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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-tailed deer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Odocoileus_hemionus_5932.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Odocoileus_hemionus_5932.JPG/220px-Odocoileus_hemionus_5932.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Odocoileus_hemionus_5932.JPG/330px-Odocoileus_hemionus_5932.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Odocoileus_hemionus_5932.JPG/440px-Odocoileus_hemionus_5932.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Young male black-tailed deer (<a href="/wiki/Olympic_National_Park" title="Olympic National Park">Olympic National Park</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Odocoileus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus"><i>Odocoileus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">O. hemionus</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subspecies: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subspecies"><i><b>O. h. columbianus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature" title="Trinomial nomenclature">Trinomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="trinomial"><i>Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(Richardson, 1829)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Black-tailed deer</b> or <b>blacktail deer</b> occupy coastal regions of western North America. There are two <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, the Columbian black-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</i>) which ranges from the Pacific Northwest of the United States and coastal <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> in Canada<sup id="cite_ref-BC-MELP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-MELP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Barbara County">Santa Barbara County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dasmann_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasmann-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a second subspecies known as the <b><a href="/wiki/Sitka_deer" title="Sitka deer">Sitka deer</a></b> (<i>O. h. sitkensis</i>) which is geographically disjunct occupying from mid-coastal British Columbia up through <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">southeast Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southcentral_Alaska" title="Southcentral Alaska">southcentral Alaska</a> (as far as <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Island" title="Kodiak Island">Kodiak Island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BC-MELP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-MELP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BC-BTD-Study_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC-BTD-Study-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mac-cook_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mac-cook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black-tailed deer subspecies are about half the size of the mainland mule deer (<i>Odocoileus hemionus hemionus</i>) subspecies, the latter ranging further east in the western United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Latch1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latch1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iucn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hybrid_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybrid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reid_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeerEvolution_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeerEvolution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMNA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMNA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range">Range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The black-tailed deer lives along the Pacific coast from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara County, California</a> north to southeastern Alaska. East of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> in Washington, Oregon and California, black-tailed deer are replaced by phenotypically different mainland mule deer, the latter being much larger, with lighter pelage, more prominent rump patches and larger ears.<sup id="cite_ref-Dasmann_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasmann-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a review of genetics studies, black-tailed deer differed from mule deer by all DNA marker types, including mitochondrial DNA, allozymes, Y chromosome markers, microsatellites, and single nuclear polymorphisms.The mitochondrial DNA divergence between mule deer and black-tailed deer was 6–8%, among the highest divergence ever reported within a mammal species. Integration of multiple genetics studies provided support for two black-tailed deer subspecies: Columbian black-tailed deer (<i>O. h. columbianus</i>) and Sitka black-tailed deer (<i>O. h. sitkensis</i>), and three mule deer subspecies: mainland mule deer (<i>O. h. hemionus</i>) and two additional island mule deer subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-Latch_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latch-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a large zone of admixture or hybrid swarm of black-tailed deer and mainland mule deer between the east and west slopes of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada.<sup id="cite_ref-Latch1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latch1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The black-tailed deer is currently common in California, ranging as far south as <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Obispo County">San Luis Obispo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Barbara County">Santa Barbara County</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Dasmann_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasmann-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home range, habitat use, disturbance, and mortality of Columbian black-tailed deer in Mendocino National Forest. California Fish and Game 77:201–209.</ref> north into western Oregon, Washington, and coastal and interior British Columbia; and north into the Alaskan panhandle. It is a very popular <a href="/wiki/Game_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Game animal">game animal</a>. </p><p>Approximately 40 deer from Oregon were released in Western <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> between 1961 and 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These deer thrived on the island, where they now number around 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have become a fairly popular game species on the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All recent authorities maintain it as a subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a> (<i>O. hemionus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hybrid_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybrid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reid_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeerEvolution_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeerEvolution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMNA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMNA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly speaking, the black-tailed deer group consists of two subspecies, as it also includes <i>O. h. sitkensis</i> (the Sitka deer).