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href="#"Broad_Wall"_and_"Narrow_Wall""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>"Broad Wall" and "Narrow Wall"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Broad_Wall"_and_"Narrow_Wall"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vallum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vallum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vallum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vallum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turf_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turf_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Turf wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turf_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garrison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garrison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Garrison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garrison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social and economic impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_economic_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and economic impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unified_cultural_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_cultural_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Unified cultural area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_cultural_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_of_the_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_of_the_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>South of the wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_of_the_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_of_the_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_of_the_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>North of the wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_of_the_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limited_contact_across_the_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_contact_across_the_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Limited contact across the wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_contact_across_the_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Hadrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Hadrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>After Hadrian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_Hadrian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After Hadrian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_Hadrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preservation_by_John_Clayton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_by_John_Clayton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Preservation by John Clayton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_by_John_Clayton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Later discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>World Heritage Site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadrian's_Wall_Path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadrian's_Wall_Path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Hadrian's Wall Path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadrian's_Wall_Path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman-period_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman-period_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Roman-period names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roman-period_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roman-period names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roman-period_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Forts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Board games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hadrian's Wall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muur_van_Hadrianus" title="Muur van Hadrianus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Muur van Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سور هادريان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سور هادريان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_d%27Hadri%C3%A1n" title="Muro d'Hadrián – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Muro d'Hadrián" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriu_d%27Adrianu" title="Muriu d'Adrianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muriu d'Adrianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_divar%C4%B1" title="Adrian divarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adrian divarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вал Адрыяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вал Адрыяна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Адрианов вал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Адрианов вал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianswall" title="Hadrianswall – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hadrianswall" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrijanov_zid" title="Hadrijanov zid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hadrijanov zid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moger_Hadrian" title="Moger Hadrian – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moger Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_d%27Hadri%C3%A0" title="Mur d'Hadrià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mur d'Hadrià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadri%C3%A1n%C5%AFv_val" title="Hadriánův val – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hadriánův val" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_Hadrian" title="Mur Hadrian – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mur Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrians_mur" title="Hadrians mur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hadrians mur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianswall" title="Hadrianswall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hadrianswall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τείχος του Αδριανού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τείχος του Αδριανού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_Adriano" title="Muro de Adriano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muro de Adriano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muro_de_Hadriano" title="Muro de Hadriano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muro de Hadriano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianoren_Harresia" title="Hadrianoren Harresia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hadrianoren Harresia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دیوار هادریان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار هادریان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_d%27Hadrien" title="Mur d'Hadrien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mur d'Hadrien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muorre_fan_Hadrianus" title="Muorre fan Hadrianus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Muorre fan Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balla_Haidrian" title="Balla Haidrian – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Balla Haidrian" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralla_de_Hadri%C3%A1n" title="Muralla de Hadrián – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muralla de Hadrián" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%A9%EB%B2%BD" title="하드리아누스 방벽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하드리아누스 방벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Հադրիանոսի պատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հադրիանոսի պատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrijanov_zid" title="Hadrijanov zid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hadrijanov zid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Hadrianus" title="Tembok Hadrianus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembok Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadr%C3%ADanusarm%C3%BArinn" title="Hadríanusarmúrinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hadríanusarmúrinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallo_di_Adriano" title="Vallo di Adriano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vallo di Adriano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="חומת אדריאנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומת אדריאנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ადრიანეს კედელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადრიანეს კედელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallum_Aelium" title="Vallum Aelium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vallum Aelium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C4%81na_valnis" title="Adriāna valnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Adriāna valnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriano_siena" title="Hadriano siena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hadriano siena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus_fala" title="Hadrianus fala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hadrianus fala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%95%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Адријанов ѕид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Адријанов ѕид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ഹേഡ്രിയൻ മതിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹേഡ്രിയൻ മതിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ადრიანეშ კიდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადრიანეშ კიდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سور هادريان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سور هادريان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Hadrian" title="Tembok Hadrian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembok Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muur_van_Hadrianus" title="Muur van Hadrianus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muur van Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure_van_Hadrianus" title="Mure van Hadrianus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mure van Hadrianus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="ハドリアヌスの長城 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハドリアヌスの長城" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrians_mur" title="Hadrians mur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hadrians mur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianmuren" title="Hadrianmuren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hadrianmuren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paret_d%27Adrian" title="Paret d'Adrian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paret d'Adrian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hadrian's Wall" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ہیڈرین کند – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیڈرین کند" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%82_Hadriana" title="Wał Hadriana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wał Hadriana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralha_de_Adriano" title="Muralha de Adriano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muralha de Adriano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidul_lui_Hadrian" title="Zidul lui Hadrian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zidul lui Hadrian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вал Адриана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вал Адриана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_waw" title="Hadrian's waw – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hadrian's waw" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallu_di_Adrianu" title="Vallu di Adrianu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vallu di Adrianu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hadrian's Wall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadri%C3%A1nov_val" title="Hadriánov val – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hadriánov val" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrijanov_zid" title="Hadrijanov zid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hadrijanov zid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Хадријанов зид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хадријанов зид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrijanov_zid" title="Hadrijanov zid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hadrijanov zid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianuksen_valli" title="Hadrianuksen valli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hadrianuksen valli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrianus_mur" title="Hadrianus mur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hadrianus mur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆட்ரியனின் சுவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆட்ரியனின் சுவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Адриан дивары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Адриан дивары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="กำแพงฮาดริอานุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำแพงฮาดริอานุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian_Duvar%C4%B1" title="Hadrian Duvarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hadrian Duvarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Адріанів вал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адріанів вал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudal_ni_Adriano" title="Kudal ni Adriano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kudal ni Adriano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="哈德良长城 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈德良长城" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="哈德良長城 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈德良長城" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hadrian%27s_Wall&params=55_01_N_2_17_W_type:landmark_region:GB-LND"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°01′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°17′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.017°N 2.283°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.017; -2.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defensive fortification in Roman Britain</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Hadrian's Wall</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrians_Wall_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/250px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/375px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/500px-Hadrians_Wall_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="995" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The location of Hadrian's Wall in what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>, and the later <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Northern England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hadrian%27s_Wall&params=55_01_N_2_17_W_type:landmark_region:GB-LND"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°01′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°17′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.017°N 2.283°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.017; -2.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">73 miles (117 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">Begun 122 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000+ annually</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Various private and public ownerships</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 <small>(11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frontiers_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers of the Roman Empire">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430">430</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Section_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Section_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_1.jpg/310px-Section_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Section_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_1.jpg/465px-Section_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Section_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_1.jpg/620px-Section_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A view of Hadrian's Wall showing its length and height. The upright stones on top of it are modern, to deter people from walking on it.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hadrian's Wall</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Vallum Hadriani</i>, also known as the <i>Roman Wall</i>, <b>Picts' Wall</b>, or <i>Vallum Aelium</i> in Latin) is a former defensive <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, begun in AD 122 in the reign of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running from <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> in the east to <a href="/wiki/Bowness-on-Solway" title="Bowness-on-Solway">Bowness-on-Solway</a> in the west of what is now <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a>, it was a stone wall with large ditches in front and behind, stretching across the whole width of the island. Soldiers were garrisoned along the line of the wall in large <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">forts</a>, smaller <a href="/wiki/Milecastle" title="Milecastle">milecastles</a>, and intervening <a href="/wiki/Turret_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Turret (Hadrian's Wall)">turrets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the wall's defensive military role, its gates may have been <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> posts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path" title="Hadrian's Wall Path">Hadrian's Wall Path</a> generally runs close along the wall. Almost all the standing masonry of the wall was removed in early modern times and used for local roads and farmhouses.<sup id="cite_ref-english-lakes.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english-lakes.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of it stands to its original height, but modern work has exposed much of the footings, and some segments display a few courses of modern masonry reconstruction. Many of the excavated forts on or near the wall are open to the public, and various nearby museums present its history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Roman archaeological feature in Britain, it runs a total of 73 miles (117.5 kilometres).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British cultural icon</a>, Hadrian's Wall is one of Britain's major ancient <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tourist_attractions_in_England" title="Lists of tourist attractions in England">tourist attractions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The turf-built <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> of AD 142 in what is now central <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, which briefly superseded Hadrian's Wall before being abandoned,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was declared a World Heritage Site in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hadrian's Wall lies entirely within England and has never formed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a>, though it is sometimes loosely or colloquially described as such.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Limes.webm/260px--Limes.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Limes.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Limes.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Limes.webm/Limes.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Limes.webm/Limes.