bouchard, Lucien (1994): <i>On the Record</i>, Toronto: Stoddart [translated by Dominique Clift]</li> <li>Cornellier, Manon (1995). <i>The Bloc</i>, Toronto: James Lorimer & Co. [translated by Robert Chodos, Simon Horn and Wanda Taylor]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_French">In French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beauregard, Denis. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francogene.com/genealogie/politiciens/bouchard.php">Généalogie de Lucien Bouchard</a>", in <i>FrancoGene</i>, 2003</li> <li>Bouchard, Lucien (1992). <i>À visage découvert</i>, Montreal: Boréal</li> <li>Bouchard, Lucien (1996). <i>Lucien Bouchard mot à mot</i>, Montreal: Stanké, 384 p. [prepared by Rémi Maillard]</li> <li>Caron, Jean-François (2015), "Lucien Bouchard, le pragmatisme politique", Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval</li> <li>Côté, André-Philippe and David, Michel (2001). <i>Les années Bouchard</i>, Sillery: Septentrion</li> <li>Duguay, Nicolas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/dossiers/tetes/bouchard/index.html">Lucien Bouchard profile</a> in <i>Radio-Canada.ca</i>, 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718193554/http://www.vigile.net/+-Bouchard-Lucien-+">Bouchard profile in <i>Vigile.net</i></a>, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agora.qc.ca/mot.nsf/Dossiers/Lucien_Bouchard">Bouchard profile in <i>L'Encyclopédie de L'Agora</i></a>, updated May 25, 2006</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Bouchard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lucien_Bouchard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lucien Bouchard">Lucien Bouchard</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/bouchard-lucien-2191/biographie.html">"Biography"</a>. <i>Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours</i> (in French). <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionnaire+des+parlementaires+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+de+1792+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.atitle=Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assnat.qc.ca%2Fen%2Fdeputes%2Fbouchard-lucien-2191%2Fbiographie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALucien+Bouchard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=4866">Lucien Bouchard – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agora.qc.ca/mot.nsf/Dossiers/Lucien_Bouchard">Agora biography</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/biographies/100.html">Bilan du Siècle biography</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204511/http://www.cerium.ca/article355.html">Lucien Bouchard page at CÉRIUM</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau">Chapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jones_Ross" title="John Jones Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Olivier_Taillon" title="Louis-Olivier Taillon">Taillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mercier" title="Honoré Mercier">Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boucher_de_Boucherville" title="Charles Boucher de Boucherville">Boucher de Boucherville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Olivier_Taillon" title="Louis-Olivier Taillon">Taillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_James_Flynn" title="Edmund James Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Gabriel_Marchand" title="Félix-Gabriel Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon-Napol%C3%A9on_Parent" title="Simon-Napoléon Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomer_Gouin" title="Lomer Gouin">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Taschereau" title="Louis-Alexandre Taschereau">Taschereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lard_Godbout" title="Adélard Godbout">Godbout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lard_Godbout" title="Adélard Godbout">Godbout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Duplessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Paul Sauvé">Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Barrette" title="Antonio Barrette">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lesage" title="Jean Lesage">Lesage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Sr." title="Daniel Johnson Sr.">D. Johnson Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Bertrand" title="Jean-Jacques Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Bourassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marc_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Marc Johnson">P.-M. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Bourassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Johnson_Jr." title="Daniel Johnson Jr.">D. Johnson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Parizeau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Marois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couillard" title="Philippe Couillard">Couillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">Legault</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Quebec"><img alt="Flag of Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/50px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/75px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/100px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Premiers_of_Quebec" title="Category:Premiers of Quebec">Category:Premiers of Quebec</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal:Canada</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Template talk:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_opposition_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal opposition leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leaders of the Official Opposition in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Blake" title="Edward Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Duncan_McKenzie" title="Daniel Duncan McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Richard Hanson (Canadian politician)">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Graydon" title="Gordon Graydon">Graydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bracken" title="John Bracken">Bracken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Drew" title="George A. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Earl_Rowe" title="William Earl Rowe">Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">St. Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Starr_(politician)" title="Michael Starr (politician)">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Grey" title="Deborah Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Canadian politician)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Hill_(politician)" title="Grant Hill (politician)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Ignatieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycole_Turmel" title="Nycole Turmel">Turmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mulcair" title="Tom Mulcair">Mulcair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Scheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bloc_Québécois" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#87cefa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Template:Bloc Québécois"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Template talk:Bloc Québécois"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bloc Québécois"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bloc_Québécois" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87cefa;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a> <small>(interim)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Gauthier" title="Michel Gauthier">Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Barbot" title="Vivian