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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_I_IFN_Signaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Type I IFN Signaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_I_IFN_Signaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inducers_of_type_I_IFN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inducers_of_type_I_IFN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Inducers of type I IFN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inducers_of_type_I_IFN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_relevance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_relevance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disease relevance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_relevance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_and_future_therapeutic_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_and_future_therapeutic_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current and future therapeutic options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_and_future_therapeutic_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-Journal_Icon.svg" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GENE.2015.09.058" title="This article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model. 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Click to view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/20px-Journal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/30px-Journal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/40px-Journal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha_1&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha 1">Interferon alpha 1</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">IFNA1</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Human UniProt search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P01562">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P01562">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3UX9">3UX9</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/5417">IFNA1</a></span>, IFL, IFN, IFN-ALPHA, IFN-alphaD, IFNA13, IFNA@, Interferon, alpha 1, interferon alpha 1, leIF D</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/147660">147660</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=136811">136811</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IFNA1">IFNA1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000197919">IFNA1 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 9 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 9 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ideogram_human_chromosome_9.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ideogram_human_chromosome_9.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ideogram_human_chromosome_9.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 9 (human)">Chromosome 9 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_9_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 9 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 9 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Human_chromosome_9_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_9_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Human_chromosome_9_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_9_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Human_chromosome_9_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_9_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 40.168747468034px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for IFNA1"><img alt="Genomic location for IFNA1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 46.2px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for IFNA1"><img alt="Genomic location for IFNA1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">9p21.3</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">21,440,439 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">21,441,316 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000197919">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">testicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cerebellum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">primary visual cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cerebellar hemisphere</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right hemisphere of cerebellum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">hippocampal formation</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">prefrontal cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">hippocampus proper</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Brodmann area 9</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">urinary bladder</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px">n/a</ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000197919">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_IFNA1_208344_x_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PBB_GE_IFNA1_208344_x_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_IFNA1_208344_x_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PBB_GE_IFNA1_208344_x_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_IFNA1_208344_x_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PBB_GE_IFNA1_208344_x_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_IFNA1_208344_x_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_IFNA1_208375_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PBB_GE_IFNA1_208375_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_IFNA1_208375_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PBB_GE_IFNA1_208375_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_IFNA1_208375_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PBB_GE_IFNA1_208375_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_IFNA1_208375_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/3439/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005125">cytokine activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005132">type I interferon receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005126">cytokine receptor binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576">extracellular region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615">extracellular space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002323">natural killer cell activation involved in immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030183">B cell differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006952">defense response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042100">B cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007596">blood coagulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033141">positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006959">humoral immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002250">adaptive immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051607">defense response to virus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060337">type I interferon signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043330">response to exogenous dsRNA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002286">T cell activation