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Limes.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Limes.webm/Limes.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Limes.webm/Limes.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Limes.webm/Limes.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Limes.webm/Limes.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALimes.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALimes.webm&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)"><i>Limes</i></a> and Hadrian's Wall (Latin with English subtitles)</figcaption></figure><p>The length of the wall was 80 Roman miles, equivalent to 73 modern miles; or 117 kilometres (1 Roman mile is equivalent to 1,620 yards; or 1,480 metres).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This traversed the entire width of the island, from <a href="/wiki/Bowness-on-Solway" title="Bowness-on-Solway">Bowness-on-Solway</a> in the west to Wallsend on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after construction began, the wall's width was reduced from the originally planned 10 feet (3.0 m) to about 8 feet (2.4 m), or even less depending on the terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sections were originally constructed of turf and timber, eventually replaced by stone years or decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, a monk and historian who died in 735, wrote that the wall stood 12 feet (3.7 metres) high, with evidence suggesting it could have been a few feet higher at its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the length of the wall there was a watch-tower <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turret</a> every third of a mile, also providing shelter and living accommodation for Roman troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlin_2018_p100-102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlin_2018_p100-102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Route">Route</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_Wall_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hadrian%27s_Wall_map.svg/290px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hadrian%27s_Wall_map.svg/435px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hadrian%27s_Wall_map.svg/580px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Route of Hadrian's Wall, almost from coast to coast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall,_Published_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Published_1964.jpg/290px-Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Published_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Published_1964.jpg/435px-Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Published_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Published_1964.jpg/580px-Ordnance_Survey_Map_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Published_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12462" data-file-height="9904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> map of Hadrian's Wall, published in 1964. A revised and updated edition was published in 2010.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg/290px-Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg/435px-Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg/580px-Hadrian%27s_wall_at_Greenhead_Lough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Sections of Hadrian's Wall still remain, particularly in its hilly central sector. Little remains in lowland regions, where it was used as a source of stone for new buildings.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hadrian's Wall extended west from <a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tyne, England">River Tyne</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkandrews-on-Eden" title="Kirkandrews-on-Eden">Kirkandrews-on-Eden</a>, to the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a>, ending a short but unknown distance west of the village of <a href="/wiki/Bowness-on-Solway" title="Bowness-on-Solway">Bowness-on-Solway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-collingwood_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collingwood-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The route was slightly north of <i><a href="/wiki/Stanegate" title="Stanegate">Stanegate</a></i>, an important Roman road built several decades earlier to link two forts that guarded important river crossings: <a href="/wiki/Corstopitum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corstopitum">Corstopitum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corbridge" title="Corbridge">Corbridge</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a> (Carlisle) on the <a href="/wiki/River_Eden,_Cumbria" title="River Eden, Cumbria">River Eden</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/A69_road" title="A69 road">A69</a> and <a href="/wiki/B6318_Military_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="B6318 Military Road">B6318</a> roads follow the course of the wall from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, then along the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> (south shore of the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a>). </p><p>Part of the central section of the wall follows natural cliffs on an <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Whin_Sill" title="Whin Sill">Whin Sill</a> rock formation. </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> ends near Bowness-on-Solway, this does not mark the end of the line of defensive structures. The system of <a href="/wiki/Milecastle" title="Milecastle">milecastles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turret_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Turret (Hadrian's Wall)">turrets</a> is known to have continued along the <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> coast as far as Risehow, south of <a href="/wiki/Maryport" title="Maryport">Maryport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For classification purposes, the milecastles west of Bowness-on-Solway are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Milefortlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Milefortlet">Milefortlets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrianswall2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hadrianswall2007.jpg/290px-Hadrianswall2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hadrianswall2007.jpg/435px-Hadrianswall2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hadrianswall2007.jpg/580px-Hadrianswall2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hadrian's Wall facing east towards <a href="/wiki/Crag_Lough" title="Crag Lough">Crag Lough</a> (the lake in the picture). The rocky outcrop is the <a href="/wiki/Whin_Sill" title="Whin Sill">Whin Sill</a>, of volcanic origin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hadrian's Wall was probably planned before <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s visit to Britain in 122. According to restored sandstone fragments found in <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a> which date from 118 or 119, it was Hadrian's wish to keep "intact the empire", which had been imposed on him via "divine instruction".<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_Everitt_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Everitt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Hadrian's accession to the imperial throne in 117, there was unrest and rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> and from the peoples of various conquered lands across the empire, including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya_in_the_Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya in the Roman era">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_Everitt_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Everitt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These troubles may have influenced his plan to construct the wall, as well as his construction of frontier boundaries now known as <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)"><i>limes</i></a> in other areas of the empire, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a></i> in modern-day Germany. </p><p>The novelty of the wall as a departure from traditional Roman military architecture as typified by the Roman <i>limes</i> has been seen as noteworthy and has led to exceptional suggestions of influence by some scholars, for example D.J Breeze and B. Dobson suggest "Hadrian may have been influenced by travellers' accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>, built some two hundred years before."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal has been challenged by other scholars like Duncan Campbell who argues that, though the scale and design of the wall was novel for Roman military construction, "there was a long tradition of wall-building in the ancient (Mediterranean) world upon which he could have drawn for inspiration without the inconvenience of traversing whole continents in search of a prototype."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, despite the overwhelming evidence over its 400 year manned presence, some scholars have disagreed with the established narrative over how much of a threat the inhabitants of northern Britain presented to the Romans, and whether there was any economic advantage in defending and garrisoning a fixed line of defences like the wall, rather than conquering and annexing what has become Northumberland and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a> and then defending the territory with a looser arrangement of forts.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_Everitt_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Everitt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadrian and his advisers however produced a solution to their problems that remained relevant for centuries. </p><p>The primary purpose of the wall was as a physical barrier to slow the crossing of raiders, people intent on crossing its line for animals, treasure, or slaves, and then returning with their loot.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin text <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i> states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="la" class="poem"> <p>(Hadrianus) murumque per octoginta milia passuum primus duxit, qui barbaros Romanosque divideret. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>(Hadrian) was the first to build a wall, eighty miles long, to separate the Romans from the <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The defensive characteristics of the wall support interpretation, including the pits known as <i>cippi</i> frequently found on the <a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">berm</a> or flat area in front of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pits held branches or small tree trunks entangled with sharpened branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These would make an attack on the wall even more difficult. It might be thought of as the Roman equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>, a measure to delay an enemy attack and hold the attackers within range of the missiles of the defenders. The curtain wall was not mainly a continuously-embattled defensive line, rather it would deter casual crossing and be an observation point that could alert Romans of an incoming attack and slow down enemy forces so that additional troops could arrive for support.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides a defensive structure made to keep people out, the wall also kept people within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movement would be channeled through the gates in the wall, where it could be monitored for <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">information</a>, prevented or permitted as appropriate, and taxed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The wall would also have had a psychological impact:</p><blockquote><p>For nearly three centuries, until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 AD, Hadrian's Wall was the clearest statement of the might, resourcefulness, and determination of an individual emperor and of his empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The wall was also a symbolic statement of Rome's imperial power, marking the border between the so called civilized world and the unconquered barbarian wilderness. As British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Neil_Faulkner_(archaeologist)" title="Neil Faulkner (archaeologist)">Neil Faulkner</a> explains, "the wall, like other great Roman frontier monuments was as much a propaganda statement as a functional facility".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that Hadrian's Wall was originally covered in plaster and then whitewashed: its shining surface would have reflected the sunlight and been visible for miles around.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_Everitt_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Everitt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_head_of_Hadrian_found_in_the_River_Thames_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bronze_head_of_Hadrian_found_in_the_River_Thames_in_London.jpg/220px-Bronze_head_of_Hadrian_found_in_the_River_Thames_in_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bronze_head_of_Hadrian_found_in_the_River_Thames_in_London.jpg/330px-Bronze_head_of_Hadrian_found_in_the_River_Thames_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bronze_head_of_Hadrian_found_in_the_River_Thames_in_London.jpg/440px-Bronze_head_of_Hadrian_found_in_the_River_Thames_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bronze head of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, who commissioned the wall's construction, found in 1834 in the River <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> in London, around 280 miles (450 km) south of Hadrian's Wall</figcaption></figure> <p>Hadrian ended his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s policy of expanding the empire and instead focused on defending the current borders, namely at the time Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Augustus, Hadrian believed in exploiting natural boundaries such as rivers for the borders of the empire, for example the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain, however, did not have any natural boundaries that could serve the purpose to divide the province controlled by the Romans from the Celtic tribes in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With construction starting in 122,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the entire length of the wall was built with an alternating series of forts, each housing 600 men, and manned milecastles, operated by "between 12 and 20 men".<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took six years to build most of Hadrian's Wall with the work coming from three Roman legions – the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">Legio II Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Victrix" title="Legio VI Victrix">Legio VI Victrix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">Legio XX Valeria Victrix</a>, totalling 15,000 soldiers, plus some members of the Roman fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building of the wall was not out of the area of expertise for the soldiers; some would have trained to be surveyors, engineers, masons, and carpenters.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Broad_Wall"_and_"Narrow_Wall""><span id=".22Broad_Wall.22_and_.22Narrow_Wall.22"></span>"Broad Wall" and "Narrow Wall"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Broad Wall" and "Narrow Wall""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_Wall,_junction_of_the_Broad_Wall_and_Narrow_Wall_bases.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_junction_of_the_Broad_Wall_and_Narrow_Wall_bases.jpg/310px-Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_junction_of_the_Broad_Wall_and_Narrow_Wall_bases.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_junction_of_the_Broad_Wall_and_Narrow_Wall_bases.jpg/465px-Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_junction_of_the_Broad_Wall_and_Narrow_Wall_bases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_junction_of_the_Broad_Wall_and_Narrow_Wall_bases.jpg/620px-Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_junction_of_the_Broad_Wall_and_Narrow_Wall_bases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The footings of the wall, showing the point at which the Broad Wall and the Narrow Wall footings meet</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a> cites evidence for the existence of a broad section of the wall and conversely a narrow section.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that plans changed during construction of the wall, and its overall width was reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broad sections of the wall are around nine and a half feet (2.9 metres) wide with the narrow sections two feet (61 centimetres) thinner, around seven and a half feet (2.3 metres) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the narrow sections were found to be built upon broad foundations, which had presumably been built before the plans changed.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on this evidence, Collingwood concludes that the wall was originally to be built between present-day <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> and Bowness-on-Solway, with a uniform width of 10 Roman feet, all in stone.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On completion, only three-fifths of the wall was built from stone; the remaining western section was a turf wall, later rebuilt in stone.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans possibly changed due to a lack of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to preserve resources further, the eastern half's width was therefore reduced from the original ten Roman feet to eight, with the remaining stones from the eastern half used for around 5 miles (8.0 kilometres) of the turf wall in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tomlin_2018_p100-102_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlin_2018_p100-102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduction from the original ten Roman feet to eight created the so-called "Narrow Wall".<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlin_2018_p100-102_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlin_2018_p100-102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vallum">Vallum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vallum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_Wall_Vallum_-_2007-05-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Vallum_-_2007-05-19.jpg/290px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_Vallum_-_2007-05-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Vallum_-_2007-05-19.jpg/435px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_Vallum_-_2007-05-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Vallum_-_2007-05-19.jpg/580px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_Vallum_-_2007-05-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>This ditch-like construction is a section of the <a href="/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)">Vallum</a>, to the south of Hadrian’s Wall. This section is located near <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_42" title="Milecastle 42">Milecastle 42</a>, around modern Cawfields, placing it slightly to the west of the wall's midpoint.