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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Experimental archaeology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimental_arxeologiya" title="Eksperimental arxeologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Eksperimental arxeologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Експериментална археология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Експериментална археология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_archeologie" title="Experimentální archeologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Experimentální archeologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimentel_ark%C3%A6ologi" title="Eksperimentel arkæologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eksperimentel arkæologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentelle_Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Experimentelle Archäologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Experimentelle Archäologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimentaalarheoloogia" title="Eksperimentaalarheoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eksperimentaalarheoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueolog%C3%ADa_experimental" title="Arqueología experimental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arqueología experimental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimenta_arkeologio" title="Eksperimenta arkeologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eksperimenta arkeologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeologia_esperimental" title="Arkeologia esperimental – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkeologia esperimental" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A9ologie_exp%C3%A9rimentale" title="Archéologie expérimentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Archéologie expérimentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia_sperimentale" title="Archeologia sperimentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Archeologia sperimentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ארכאולוגיה ניסויית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארכאולוגיה ניסויית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperiment%C4%81l%C4%81_arheolo%C4%A3ija" title="Eksperimentālā arheoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eksperimentālā arheoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimentin%C4%97_archeologija" title="Eksperimentinė archeologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eksperimentinė archeologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentele_archeologie" title="Experimentele archeologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Experimentele archeologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="実験考古学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="実験考古学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksperimentell_arkeologi" title="Eksperimentell arkeologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksperimentell arkeologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologia_eksperymentalna" title="Archeologia eksperymentalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Archeologia eksperymentalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheologie_experimental%C4%83" title="Arheologie experimentală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arheologie experimentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экспериментальная археология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экспериментальная археология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පර්යේෂණාත්මක පුරාවිද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පර්යේෂණාත්මක පුරාවිද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Експериментална археологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Експериментална археологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokeellinen_arkeologia" title="Kokeellinen arkeologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kokeellinen arkeologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Експериментальна археологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Експериментальна археологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeyolohiya_eksperimental" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological sub-discipline</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExpArchTreeFelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ExpArchTreeFelling.jpg/220px-ExpArchTreeFelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ExpArchTreeFelling.jpg/330px-ExpArchTreeFelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ExpArchTreeFelling.jpg/440px-ExpArchTreeFelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Experimental tree felling with reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> for the analysis of stress marks on the adze blades and ghost lines on the tree stump and the timber in comparison with marks on archaeological finds</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lehmflechtwand-erstellen-Wikingerzeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lehmflechtwand-erstellen-Wikingerzeit.jpg/200px-Lehmflechtwand-erstellen-Wikingerzeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lehmflechtwand-erstellen-Wikingerzeit.jpg/300px-Lehmflechtwand-erstellen-Wikingerzeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lehmflechtwand-erstellen-Wikingerzeit.jpg/400px-Lehmflechtwand-erstellen-Wikingerzeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Creating a wall of mud in the Viking style.