involved in immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019221">cytokine-mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045087">innate immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010469">regulation of signaling receptor activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=3439&rn=1">3439</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks">n/a</p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000197919;db=core">ENSG00000197919</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks">n/a</p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01562">P01562</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks">n/a</p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_024013">NM_024013</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_076918">NP_076918</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr9:21440439-21441316">Chr 9: 21.44 – 21.44 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks">n/a</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18027589" class="extiw" title="d:Q18027589">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="0" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Interferon alpha-1</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> that in humans is encoded by the <i>IFNA1</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1385305_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1385305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-entrez_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">Leukocyte</a> interferon is produced predominantly by <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B lymphocytes</a>. Immune interferon (<a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">IFN-gamma</a>; MIM 147570) is produced by <a href="/wiki/Mitogen" title="Mitogen">mitogen</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a>-stimulated <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T lymphocytes</a>.[supplied by OMIM]<sup id="cite_ref-entrez_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_type_I_interferon_gene_family">The type I interferon gene family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha-1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The type I interferon gene family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Interferons" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferons">interferons</a> (IFN)s are a family of <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> with potent <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_protein" title="Antiviral protein">antiviral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiproliferative" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiproliferative">antiproliferative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunomodulatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulatory">immunomodulatory</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-cite1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFNs were originally discovered as <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> that could reduce the ability of a normal <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> to infect <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, a process called viral 'interference'.<sup id="cite_ref-cite3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFNs have been classified into two major types of IFNs, <a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_I" title="Interferon type I">type I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon type II">type II</a>, based on their interactions to a specific <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">cell surface receptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cite2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, a novel class of cytokines with IFN-like activities has been described and designated as type III IFNs (IFN-λ1-3).<sup id="cite_ref-cite6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, there are 13 different IFN-alpha genes, designated as IFN-α1, -α2, - α4, - α5, - α6, - α7, - α8, - α10, - α13, - α14, - α16, - α17 and - α21, and one each of the IFN beta (IFNB), IFN-Epsilon, IFN-Kappa and IFN-Omega genes.<sup id="cite_ref-cite7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human IFNA gene family shares 70-80% <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> sequence <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology</a>, and about 35% identity with IFNB.<sup id="cite_ref-cite8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high degree of amino-acid sequence similarity within the IFNA genes suggests a <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common ancestor</a> gene. It seems likely that the IFNA <a href="/wiki/Gene_cluster" title="Gene cluster">gene cluster</a> has been generated by gene conversion or recent duplication events. There are 12 functional human IFNA gene products. All of these IFN-α <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> exhibit high homology in their primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.<sup id="cite_ref-cite5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFNA and IFNB are produced by a wide range of cells such as <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial cells</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Plasmacytoid_dendritic_cell" title="Plasmacytoid dendritic cell">plasmacytoid dendritic cells</a> (pDCs) are considered the main producers of IFNA in response to <a href="/wiki/RNA_virus" title="RNA virus">RNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/DNA_virus" title="DNA virus">DNA viruses</a> or nucleic acid-containing immune complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-cite9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Type_I_IFN_Signaling">Type I IFN Signaling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha-1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Type I IFN Signaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The type I IFNs bind to the <a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha/beta_receptor" title="Interferon-alpha/beta receptor">interferon alpha receptor</a> (IFNAR), which consists of two subunits, IFNAR1 (α-subunit) and IFNAR2 (β-subunit). Two cytoplasmic <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase" title="Tyrosine kinase">tyrosine kinases</a> provide downstream signaling after type I IFN binds to the IFNAR receptor, <a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_1" title="Janus kinase 1">Janus kinase 1</a> (JAK1) and <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_2" title="Tyrosine kinase 2">tyrosine kinase 2</a> (TYK2). The biological effects of IFNs are mediated through the Janus kinase/<a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transducer</a> and activator of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> (JAK/STAT) pathway. <a href="/wiki/STAT1" title="STAT1">STAT1</a> and <a href="/wiki/STAT2" title="STAT2">STAT2</a> are activated by these tyrosine kinases, and STAT1 and STAT2 mediate the antiviral and <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> effects of IFN-α/IFN-β.