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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clearcutting regeneration, harvesting or system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clearcutting_regeneration,_harvesting_or_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects on the environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects on the environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Negative impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Positive perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Effects on wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Maine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Maine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In Maine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Maine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="إزالة الأشجار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إزالة الأشجار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDcen%C3%AD" title="Mýcení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mýcení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlschlag" title="Kahlschlag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kahlschlag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lageraie" title="Lageraie – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lageraie" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αποψιλωτική υλοτομία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποψιλωτική υλοτομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tala_rasa" title="Tala rasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tala rasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forhakado" title="Forhakado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Forhakado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="پاک‌تراشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاک‌تراشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_rase" title="Coupe rase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coupe rase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EB%B2%8C" title="개벌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개벌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashewa" title="Kashewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kashewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebang_habis" title="Tebang habis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tebang habis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taglio_raso" title="Taglio raso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taglio raso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A3bisk%C3%B2" title="Rãbiskò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rãbiskò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalslag" title="Kaalslag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaalslag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%86%E4%BC%90" title="皆伐 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="皆伐" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zr%C4%85b_(le%C5%9Bnictwo)" title="Zrąb (leśnictwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zrąb (leśnictwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corte_raso" title="Corte raso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corte raso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сплошная рубка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сплошная рубка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="එළිපෙහෙළි කිරීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එළිපෙහෙළි කිරීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clearcutting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avohakkuu" title="Avohakkuu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avohakkuu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slutavverkning" title="Slutavverkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slutavverkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%86%E4%BC%90" title="皆伐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皆伐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Clearcut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Clearcut (disambiguation)">Clearcut (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Forestry/logging practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_and_Clark_River_2148s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lewis_and_Clark_River_2148s.JPG/290px-Lewis_and_Clark_River_2148s.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lewis_and_Clark_River_2148s.JPG/435px-Lewis_and_Clark_River_2148s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lewis_and_Clark_River_2148s.JPG/580px-Lewis_and_Clark_River_2148s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6623" data-file-height="2827" /></a><figcaption>After a century of clearcutting, this forest, near the source of the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_River" title="Lewis and Clark River">Lewis and Clark River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clatsop_County,_Oregon" title="Clatsop County, Oregon">Clatsop County, Oregon</a>, is a patchwork. In each patch, most of the trees are the same age.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clearcutting_Drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Clearcutting_Drawing.svg/220px-Clearcutting_Drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Clearcutting_Drawing.svg/330px-Clearcutting_Drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Clearcutting_Drawing.svg/440px-Clearcutting_Drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>A forest before and after clearcutting</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Clearcutting</b>, <b>clearfelling</b> or <b>clearcut logging</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>/<a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with <a href="/wiki/Shelterwood_cutting" title="Shelterwood cutting">shelterwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed_tree" title="Seed tree">seed tree harvests</a>, it is used by <a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">foresters</a> to create certain types of forest <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> and to promote select species<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that require an abundance of sunlight or grow in large, even-age <a href="/wiki/Stand_level_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand level modelling">stands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dovetail_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dovetail-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logging companies and forest-worker unions in some countries support the practice for scientific, safety and economic reasons, while detractors consider it a form of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> that <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">destroys natural habitats</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">contributes to climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmentalists, traditional owners, local residents and others have regularly campaigned against clearcutting, including through the use of blockades and nonviolent direct action.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clearcutting is the most economically efficient method of logging.