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Experimental archaeology</b> (also called <b>experiment archaeology</b>) is a field of study which attempts to generate and test archaeological <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a>, usually by replicating or approximating the feasibility of ancient cultures performing various tasks or feats. It employs a number of methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches, based upon <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> source material such as ancient <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structures</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is distinct from uses of primitive technology without any concern for archaeological or historical study. <a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactment</a>, which are generally undertaken as hobbies, are non-archaeological counterparts of this academic discipline. </p><p>One of the main forms of experimental archaeology is the creation of copies of historical structures using only historically accurate technologies. This is sometimes known as <b>reconstruction archaeology</b> or <b>reconstructional archaeology</b>; however, reconstruction implies an exact replica of the past, when it is in fact just one person's idea of the past; the more archaeologically correct term is a <i>working construction of the past</i>. In recent years, experimental archaeology has been featured in several television productions, such as <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s "Building the Impossible"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_Lost_Empires" title="Secrets of Lost Empires">Secrets of Lost Empires</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notable were the attempts to create several of Leonardo da Vinci's designs from his sketchbooks, such as his 15th century armed fighting vehicle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butser_Ancient_Farm">Butser Ancient Farm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Butser Ancient Farm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_Age_Horton_Hall_at_Butser_Ancient_Farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stone_Age_Horton_Hall_at_Butser_Ancient_Farm.jpg/220px-Stone_Age_Horton_Hall_at_Butser_Ancient_Farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stone_Age_Horton_Hall_at_Butser_Ancient_Farm.jpg/330px-Stone_Age_Horton_Hall_at_Butser_Ancient_Farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stone_Age_Horton_Hall_at_Butser_Ancient_Farm.jpg/440px-Stone_Age_Horton_Hall_at_Butser_Ancient_Farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Butser Ancient Farm's reconstruction of a Stone Age house found in Hampshire, UK.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest examples is <a href="/wiki/Butser_Ancient_Farm" title="Butser Ancient Farm">Butser Ancient Farm</a>, which recreates buildings from UK archaeology to test theories of construction, use, and materials. Today, the site features a working <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> village, <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> long halls.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work carried out at Butser has been instrumental in establishing experimental archaeology as a legitimate archaeological discipline, as well as assisted in bringing study of prehistory to the UK school curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butser still carries out <a href="/wiki/Long-term_experiment" title="Long-term experiment">long-term experiments</a> in prehistoric agriculture, animal husbandry, and manufacturing to test ideas posited by archaeologists, as well as introducing visitors to the discipline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lejre_Land_of_Legends">Lejre Land of Legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lejre Land of Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another early example is the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Legends_(Sagnlandet_Lejre)" title="Land of Legends (Sagnlandet Lejre)">Lejre Land of Legends</a>, the oldest open-air museum in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site features reconstructed buildings from the Stone Age, Iron Age, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking era</a>, and 19th century, and runs experiments on prehistoric living and technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition"><i>Kon-Tiki</i> expedition</a> (1947), a <a href="/wiki/Balsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa">balsa</a> raft built by <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a>, sailed from <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> to demonstrate the possibility of cultural exchange between <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the Polynesian islands.</li> <li>Attempts to transport large stones like those used in <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> over short distances using only technology that would have been available at the time. The original stones were probably moved from <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> to the site on <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>.</li> <li>Since the 1970s the re-construction of timber framed buildings has informed understanding of early Anglo Saxon buildings at <a href="/wiki/West_Stow" title="West Stow">West Stow</a>, Suffolk, England. This extensive program of research through experiment and experience continues today.</li> <li>The reconstruction of part of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a>, carried out in limited time by local volunteers.</li> <li>Greek <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">triremes</a> have been reconstructed by skilled sailors from plans and archaeological remains and have been successfully tried at sea.</li> <li>Attempts to manufacture steel that matches all the characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a>, whose original manufacturing techniques have been lost for centuries, including <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a> reconstructions by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> furnaces at Samanalawewa, thought to be the most likely sources for Damascus steel.</li> <li>Experiments using reproduction <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A2ton_de_commandement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bâton de commandement">bâtons de commandement</a> as <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> throwers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9delon_Castle" title="Guédelon Castle">Guédelon Castle</a>, a medieval construction project located in <a href="/wiki/Treigny" title="Treigny">Treigny</a>, France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_Medieval_Fortress" title="Ozark Medieval Fortress">Ozark Medieval Fortress</a>, a defunct sister project to Guédelon.