<sup id="cite_ref-cite10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> STAT1 and STAT2 form a complex with IFN-regulatory factor 9 (IRF) forming the transcription factor complex ISGF3,<sup id="cite_ref-cite11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which then <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">translocates</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> and binds to IFN-stimulated <a href="/wiki/Response_element" title="Response element">response elements</a> (ISREs) in the promoters of IFN-regulated genes (IRGs). In addition, canonical type I IFN signalling may activate STAT1 <a href="/wiki/Homodimers" class="mw-redirect" title="Homodimers">homodimers</a> that bind to interferon-gamma-activating factor (GAF), which also translocates to the nucleus and activates <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> of IFN-stimulated genes.<sup id="cite_ref-cite12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inducers_of_type_I_IFN">Inducers of type I IFN</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha-1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inducers of type I IFN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The virus-induced <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of IFNA/IFNB genes is primarily controlled at the gene transcription level, by the <a href="/wiki/Interferon_regulatory_factors" title="Interferon regulatory factors">interferon regulatory factors</a> (IRFs) and IFN-stimulated genes.<sup id="cite_ref-cite13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viruses and <a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">immune complexes</a> (ICs) containing <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a> can access intracellular <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">TLRs</a> (<a href="/wiki/TLR3" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR3">TLR3</a>, <a href="/wiki/TDLR_7_and_8" title="TDLR 7 and 8">TLR7/8</a> and <a href="/wiki/TLR9" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR9">TLR9</a>) after binding to <a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptors</a> and induce IFN-α production by activation of the IRFs.<sup id="cite_ref-cite13_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite14_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signaling through TLRs can broadly be categorized into two pathways the <a href="/wiki/MYD88" title="MYD88">MyD88</a> and the Trip-dependent pathway. All TLRs except TLR3 signal through the MyD88-dependent pathway. Only TLR3 and TLR4 signal through the TRIF-dependent pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-cite14_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MyD88-dependent pathway recruits several effector molecules such as <a href="/wiki/IRAK1" title="IRAK1">IRAK1/4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_superfamily" title="Tumor necrosis factor superfamily">tumor necrosis factor</a> receptor-associated factor 6 (<a href="/wiki/TRAF6" title="TRAF6">TRAF6</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cite15_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite15-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These molecules are linked to at least three major downstream pathways: the <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> pathway, the pathway involving <a href="/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase" title="Mitogen-activated protein kinase">mitogen-activated protein kinases</a> (MAPKs) and IRF pathways, depending on the stimulus and the responding cell types activation of these pathways results in transcription of various cytokines including IFN-α/β.<sup id="cite_ref-cite14_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite14-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signaling via <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosolic</a> viral sensors can also activate similar pathways and result in transcription of IFN-α/β.<sup id="cite_ref-cite16_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite16-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_relevance">Disease relevance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha-1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disease relevance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emerging evidence suggests that abnormal IFN production contributes to <a href="/wiki/Immune_disorder" title="Immune disorder">immune dysfunction</a> and mediates tissue inflammation and organ damage in a number of <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a> (SLE), <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> (RA), <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_inflammatory_myopathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies">idiopathic inflammatory myopathies</a> (IIM), <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjogren's syndrome</a> (SS) and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> (MS). Increased <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> IFN-α and IFN-α-induced gene expression are frequently observed in patients with SLE, and many of SLE clinical manifestations such as fever, fatigue and <a href="/wiki/Leukopenia" title="Leukopenia">leukopenia</a> are similar to those observed in patients with <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> or as a side effect of IFN-therapy, suggesting that type I IFNs are important in the molecular <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">pathogenesis</a> of SLE.<sup id="cite_ref-cite17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite18_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite18-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite20_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A heritable pattern of high circulating type I IFN has been observed in SLE families, suggesting that high IFN is a heritable risk factor for SLE.<sup id="cite_ref-cite21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, patients with non-autoimmune diseases treated with IFN-α can develop a “lupus-like” syndrome, including <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_antibody" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear antibody">antinuclear antibodies</a> (ANA) and anti-double stranded DNA (ds-DNA) which usually resolve after IFN-α therapy discontinuation.<sup id="cite_ref-cite20_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted above, IRFs are proteins which regulate transcription of IFNs. <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Genetic variations</a> in the IRF genes have been associated with risk of developing SLE, and these genetic variations have also been linked to increased IFN-α production and with SLE-associated <a href="/wiki/Autoantibody" title="Autoantibody">autoantibody</a> formation.