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just south of the wall there is a ten-foot (three-metre) deep, ditch-like construction with two parallel mounds running north and south of it, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)">Vallum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vallum and the wall run more or less in parallel for almost the entire length of the wall, except between the forts of Newcastle and <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a> at the east end, where the Vallum may have been considered superfluous as a barrier on account of the close proximity of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>. The twin track of the wall and Vallum led many 19th-century thinkers to note and ponder their relation to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some evidence appears to show that the route of the wall was shifted to avoid the Vallum, possibly pointing to the Vallum being an older construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. G. Collingwood therefore asserted in 1930 that the Vallum was built before the wall in its final form.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collingwood also questioned whether the Vallum was an original border built before the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on this, the wall could be viewed as a replacement border built to strengthen the Romans' definition of their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, further research suggested that the Vallum could not have been built before the wall because the Vallum avoided one of the wall's milecastles.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new discovery was continually supported by more evidence, strengthening the idea that there was a simultaneous construction of the Vallum and the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Other evidence still pointed in other, slightly different directions. Evidence shows that the Vallum preceded sections of the Narrow Wall specifically; to account for this discrepancy, Couse suggests that either construction of the Vallum began with the Broad Wall, or it began when the Narrow Wall succeeded the Broad Wall but proceeded more quickly than that of the Narrow Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1_crop.jpg/280px-Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1_crop.jpg/420px-Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1_crop.jpg/560px-Hadrians_Wall_from_Housesteads1_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Part of Hadrian's Wall heading east from <a href="/wiki/Vercovicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercovicium">Housesteads</a> fort, showing the <a href="/wiki/Knag_Burn_Gateway" title="Knag Burn Gateway">Knag Burn Gateway</a> in the valley. The very flat top of the wall at left is a sign of consolidation.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turf_wall">Turf wall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Turf wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_49" title="Milecastle 49">Milecastle 49</a> to the western terminus at Bowness-on-Solway, the wall was originally constructed from turf, possibly due to the absence of limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-handbookTW_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookTW-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the turf wall was demolished and replaced with a stone wall. This took place in two phases; the first (from the <a href="/wiki/River_Irthing" title="River Irthing">River Irthing</a> to a point west of <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_54" title="Milecastle 54">Milecastle 54</a>) during the reign of Hadrian, and the second following the reoccupation of Hadrian's Wall after the abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> (though it has also been suggested that this second phase took place during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>). The line of the stone wall follows the line of the turf wall, apart from the stretch between Milecastle 49 and <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_51" title="Milecastle 51">Milecastle 51</a>, where the line of the stone wall is slightly further to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-handbookTW_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookTW-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the stretch around <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_50TW" title="Milecastle 50TW">Milecastle 50TW</a>, it was built on a flat base with three to four courses of turf blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-CumbWest220_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CumbWest220-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A basal layer of cobbles was used westwards from <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_72" title="Milecastle 72">Milecastle 72</a> (at Burgh-by-Sands) and possibly at <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_53" title="Milecastle 53">Milecastle 53</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CumbWest262_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CumbWest262-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the underlying ground was boggy, wooden piles were used.<sup id="cite_ref-handbookTW_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookTW-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its base, the turf wall was 6 metres (20 feet) wide, built in courses of turf blocks measuring 46 cm (18 inches) long by 30 cm (12 inches) deep by 15 cm (6 inches) high, to a height around 3.66 metres (12.0 feet). The north face is thought to have had a slope of 75%, whereas the south face is thought to have started vertical above the foundation, quickly becoming much shallower.<sup id="cite_ref-handbookTW_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbookTW-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards">Standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Above the stone curtain wall's foundations, one or more footing courses were laid. Offsets were introduced above these footing courses (on both the north and south faces), which reduced the wall's width. Where the width of the curtain wall is stated, it is in reference to the width above the offset. Two standards of offset have been identified: Standard A, where the offset occurs above the first footing course, and Standard B, where the offset occurs after the third (or sometimes fourth) footing course.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garrison">Garrison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Garrison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is thought that following construction and when fully manned, almost 10,000 soldiers were stationed on Hadrian's Wall, made up not of the legions who built it but by regiments of <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliary infantry and cavalry</a> drawn from the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following from this, <a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">David Breeze</a> lays out the two basic functions for soldiers on or around Hadrian's Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeze says that soldiers who were stationed in the forts around the wall had the primary duty of defence; at the same time, the troops in the milecastles and turrets had the responsibility of frontier control.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence, as Breeze says, for soldiers stationed in forts is far more pronounced than the ones in the milecastles and turrets.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breeze discusses three theories about the soldiers on Hadrian's Wall. One, these soldiers who manned the milecastles and turrets on the wall came from the forts near it; two, regiments from auxiliaries were specifically chosen for this role; or three, "a special force" was formed to man these stations.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeze comes to the conclusion that through all the inscriptions gathered there were soldiers from three, or even four, auxiliary units at milecastles on the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These units were "<i>cohors I Batavorum</i>, <i>cohors I Vardullorum</i>, an un-numbered <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonian</a> cohort, and a <i>duplicarius</i> from <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Upper Germany</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeze adds that there appears to have been some legionaries as well at these milecastles.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeze states that evidence is "still open on whether" soldiers who manned the milecastles were from nearby forts or were specifically chosen for this task, and he adds that "the balance [of evidence] perhaps lies towards the latter".<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, soldiers from the three British legions outnumbered the auxiliaries, which goes against the assertion that legionaries would not be used on such detached duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further information on the garrisoning of the wall has been provided by the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda tablets</a> just to the south of Hadrian's Wall, such as the record of an inspection on 18 May 92 or 97, when only 456 of the full quota of 756 <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> troops were present, the rest being sick or otherwise absent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_economic_impact">Social and economic impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social and economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_cultural_area">Unified cultural area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unified cultural area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By about 200 BC, long before the Romans arrived in Britannia, the zone on both sides of what would become the wall, from <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> to the north and the <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> to the south, had become dominated by rectilinear enclosures. These were the nuclei of extensive farming settlements at a high level of the social hierarchy, a numerous and widespread nobility; the lower orders lived in groups of round houses that left much less archaeological trace. The wall probably cut across a coherent cultural area, and it was planned and built at a time of serious warfare in Britain, which required major Roman reinforcements from outside Britannia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tablet from <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a> describes a <i>centurio regionarius</i> who exercised direct military rule from <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, some 30 years after Roman conquest of the region. Nevertheless, the settlement pattern in the area did not change immediately after the wall was built, and the groups who fought the Romans may have been from previously pacified tribes to the south, or from far north of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman soldiers of the garrison, with their families and other immigrants, may have amounted to some 22-30% of the population of the region. They could not have been supplied entirely from local resources, although any local surpluses would have been taxed or requisitioned. Military conscripts may also have been levied from nearby groups.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_of_the_wall">South of the wall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South of the wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the south, between the wall and the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a>, Roman-style settlements appear in the early 2nd century, very shortly after the wall was built. This is earlier than Roman villas in Yorkshire further south. <a href="/wiki/Mortarium" title="Mortarium">Mortaria</a> stamped with the name <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ANAVS</span></span> were produced at <a href="/wiki/Faverdale" title="Faverdale">Faverdale</a>, some 80 kilometres south of the wall, and most of those found have come from the fort of <a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Coria</a>. Anaus was probably an immigrant to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 150, a discharge certificate was issued to Velvotigernus, son of Maglotigernus, after 26 year's service in the <a href="/wiki/Classis_Germanica" title="Classis Germanica">classis Germanica</a>. It was found near (not in) the Roman fort of <a href="/wiki/Longovicium" title="Longovicium">Longovicium</a>. Presumably Velvotigernus was from the upper echelons of British society (his father's name means 'Great master'); he chose to settle near Lanchester some 27km south of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests the rapid development of elements of Roman culture both by the local upper classes and by immigrants either attracted by commercial possibilities or officially encouraged to settle.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_of_the_wall">North of the wall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North of the wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northwards a very different picture emerges. A large area of what is now southern Scotland as far as Lothian, and the Northumbrian coastal plain, lost its monumental building tradition of substantial timber roundhouses and earthwork enclosures. Very little late Roman pottery has been found there. The Romans may have cleared a zone of its population, as they are known to have done on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and for ten Roman miles beyond the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> frontier. Some sites were still occupied; the fort of <a href="/wiki/Burnswark_Hill" title="Burnswark Hill">Burnswark Hill</a>, previously in ruins, was re-occupied about the time that the wall was built. Possibly this represents a short-lived Roman attempt to establish a cooperative authority on this main route further north to <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a>. Within a few years, the fort was surrounded by Roman camps and bombarded by Roman missiles. It was finally abandoned by about 140. </p><p>Other sites may have been managed by native groups, probably for the management of livestock and possibly to supply Roman requirements. Pollen evidence suggests that the landscape immediately north of the wall remained generally open, without forest regeneration until the end of Roman rule.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Eskdalemuir" title="Eskdalemuir">Castle O'er</a> an Iron Age hillfort was given an annexe and a network of ditched and banked boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sites at <a href="/wiki/Pegswood" title="Pegswood">Pegswood</a> Moor and St. George's Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Morpeth,_Northumberland" title="Morpeth, Northumberland">Morpeth</a>, also show probable stock enclosures and droveways, far less substantial than the massive Iron Age sites in the area. The site at <a href="/wiki/Huckhoe_Settlement" title="Huckhoe Settlement">Huckhoe</a> is the only one in this area to produce evidence of post-Hadrianic domestic residence (Roman coarse pottery, probably containers of high-prestige imported food, as late as the 3rd and possibly 4th centuries), and it may similarly have been mainly concerned with livestock management and delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limited_contact_across_the_wall">Limited contact across the wall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Limited contact across the wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, and as with other Roman frontier lines, Roman coins and pottery did not move across the wall, and the wall seems to have been an effective barrier to trade. A few elite centres continued to import Roman goods, such as the post-160 samian found at <a href="/wiki/Traprain_Law" title="Traprain Law">Traprain Law</a>. Ongoing exchange may have been managed at a few specific crossing points (and possibly at specific times of year). One such traditional point may be indicated by the concentration of Roman-period metal objects near <a href="/wiki/Great_Whittington" title="Great Whittington">Great Whittington</a>, about 2 kilometres north along a Roman road from the <a href="/wiki/Portgate" title="Portgate">Portgate</a> on the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coins, mostly silver rather than bronze and suggesting high-value transactions, indicate activity in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries, a diminution in the Antonine period when the garrison moved north to the Antonine Wall, and recovery in the later 2nd and early 3rd centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Hadrian">After Hadrian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: After Hadrian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leahill_Turret_51B,_looking_East._Hadrian%27s_Wall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Leahill_Turret_51B%2C_looking_East._Hadrian%27s_Wall.JPG/290px-Leahill_Turret_51B%2C_looking_East._Hadrian%27s_Wall.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Leahill_Turret_51B%2C_looking_East._Hadrian%27s_Wall.JPG/435px-Leahill_Turret_51B%2C_looking_East._Hadrian%27s_Wall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Leahill_Turret_51B%2C_looking_East._Hadrian%27s_Wall.JPG/580px-Leahill_Turret_51B%2C_looking_East._Hadrian%27s_Wall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leahill_Turret,_Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Leahill Turret, Hadrian's Wall">Leahill Turret</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbria, England">Cumbria, England</a>, is a typical example of the intermediate <a href="/wiki/Turret_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Turret (Hadrian's Wall)">turrets</a> built into the wall between the <a href="/wiki/Milecastles" class="mw-redirect" title="Milecastles">milecastles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Hadrian's death in 138, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> left the wall occupied in a support role, essentially abandoning it. He began building the Antonine Wall about 160 kilometres (100 mi) north, across the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> running west-southwest to east-northeast. This turf wall ran 40 Roman miles, or about 60.8 km (37.8 mi), and had more forts than Hadrian's Wall. This area later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a>, sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">Central Lowlands</a>. </p><p>Antoninus was unable to conquer the northern tribes, so when <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> became emperor, he abandoned the Antonine Wall and reoccupied Hadrian's Wall as the main defensive barrier in 164. In 208–211, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> again tried to conquer Caledonia and temporarily reoccupied the Antonine Wall. The campaign ended inconclusively, and the Romans eventually withdrew to Hadrian's Wall. The early historian <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a>, wrote (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 730</span>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[the departing Romans] thinking that it might be some help to the allies [Britons], whom they were forced to abandon, constructed a strong stone wall from sea to sea, in a straight line between the towns that had been there built for fear of the enemy, where Severus also had formerly built a rampart.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bede, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i>, Book I Chapter 12</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weihinschrift_Hadrian_Jarrow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Weihinschrift_Hadrian_Jarrow.png/290px-Weihinschrift_Hadrian_Jarrow.