<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> of the white-tailed deer and mule deer are similar, but differ from that of the black-tailed deer.<sup id="cite_ref-DeerEvolution_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeerEvolution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be the result of <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a>, although hybrids between the mule deer and white-tailed deer are rare in the wild (apparently more common locally in <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>), and the hybrid <a href="/wiki/Survival_rate" title="Survival rate">survival rate</a> is low even in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-hybrid_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybrid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeerEvolution_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeerEvolution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These two subspecies thrive on the edge of the forest, as the dark forest lacks the <a href="/wiki/Underbrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Underbrush">underbrush</a> and grasslands the deer prefer as food, and completely open areas lack the hiding spots and cover they prefer for harsh weather. One of the plants that black-tailed deer browse is <a href="/wiki/Western_poison_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Western poison oak">western poison oak</a>, despite its irritant content.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deer often is most active at dawn and dusk, and is frequently involved in collisions with automobiles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet_and_reproduction">Diet and reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diet and reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacktail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Blacktail.jpg/170px-Blacktail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Blacktail.jpg/255px-Blacktail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Blacktail.jpg/340px-Blacktail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Characteristic black tail</figcaption></figure> <p>Deer are browsers. During the winter and early spring, they feed on Douglas fir, western red cedar, red huckleberry, salal, deer fern, and lichens growing on trees. Late spring to fall, they consume grasses, blackberries, apples, fireweed, pearly everlasting, forbs, salmonberry, salal, and maple. The mating or 'rutting' season occurs during November and early December. Bucks can be observed running back and forth across the roads in the pursuit of does. After the rut, the bucks tend to hide and rest, often nursing wounds. They suffer broken antlers, and have lost weight. They drop their antlers between January and March. Antlers on the <a href="/wiki/Forest_floor" title="Forest floor">forest floor</a> provide a source of calcium and other nutrients to other forest inhabitants. Bucks regrow their antlers beginning in April through to August.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The gestation period for does is 6–7 months, with fawns being born in late May and into June. Twins are the rule, although young does often have only single fawns. Triplets can also occur. Fawns weigh 2.7 to 4 kg (6.0 to 8.8 lb) and have no scent for the first week or so. This enables the mother to leave the fawn hidden while she goes off to browse and replenish her body after giving birth. She must also eat enough to produce enough milk to feed her fawns. Although does are excellent mothers, fawn mortality rate is 45 to 70%. Does are very protective of their young and humans are viewed as predators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Deer communicate with the aid of scent and pheromones from several glands located on the lower legs. The metatarsal (outside of lower leg) produces an alarm scent, the tarsal (inside of hock) serves for mutual recognition and the interdigital (between the toes) leave a scent trail when deer travel. Deer have excellent sight and smell. Their large ears can move independently of each other and pick up any unusual sounds that may signal danger.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At dawn, dusk, and moonlit nights, deer are seen browsing on the roadside. Wooded areas with forests on both sides of the road and open, grassy areas, i.e. golf courses, attract deer. Caution when driving is prudent because often as one deer crosses, another one or two follow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_over_habitat_management">Controversy over habitat management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversy over habitat management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Black-tailed_deer" title="Talk:Black-tailed deer">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Southeast Alaska, the Sitka deer is the primary prey of the rare <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago_wolf" title="Alexander Archipelago wolf">Alexander Archipelago wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus ligoni</i>), which is endemic to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf-assessment_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-assessment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1990s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> evaluated a petition to list this wolf subspecies as threatened, and decided a listing was not warranted in August 1997, largely on the basis of provisions the Forest Service had included to protect the viability of the wolf subspecies in its Forest Plan for the <a href="/wiki/Tongass_National_Forest" title="Tongass National Forest">Tongass National Forest</a>, adopted three months earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-1997-Finding_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1997-Finding-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tongass NF is important in wolf conservation because it includes about 80% of the region's land area. The protections for the wolf included a standard and guideline intended to retain, in the face of logging losses, enough habitat <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> for deer in winter to assure the viability of the Alexander Archipelago wolf and an adequate supply of deer for hunters. The needed carrying capacity was originally specified as 13 deer per square mile, but was corrected in 2000 to 18. Use of a deer model is specified for determining carrying capacity, and is the only tool available for the purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-XI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Forest Service's implementation of the deer provision in the Tongass wolf standard and guideline has been controversial for many years, and led to a lawsuit by Greenpeace and Cascadia Wildlands in 2008, over four logging projects. The <a href="/wiki/Data_set" title="Data set">data set</a> the Forest Service was using in the deer model was known through the agency's own study (done in 2000) to generally overestimate the carrying capacity for deer and underestimate the impacts of logging.