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It also may create detrimental side effects, such as the loss of <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a>, the costs of which are intensely debated by economic, environmental and other interests. In addition to the purpose of harvesting wood, clearcutting is used to <a href="/wiki/Land_development#Conversion_to_farmland" title="Land development">create land for farming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-environmentalgovernance.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environmentalgovernance.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the effects of clearcutting on the land will depend on how well or poorly the forest is managed,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whether it is converted to non-forest land uses after clearcuts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While deforestation of both <a href="/wiki/Temperate_forest" title="Temperate forest">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forests</a> through clearcutting has received considerable media attention in recent years, the other large forests of the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, also known as boreal forests, are also under threat of rapid development. In Russia, North America and Scandinavia, creating <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">protected areas</a> and granting long-term leases to tend and regenerate trees—thus maximizing future harvests—are among the means used to limit the harmful effects of clearcutting.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-term studies of clearcut forests, such as studies of the <a href="/wiki/Pasoh_Forest_Reserve" title="Pasoh Forest Reserve">Pasoh Rainforest</a> in Malaysia, are also important in providing insights into the conservation of forest resources worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many variations of clearcutting exist; the most common professional practices are:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Standard (uniform) clearcut</i> – removal of every stem (whether commercially viable or not), so no <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> remains.</li> <li><i>Patch clearcut</i> – removal of all the stems in a limited, predetermined area (patch).</li> <li><i>Strip clearcut</i> – removal of all the stems in a row (strip), usually placed perpendicular to the <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_winds" title="Prevailing winds">prevailing winds</a> in order to minimize the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Windthrow" title="Windthrow">windthrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Clearcutting-with-reserves</i> – removal of the majority of standing stems, leaving a few reserved for other purposes (for example as <a href="/wiki/Snag_(ecology)" title="Snag (ecology)">snags</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>), (often confused with the <a href="/wiki/Seed_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed trees">seed tree</a> method).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></i> – the <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">permanent conversion</a> of tropical and subtropicals forests for agricultural purposes. This is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical forests where <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> creates land needs from <a href="/wiki/Smallholders" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholders">smallholders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>. Slash-and-burn entails the removal of all stems in a particular area. This can be a form of deforestation, when the land is converted to other uses. However, some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> forest peoples, for example the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn#Forest_Finns" title="Slash-and-burn">Forest Finns</a> rotate over the land and it does return to forest and this would be sustainable. Slash and burn techniques are typically used by civilians in search of land for living and agricultural purposes. The forest is first clear cut, and the remaining material is burned. One of the driving forces behind this process is a result of overpopulation and subsequent sprawl. These methods also occur as a result of commercial farming. The lumber is sold for profit, and the land, cleared of all remaining brush and suitable for agricultural development, is sold to farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-environmentalgovernance.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environmentalgovernance.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Clearcutting contrasts with selective cutting, such as <a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">high grading</a>, in which only commercially valuable trees are harvested, leaving all others. This practice can reduce the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> viability of the forest over time, resulting in poorer or less vigorous <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> in the stand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Clearcutting also differs from a <a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">coppicing</a> system, by allowing <a href="/wiki/Revegetation" title="Revegetation">revegetation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a>. Additionally, destructive forms of <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">forest management</a> are commonly referred to as 'clearcutting'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clearcutting_regeneration,_harvesting_or_system"><span id="Clearcutting_regeneration.2C_harvesting_or_system"></span>Clearcutting regeneration, harvesting or system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clearcutting regeneration, harvesting or system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_Lands,_Unaka_National_Forest_-_NARA_-_280115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bad_Lands%2C_Unaka_National_Forest_-_NARA_-_280115.jpg/220px-Bad_Lands%2C_Unaka_National_Forest_-_NARA_-_280115.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bad_Lands%2C_Unaka_National_Forest_-_NARA_-_280115.jpg/330px-Bad_Lands%2C_Unaka_National_Forest_-_NARA_-_280115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bad_Lands%2C_Unaka_National_Forest_-_NARA_-_280115.jpg/440px-Bad_Lands%2C_Unaka_National_Forest_-_NARA_-_280115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption>Clearcut logging in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> (Tennessee) in 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clearcutting_in_Southern_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Clearcutting_in_Southern_Finland.jpg/220px-Clearcutting_in_Southern_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Clearcutting_in_Southern_Finland.jpg/330px-Clearcutting_in_Southern_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Clearcutting_in_Southern_Finland.jpg/440px-Clearcutting_in_Southern_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Clearcutting in Southern Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clearcutting-Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Clearcutting-Oregon.jpg/220px-Clearcutting-Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Clearcutting-Oregon.jpg/330px-Clearcutting-Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Clearcutting-Oregon.jpg/440px-Clearcutting-Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Clearcutting