Barbot">Barbot</a> <small>(interim)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Paill%C3%A9" title="Daniel Paillé">Paillé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Beaulieu" title="Mario Beaulieu">Beaulieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Duceppe" title="Gilles Duceppe">Duceppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%A9al_Fortin" title="Rhéal Fortin">Fortin</a> <small>(interim)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Ouellet" title="Martine Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Beaulieu_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Beaulieu (politician)">Beaulieu</a> <small>(Interim)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet" title="Yves-François Blanchet">Blanchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87cefa;;width:1%">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="1996 Bloc Québécois leadership election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="1997 Bloc Québécois leadership election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="2011 Bloc Québécois leadership election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="2014 Bloc Québécois leadership election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="2017 Bloc Québécois leadership election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election" title="2019 Bloc Québécois leadership election">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87cefa;;width:1%">Parliamentary election<br />candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 1997 Canadian federal election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2004_Canadian_federal_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2011 Canadian federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2015 Canadian federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_candidates_in_the_2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="Bloc Québécois candidates in the 2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87cefa;;width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_39th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Parliament of Canada">Duceppe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_40th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet of the 40th Parliament of Canada">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_41st_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet of the 41st Parliament of Canada">Plamondon/Bellavance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_42nd_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet of the 42nd Parliament of Canada">Fortin/Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_Shadow_Cabinet_of_the_44th_Parliament_of_Canada" title="Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet of the 44th Parliament of Canada">Blanchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#87cefa;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_elections" title="Bloc Québécois leadership elections">Bloc Québécois leadership elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1993_Canadian_federal_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1993A" title="Template:Canadian federal election, 1993A"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_federal_election,_1993A" title="Template talk:Canadian federal election, 1993A"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_federal_election,_1993A" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian federal election, 1993A"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1993_Canadian_federal_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 Canadian federal election</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Outgoing: <a href="/wiki/34th_Canadian_Parliament" title="34th Canadian Parliament">Progressive Conservative majority</a></li> <li>Result: <a href="/wiki/35th_Canadian_Parliament" title="35th Canadian Parliament">Liberal majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada" title="Abolitionist Party of Canada">Abolitionist</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Turmel" title="John Turmel">John Turmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Abolitionist Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lucien Bouchard</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Party" title="Canada Party">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thauberger" title="Joseph Thauberger">Joseph Thauberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_Party_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Canada Party candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heather_Stilwell" title="Heather Stilwell">Heather Stilwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Commonwealth_of_Canada" title="Party for the Commonwealth of Canada">Commonwealth</a> (Gilles Gervais, <a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Commonwealth_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Party for the Commonwealth of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chris_Lea" title="Chris Lea">Chris Lea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Green Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Independent candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">Independent candidates</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Liberal Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada" title="Libertarian Party of Canada">Libertarian</a> (Hilliard Cox, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Libertarian Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)">Marxist–Leninist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Canada" title="National Party of Canada">National</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mel_Hurtig" title="Mel Hurtig">Mel Hurtig</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="National Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law</a> (Neil Paterson, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Natural Law Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Audrey_McLaughlin" title="Audrey McLaughlin">Audrey McLaughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="New Democratic Party candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada_candidates_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Reform Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election">candidates</a>)</b></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Bold</b> indicates parties with members elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>.</span> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Chr%C3%A9tien_attack_ad" title="1993 Chrétien attack ad">1993 Chrétien attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_stood_down_at_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="List of MPs who stood down at the 1993 Canadian federal election">MPs who stood down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="List of MPs who lost their seat in the 1993 Canadian federal election">MPs who lost their seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Results of the 1993 Canadian federal election">Results overview</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Results_of_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election_by_riding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Results of the 1993 Canadian federal election by riding (page does not exist)">Results by riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 1993 Canadian federal election">Opinion polling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Quebec_Lucien_Bouchard_(1996–2001)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bouchard_Ministry" title="Template:Bouchard Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bouchard_Ministry" title="Template