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="661" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Weihinschrift_Hadrian_Jarrow.png 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Two Roman inscriptions found built into <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth-Jarrow_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey">St Paul's Church</a> in Jarrow in 1782, mentioning <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> above and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> below. They are possibly from a dedication slab or a <a href="/wiki/Tropaion" title="Tropaion">victory monument</a> at the very eastern end of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bede obviously identifies Gildas's stone wall as Hadrian's Wall, and he appears to have believed that the Vallum was the rampart constructed by Severus. Many centuries would pass before just who built what became apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (September 2022)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> In the same passage, Bede describes Hadrian's Wall as follows: "It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height; and, as can be clearly seen to this day, ran straight from east to west." Bede by his own account<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived his whole life at <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a>, just across the River Tyne from the eastern end of the wall at Wallsend, so as he indicates, he would have been very familiar with the wall. Bede does not mention a walkway along the top of the wall. It might be thought likely that there was, but if so it no longer exists. </p><p>In the late 4th century, barbarian invasions, economic decline and military coups loosened the empire's hold on Britain. By 410, the estimated <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a>, the Roman administration and its legions were gone, and Britain was left to look to its own defences and government. Archaeologists have revealed that some parts of the wall remained occupied well into the 5th century. It has been suggested that some forts continued to be garrisoned by local Britons under the control of a <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a> figure and former <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a></i></span>. Hadrian's Wall fell into ruin, and over the centuries the stone was reused in other local buildings. Enough survived in the 7th century for <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">spolia</a> from Hadrian's Wall (illustrated at right) to find its way into the construction of St Paul's Church in <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth-Jarrow_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey">Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey</a>, where Bede was a monk. It was presumably incorporated before the setting of the church's dedication stone, still to be seen in the church, dated 23 April 685.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clayton_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Clayton_painting.jpg/290px-Clayton_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Clayton_painting.jpg/435px-Clayton_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Clayton_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><i>Building the Roman Wall</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Scott" title="William Bell Scott">William Bell Scott</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Wallington_Hall" title="Wallington Hall">Wallington Hall</a>; the face of the centurion is that of the antiquarian <a href="/wiki/John_Clayton_(Newcastle)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Clayton (Newcastle)">John Clayton</a>. The painting might imply that the wall was built by slaves, which it was not.</figcaption></figure> <p>The wall fascinated <a href="/wiki/John_Speed" title="John Speed">John Speed</a>, who published a set of maps of England and Wales by county at the start of the 17th century. He describes it as "the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> Wall" (or "Pictes"; he uses both spellings). <i>A map of Newecastle</i> (sic), drawn in 1610 by William Matthew, describes it as "Severus' Wall", mistakenly giving it the name ascribed by Bede to the Vallum. Matthew's maps for <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> show the wall as a major feature and are ornamented with drawings of Roman finds together with (in the case of the Cumberland map) a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(cartography)" title="Cartouche (cartography)">cartouche</a> in which he sets out a description of the wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_by_John_Clayton">Preservation by John Clayton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Preservation by John Clayton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrians_Wall_with_Weedkiller.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hadrians_Wall_with_Weedkiller.JPG/290px-Hadrians_Wall_with_Weedkiller.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hadrians_Wall_with_Weedkiller.JPG/435px-Hadrians_Wall_with_Weedkiller.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hadrians_Wall_with_Weedkiller.JPG/580px-Hadrians_Wall_with_Weedkiller.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Hadrian's Wall near <a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald Fort</a>, known to the Romans as <i>Banna</i>, with a man spraying weedkiller to reduce biological weathering to the stones.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the wall has now disappeared. Long sections of it were used for <a href="/wiki/Roadbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadbuilding">roadbuilding</a> in the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-english-lakes.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english-lakes.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially by <a href="/wiki/General_Wade" class="mw-redirect" title="General Wade">General Wade</a> to build a military road (most of which lies beneath the present day B6318 "<a href="/wiki/Military_Road_(Northumberland)" title="Military Road (Northumberland)">Military Road</a>") to move troops to crush the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>. The preservation of much of what remains can be credited to the antiquarian <a href="/wiki/John_Clayton_(town_clerk)" title="John Clayton (town clerk)">John Clayton</a>. He trained as a lawyer and became <a href="/wiki/Town_clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Town clerk">town clerk</a> of Newcastle in the 1830s. He became enthusiastic about preserving the wall after inheriting <a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Chesters</a> from his father. To prevent farmers taking stones from the wall, he began buying some of the land on which the wall stood. In 1834, he started purchasing property around Steel Rigg near <a href="/wiki/Crag_Lough" title="Crag Lough">Crag Lough</a>. Eventually, he controlled land from Brunton to Cawfields. This stretch included the sites of Chesters, <a href="/wiki/Carrawburgh" title="Carrawburgh">Carrawburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housesteads" class="mw-redirect" title="Housesteads">Housesteads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a>. Clayton carried out excavation at the fort at <a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Cilurnum</a> and at Housesteads, and he excavated some milecastles. </p><p>Clayton managed the farms he had acquired and succeeded in improving both the land and the livestock. He used the profits from his farms for restoration work. Workmen were employed to restore sections of the wall, generally up to a height of seven courses. The best example of the Clayton Wall is at Housesteads. After Clayton's death, the estate passed to relatives and was soon lost to gambling. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> began acquiring the land on which the wall stands. At <a href="/wiki/Wallington_Hall" title="Wallington Hall">Wallington Hall</a>, near Morpeth, there is a painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Scott" title="William Bell Scott">William Bell Scott</a>, which shows a <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a> supervising the building of the wall. The centurion has been given the face of John Clayton (above right). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_discoveries">Later discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021 workers for <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Water" title="Northumbrian Water">Northumbrian Water</a> found a previously undiscovered 3-metre section of the wall while repairing a water main in central <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>. The company announced that the pipe would be "angled to leave a buffer around the excavated trench".<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2021_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nw_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nw-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Site">World Heritage Site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: World Heritage Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hadrian's Wall was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1987, and in 2005 it became part of the transnational "<a href="/wiki/Frontiers_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiers of the Roman Empire">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a>" World Heritage Site, which also includes sites in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Hadrian's Wall was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1987, it remains unguarded, enabling visitors to climb and stand on the wall, although this is not encouraged, as it could damage the historic structure. On 13 March 2010, a public event <a href="/wiki/Illuminating_Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Illuminating Hadrian's Wall">Illuminating Hadrian's Wall</a> took place, which saw the route of the wall lit with 500 beacons. On 31 August and 2 September 2012, there was a second illumination of the wall as a digital art installation called "Connecting Light", which was part of the <a href="/wiki/2012_Cultural_Olympiad" title="2012 Cultural Olympiad">London 2012 Festival</a>. In 2018, the organisations which manage the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and Hadrian's Wall signed an agreement to collaborate for the growth of tourism and for historical and cultural understanding of the monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadrian's_Wall_Path"><span id="Hadrian.27s_Wall_Path"></span>Hadrian's Wall Path</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hadrian's Wall Path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path" title="Hadrian's Wall Path">Hadrian's Wall Path</a></div> <p>In 2003, a <a href="/wiki/National_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trail">National Trail</a> footpath was opened that follows the line of the wall from <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bowness-on-Solway" title="Bowness-on-Solway">Bowness-on-Solway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the fragile landscape, walkers are asked to follow the path only in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman-period_names">Roman-period names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Roman-period names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_(1284837406).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg/290px-Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg/435px-Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg/580px-Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan" title="Staffordshire Moorlands Pan">Staffordshire Moorlands Pan</a>, which may provide the ancient name of Hadrian's Wall (it reads in part VALI AELI, ie. the Wall of Hadrian, using his family name of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelia (gens)">Aelius</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hadrian's Wall was known in the Roman period as the <i>vallum</i> (wall), and the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan" title="Staffordshire Moorlands Pan">Staffordshire Moorlands Pan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> in 2003 has thrown further light on its name. This copper alloy pan (<i>trulla</i>) from the 2nd century is inscribed with a series of four names of Roman forts along the western sector of the wall: <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MAIS</span></span> [Bowness-on-Solway] <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COGGABATA</span></span> [Drumburgh] <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">VXELODVNVM</span></span> [Stanwix] <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CAMBOGLANNA</span></span> [Castlesteads]. This is followed by the words <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RIGORE VALI AELI DRACONIS</span></span>. Hadrian's family name was <i>Aelius</i>, and the most likely reading of the inscription is <i>Valli Aelii</i> (<a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>), Hadrian's Wall, suggesting that the wall was called by the same name by contemporaries. However, another possibility is that it refers to the personal name Aelius Draco.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two bronze vessels that are very similar to the Staffordshire Moorlands Pan are the <a href="/wiki/Rudge_Cup" title="Rudge Cup">Rudge Cup</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> in 1725, and the <a href="/wiki/Rudge_Cup#Amiens_Skillet" title="Rudge Cup">Amiens Skillet</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> in northern France in 1949. 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;margin-right:5px;white-space:nowrap"><ul class="navbar-brackets" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hadrian%27s_Wall_Route" title="Template:Hadrian's Wall Route"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hadrian%27s_Wall_Route" title="Template talk:Hadrian's Wall Route"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hadrian%27s_Wall_Route" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hadrian's Wall Route"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="margin-left:55px"><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Hadrian's Wall Route</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trails_legend" title="Template:Trails legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_FORTa.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_FORTa.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BSicon_FORTa.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a> <div class="RMsi">(Wallsend)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a> <div class="RMsi">(Newcastle-upon-Tyne)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Condercum" title="Condercum">Condercum</a> <div class="RMsi">(Benwell)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/20px-BSicon_RE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/30px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/40px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vindobala" title="Vindobala">Vindobala</a> <div class="RMsi">(Rudchester)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/20px-BSicon_RE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/30px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/40px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hunnum" title="Hunnum">Hunnum</a> <div class="RMsi">(Halton Chesters)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/20px-BSicon_RE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/30px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/40px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORT2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/20px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/30px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/40px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Coria</a> <div class="RMsi">(Corbridge)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Cilurnum</a> <div class="RMsi">(Walwick Chesters)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Procolita" class="mw-redirect" title="Procolita">Procolitia</a> <div class="RMsi">(Carrawburgh)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORT2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/20px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/30px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/40px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vercovicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercovicium">Vercovicium</a> <div class="RMsi">(Housesteads)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/20px-BSicon_RE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/30px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/40px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORT2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/20px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/30px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/BSicon_FORT2.svg/40px-BSicon_FORT2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aesica" title="Aesica">Aesica</a> <div class="RMsi">(Great Chesters)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a> <div class="RMsi">(Carvoran)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Amboglanna</a> <div class="RMsi">(Birdoswald)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Camboglanna" title="Camboglanna">Camboglanna</a> <div class="RMsi">(Castlesteads)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/20px-BSicon_RE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/30px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/40px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Petriana" title="Petriana">Petriana</a> <div class="RMsi">(Stanwix, Carlisle)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/20px-BSicon_RE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/30px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/BSicon_RE.svg/40px-BSicon_RE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aballava" title="Aballava">Aballava</a> <div class="RMsi">(Burgh-by-Sands)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FORTae.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coggabata" title="Coggabata">Congavata</a> <div class="RMsi">(Drumburgh)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FORTe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_FORTe.svg/20px-BSicon_FORTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_FORTe.svg/30px-BSicon_FORTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/BSicon_FORTe.svg/40px-BSicon_FORTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Axeluduno <div class="RMsi">(Bowness-on-Solway)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;text-align:right;padding:0px 5px 5px;">Sources<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beacons_lit_along_Hadrians_Wall_(geograph_4917923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beacons_lit_along_Hadrians_Wall_%28geograph_4917923%29.jpg/290px-Beacons_lit_along_Hadrians_Wall_%28geograph_4917923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beacons_lit_along_Hadrians_Wall_%28geograph_4917923%29.jpg/435px-Beacons_lit_along_Hadrians_Wall_%28geograph_4917923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Beacons_lit_along_Hadrians_Wall_%28geograph_4917923%29.jpg/580px-Beacons_lit_along_Hadrians_Wall_%28geograph_4917923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>In March 2010, to commemorate the 1600th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a>, a series of 500 beacons were successively lit along the length of Hadrian's Wall.