<sup id="cite_ref-cite22_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite22-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite23_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several observations suggest that type I IFN is involved in the pathogenesis of <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_myopathy" title="Inflammatory myopathy">inflammatory myopathies</a>. Patients with <a href="/wiki/Dermatomyositis" title="Dermatomyositis">dermatomyositis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymyositis" title="Polymyositis">polymyositis</a> have increased IFN serum levels which in some studies correlate with disease activity or myositis-specific autoantibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-cite24_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite24-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite25_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite25-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite26_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite26-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite27_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite27-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, studies have suggested a genetic or heritable component to the high type I IFN observed in myositis patients, similar to SLE.<sup id="cite_ref-cite28_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite28-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite29_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite29-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> characterized by inflammation, <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegeneration</a> with presumed autoimmune origin. Whereas type I IFNs are thought to induce some autoimmune conditions such as SLE as noted above, MS is effectively treated by administering recombinant human IFN-β. MS patients have lower levels of circulating type I interferon compared to patients with other autoimmune diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-cite30_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite30-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite31_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite31-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a number of patients with <a href="/wiki/Relapsing%E2%80%93remitting" title="Relapsing–remitting">relapsing-remitting</a> MS have a high IFN signature as well as more clinical and MRI attacks before therapy and these patients often do not response to IFN-β therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-cite32_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite32-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromyelitis optica">Neuromyelitis optica</a>, another autoimmune disorder similar to MS which does not respond to IFN therapy, is associated with higher baseline circulating IFN levels.<sup id="cite_ref-cite33_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite33-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_and_future_therapeutic_options">Current and future therapeutic options</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha-1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current and future therapeutic options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several IFN-blocking strategies are currently being evaluated in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>. For instance, a phase I clinical trial of the anti-IFN-α <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> MEDI-545 in SLE patients suggested possible disease activity improvement in SLE patients.<sup id="cite_ref-cite34_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite34-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another phase I clinical trial has reported a dose-dependent inhibition of IFN-α/β-inducible genes in both <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">peripheral blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin_biopsy" title="Skin biopsy">skin biopsies</a> in SLE patients treated with anti-IFN monoclonal antibody therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-cite35_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite35-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, some studies suggest that type I IFN in circulation may be useful to predict response to <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a> in RA.<sup id="cite_ref-cite36_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite36-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cite37_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite37-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha-1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="margin: 0 10%; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 10px solid #1e90ff; background: #fbfbfb;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://www.example.com" title="Journal" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Journal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/48px-Journal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/72px-Journal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Journal_Icon.svg/96px-Journal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The 2015 version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model. The corresponding <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">academic peer reviewed</a> article was published in <i><b>Gene </b></i> and can be cited as:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1">Consuelo M López de Padilla; Timothy B Niewold (24 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4666791">"The type I interferons: Basic concepts and clinical relevance in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gene_(journal)" title="Gene (journal)">Gene</a></i>. Gene Wiki Review Series. <b>576</b> (1 Pt 1): 14–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.GENE.2015.09.058">10.1016/J.GENE.2015.09.058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1119">0378-1119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4666791">4666791</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26410416">26410416</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36338717" class="extiw" title="d:Q36338717">Q36338717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=The+type+I+interferons%3A+Basic+concepts+and+clinical+relevance+in+immune-mediated+inflammatory+diseases&rft.volume=576&rft.issue=1+Pt+1&rft.pages=14-21&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4666791%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0378-1119&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26410416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FJ.GENE.2015.09.058&rft.au=Consuelo+M+L%C3%B3pez+de+Padilla&rft.au=Timothy+B+Niewold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4666791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+alpha-1" class="Z3988"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha-1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000197919">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000197919</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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"Neutralization of interferon-alpha/beta-inducible genes and downstream effect in a phase I trial of an anti-interferon-alpha monoclonal antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus". <i>Arthritis and Rheumatism</i>. <b>60</b> (6): 