near <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Clearcutting can be differentiated into </p> <ul><li><i>Clearcutting</i> – clean felling by complete exploitation and removal of all the trees in one operation ... <b>a harvesting method</b></li> <li><i>Clearcutting method</i> – a <b>method for regenerating</b> an even-aged community by removing all the mature trees</li> <li><i>Clearcutting system</i> – a <b>silvicultural system</b> incorporating the clearcutting method to remove (clear) the mature community over a considerable area at one time<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Confusion between these different uses of the term is common. Furthermore, as indicated above many variations mean technically correct usage may not be descriptive enough to know what is meant on that particular occasion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A clearcut is distinguished from selective logging where typically only a few trees per hectare are harvested in proportions dictated by management objectives. Clearcut logging is also distinct from wildland fire use, and from forest thinning. In these latter two it is common practice to leave trees that are considered undesirable, such as those that are too diseased, stunted or small to be marketable. Selective logging is usually practiced in areas with access to infrastructure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_the_environment">Effects on the environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Effects on the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental groups criticize clear-cutting as destructive to water, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, wildlife, and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and recommend the use of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-greeniacs.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greeniacs.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clear-cutting impacts the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>. Trees hold water and <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a>. Clear-cutting in forests removes the trees which would otherwise have been transpiring large volumes of water and also physically damages the grasses, <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> populating the <a href="/wiki/Understorey" class="mw-redirect" title="Understorey">understory</a>. Removal or damage of the <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a> reduces the local capacity to retain water, which can exacerbate flooding and lead to increased leaching of <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> from the soil. The maximum nutrient loss occurs around year two and returns to pre-clearcutting levels by year four after the cut.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Removing trees surrounding stream banks prevents shading of the water body, which raises the temperature of riverbanks and rivers. Because the trees no longer hold down the soil, riverbanks increasingly <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erode</a> as sediment into the water, creating excess nutrients which exacerbate the changes in the river and create problems miles away, in the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-greeniacs.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greeniacs.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clear cutting on a large scale in a watershed can cause sediment and nutrients that leach into the streams cause the acidity of the stream to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nutrient content of the soil was found to return to five percent of pre-clearcutting levels after 64 years.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:708px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannia_Mines,_upper_town_residential_area_(5456678861).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper town residential area of Britannia Beach in British Columbia, Canada, in September 1919. The community was built in a clearcut area adjacent to the Britannia Mines operations; stumps and stray logs are visible throughout the site and community."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Britannia_Mines%2C_upper_town_residential_area_%285456678861%29.jpg/700px-Britannia_Mines%2C_upper_town_residential_area_%285456678861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Britannia_Mines%2C_upper_town_residential_area_%285456678861%29.jpg/1050px-Britannia_Mines%2C_upper_town_residential_area_%285456678861%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Britannia_Mines%2C_upper_town_residential_area_%285456678861%29.jpg/1400px-Britannia_Mines%2C_upper_town_residential_area_%285456678861%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13856" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannia_Mines,_upper_town_residential_area_(5456678861).jpg" title="File:Britannia Mines, upper town residential area (5456678861).jpg"> </a></div>Upper town residential area of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Beach" title="Britannia Beach">Britannia Beach</a> in British Columbia, Canada, in September 1919. The community was built in a clearcut area adjacent to the Britannia Mines operations; stumps and stray logs are visible throughout the site and community.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_impacts">Negative impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Negative impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clearcutting can have negative impacts, both for humans and local flora and fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> found that in certain zones, areas that were clear cut had nearly three times the amount of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">slides</a>. When the roads required by the clearcutting were factored in, the increase in slide activity appeared to be about 5 times greater compared to nearby forested areas. The roads built for clearcutting interrupt normal surface drainage because the roads are not as permeable as the normal ground cover. The roads also change subsurface water movement due to the redistribution of soil and rock.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clearcutting may lead to increased stream flow during storms, <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of habitat">loss of habitat</a> and species diversity, opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive and weedy species</a>, and negative impacts on scenery,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically, a growth of contempt by those familiar with the area for the wooded, planet aftermaths,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a decrease in property values; diminished recreation, hunting, and fishing opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clearcutting decreases the occurrence of natural disturbances like forest fires and natural uprooting. Over time, this can deplete the local seed bank.