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamunkey_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamunkey Project (page does not exist)">Pamunkey Project</a> – <a href="/wiki/Errett_Callahan" title="Errett Callahan">Errett Callahan</a> led a series of extended Late Woodland living experiences in <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater Virginia">Tidewater Virginia</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldatlatl.org">The World Atlatl Association</a>, an organization devoted to the use and research of <a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">atlatls</a>, helped lobby for the legalization of atlatls as a means of deer hunting in Missouri.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junkelmann" title="Marcus Junkelmann">Marcus Junkelmann</a> constructed Roman devices and gear for various museums. He also tested and analyzed them in various reenactments, among them a group of <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">legionaries</a> in full authentic gear crossing the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> from <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> to <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>.</li> <li>Ma'agen Michael II, a replica of a 2,400-year-old merchantman; built by Haifa University and the Israel Antiquities Authority</li> <li>Reconstruction of Galileo's Experiment: the inclined plane.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venus's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction of a <a href="/wiki/Monastic_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic community">monastic community</a> according to the ninth-century <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Saint_Gall" title="Plan of Saint Gall">Plan of Saint Gall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Campus_Galli" title="Campus Galli">Campus Galli</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Stephens" title="Janet Stephens">Janet Stephens</a> utilizing her own skill as a hairdresser to reconstruct Roman-era hairstyles, rebutting previously held theories about single-prong pins being used to hold them in place.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Marwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Marwick (page does not exist)">Ben Marwick</a> trampled experimentally-produced flaked stone artefacts into sediments excavated from <a href="/wiki/Malakunanja_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Malakunanja II">Malakunanja II</a> to show that it was unlikely that they had moved extensively through the deposit during the Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Killian_Driscoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Killian Driscoll (page does not exist)">Killian Driscoll</a> undertook a series of experiments to examine the prehistoric use of vein <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This involved experimental <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapping</a> to understand the fracture mechanics of the material;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the experimental burning of quartz;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an experiment designed to investigate the ease of identification of stone tools made from quartz;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this series was added to by an experiment that examined the effects of trampling on quartz tools compared to flint.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Beginning in the 1980s, a project to build an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a> was led by a teacher at <a href="/wiki/Cranborne" title="Cranborne">Cranborne</a> Middle School. In 2002, the site was expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Cranborne_Ancient_Technology_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranborne Ancient Technology Centre">Cranborne Ancient Technology Centre</a> with an additional <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> dwellings that are all used for educational purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>, Ireland, the Centre for Experimental Archaeology and Material Culture (founded 2012) is one of the only university campus facilities of this type for experimental archaeological research and teaching in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their work has involved <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, early medieval and <a href="/wiki/Viking_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Ireland">Viking Age</a> houses, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, stone, flint, <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, and quartz technologies; <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, iron and glass-working; and food production.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sutton Hoo Ships Company based in Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK is a 4-year project to build a full size reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo burial ship excavated by Basil Brown at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> in 1939. The reconstruction process is attempting to discover and use traditional boat building skills and methods that might have been used by the Anglo Saxon shipbuilders of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guedelon_forge,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Guedelon_forge%2C_France.jpg/220px-Guedelon_forge%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Guedelon_forge%2C_France.jpg/330px-Guedelon_forge%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Guedelon_forge%2C_France.jpg/440px-Guedelon_forge%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Experimental medieval forge</figcaption></figure> <p>Other types of experimental archaeology may involve burying modern replica artifacts and <a href="/wiki/Ecofact" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecofact">ecofacts</a> for varying lengths of time to analyse the post-depositional effects on them. Other archaeologists have built modern <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthworks</a> and measured the effects of silting in the ditches and weathering and subsidence on the banks to understand better how ancient monuments would have looked. One example is <a href="/wiki/Overton_Down" title="Overton Down">Overton Down</a> in England. </p><p>The work of <a href="/wiki/Flintknapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintknapper">flintknappers</a> is also a kind of experimental archaeology as much has been learnt about