<sup id="cite_ref-Sit_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study showed the data set (called Vol-Strata) is not correlated to habitat quality.<sup id="cite_ref-caouette_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caouette-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a conversion factor, known as the "deer multiplier" (used in calculating carrying capacity) was incorrectly applied, causing — by itself – a 30% overestimation of carrying capacity and corresponding underestimation of impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Sit_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sit-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined effect of the two errors is variable because Vol-Strata is not correlated to habitat quality. Regarding the Traitors Cove Timber Sales project, in 2011 the plaintiffs noted in oral arguments before the <a href="/wiki/9th_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Circuit Court of Appeals">9th Circuit Court of Appeals</a> that the difference is between a claimed 21 deer per square mile carrying capacity in the project EIS, and 9.5 deer per square mile (about half of the Tongass Forest Plan's requirement) according to unpublished corrections the agency made in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 9th Circuit panel ruled unanimously on August 2, 2011, in favor of the plaintiffs, remanding the four timber sale decisions to the Forest Service and giving guidance for what is necessary during reanalysis of impacts to deer.<sup id="cite_ref-Memorandum_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorandum-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling says in part: </p> <blockquote><p>We do not think that USFS has adequately explained its decision to approve the four logging projects in the Tongass. ... USFS has failed to explain how it ended up with a table that identifies 100 deer per square mile as a maximum carrying capacity, but allows 130 deer per square mile as a potential carrying capacity. 'The agency is obligated to articulate a rational connection between the facts found and the choices made,' which the agency has not done here. Pac. Coast Fed'n of Fisherman's Ass'ns v. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 426 F.3d 1082, 1091 (9th Cir. 2005)...<sup id="cite_ref-Memorandum_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorandum-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>We have similar questions about USFS's use of VolStrata data, which identifies total timber volume and not forest structure, to approve the projects, where forest structure—and not total timber volume—is relevant to the habitability of a piece of land. USFS itself has recognized the limitations in the VolStrata data. ... Because we must remand to the agency to re-examine its Deer Model, we need not decide whether the use of the VolStrata data was arbitrary and capricious. We anticipate that, in reviewing the proposed projects, USFS will use the best available data ...<sup id="cite_ref-Memorandum_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memorandum-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a statement to the press, a spokesman for the plaintiffs said the errors in this lawsuit apply to every significant Tongass timber sale decision between 1996 and 2008, before the Forest Service corrected errors in the deer model when the agency issued its revised Tongass Forest Plan in 2008. But he said despite those corrections, the agency still fails to address cumulative impacts to deer, especially on Prince of Wales Island, as is being challenged in the Logjam timber sale lawsuit, by ignoring substantial logging on nonfederal lands.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2013, under the same litigation, the U.S. District Court in Anchorage made a second remand to the Forest Service because the agency's further work under the first remand had not resolved the modeling issues. Activity on the four timber sales involved in the litigation has been suspended since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BC-MELP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BC-MELP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BC-MELP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">B.C. Ministry of Env., Lands & Parks. (Undated) Mule and black-tailed deer in British Columbia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dasmann-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dasmann_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dasmann_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dasmann_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_P._Dasmann1975" class="citation book cs1">William P. 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(2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arctos.database.museum/publication/1000034">Mammals and Amphibians of Southeast Alaska</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726072801/http://kodiak.fws.gov/wildlife.htm">Wildlife</a>. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge. Last updated: April 6, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latch1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latch1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latch1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmily_K._Latch,_Elizabeth_M._Kierepka,_James_R._Heffelfinger,_and_Olin_E._Rhodes_Jr.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Emily K. 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Rhodes Jr. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05349.x">"Hybrid swarm between divergent lineages of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)"</a>. <i>Molecular Ecology</i>. <b>20</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">5265–</span>5279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MolEc..20.5265L">2011MolEc..20.5265L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2011.05349.x">10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05349.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22066874">22066874</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+Group&rft.atitle=Black-tailed+Deer+%7C+Ungulates+of+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiiungulates.com%2Fblack-tailed-deer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-tailed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deerfriendly.com/deer/hawaii">"Deer Friendly - Hawaii"</a>. <i>www.deerfriendly.