<sup id="cite_ref-Pykälä,_J._2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pykälä,_J._2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal</a> climates, clearcutting can have an effect on the depth of snow, which is usually greater in a clearcut area than in the forest, due to a lack of <a href="/wiki/Interception_(water)" title="Interception (water)">interception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>. This results in less <a href="/wiki/Frost_line" title="Frost line">soil frost</a>, which in combination with higher levels of direct <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> results in <a href="/wiki/Snowmelt" title="Snowmelt">snowmelt</a> occurring earlier in the spring and earlier peak runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Between June 2000 and June 2008, more than 150,000 km<sup>2</sup> (58,000 sq mi) of rainforest were cleared in the <a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Brazilian Amazon</a>. Huge areas of forest have already been lost. For example, only eight to fourteen percent of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a> in South America now remains.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While deforestation rates have slowed since 2004, <a href="/wiki/Forest_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest loss">forest loss</a> is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers slash and burn large parcels of forest every year to create grazing and croplands, but the forest's nutrient-poor soil often renders the land ill-suited for agriculture, and within a year or two, the farmers move on.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_perspectives">Positive perspectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Positive perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clearcutting can be practiced to encourage the growth and proliferation of tree species that require high <a href="/wiki/Shade_tolerance" title="Shade tolerance">light intensity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, a harvest area wider than double the height of the adjacent trees will no longer be subject to the moderating influence of the woodland on the <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dovetail_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dovetail-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The width of the harvest area can thus determine which species will come to dominate. Those with high tolerance to extremes in <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">soil moisture</a>, and resistance to <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(predation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Browsing (predation)">browsing</a> may be established, in particular <a href="/wiki/Secondary_succession" title="Secondary succession">secondary successional</a> <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Clearcutting can be used by <a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">foresters</a> as a method of mimicking a natural <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">disturbance</a> and increasing <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">primary successional</a> species, such as <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prunus_serotina" title="Prunus serotina">black cherry</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Clearcutting has also proved to be effective in creating animal habitat and browsing areas, which otherwise would not exist without natural stand-replacing disturbances such as <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>, large scale <a href="/wiki/Windthrow" title="Windthrow">windthrow</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a>. </p><p>Clearcuts are used to help regenerate species that cannot compete in mature forests. A number of them are aspen, jack pine, and, in areas with poor soils, oaks—are important species for both game and nongame wildlife species. Clearcutting can also lead to increased vascular-plant diversity in the area. This is most pronounced after a couple years of clearcutting and in herb-rich forests where scarification took place.<sup id="cite_ref-Pykälä,_J._2004_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pykälä,_J._2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No significant changes in water temperature were observed when patch clearcutting was done 100 ft (30 m) away from a river. This suggests that patch clearcutting is a possible solution to concerns about changes in water temperature due to clearcutting. The effects of clearcutting on soil nutrient content were not examined in this study.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, forest managers have found that clearcutting oak stands helps regenerate oak forests in areas of poor soil. The tree canopies in oak forests often shade out the ground, making it impossible for newly sprouted oaks to grow. When the mature trees are removed, the saplings stand a chance of recruiting into the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_wildlife">Effects on wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects on wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clearcutting's main destruction is towards habitats, where it makes the habitats more vulnerable in the future to damage by insects, diseases, acid rain, and wind. Removal of all trees from an area destroys the physical habitats of many species in wildlife. Also, clearcutting can contribute to problems for ecosystems that depend on forests, like the streams and rivers that run through them.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_deer" title="Black-tailed deer">black-tailed deer</a> population is at further risk after clearcutting. The deer are a food source for wolves and cougars, as well as <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and other hunters. While deer may not be at risk in cities and rural countryside, where they can be seen running through neighbourhoods and feeding on farms, in higher altitude areas they require forest shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Maine">In Maine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Maine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, a form of land management known as Outcome Based Forestry (OBF)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows for a wide range of harvesting as long as the removed trees do not exceed the amount of tree growth. Since implemented, this program has led to large-scale clearcutting and monoculture tree planting,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and research by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine" title="University of Maine">University of Maine</a>'s Sustainability Solutions Initiative has found that 8,000,000 acres (3,200,000 ha) of certified forest land in (primarily northern) Maine is being <a href="/wiki/Overharvested" class="mw-redirect" title="Overharvested">overharvested</a>, leading to reduced long-term stability of <a href="/wiki/Timber_harvest" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber harvest">timber harvests</a> and increased erosion and pollution in the watershed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These practices have sparked <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> concerns regarding the health and well-being of foresters and locals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline of forestry</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting_in_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearcutting in British Columbia">Clearcutting in British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even-aged_timber_management" title="Even-aged timber management">Even-aged timber management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_clearing_in_Australia" title="Land clearing in Australia">Land clearing in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tree_species_by_shade_tolerance" title="List of tree species by shade tolerance">List of tree species by shade tolerance</a> – shade intolerant and some intermediate species are primarily regenerated with clearcuts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_production_and_gene_diversity" title="Seed production and gene diversity">Seed production and gene diversity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMerivale2013" class="citation news cs1">Merivale, William (2013-08-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/farming/budget-for-a-2500ha-reforestation-cost-after-clearfelling-mature-forest-29493489.html">"Budget for a €2,500/ha reforestation cost after clearfelling mature forest"</a>. <i>FarmIreland.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FarmIreland.ie&rft.atitle=Budget+for+a+%E2%82%AC2%2C500%2Fha+reforestation+cost+after+clearfelling+mature+forest&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft.aulast=Merivale&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Ffarming%2Fbudget-for-a-2500ha-reforestation-cost-after-clearfelling-mature-forest-29493489.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClearcutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dovetail-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dovetail_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dovetail_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._J._BowyerK._FernholzA._LindburgDr._J._Howe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dr. J. Bowyer; K. Fernholz; A. Lindburg; Dr. J. Howe; Dr. S. Bratkovich (2009-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029212926/http://dovetailinc.org/files/DovetailSilvics0509.pdf">"The Power of Silviculture: Employing Thinning, Partial Cutting Systems and Other Intermediate Treatments to Increase Productivity, Forest Health and Public Support for Forestry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dovetail Partners Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dovetailinc.org/files/DovetailSilvics0509.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Silviculture%3A+Employing+Thinning%2C+Partial+Cutting+Systems+and+Other+Intermediate+Treatments+to+Increase+Productivity%2C+Forest+Health+and+Public+Support+for+Forestry&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft.au=Dr.+J.+Bowyer&rft.au=K.+Fernholz&rft.au=A.+Lindburg&rft.au=Dr.+J.+Howe&rft.au=Dr.+S.+Bratkovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdovetailinc.org%2Ffiles%2FDovetailSilvics0509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClearcutting" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/200081E1.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1991+Thru+1994&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A\zyfiles\Index%20Data\91thru94\Txt\00000004\200081E1.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL">"Clear cut."</a> <i>Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms.</i> p. 6. Document no. EPA-175-B-92-001. Accessed 2011-10-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Center for Biological Diversity, Tucson, AZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/forests/clearcutting_and_climate_change/">"Clearcutting and Climate Change."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111339/http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/forests/clearcutting_and_climate_change/">Archived</a> 2018-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 2011-10-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2020" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Iain (2020-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/environmental-blockading-in-australia-and-around-the-world-timeline-1974-1997/">"Environmental Blockading in Australia and Around the World – Timeline 1974–1997"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientforestguide.com/news-item.php?ID=266">the original</a> on 2014-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ancientforestguide.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Forest+Alliance+-+Old+Growth+Forests+British+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientforestguide.com%2Fnews-item.php%3FID%3D266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClearcutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mfs/policy_management/outcome_based_forestry.html">"Outcome Based Forestry: Forest Policy and Management: Division of Forestry: Maine ACF"</a>. <i>www.maine.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maine.gov&rft.atitle=Outcome+Based+Forestry%3A+Forest+Policy+and+Management%3A+Division+of+Forestry%3A+Maine+ACF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maine.gov%2Fdacf%2Fmfs%2Fpolicy_management%2Foutcome_based_forestry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClearcutting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Roy, Vincent; Ruelb, Jean-Claude and Plamondon, André P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202030728/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6X-3YRW05D-S&_user=10&_coverDate=04/17/2000&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1446793180&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=845f589fa118819cb30030360b3bb184&searchtype=a">"Establishment, growth and survival of natural regeneration after clearcutting and drainage on forested wetlands."</a> <i>Forest Ecology and Management</i>, Volume 129, Issues 1–3, 17 April 2000, pp. 253–267.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clearcutting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clearcutting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clear_cut" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:clear cut">clear cut</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search/?q=clearcutting&t=fulltext&nlow=&nhi=">Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Clearcutting, accessed 14 December 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816141425/http://forestpolicyresearch.org/2009/03/04/california-citizens-to-stop-sierra-pacifics-plan-to-clearcut-one-million-acres-of-sierra-forest/">Forest Policy Research page: California citizens to stop Sierra Pacifics plan to clearcut one million acres of Sierra forest, accessed 14 December 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326182652/http://www.ancientforestguide.com/news-item.php?ID=266">Ancient Forest News - Clearcutting threatens black-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827224824/http://www.publicland.ca/issues/clearcutting.html">Nova Scotia Public Lands Coalition: Clearcutting</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405044249/http://freegrassy.org/learn-more/the-boreal-forest/">"Free Grassy » The Boreal Forest"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freegrassy.org/learn-more/the-boreal-forest/">the original</a> on 2010-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject 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