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Latin and Romano-Celtic names of all of the Hadrian's Wall forts are known, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i> and other evidence such as inscriptions. They are listed here from east to west, in their Latin and modern English names: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum" title="Condercum">Condercum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benwell" title="Benwell">Benwell Hill</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobala" title="Vindobala">Vindobala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rudchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudchester">Rudchester</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chester_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnum" title="Hunnum">Hunnum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Halton_Chesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton Chesters">Halton Chesters</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chester_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Cilurnum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chesters_Roman_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesters Roman Fort">Chesters</a> aka <a href="/wiki/Walwick_Chesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Walwick Chesters">Walwick Chesters</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chester_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procolita" class="mw-redirect" title="Procolita">Procolita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carrawburgh" title="Carrawburgh">Carrawburgh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercovicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercovicium">Vercovicium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Housesteads" class="mw-redirect" title="Housesteads">Housesteads</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesica" title="Aesica">Aesica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Chesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Chesters">Great Chesters</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chester_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a> (Carvoran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Banna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birdoswald" title="Birdoswald">Birdoswald</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camboglanna" title="Camboglanna">Camboglanna</a> (Castlesteads)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxelodunum" class="mw-redirect" title="Uxelodunum">Uxelodunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stanwix" title="Stanwix">Stanwix</a>. Also known as <a href="/wiki/Petriana" title="Petriana">Petriana</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aballava" title="Aballava">Aballava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burgh-by-Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgh-by-Sands">Burgh-by-Sands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coggabata" title="Coggabata">Coggabata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drumburgh" title="Drumburgh">Drumburgh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_(Bowness)" title="Mais (Bowness)">Mais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bowness-on-Solway" title="Bowness-on-Solway">Bowness-on-Solway</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg/290px-Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg/435px-Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg/580px-Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The remains of Castle Nick, <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_39" title="Milecastle 39">Milecastle 39</a>, near Steel Rigg, between <a href="/wiki/Housesteads" class="mw-redirect" title="Housesteads">Housesteads</a> and The Sill Visitor Centre for the <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_National_Park" title="Northumberland National Park">Northumberland National Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Once_Brewed" title="Once Brewed">Once Brewed</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Turrets on the wall include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leahill_Turret,_Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Leahill Turret, Hadrian's Wall">Leahill Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_7#Turret_7B" title="Milecastle 7">Denton Hall Turret</a></li></ul> <p>Outpost forts beyond the wall include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitancum" title="Habitancum">Habitancum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Risingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Risingham">Risingham</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremenium" title="Bremenium">Bremenium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Northumberland" title="Rochester, Northumberland">High Rochester</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chester_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bewcastle_Roman_Fort" title="Bewcastle Roman Fort">Fanum Cocidi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bewcastle" title="Bewcastle">Bewcastle</a>) (north of Birdoswald)</li> <li>Ad Fines (<a href="/wiki/Chew_Green" title="Chew Green">Chew Green</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Supply forts behind the wall include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Alauna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maryport" title="Maryport">Maryport</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Coria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corbridge" title="Corbridge">Corbridge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Castle" title="Whitley Castle">Epiacum</a> (Whitley Castle near <a href="/wiki/Alston,_Cumbria" title="Alston, Cumbria">Alston</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Little_Chesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Chesters">Little Chesters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chesterholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesterholm">Chesterholm</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chester_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindomora" title="Vindomora">Vindomora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ebchester" title="Ebchester">Ebchester</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chester_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chester-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/100px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/150px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Military_banner.svg/200px-Roman_Military_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="234" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Category:Military of ancient Rome">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military of ancient Rome</a> <div style="font-size:70%;font-weight:normal;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">753 BC</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">AD 476</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structural history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_army_unit_types" title="List of Roman army unit types">Unit types and ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy#Fleets" title="Roman navy">Fleets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_admirals" title="Category:Ancient Roman admirals">Admirals</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaign history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_wars_and_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman wars and battles">Wars and battles</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technological history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Military engineering</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_triumphal_arches" title="List of Roman triumphal arches">Triumphal arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="font-size:50%;line-height:0.5em;"> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy and tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.45em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_defensive_walls" title="Ancient Roman defensive walls">Walls</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Britannicus" title="Limes Britannicus">Limes Britannicus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadrian's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alb_Limes" title="Alb Limes">Alb Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautertal_Limes" title="Lautertal Limes">Lauter Valley Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Germanic_Limes" title="Lower Germanic Limes">Lower Germanic Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Limes" title="Main Limes">Main Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckar-Odenwald_Limes" title="Neckar-Odenwald Limes">Neckar-Odenwald Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Germanic-Rhaetian_Limes" title="Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes">Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetterau_Limes" title="Wetterau Limes">Wetterau Limes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Iller%E2%80%93Rhine_Limes" title="Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes">Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norican_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Norican Limes">Norican Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Claustra_Alpium_Iuliarum" title="Claustra Alpium Iuliarum">Claustra Alpium Iuliarum</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Limes" title="Pannonian Limes">Pannonian Limes</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Alutanus" title="Limes Alutanus">Limes Alutanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Moesiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes Moesiae">Limes Moesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Wall" title="Trajan's Wall">Trajan's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasian_Wall" title="Anastasian Wall">Anastasian Wall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Dykes" title="Devil's Dykes">Limes Sarmatiae</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">Limes Arabicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Mauretaniae" title="Limes Mauretaniae">Limes Mauretaniae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_military_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome military sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_of_the_Ninth" title="The Eagle of the Ninth">The Eagle of the Ninth</a></i> is a celebrated children's novel by <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sutcliff" title="Rosemary Sutcliff">Rosemary Sutcliff</a>, published in 1954. It tells the story of a young Roman officer venturing north beyond Hadrian's Wall in search of the missing <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">Eagle standard</a> of the lost <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Legion">Ninth Legion</a>. It was inspired by the bronze <a href="/wiki/Silchester_eagle" title="Silchester eagle">Silchester eagle</a> found in 1866. The book itself inspired the 2011 film <a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_(2011_film)" title="The Eagle (2011 film)"><i>The Eagle</i></a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jim_Shepard" title="Jim Shepard">Jim Shepard</a> short story collection <i>Like You'd Understand Anyway</i> (2007) includes a story titled "Hadrian's Wall" which is an imagined account of a clerk living and working during the wall's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nobel Prize-winning English author <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> contributed to the popular image of the "Great Pict Wall" in his short stories about Parnesius, a Roman legionary who defended the wall against the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>. These stories are part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_of_Pook%27s_Hill" title="Puck of Pook's Hill">Puck of Pook's Hill</a></i> anthology, published in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>American author <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> has acknowledged that Hadrian's Wall was the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wall (A Song of Ice and Fire)">the Wall</a> in his best-selling series <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i>, dramatized in the fantasy TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i>, in which the wall is also in the north of its country and stretches from coast to coast.<sup id="cite_ref-george_R_R_Martin_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george_R_R_Martin-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/M._J._Trow" title="M. J. Trow">M. J. Trow</a>'s fictional <i>Britannia</i> series, Hadrian's Wall is the central location, and <a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padarn_Beisrudd" title="Padarn Beisrudd">Padarn Beisrudd</a> are portrayed as <a href="/wiki/Limitanei" title="Limitanei">limitanei</a> (frontier soldiers).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Hadrian's Wall</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Adrian Goldsworthy</a> is a short history of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 1991 American romantic action adventure film <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves" title="Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves">Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves</a></i> uses <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Sycamore Gap">Sycamore Gap</a> as a location.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadrian’s Wall still stands tall at the site, but the sycamore tree does not.</li> <li>The 2011 action drama film <a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_(2011_film)" title="The Eagle (2011 film)"><i>The Eagle</i></a> tells the story of a young Roman officer setting out across Hadrian's Wall into the uncharted highlands of Caledonia to recover the lost Roman eagle standard of the Ninth Legion. The 2010 film <a href="/wiki/Centurion_(film)" title="Centurion (film)"><i>Centurion</i></a> tells a similar story.</li> <li>Hadrian’s Wall was also featured as a major focal point of the 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_(2004_film)" title="King Arthur (2004 film)">King Arthur</a></i>, in which one of its primary gates is opened for the first time since its construction to allow Arthur and his knights passage into the north for their quest. The climactic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a> between the Britons led by <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthur</a> and his knights, and the Saxons led by <a href="/wiki/Cerdic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdic">Cerdic</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Cynric" title="Cynric">Cynric</a>, is set just inside the wall.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The opening track from <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim Reality">Maxim</a>'s first solo album <i><a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_(Maxim_album)" title="Hell's Kitchen (Maxim album)">Hell's Kitchen</a></i> is named "Hadrian's Wall".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The seventh episode for the eighth season of the documentary television series <i>Modern Marvels</i> was about Hadrian's Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was released on 1 March 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The English poet <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> wrote a script for a BBC radio documentary called <i>Hadrian's Wall</i>, which was broadcast on the BBC's north-eastern Regional Programme in 1937. Auden later published a poem from the script, "Roman Wall Blues", in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Another_Time_(book)" title="Another Time (book)">Another Time</a></i>. The poem is a brief monologue spoken in the voice of a lonely Roman soldier stationed at the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hadrian's Wall appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Valhalla" title="Assassin's Creed Valhalla">Assassin's Creed Valhalla</a></i>. The site can be visited by protagonist Eivor of the Raven Clan during the 870s.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hadrian's Wall appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Crusader_Kings_III" title="Crusader Kings III">Crusader Kings III</a></i> as a historical building which provides an economic benefit to the player or AI that controls the province.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The world's first digital reconstruction of the entire Hadrian's Wall system was developed by Time Machine Designs as a third party addon for Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020. "Hadrian's Wall 180" v1 was released in December 2024.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_games">Board games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Board games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A board game with the same name was released in 2021, in which you are tasked with the construction and defence of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 the game was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_the_Year_awards_(board_games)#American_Tabletop_Awards" title="List of Game of the Year awards (board games)">American Tabletop Awards</a> in the Strategy Game category.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poltross_burn_milecastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poltross Burn, Milecastle 48, which was built on a steep slope"><img alt="Poltross Burn, Milecastle 48, which was built on a steep slope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Poltross_burn_milecastle.jpg/380px-Poltross_burn_milecastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Poltross_burn_milecastle.jpg/571px-Poltross_burn_milecastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Poltross_burn_milecastle.jpg/760px-Poltross_burn_milecastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poltross Burn, <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_48" title="Milecastle 48">Milecastle 48</a>, which was built on a steep slope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_Wall_at_Sycamore_Gap_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4593047.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sycamore Gap tree, which was felled in 2023 in an act of vandalism (also known as the "Robin Hood Tree", because it appeared in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves)[70]"><img alt="The Sycamore Gap tree, which was felled in 2023 in an act of vandalism (also known as the "Robin Hood Tree", because it appeared in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves)[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hadrian%27s_Wall_at_Sycamore_Gap_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4593047.jpg/380px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_at_Sycamore_Gap_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4593047.