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Michael (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82914"><i>Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721044257/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82914">Archived</a> July 21, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GlobalTwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahid2023" class="citation news cs1">Zahid, Azrub (February 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digiworldmag.com/what-do-deer-eat/">"What Do Deer Eat? All About Deer Diet"</a>. <i>Digi World Mag - Worldwide All News, Tech News, and Updates</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digi+World+Mag+-+Worldwide+All+News%2C+Tech+News%2C+and+Updates&rft.atitle=What+Do+Deer+Eat%3F+All+About+Deer+Diet&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Zahid&rft.aufirst=Azrub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigiworldmag.com%2Fwhat-do-deer-eat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack-tailed+deer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf-assessment-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wolf-assessment_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Person, D.K. (Univ. Alaska); Kirchhoff, M. (ADF&G); van Ballenberghe, V. (USFS-FSL); Iverson, G.C. (USFS); Grossman, E. (USF&WS). 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/3056">"The Alexander Archipelago Wolf: A Conservation Assessment,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072707/http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/3056">Archived</a> 2014-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-384. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1997-Finding-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1997-Finding_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">USF&WS. 1997 (August 28) 12-month finding, re: Petition to List the Alexander Archipelago Wolf under Provisions of the Endangered Species Act.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XI-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XI_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1997 TLMP Wolf standard and guideline: reproduced at Wildlife Habitat Planning: WILD112, XI.A.3 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/planning/helilanding/appendix_b.htm">[1]</a>. The 13 deer per square mile carrying capacity was an error, corrected in 1998 to 17, and in 2002 to 18 deer per square mile.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tongass Forest Plan Implementation Clarification, 1998; and directive of Tom Puchlerz, Tongass Forest Supervisor, August 6, 2002. See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tongass-constratreview.net/CSR_Background.htm">Background</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215184125/http://tongass-constratreview.net/CSR_Background.htm">Archived</a> December 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. USDA Forest Service – Tongass National Forest</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sit-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sit_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sit_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitnews.us/0708news/071108/071108_suit.html">"Suit Filed to Stop Four Timber Sales on Largest National Forest" – Sit News</a>. Sitnews.us (2008-07-11). Retrieved on 2012-06-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caouette-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caouette_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caouette, J.; Kramer, M.; Nowacki, G. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/2958">Deconstructing the Tongass Timber Paradigm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016210639/http://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/2958">Archived</a> 2011-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. USDA Forest Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Forest Service, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tongass-fpadjust.net/Documents/Final_EIS_VolumeI.pdf">2008 Final Environmental Impact Statement for Tongass Land Management Plan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724111548/http://tongass-fpadjust.net/Documents/Final_EIS_VolumeI.pdf">Archived</a> July 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vol. 1 (January 2008) pp. 3–265 to 3–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/media/view_subpage.php?pk_id=0000007379">Audio recording of oral arguments before 9th Circ. Ct. of Appeals</a>, May 3, 2011. Hear: argument by Chris Winter (Crag Law Center) attorney for Greenpeace v. Cole plaintiffs generally, and at 13:20 concerning Traitors Cove. Recording includes arguments by Winters and federal attorney Charles Scott, and Winter's rebuttal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memorandum-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Memorandum_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memorandum_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Memorandum_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/memoranda/2011/08/02/10-35567.pdf">Memorandum. Issued unanimously by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals panel of Judges Alarcon, Graber and Bybee</a>. August 2, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Grass, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juneauempire.com/local/2011-08-03/appeals-court-overturns-4-tongass-logging-projects#.Tjuogm8ZSgP">Appeals court overturns 4 Tongass logging projects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810164615/http://juneauempire.com/local/2011-08-03/appeals-court-overturns-4-tongass-logging-projects#.Tjuogm8ZSgP">Archived</a> 2011-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Juneau Empire, August 3, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SitNews (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sitnews.us/0914News/092714/092714_decision.html">Court Decision Stops Four Tongass National Forest Logging Projects</a>, 27 Sept. 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KFSK (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfsk.org/2014/10/02/court-sends-four-timber-sale-plans-back-for-reworking/">Court sends four timber sale plans back for reworking</a>, by Joe Viechnicki. 2 Oct. 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black-tailed_deer&action=edit&section=7" 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1676" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1676" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3880944" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q3880944">Q3880944</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Odocoileus_hemionus_columbianus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus">Odocoileus hemionus columbianus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5JYBF">5JYBF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4262326">4262326</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42221">42221</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=898457">898457</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200271">14200271</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.972162/">2.972162</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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