the many different types of flint tools through the hands-on approach of actually making them. Experimental archaeologists have equipped modern professional butchers, archers and lumberjacks with replica flint tools to judge how effective they would have been for certain tasks. Use wear traces on the modern flint tools are compared to similar traces on archaeological artifacts, making probability hypotheses on the possible kind of use feasible. <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axes</a> have been shown to be particularly effective at cutting animal meat from the bone and jointing it. </p><p>Another field of experimental archaeology is illustrated by the studies of the stone flaking abilities of humans ("novice knapper" studies) and of non-human primates. In the latter case it has been shown that, after human demonstrations, enculturated <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a> are able to produce modified cores and flaked stones which are morphologically similar to early lithic industries in East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject has proven popular enough to spawn several re-creation-type television shows: </p> <ul><li>The 1978 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Living_in_the_Past_(TV_series)" title="Living in the Past (TV series)">Living in the Past</a></i> re-created life in an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> village with 15 volunteers over a period of 13 months.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a>'s <i>I, Caveman</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>I, Caveman : The Great Hunt</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Team" title="Time Team">Time Team</a></i></li> <li>Discovery Channel's <i>The Colony</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seasons 1 and 2 showed aspects of experimental archaeology</li> <li>Discovery Channel's <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i> often conduct experimental archaeology to test the capability of mythical ancient weapons, including <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>' death ray and the tree cannon, as well as testing the capabilities of known weapons including the <a href="/wiki/Hwacha" title="Hwacha">hwacha</a>, wood vs. stone arrowheads, and the effects of cannonballs and splintering.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> has several re-creation <a href="/wiki/BBC_historic_farm_series" title="BBC historic farm series">farm series</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Monastery_Farm" title="Tudor Monastery Farm">Tudor Monastery Farm</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Green_Valley" title="Tales from the Green Valley">Tales from the Green Valley</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Farm" title="Victorian Farm">Victorian Farm</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_Farm" title="Edwardian Farm">Edwardian Farm</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Wartime_Farm" title="Wartime Farm">Wartime Farm</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> has a series on the construction of <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9delon_Castle" title="Guédelon Castle">Guédelon Castle</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Castle" title="Secrets of the Castle">Secrets of the Castle</a></i>.</li> <li>UK based experimental archaeologist James Dilley of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/">AncientCraft</a> and the University of Southampton researches the production of tools and artefacts from the Palaeolithic to late Bronze Age. As well as demonstrating his findings frequently on TV programs, his work is on display in the British Museum and Stonehenge. His recent work is exploring hunting strategies of Upper Palaeolithic people in Europe and Bronze Age copper-alloy mould use.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeometallurgy" title="Experimental archaeometallurgy">Experimental archaeometallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">Reverse engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butser_Ancient_Farm" title="Butser Ancient Farm">Butser Ancient Farm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Experimental archaeology is "Within the context of a controllable imitative experiment to replicate past phenomena in order to generate and test hypotheses to provide or enhance analogies for archaeological interpretation" (Mathieu, 12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Colony%3A+About+the+Show+%3A+Discovery+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Ftv%2Fcolony%2Fabout%2Fcolony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExperimental+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ascher, Robert (1961): <i>Experimental archeology.</i> in: American Anthropologist (Menasha) 63, 4: pp 793–816.</li> <li>Ascher, Robert (1970): <i>Cues 1: design and construction of an experimental archaeological structure.</i> in: American Antiquity (Washington) 35, 2: pp 215–216.</li> <li>Coles, John Morton (1979), <i>Experimental archaeology</i>, London a.o.: Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-179750-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-179750-3">0-12-179750-3</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-179752-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-179752-X">0-12-179752-X</a>, 274 pp. Republished 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932846-26-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932846-26-3">978-1-932846-26-3</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithicsireland.ie/phd_quartz_lithic_technology_contents.html">Driscoll, Killian (2010). Understanding quartz technology in early prehistoric Ireland.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithicsireland.ie/killian_driscoll_publications_2011_identifying_classifying_quartz_artefacts_experiment_archaeometry_abstract.html">Driscoll, Killian (2011). "Identifying and classifying vein quartz artefacts: an experiment conducted at the World Archaeological Congress, 2008". Archaeometry. 53.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithicsireland.ie/killian_driscoll_publications_2011_vein_quartz_lithic_traditions_analysis_experimental_archaeology_abstract.html">Driscoll, Killian (2011). "Vein quartz in lithic traditions: an analysis based on experimental archaeology". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithicsireland.ie/killian_driscoll_publications_2016_quartz_chert_trampling_experiment_abstract.html">Driscoll, K; Alcaina, J; Égüez, N; Mangado, X; Fullola, J-M.; Tejero, J-M. (2016). "Trampled under foot: A quartz and chert human trampling experiment at the Cova del Parco rock shelter, Spain". Quaternary International. 424.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithicsireland.ie/killian_driscoll_publications_2011_recognising_burnt_vein_quartz_artefacts_archaeological_assemblages_abstract.html">Driscoll, Killian; Menuge, Julian (2011). "Recognising burnt vein quartz artefacts in archaeological assemblages". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38.</a></li> <li>Ingersoll, Daniel W., Yellen, John E., Macdonald, William (editors), (1977), <i>Experimental archaeology</i>, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03658-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03658-2">0-231-03658-2</a>, 432 pp.</li> <li>Mathieu, James R. (editor), (2002), <i>Experimental archaeology, replicating past objects, behaviors and processes</i>, BAR International Series 1035, Oxford, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84171-415-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84171-415-1">1-84171-415-1</a>.</li> <li>Reynolds, Peter J. (n.y.): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404051146/http://www.butser.org.uk/iafexp_hcc.html">The Nature of Experiment in Archaeology</a>.</li> <li>Stone, Peter; Planel, Phillipe, (1999), <i>The Constructed past. Experimental archaeology, education and the public</i>, Routledge: One World Archaeology Series, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11768-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11768-2">0-415-11768-2</a>, 296 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Tringham" title="Ruth Tringham">Tringham, Ruth</a> (1978), <i>Experimentation, ethnoarchaeology, and the leapfrogs in archaeological methodology.</i> in: Gould, Richard A. (editor): <i>Explorations in ethnoarchaeology.</i> Albuquerque, pp 169–199.</li> <li>Verhoeven, J.D., Pendray, A.H., Dauksch, W.E., (1998), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9809/Verhoeven-9809.html">The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades</a></i>, in: JOM, 50 (9) (1998), pp. 58–64.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_archaeology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Experimental_archaeology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Experimental archaeology">Experimental archaeology</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.butser.org.uk/">Butser Ancient Farm</a>, Hampshire, UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handshouse.org/">Handshouse Studio</a>, Norwell, MA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagnlandet.dk/">The Lejre Land Of Legends</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exarc.net/">EXARC</a>, the International association of Archaeological Open Air Museums and Experimental Archaeology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exar.org/">EXAR</a> the European Association for the advancement of archaeology by experiment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207075307/http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/archaeology/research/themes/experimentalarchaeology/">The University of Exeter</a> MA in experimental archaeology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101018055821/http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/prospectivepg/masters/experimental.html">The University of Sheffield</a> MSc in experimental archaeology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weststow.org/">West Stow</a> Anglo-Saxon Village</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithicsireland.ie/index.html">Stone tool experimental archaeology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucd.ie/archaeology/ceamc/">UCD School of Archaeology</a> Centre for Experimental Archaeology and Material Culture at University College Dublin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Method and theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">Archaeological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Philosophy of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_diving" title="Archaeological diving">Archaeological diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ethics" title="Archaeological ethics">Archaeological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_archaeology" title="Prehistoric archaeology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" title="Medieval archaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_in_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Oceania" title="Archaeology in Oceania">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubiology" title="Nubiology">Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_bioarchaeology" title="Medieval bioarchaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_bioarchaeology" title="Near Eastern bioarchaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceology" title="Calceology">Calceology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_archaeology" title="Digital archaeology">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogaming" title="Archaeogaming">Archaeogaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_archaeology" title="Computational archaeology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeology" title="Geoarchaeology">Geoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_archaeology" title="Conflict archaeology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_archaeology" title="Funerary archaeology">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_archaeology" title="Gender archaeology">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology" title="Indigenous archaeology">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_archaeology" title="Landscape archaeology">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_archaeology" title="Mortuary archaeology">Mortuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(archaeology)" title="Phenomenology (archaeology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_archaeology" title="Queer archaeology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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