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hadrian%27s_Wall_at_Sycamore_Gap_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4593047.jpg/571px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_at_Sycamore_Gap_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4593047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hadrian%27s_Wall_at_Sycamore_Gap_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4593047.jpg/760px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_at_Sycamore_Gap_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4593047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Sycamore Gap">Sycamore Gap</a> tree, which was felled in 2023 in an act of vandalism (also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> Tree", because it appeared in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves" title="Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves">Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_Wall_with_sheep_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hadrian's Wall with sheep"><img alt="Hadrian's Wall with sheep" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hadrian%27s_Wall_with_sheep_1.jpg/380px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_with_sheep_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hadrian%27s_Wall_with_sheep_1.jpg/571px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_with_sheep_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hadrian%27s_Wall_with_sheep_1.jpg/760px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_with_sheep_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hadrian's Wall with sheep</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 253.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrians_Wall_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The remains of the southern granary at Housesteads, showing under-floor pillars to assist ventilation"><img alt="The remains of the southern granary at Housesteads, showing under-floor pillars to assist ventilation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hadrians_Wall_05.JPG/380px-Hadrians_Wall_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="254" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hadrians_Wall_05.JPG/571px-Hadrians_Wall_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hadrians_Wall_05.JPG/760px-Hadrians_Wall_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The remains of the southern <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Housesteads" class="mw-redirect" title="Housesteads">Housesteads</a>, showing under-floor pillars to assist ventilation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian%27s_Wall_reconstruction_at_Vindolanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern reconstruction of a short segment of Hadrian's Wall at Vindolanda"><img alt="A modern reconstruction of a short segment of Hadrian's Wall at Vindolanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hadrian%27s_Wall_reconstruction_at_Vindolanda.jpg/214px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_reconstruction_at_Vindolanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hadrian%27s_Wall_reconstruction_at_Vindolanda.jpg/321px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_reconstruction_at_Vindolanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hadrian%27s_Wall_reconstruction_at_Vindolanda.jpg/427px-Hadrian%27s_Wall_reconstruction_at_Vindolanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern reconstruction of a short segment of Hadrian's Wall at <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danevirke" title="Danevirke">Danevirke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_properties" title="List of English Heritage properties">English Heritage properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gask_Ridge" title="Gask Ridge">Gask Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrianic_Society" title="Hadrianic Society">Hadrianic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cumbria" title="History of Cumbria">History of Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northumberland" title="History of Northumberland">History of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">List of walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots%27_Dike" title="Scots' Dike">Scots' Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Hadriana" title="Via Hadriana">Via Hadriana</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: A <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined reference</a> named "note" is not used in the content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">help page</a>).</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112558/https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/hadrians-wall/hadrian%E2%80%99s-wall-facts">"Hadrian's Wall: The Facts"</a>. <i>Visit Hadrian's Wall</i>. 8 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/hadrians-wall/hadrian%E2%80%99s-wall-facts">the original</a> on 21 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.atitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall%3A+The+Facts&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhadrianswallcountry.co.uk%2Fhadrians-wall%2Fhadrian%25E2%2580%2599s-wall-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobell_2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobell_2017_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lobell, Jarrett A (2017). "The Wall at the End of the Empire". <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>70</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Wall+at+the+End+of+the+Empire&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lobell&rft.aufirst=Jarrett+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9558984/Brian-Dobson.html">"Obituary: Brian Dobson"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 21 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/9558984/Brian-Dobson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Brian+Dobson&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F9558984%2FBrian-Dobson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-english-lakes.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-english-lakes.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-english-lakes.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-lakes.com/hadrians_wall.htm">"Hadrian's Wall"</a>. <i>English Lakes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019152718/https://www.english-lakes.com/hadrians_wall.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Lakes&rft.atitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-lakes.com%2Fhadrians_wall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrail.co.uk/en_GB/trails/hadrians-wall-path/route/">"Route Description – Hadrian's Wall Path"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Trails" title="National Trails">National Trails</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310125342/https://www.nationaltrail.co.uk/en_GB/trails/hadrians-wall-path/route/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trails&rft.atitle=Route+Description+%E2%80%93+Hadrian%27s+Wall+Path&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrail.co.uk%2Fen_GB%2Ftrails%2Fhadrians-wall-path%2Froute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart-Davis2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hart-Davis" title="Adam Hart-Davis">Hart-Davis, Adam</a> (23 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/hadrians-wall-a-horde-of-ancient-treasures-make-for-a-compelling-new-cumbrian-exhibition-2301329.html">"Hadrian's Wall: A horde of ancient treasures make for a compelling new Cumbrian exhibition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829190908/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/hadrian-s-wall-a-horde-of-ancient-treasures-make-for-a-compelling-new-cumbrian-exhibition-2301329.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall%3A+A+horde+of+ancient+treasures+make+for+a+compelling+new+Cumbrian+exhibition&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft.aulast=Hart-Davis&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fhadrians-wall-a-horde-of-ancient-treasures-make-for-a-compelling-new-cumbrian-exhibition-2301329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8571921.stm">"More than 25,000 people see Hadrian's Wall lit up"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 17 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829135202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/8571921.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=More+than+25%2C000+people+see+Hadrian%27s+Wall+lit+up&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F8571921.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040722025655/http://accessibility.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?wci=Node&wce=8410">"Hadrian's Wall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></i>. 22 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accessibility.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?wci=Node&wce=8410">the original</a> on 22 July 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.date=2004-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccessibility.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fwci%3DNode%26wce%3D8410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohl" class="citation web cs1">Rohl, Darrell Jesse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019225533/https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9458/1/DarrellRohl_PhDThesis_2014.pdf?DDD6+#page=216">"More than a Roman Monument: A Place-centred Approach to the Long-term History and Archaeology of the Antonine Wall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Durham Theses</i>. Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online ref: 9458. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9458/1/DarrellRohl_PhDThesis_2014.pdf?DDD6+#page=216">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Durham+Theses&rft.atitle=More+than+a+Roman+Monument%3A+A+Place-centred+Approach+to+the+Long-term+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+Antonine+Wall&rft.aulast=Rohl&rft.aufirst=Darrell+Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.dur.ac.uk%2F9458%2F1%2FDarrellRohl_PhDThesis_2014.pdf%3FDDD6%2B%23page%3D216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430">"Frontiers of the Roman Empire"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230809122226/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/430">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Frontiers+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/7494680.stm">"Wall gains World Heritage status"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 8 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829190807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/tayside_and_central/7494680.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wall+gains+World+Heritage+status&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Ftayside_and_central%2F7494680.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTighe2014" class="citation web cs1">Tighe, Chris (12 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/14e09b78-3a6d-11e4-8ee4-00144feabdc0">"Borders held dear to English and Scots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019080612/https://www.ft.com/content/14e09b78-3a6d-11e4-8ee4-00144feabdc0">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Borders+held+dear+to+English+and+Scots&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.aulast=Tighe&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F14e09b78-3a6d-11e4-8ee4-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/hadrians-wall">"Hadrian's Wall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History</a></i>. 19 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829135903/https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/hadrians-wall">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.date=2018-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fancient-rome%2Fhadrians-wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2023" class="citation web cs1">Pearson, Harry (18 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countrylife.co.uk/travel/the-extraordinary-tale-of-hadrians-wall-men-have-been-deified-for-trifles-compared-with-this-admirable-structure-245131">"The extraordinary tale of Hadrian's Wall: 'Men have been deified for trifles compared with this admirable structure'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829153731/https://www.countrylife.co.uk/travel/the-extraordinary-tale-of-hadrians-wall-men-have-been-deified-for-trifles-compared-with-this-admirable-structure-245131">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Life&rft.atitle=The+extraordinary+tale+of+Hadrian%27s+Wall%3A+%27Men+have+been+deified+for+trifles+compared+with+this+admirable+structure%27&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrylife.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fthe-extraordinary-tale-of-hadrians-wall-men-have-been-deified-for-trifles-compared-with-this-admirable-structure-245131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/roman-mile">"Definition of Roman mile in American English"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Roman+mile+in+American+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Froman-mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomlin_2018_p100-102-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomlin_2018_p100-102_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomlin_2018_p100-102_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomlin_2018_p100-102_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlin2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tomlin" title="Roger Tomlin">Tomlin, R. S. O.</a> (2018). <i>Britannia Romana: Roman Inscriptions & Roman Britain</i>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannia+Romana%3A+Roman+Inscriptions+%26+Roman+Britain&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Tomlin&rft.aufirst=R.+S.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collingwood-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collingwood_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">Breeze, David J</a> (2006) [1934]. <i>Handbook to the Roman Wall</i>. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901082657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901082657"><bdi>978-0901082657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+the+Roman+Wall&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0901082657&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=David+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">Breeze, D.J.</a> (2004). "Roman military sites on the Cumbrian coast". In R.J.A. Wilson; I.D Caruana (eds.). <i>Romans on the Solway : essays in honour of Richard Bellhouse</i>. CWAAS Extra Series. Vol. 31. Kendal: Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society on behalf of the Trustees of the Senhouse Roman Museum, Maryport. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1873124390" title="Special:BookSources/978-1873124390"><bdi>978-1873124390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+military+sites+on+the+Cumbrian+coast&rft.btitle=Romans+on+the+Solway+%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Richard+Bellhouse&rft.place=Kendal&rft.series=CWAAS+Extra+Series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Cumberland+and+Westmorland+Antiquarian+%26+Archaeological+Society+on+behalf+of+the+Trustees+of+the+Senhouse+Roman+Museum%2C+Maryport&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1873124390&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony_Everitt-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Everitt_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Everitt_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Everitt_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthony_Everitt_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Everitt" title="Anthony Everitt">Anthony Everitt</a>, <i>Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome</i> (2009), Random House, Inc, 448 pages; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812978145" title="Special:BookSources/0812978145">0812978145</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze,_D.J;_Dobson,_B.1976" class="citation book cs1">Breeze, D.J; Dobson, B. (1976). <i>Hadrian's Wall</i>. London. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Breeze%2C+D.J%3B+Dobson%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, D. B. (1989). A Chinese Puzzle for the Romans. <i>Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte</i>, <i>38</i>(3), 371–376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreezeDobson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">Breeze, D.J.</a>; Dobson, B. (2000). <i>Hadrian's Wall</i> (4 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140271829" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140271829"><bdi>978-0140271829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0140271829&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft.au=Dobson%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> gives a detailed description of the making of <i>cippi</i> pits in Book VII, Chapter 73 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i>, as part of his account of his siege of <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alesia_(city)" title="Alesia (city)">Alesia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Faulkner_(archaeologist)" title="Neil Faulkner (archaeologist)">Faulkner, Neil</a> (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/romanpropaganda_article_01.shtml">"The Official Truth: Propaganda in the Roman Empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_History" title="BBC History">BBC History</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829135437/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/romanpropaganda_article_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=The+Official+Truth%3A+Propaganda+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fromans%2Fromanpropaganda_article_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreezeDobson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">Breeze, D.J.</a>; Dobson, B. (2000). <i>Hadrian's Wall</i> (4 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140271829" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140271829"><bdi>978-0140271829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.place=London&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0140271829&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft.au=Dobson%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Couse_1990-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couse_1990_26-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouse1990" class="citation journal cs1">Couse, G.S. (December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2505164">"Collingwood's Detective Image of the Historian and the Study of Hadrian's Wall"</a>. <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>29</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2505164">10.2307/2505164</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505164">2505164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Collingwood%27s+Detective+Image+of+the+Historian+and+the+Study+of+Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1990-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2505164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2505164%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Couse&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F2505164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbookTW-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbookTW_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbookTW_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbookTW_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbookTW_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">Breeze, David J</a> (1934). <i>Handbook to the Roman Wall</i> (14 November 2006 ed.). Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901082657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901082657"><bdi>978-0901082657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+the+Roman+Wall&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.edition=14+November+2006&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=978-0901082657&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=David+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CumbWest220-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CumbWest220_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonRichmondSt_Joseph1935" class="citation cs2">Simpson, F G; Richmond, I A; St Joseph, K (1935), "Report of the Cumberland Excavation Committee for 1934", <i>Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society</i>, new series, <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">220–</span>232</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cumberland+%26+Westmorland+Antiquarian+%26+Archaeological+Society&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Cumberland+Excavation+Committee+for+1934&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=F+G&rft.au=Richmond%2C+I+A&rft.au=St+Joseph%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CumbWest262-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CumbWest262_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonMacIntyre1933" class="citation cs2">Simpson, F G; MacIntyre, J (1933), "Report of the Cumberland Excavation Committee for 1932", <i>Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society</i>, new series, <b>33</b>: <span class="nowrap">262–</span>270</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Cumberland+%26+Westmorland+Antiquarian+%26+Archaeological+Society&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Cumberland+Excavation+Committee+for+1932&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=F+G&rft.au=MacIntyre%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-handbook_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">Breeze, David J.</a> (2006) [1934]. <i>Handbook to the Roman Wall</i> (14th ed.). Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901082657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901082657"><bdi>978-0901082657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+the+Roman+Wall&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Society+of+Antiquaries+of+Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0901082657&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breeze_2003-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breeze_2003_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Breeze" title="David Breeze">Breeze, David J.</a> (2003). 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Supplement</i>. <b>46</b> (81): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.2003.tb01980.x">10.1111/j.2041-5370.2003.tb01980.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Classical+Studies.+Supplement&rft.atitle=Auxiliaries%2C+Legionaries%2C+and+the+Operation+of+Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=81&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.2003.tb01980.x&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Schama2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbritain0000scha/page/34"><i>A History of Britain</i></a>. BBC Worldwide Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbritain0000scha/page/34">34–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0563384977" title="Special:BookSources/978-0563384977"><bdi>978-0563384977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain&rft.pages=34-37&rft.pub=BBC+Worldwide+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0563384977&rft.au=Simon+Schama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbritain0000scha%2Fpage%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The social and economic impact of Hadrian's Wall on the Frontier Zone in Britain. James Bruhn, Nick Hodgson. Britannia 53 (2022) 125-157. doi:10.1017/S00681113X22000241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The social and economic impact of Hadrian's Wall on the Frontier Zone in Britain. James Bruhn, Nick Hodgson. Britannia 53 (2022) 125-157. doi:10.1017/S00681113X22000241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Inscriptiones_Latinae_Selectae" title="Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae">Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae</a> 1338, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Anthony Birley</a> 2001. 'The Anavionenses', in N Higham (ed.) Archaeology of the Roman Empire: A tribute to the life and works of Professor Barri Jones. British Archaeological Reports International Series S940, Oxford, pp 15-24. 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The inscription reads: <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DEDICATIO BASILICAE SCI PAVLI VIIII KL MAI ANNO XV ECFRIDI REG CEOLFRIDI ABB EIVSDEMQ Q ECCLES DO AVCTORE CONDITORIS ANNO IIII</span></span>. This translates as "The dedication of the church of St Paul on the ninth before the <a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">kalends</a> of May [23 April] in the fifteenth year of King <a href="/wiki/Ecgfrith_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgfrith of Northumbria">Ecgfrith</a> and the fourth year of <a href="/wiki/Ceolfrith" title="Ceolfrith">Ceolfrith</a>, abbot, and with God's help the founder of this church". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trails&rft.atitle=Every+Footstep+Counts+%E2%80%93+The+Trail%27s+Country+Code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrail.co.uk%2FHadriansWall%2Ftext.asp%3FPageId%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1577008&partId=1">"The Staffordshire Moorlands Pan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GENUKI%3A+The+National+Gazetteer+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland+%281868%29+%E2%80%93+Northumberland&rft.pub=Genuki.bpears.org.uk&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genuki.bpears.org.uk%2FNBL%2FGaz1868.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jim-shepard/like-youd-understand-anyway/">"Like You'd Understand, Anyway (review)"</a>. <i>Kirkus Reviews</i>. 25 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nekozine.co.uk&rft.atitle=MAXIM+%3A+Hells+Kitchen+%E2%80%93+the+album%2C+scans+and+info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nekozine.co.uk%2Fmaxim%2Fhellskitchen%2Fhellskitchen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0875392/">"Modern Marvels (1993–) Hadrian's Wall"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Modern+Marvels+%281993%E2%80%93%29+Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0875392%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kidsofthewild.co.uk/2019/05/27/hadrians-wall-poem-roman-wall-blues-auden/">"Roman Wall Blues"</a>. <i>Kids of the Wild</i>. 27 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kids+of+the+Wild&rft.atitle=Roman+Wall+Blues&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkidsofthewild.co.uk%2F2019%2F05%2F27%2Fhadrians-wall-poem-roman-wall-blues-auden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.gamepressure.com/assassins-creed-valhalla/guide.asp?ID=56500">"Assassins Creed Valhalla: Is There Anybody Out There trophy – how to unlock?"</a>. <i>Game Pressure</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Game+Pressure&rft.atitle=Assassins+Creed+Valhalla%3A+Is+There+Anybody+Out+There+trophy+%E2%80%93+how+to+unlock%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.gamepressure.com%2Fassassins-creed-valhalla%2Fguide.asp%3FID%3D56500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://segmentnext.com/crusader-kings-3-special-buildings/">"Crusader Kings 3 Special Buildings Guide"</a>. <i>SegmentNext</i>. 13 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SegmentNext&rft.atitle=Crusader+Kings+3+Special+Buildings+Guide&rft.date=2023-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsegmentnext.com%2Fcrusader-kings-3-special-buildings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geektyrant.com/news/be-a-roman-general-in-hadrians-wall">"Be a Roman General in Hadrian's Wall"</a>. <i>GeekTyrant</i>. 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeekTyrant&rft.atitle=Be+a+Roman+General+in+Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeektyrant.com%2Fnews%2Fbe-a-roman-general-in-hadrians-wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americantabletopawards.com/2022-american-tabletop-award-winners">"2022 American Tabletop Award Winners"</a>. <i>The American Tabletop Awards</i>. 11 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Tabletop+Awards&rft.atitle=2022+American+Tabletop+Award+Winners&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericantabletopawards.com%2F2022-american-tabletop-award-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sycamore Gap, a section of the wall between two crests just east of Milecastle 39, is locally known as the "Robin Hood Tree" for its use in the 1991 film <i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves" title="Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves">Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves</a></i> (1991).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertiMountain2022" class="citation book cs1">Alberti, Marta; Mountain, Katie, eds. (2022). <i>Hadrian's Wall: Exploring its Past to Protect its Future</i>. Summertown, Oxford, UK: Archaeopress Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80327-274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80327-274-0"><bdi>978-1-80327-274-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall%3A+Exploring+its+Past+to+Protect+its+Future&rft.place=Summertown%2C+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-80327-274-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley1963" class="citation book cs1">Birley, A.R. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HadriansWallIllustratedGuideBirleyHMSOImages"><i>Hadrians Wall Illustrated Guide</i></a>. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrians+Wall+Illustrated+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office+%28HMSO%29&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHadriansWallIllustratedGuideBirleyHMSOImages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burton, Anthony. <i>Hadrian's Wall Path</i>. 2004. Aurum Press Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/185410893X" title="Special:BookSources/185410893X">185410893X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2023" class="citation book cs1">Breeze, David John (2023). <i>Hadrian's Wall</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803274164" title="Special:BookSources/9781803274164"><bdi>9781803274164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781803274164&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=David+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2023" class="citation book cs1">Breeze, David J. (2023). <i>The hinterland of Hadrian's Wall</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781803275475" title="Special:BookSources/9781803275475"><bdi>9781803275475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hinterland+of+Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781803275475&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chaichian, Mohammad. 2014. "Hadrian's Wall: An Ill-Fated strategy for Tribal Management in Roman Britain", in <i>Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Domination</i> (Brill, pp. 23–52). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.com/Empires-Walls-Globalization-Migration-Domination/dp/1608464229">https://www.amazon.com/Empires-Walls-Globalization-Migration-Domination/dp/1608464229</a>.</li> <li>Davies, Hunter. <i>A Walk along the Wall</i>, 1974. Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297767100" title="Special:BookSources/0297767100">0297767100</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_la_B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re" title="Guy de la Bédoyère">de la Bédoyère, Guy</a>. <i>Hadrian's Wall: A History and Guide</i>. Stroud: Tempus, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0752414070" title="Special:BookSources/0752414070">0752414070</a>.</li> <li><i>England's Roman Frontier: Discovering Carlisle and Hadrian's Wall Country</i>. Hadrian's Wall Heritage Ltd and Carlisle Tourism Partnership. 2010.</li> <li>Forde-Johnston, James L. <i>Hadrian's Wall</i>. London: Michael Joseph, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0718116526" title="Special:BookSources/0718116526">0718116526</a>.</li> <li>Hadrian's Wall Path (map). Harvey, 12–22 Main Street, Doune, Perthshire FK16 6BJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harveymaps.co.uk/">harveymaps.co.uk</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Higgins" title="Charlotte Higgins">Higgins, Charlotte</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FtECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT175">"Chapter Seven: Hadrian's Wall"</a>. <i>Under Another Sky: Journeys in Roman Britain</i>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099552093" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099552093"><bdi>978-0099552093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Seven%3A+Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.btitle=Under+Another+Sky%3A+Journeys+in+Roman+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0099552093&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5FtECgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2017" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Nick (2017). <i>Hadrian's Wall</i>. Marlborough, UK: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719818158" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719818158"><bdi>978-0719818158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%27s+Wall&rft.place=Marlborough%2C+UK&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0719818158&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Moffat" title="Alistair Moffat">Moffat, Alistair</a>, <i>The Wall</i>. 2008. Birlinn Limited Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841586757" title="Special:BookSources/1841586757">1841586757</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shanks_(archaeologist)" title="Michael Shanks (archaeologist)">Shanks, Michael</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3765554"><i><span></span>'Let me tell you about Hadrian's Wall ...' Heritage, Performance, Design</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Let+me+tell+you+about+Hadrian%27s+Wall+...%27+Heritage%2C+Performance%2C+Design.&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3765554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Speed, John – A set of Speed's maps were issued bound in a single volume in 1988 in association with the British Library and with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Nicolson" title="Nigel Nicolson">Nigel Nicolson</a> as <i>The Counties of Britain: A Tudor Atlas by John Speed</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyCollins2024" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, K; Collins, R (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue67/24/index.html">"WallGIS: A Database and GIS for Hadrian's Wall (Data paper)"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (67). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.67.24">10.11141/ia.67.24</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=WallGIS%3A+A+Database+and+GIS+for+Hadrian%27s+Wall+%28Data+paper%29&rft.issue=67&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.67.24&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Collins%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue67%2F24%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadrian%27s+Wall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tomlin" title="Roger Tomlin">Tomlin, R. S. O.</a>, "Inscriptions" in <i>Britannia</i> (2004), vol. xxxv, pp. 344–345 (the Staffordshire Moorlands cup naming the Wall).</li> <li>Wilson, Roger J. A., <i>A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain</i>. London: Constable & Company, 1980; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/009463260X" title="Special:BookSources/009463260X">009463260X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wall&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" class="extiw" title="commons:Hadrian's Wall"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Hadrian's Wall</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall#Q57357" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kkr42">In Our Time Radio series with Greg Woolf, Professor of Ancient History at the University of St Andrews, David Breeze, Former Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Scotland and Visiting Professor of Archaeology at the University of Durham and Lindsay Allason-Jones OBE, FSA, FSA Scot, Former Reader in Roman Material Culture at the University of Newcastle </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226224258/http://www.visitnorthumberland.com/hadrians-wall">Hadrian's Wall on the Official Northumberland Visitor website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150623150713/http://hadrianswallforum.proboards.com/">Hadrian's Wall Discussion Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=430">UNESCO Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/5119840.stm">News on the Wall path</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-lakes.com/hadrians_wall.htm">English Lakes article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091217160522/http://www.iromans.co.uk/">iRomans</a> – website with interactive map of Cumbrian section of Hadrian Wall</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hadrianswall.org.uk">Well illustrated account of sites along Hadrian's Wall</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529224141/http://hadrianswall.org.uk/">Archived</a> 29 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forts_and_structures_of_Hadrian&#039;s_Wall243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99cc88;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Template:Hadrian's Wall"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Template talk:Hadrian's Wall"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hadrian's Wall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forts_and_structures_of_Hadrian&#039;s_Wall243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Forts</a> and structures of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadrian's Wall</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Wall Forts (East to West)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum" title="Condercum">Condercum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobala" title="Vindobala">Vindobala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnum" title="Hunnum">Onnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Cilurnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrawburgh" title="Carrawburgh">Procolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Vercovicium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesica" title="Aesica">Aesica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camboglanna" title="Camboglanna">Camboglanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petriana" title="Petriana">Uxelodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aballava" title="Aballava">Aballava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coggabata" title="Coggabata">Coggabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_(Bowness)" title="Mais (Bowness)">Maia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/100px-Britain_1.