talk:Bouchard Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bouchard_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bouchard Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Quebec_Lucien_Bouchard_(1996–2001)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Quebec" title="Executive Council of Quebec">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Premier of Quebec</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lucien Bouchard</a> (1996–2001)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lucien Bouchard</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Arseneau" title="Maxime Arseneau">Maxime Arseneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Baril_(PQ)" title="Gilles Baril (PQ)">Gilles Baril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Baril" title="Jacques Baril">Jacques Baril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Beaudoin" title="Louise Beaudoin">Louise Beaudoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B%C3%A9gin" title="Paul Bégin">Paul Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9langer" title="Pierre Bélanger">Pierre Bélanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bertrand" title="Roger Bertrand">Roger Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Brassard" title="Jacques Brassard">Jacques Brassard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Boisclair" title="André Boisclair">André Boisclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Carrier-Perreault" title="Denise Carrier-Perreault">Denise Carrier-Perreault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Chevrette" title="Guy Chevrette">Guy Chevrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cliche" title="David Cliche">David Cliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Dionne-Marsolais" title="Rita Dionne-Marsolais">Rita Dionne-Marsolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Facal" title="Joseph Facal">Joseph Facal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Goupil" title="Linda Goupil">Linda Goupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Jolivet" title="Jean-Pierre Jolivet">Jean-Pierre Jolivet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Julien" title="Guy Julien">Guy Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Landry" title="Bernard Landry">Bernard Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_L%C3%A9onard" title="Jacques Léonard">Jacques Léonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">François Legault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_L%C3%A9ger" title="Nicole Léger">Nicole Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Lemieux" title="Diane Lemieux">Diane Lemieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Maltais" title="Agnès Maltais">Agnès Maltais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Pauline Marois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_M%C3%A9nard" title="Serge Ménard">Serge Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Perreault" title="Robert Perreault">Robert Perreault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Rioux" title="Matthias Rioux">Matthias Rioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rochon" title="Jean Rochon">Jean Rochon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Simard" title="Sylvain Simard">Sylvain Simard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Trudel" title="Rémy Trudel">Rémy Trudel</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucien_Bouchard02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lucien Bouchard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucien_Bouchard02.jpg/75px-Lucien_Bouchard02.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucien_Bouchard02.jpg/113px-Lucien_Bouchard02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lucien_Bouchard02.jpg/150px-Lucien_Bouchard02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_(1984–93)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mulroney_Ministry" title="Template:Mulroney Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mulroney_Ministry" title="Template talk:Mulroney Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mulroney_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mulroney Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_(1984–93)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/24th_Canadian_Ministry" title="24th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> (1984–93)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvie_Andre" title="Harvie Andre">Harvie Andre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Perrin Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bissonnette" title="André Bissonnette">André Bissonnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Blais" title="Pierre Blais">Pierre Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Blais-Grenier" title="Suzanne Blais-Grenier">Suzanne Blais-Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">Benoît Bouchard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lucien Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Browes" title="Pauline Browes">Pauline Browes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cadieux" title="Pierre Cadieux">Pierre Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Carney" title="Pat Carney">Pat Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e_Champagne" title="Andrée Champagne">Andrée Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Jean Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coates_(politician)" title="Robert Coates (politician)">Robert Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Collins_(politician)" title="Mary Collins (politician)">Mary Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Corbeil" title="Jean Corbeil">Jean Corbeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9_(MP)" title="Michel Côté (MP)">Michel Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crombie" title="David Crombie">David Crombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">John Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Danis" title="Marcel Danis">Marcel Danis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">Robert de Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dick" title="Paul Dick">Paul Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Epp" title="Jake Epp">Jake Epp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Fraser" title="John Allen Fraser">John Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hees" title="George Hees">George Hees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn" title="Ray Hnatyshyn">Ray Hnatyshyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hockin" title="Tom Hockin">Tom Hockin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jelinek" title="Otto Jelinek">Otto Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kelleher" title="James Kelleher">James Kelleher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch_La_Salle" title="Roch La Salle">Roch La Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Landry" title="Monique Landry">Monique Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Layton_(politician)" title="Robert Layton (politician)">Robert Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Lewis_(politician)" title="Doug Lewis (politician)">Doug Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Loiselle" title="Gilles Loiselle">Gilles Loiselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Flora MacDonald (politician)">Flora MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_MacKay" title="Elmer MacKay">Elmer MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Martin" title="Shirley Martin">Shirley Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Masse" title="Marcel Masse">Marcel Masse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mayer_(politician)" title="Charles Mayer (politician)">Charles Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Don Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDermid" title="John McDermid">John McDermid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McDougall" title="Barbara McDougall">Barbara McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_McInnes" title="Stewart McInnes">Stewart McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McKnight" title="Bill McKnight">Bill McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_McLean" title="Walter McLean">Walter McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMillan_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas McMillan (Canadian politician)">Thomas McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Merrithew" title="Gerald Merrithew">Gerald Merrithew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Murray" title="Lowell Murray">Lowell Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Murta" title="Jack Murta">Jack Murta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Erik Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oberle,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Oberle, Sr.">Frank Oberle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Redway" title="Alan Redway">Alan Redway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufferin_Roblin" title="Dufferin Roblin">Dufferin Roblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Siddon" title="Tom Siddon">Tom Siddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_St._Germain" title="Gerry St. Germain">Gerry St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Stevens" title="Sinclair Stevens">Sinclair Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Bernard Valcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_V%C3%A9zina" title="Monique Vézina">Monique Vézina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Pierre H. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Weiner" title="Gerry Weiner">Gerry Weiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Winegard" title="William Winegard">William Winegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wise_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Wise (Canadian politician)">John Wise</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_the_environment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_the_Environment" title="Template:CA-Ministers of the Environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_the_Environment" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of the Environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_the_Environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of the Environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_the_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ministers of the environment</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Ministers of the environment</a> (1971–76)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Davis_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Davis (Canadian politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9" title="Jeanne Sauvé">Sauvé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">J. Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of fisheries and the environment (1976–79)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minister of state (environment) (1977–79)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marchand" title="Leonard Marchand">L. Marchand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Ministers of the environment</a> (1979–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Marchand" title="Leonard Marchand">L. Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Fraser" title="John Allen Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caccia" title="Charles Caccia">Caccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Blais-Grenier" title="Suzanne Blais-Grenier">Blais-Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMillan_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas McMillan (Canadian politician)">McMillan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oberle_Sr." title="Frank Oberle Sr.">Oberle</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">de Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charest" title="Jean Charest">Charest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_H._Vincent" title="Pierre H. Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Copps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Marchi_(politician)" title="Sergio Marchi (politician)">Marchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stewart" title="Christine Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prentice" title="Jim Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kent" title="Peter Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Aglukkaq" title="Leona Aglukkaq">Aglukkaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Ministers of the environment and climate change</a> (2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McKenna" title="Catherine McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilkinson" title="Jonathan Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Guilbeault" title="Steven Guilbeault">Guilbeault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>From 1971 to 1976 the minister of the environment was also the minister of fisheries.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secretaries_of_state_for_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Secretaries_of_State_of_Canada" title="Template:CA-Secretaries of State of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Secretaries_of_State_of_Canada" title="Template talk:CA-Secretaries of State of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Secretaries_of_State_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Secretaries of State of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secretaries_of_state_for_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretaries of state for Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Christie_(politician)" title="David Christie (politician)">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Adolphe_Chapleau" title="Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau">Chapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Colebrooke_Patterson" title="James Colebrooke Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costigan" title="John Costigan">Costigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Humphries_Montague" title="Walter Humphries Montague">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Aldric_Ouimet" title="Joseph-Aldric Ouimet">Ouimet</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Coderre" title="Louis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89douard_Blondin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Édouard Blondin">Blondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S%C3%A9vigny" title="Albert Sévigny">Sévigny</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Burrell" title="Martin Burrell">Burrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Monty" title="Rodolphe Monty">Monty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bliss_Copp" title="Arthur Bliss Copp">Copp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Foster" title="Walter Edward Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">Perley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Rinfret" title="Fernand Rinfret">Rinfret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cahan" title="Charles Cahan">Cahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Rinfret" title="Fernand Rinfret">Rinfret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Casgrain" title="Pierre-François Casgrain">Casgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Alexander_McLarty" title="Norman Alexander McLarty">McLarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gordon_Bradley" title="Frederick Gordon Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch_Pinard" title="Roch Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Fairclough" title="Ellen Fairclough">Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Courtemanche" title="Henri Courtemanche">Courtemanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Halpenny" title="Ernest Halpenny">Halpenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh" title="Judy LaMarsh">LaMarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Connolly" title="John Joseph Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pelletier" title="Gérard Pelletier">Pelletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Faulkner_(politician)" title="Hugh Faulkner (politician)">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_MacDonald_(Canadian_politician)" title="David MacDonald (Canadian politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Joyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_McLean" title="Walter McLean">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">B. Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crombie" title="David Crombie">Crombie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Weiner" title="Gerry Weiner">Weiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">de Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Landry" title="Monique Landry">Landry</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>The department was eliminated in 1993 when the government was reorganized. The position of Secretary of State for Canada was not legally eliminated until 1996 when its remaining responsibilities were assigned to other cabinet positions and departments, particularly the newly created position of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Minister of Canadian Heritage">Minister of Canadian Heritage</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Template:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Newsmaker of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Canadian Newsmaker of the Year">Canadian Newsmaker of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko" title="Igor Gouzenko">Igor Gouzenko</a> <ul><li>1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Scott" title="Barbara Ann Scott">Barbara Ann Scott</a> <ul><li>1947</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> <ul><li>1948</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> <ul><li>1949</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1950–1953</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Bell" title="Marilyn Bell">Marilyn Bell</a> <ul><li>1954</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1955–1956</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> <ul><li>1957–1960</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Smallwood" title="Joey Smallwood">Joey Smallwood</a> <ul><li>1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elliott_Coyne" title="James Elliott Coyne">James Coyne</a> <ul><li>1961</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a> <ul><li>1962</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1963–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rivard" title="Lucien Rivard">Lucien Rivard</a> <ul><li>1965</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> <ul><li>1966</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> <ul><li>1967</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1968–1975</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> <ul><li>1976–1977</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1978</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> <ul><li>1979</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Fox" title="Terry Fox">Terry Fox</a> <ul><li>1980–1981</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a> <ul><li>1982</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <ul><li>1983–1984</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Fonyo" title="Steve Fonyo">Steve Fonyo</a> <ul><li>1985</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Hansen" title="Rick Hansen">Rick Hansen</a> <ul><li>1986–1987</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)" title="Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)">Ben Johnson</a> <ul><li>1988</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Michael Wilson</a> <ul><li>1989</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Harper" title="Elijah Harper">Elijah Harper</a> <ul><li>1990</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> <ul><li>1991</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord</a> <ul><li>1992</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a> <ul><li>1993</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Parizeau" title="Jacques Parizeau">Jacques Parizeau</a> <ul><li>1994</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lucien Bouchard</a> <ul><li>1995</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan_Bailey" title="Donovan Bailey">Donovan Bailey</a> <ul><li>1996</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Kennedy" title="Sheldon Kennedy">Sheldon Kennedy</a> <ul><li>1997</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li>1998</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>1999, as Newsmaker of the 20th Century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> <ul><li>2000</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockwell_Day" title="Stockwell Day">Stockwell Day</a> <ul><li>2001</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> <ul><li>2002</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> <ul><li>2003–2004</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gomery" title="John Gomery">John Gomery</a> <ul><li>2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">The Canadian Soldier</a> <ul><li>2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a> <ul><li>2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> <ul><li>2008–2009</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Williams_(criminal)" title="Russell Williams (criminal)">Russell Williams</a> <ul><li>2010</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a> <ul><li>2011</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jun_Lin" title="Murder of Jun Lin">Luka Magnotta</a> <ul><li>2012</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ford" title="Rob Ford">Rob Ford</a> <ul><li>2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Patrice Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_shootings_at_Parliament_Hill,_Ottawa" title="2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa">Nathan Cirillo</a> <ul><li>2014</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> <ul><li>2015</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_Downie" title="Gord Downie">Gord Downie</a> <ul><li>2016–2017</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Broncos" title="Humboldt Broncos">Humboldt Broncos</a> <ul><li>2018</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Jody Wilson-Raybould</a> <ul><li>2019</li></ul></li> <li>Front-line workers in the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li>2020</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">Children lost in residential schools</a> <ul><li>2021</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protesters</a> <ul><li>2022</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a> <ul><li>2023</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1873388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRVdP6k4qhqhdWPvQjG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119119161">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79033558">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/06168225X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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