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/150px-Britain_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/200px-Britain_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1362" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/100px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/150px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/200px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Outpost Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitancum" title="Habitancum">Habitancum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bewcastle_Roman_Fort" title="Bewcastle Roman Fort">Fanum Cocidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthuret#Netherby_Hall" title="Arthuret">Castra Exploratorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatobulgium" title="Blatobulgium">Blatobulgium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Stanegate Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corstopitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbrough" title="Newbrough">Newbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltwhistle_Burn#Roman_fort" title="Haltwhistle Burn">Haltwhistle Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a></li> <li>Throp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Denton" title="Nether Denton">Nether Denton</a></li> <li>Castle Hill Boothby</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brampton_Old_Church" title="Brampton Old Church">Brampton Old Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Supply Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauna Carvetiorum">Alauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Coria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindomora" title="Vindomora">Vindomora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Cumbrian Coast Forts (North to South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bibra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Alauna</a></li> <li>Burrow Walls</li> <li>Gabrosentum</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milecastle" title="Milecastle">Milecastles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_0" title="Milecastle 0">0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_1" title="Milecastle 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_2" title="Milecastle 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_3" title="Milecastle 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_4" title="Milecastle 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_5" title="Milecastle 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_6" title="Milecastle 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_7" title="Milecastle 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_8" title="Milecastle 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_9" title="Milecastle 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_10" title="Milecastle 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_11" title="Milecastle 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_12" title="Milecastle 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_13" title="Milecastle 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_14" title="Milecastle 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_15" title="Milecastle 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_16" title="Milecastle 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_17" title="Milecastle 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_18" title="Milecastle 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_19" title="Milecastle 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_20" title="Milecastle 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_21" title="Milecastle 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_22" title="Milecastle 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_23" title="Milecastle 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_24" title="Milecastle 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_25" title="Milecastle 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_26" title="Milecastle 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_27" title="Milecastle 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_28" title="Milecastle 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_29" title="Milecastle 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_30" title="Milecastle 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_31" title="Milecastle 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_32" title="Milecastle 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_33" title="Milecastle 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_34" title="Milecastle 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_35" title="Milecastle 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_36" title="Milecastle 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_37" title="Milecastle 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_38" title="Milecastle 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_39" title="Milecastle 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_40" title="Milecastle 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_41" title="Milecastle 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_42" title="Milecastle 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_43" title="Milecastle 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_44" title="Milecastle 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_45" title="Milecastle 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_46" title="Milecastle 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_47" title="Milecastle 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_48" title="Milecastle 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_49" title="Milecastle 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_50" title="Milecastle 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_50TW" title="Milecastle 50TW">50TW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_51" title="Milecastle 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_53" title="Milecastle 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_54" title="Milecastle 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_55" title="Milecastle 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_56" title="Milecastle 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_57" title="Milecastle 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_58" title="Milecastle 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_59" title="Milecastle 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_60" title="Milecastle 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_61" title="Milecastle 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_62" title="Milecastle 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_63" title="Milecastle 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_64" title="Milecastle 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_65" title="Milecastle 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_66" title="Milecastle 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_67" title="Milecastle 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_68" title="Milecastle 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_69" title="Milecastle 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_70" title="Milecastle 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_71" title="Milecastle 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_72" title="Milecastle 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_73" title="Milecastle 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_74" title="Milecastle 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_75" title="Milecastle 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_76" title="Milecastle 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_77" title="Milecastle 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_78" title="Milecastle 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_79" title="Milecastle 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_80" title="Milecastle 80">80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Milefortlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_1" title="Milefortlet 1">MF 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_2" title="Milefortlet 2">MF 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_3" title="Milefortlet 3">MF 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_4" title="Milefortlet 4">MF 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_5" title="Milefortlet 5">MF 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_9" title="Milefortlet 9">MF 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_10" title="Milefortlet 10">MF 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_11" title="Milefortlet 11">MF 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_12" title="Milefortlet 12">MF 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_13" title="Milefortlet 13">MF 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_14" title="Milefortlet 14">MF 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_15" title="Milefortlet 15">MF 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_16" title="Milefortlet 16">MF 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_17" title="Milefortlet 17">MF 17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 18 (page does not exist)">MF 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 19 (page does not exist)">MF 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_20" title="Milefortlet 20">MF 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_21" title="Milefortlet 21">MF 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_22" title="Milefortlet 22">MF 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_23" title="Milefortlet 23">MF 23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 24 (page does not exist)">MF 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_25" title="Milefortlet 25">MF 25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other structures on Hadrian's Wall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portgate" title="Portgate">Portgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetrees_(Hadrian%27s_Wall_section)" title="Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)">Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesters_Bridge" title="Chesters Bridge">Chesters Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Corner" title="Limestone Corner">Limestone Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knag_Burn_Gateway" title="Knag Burn Gateway">Knag Burn Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_39#Peel_Gap_Tower" title="Milecastle 39">Peel Gap Tower</a></li> <li>Willowford Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Hill_Signal_Tower" title="Pike Hill Signal Tower">Pike Hill Signal Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Regular and linear features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)">Vallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Way_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Military Way (Hadrian's Wall)">Military Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path" title="Hadrian's Wall Path">Hadrian's Wall Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Turret (Hadrian's Wall)">Turrets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Scotland497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Template:Geography of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Geography of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Scotland497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Scotland" title="List of bays of Scotland">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Border</a> <ul><li>Historic: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadrian's Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Footpaths_in_Scotland" title="Category:Footpaths in Scotland">Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Great_Trails" title="Scotland's Great Trails">Great Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Coastal_Way" title="Scottish Coastal Way">Coastal Way</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Scotland" title="Extreme points of Scotland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Scotland" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Scotland">fossiliferous stratigraphic units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_faults_of_Scotland" title="List of geological faults of Scotland">faults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Scotland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meadows_in_Scotland" title="Category:Meadows in Scotland">Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorlands_of_Scotland" title="Category:Moorlands of Scotland">Moorlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains in Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Scotland" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Scotland">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain rescue in Scotland">rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Scotland" title="List of rivers of Scotland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Springs_of_Scotland" title="Category:Springs of Scotland">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_Scotland" title="Category:Wetlands of Scotland">Wetlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_breeds" title="List of Scottish breeds">Breeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Scotland" title="National parks of Scotland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_scenic_area_(Scotland)" title="National scenic area (Scotland)">National scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="National nature reserves in Scotland">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Scotland" title="List of Ramsar sites in Scotland">Ramsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Special_Areas_of_Conservation_in_Scotland" title="List of Special Areas of Conservation in Scotland">Conservation areas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Land use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic counties of Scotland">Historic counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Scotland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communities in Scotland">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Scotland">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Scotland">capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in Scotland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Scotland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Scotland">Twin towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_places_in_Scotland" title="Category:Lists of places in Scotland">by county</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Toponymy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_place_names_in_other_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish place names in other countries">In other countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_in_the_United_States_with_a_Scottish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations in the United States with a Scottish name">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Scotland" title="Land reform in Scotland">Land Reform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></b> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Scotland" title="Category:Geography of Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Geography of Scotland">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> <ul><li><small>as part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadrian's Wall</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> including <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_Country" title="Flow Country">Flow Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St George and Related Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" title="Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_Heritage_sites_in_Cumbria177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_heritage_cumbria" title="Template:English heritage cumbria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_heritage_cumbria" title="Template talk:English heritage cumbria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_heritage_cumbria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English heritage cumbria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_Heritage_sites_in_Cumbria177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> sites in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating from <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castlerigg_stone_circle" title="Castlerigg stone circle">Castlerigg Stone Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_Round_Table_(henge)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Arthur's Round Table (henge)">King Arthur's Round Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayburgh_Henge" title="Mayburgh Henge">Mayburgh Henge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Ambleside Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadrian's Wall</a> <span class="wrap">(including Banks East Turret, <a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald Roman Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brougham_Castle" title="Brougham Castle">Brougham Roman fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Folds" title="Castle Folds">Castle Folds</a>, Hare Hill, <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_49" title="Milecastle 49">Harrows Scar Milecastle and Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_48" title="Milecastle 48">King's Stables (Milecastle 48)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leahill_Turret,_Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Leahill Turret, Hadrian's Wall">Leahill Turret</a> and Piper Sike Turret, <a href="/wiki/Pike_Hill_Signal_Tower" title="Pike Hill Signal Tower">Pike Hill Signal Tower</a>, Willowford Wall Turrets and Bridge)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenglass_Roman_Bath_House" title="Ravenglass Roman Bath House">Ravenglass Roman Bath House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Bridge,_Cumbria" title="Bow Bridge, Cumbria">Bow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brough_Castle" title="Brough Castle">Brough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_Castle" title="Brougham Castle">Brougham Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Castle" title="Carlisle Castle">Carlisle Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Hall,_Cumbria" title="Clifton Hall, Cumbria">Clifton Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Abbey" title="Furness Abbey">Furness Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanercost_Priory" title="Lanercost Priory">Lanercost Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrith_Castle" title="Penrith Castle">Penrith Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piel_Castle" title="Piel Castle">Piel Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap_Abbey" title="Shap Abbey">Shap Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetheral_Priory_Gatehouse" title="Wetheral Priory Gatehouse">Wetheral Priory Gatehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating from the 17th century onwards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countess_Pillar" title="Countess Pillar">Countess Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill" title="Stott Park Bobbin Mill">Stott Park Bobbin Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57357#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1382" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57357#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1382" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57357#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316432049">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwxPGtgFBY88JMrhrhrbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4094404-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hadrianův val (Anglie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph305461&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000290224&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553782405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/10000485">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/91358">Pleiades</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579047271">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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