1785–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.24557">10.1002/art.24557</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19479852">19479852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+and+Rheumatism&rft.atitle=Neutralization+of+interferon-alpha%2Fbeta-inducible+genes+and+downstream+effect+in+a+phase+I+trial+of+an+anti-interferon-alpha+monoclonal+antibody+in+systemic+lupus+erythematosus&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1785-96&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fart.24557&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19479852&rft.aulast=Yao&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Richman%2C+L&rft.au=Higgs%2C+BW&rft.au=Morehouse%2C+CA&rft.au=de+los+Reyes%2C+M&rft.au=Brohawn%2C+P&rft.au=Zhang%2C+J&rft.au=White%2C+B&rft.au=Coyle%2C+AJ&rft.au=Kiener%2C+PA&rft.au=Jallal%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+alpha-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cite36-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cite36_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavraganiLaStohlCrow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mavragani CP, La DT, Stohl W, Crow MK (Feb 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821991">"Association of the response to tumor necrosis factor antagonists with plasma type I interferon activity and interferon-beta/alpha ratios in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a post hoc analysis of a predominantly Hispanic cohort"</a>. <i>Arthritis and Rheumatism</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 392–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.27226">10.1002/art.27226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2821991">2821991</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20112385">20112385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+and+Rheumatism&rft.atitle=Association+of+the+response+to+tumor+necrosis+factor+antagonists+with+plasma+type+I+interferon+activity+and+interferon-beta%2Falpha+ratios+in+rheumatoid+arthritis+patients%3A+a+post+hoc+analysis+of+a+predominantly+Hispanic+cohort&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=392-401&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2821991%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20112385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fart.27226&rft.aulast=Mavragani&rft.aufirst=CP&rft.au=La%2C+DT&rft.au=Stohl%2C+W&rft.au=Crow%2C+MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2821991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+alpha-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cite37-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cite37_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurlingsBoumansTekstravan_Roon2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thurlings RM, Boumans M, Tekstra J, van Roon JA, Vos K, van Westing DM, van Baarsen LG, Bos C, Kirou KA, Gerlag DM, Crow MK, Bijlsma JW, Verweij CL, Tak PP (Dec 2010). "Relationship between the type I interferon signature and the response to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients". <i>Arthritis and Rheumatism</i>. <b>62</b> (12): 3607–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.27702">10.1002/art.27702</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20722020">20722020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+and+Rheumatism&rft.atitle=Relationship+between+the+type+I+interferon+signature+and+the+response+to+rituximab+in+rheumatoid+arthritis+patients&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3607-14&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fart.27702&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20722020&rft.aulast=Thurlings&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Boumans%2C+M&rft.au=Tekstra%2C+J&rft.au=van+Roon%2C+JA&rft.au=Vos%2C+K&rft.au=van+Westing%2C+DM&rft.au=van+Baarsen%2C+LG&rft.au=Bos%2C+C&rft.au=Kirou%2C+KA&rft.au=Gerlag%2C+DM&rft.au=Crow%2C+MK&rft.au=Bijlsma%2C+JW&rft.au=Verweij%2C+CL&rft.au=Tak%2C+PP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterferon+alpha-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alpha-1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P01562">P01562</a></i> (Interferon alpha-1/13) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCL1" title="CCL1">CCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL2" title="CCL2">CCL2</a>/MCP1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL3" title="CCL3">CCL3</a>/MIP1α</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL4" title="CCL4">CCL4</a>/MIP1β</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL5" title="CCL5">CCL5</a>/RANTES</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL6" title="CCL6">CCL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL7" title="CCL7">CCL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL8" title="CCL8">CCL8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL9" title="CCL9">CCL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL11" title="CCL11">CCL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL12" title="CCL12">CCL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL13" title="CCL13">CCL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL14" title="CCL14">CCL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL15" title="CCL15">CCL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL16" title="CCL16">CCL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL17" title="CCL17">CCL17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL18" title="CCL18">CCL18</a>/PARC/DCCK1/AMAC1/MIP4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL19" title="CCL19">CCL19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL20" title="CCL20">CCL20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL21" title="CCL21">CCL21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL22" title="CCL22">CCL22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL23" title="CCL23">CCL23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL24" title="CCL24">CCL24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL25" title="CCL25">CCL25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL26" title="CCL26">CCL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-C_motif_chemokine_ligand_27" title="C-C motif chemokine ligand 27">CCL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCL28" title="CCL28">CCL28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CXCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CXCL1" title="CXCL1">CXCL1</a>/KC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL2" title="CXCL2">CXCL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL3" title="CXCL3">CXCL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet_factor_4" title="Platelet factor 4">CXCL4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL5" title="CXCL5">CXCL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL6" title="CXCL6">CXCL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL7" title="CXCL7">CXCL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">CXCL8/IL8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL9" title="CXCL9">CXCL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL10" title="CXCL10">CXCL10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL11" title="CXCL11">CXCL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF-1_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF-1 (biology)">CXCL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL13" title="CXCL13">CXCL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL14" title="CXCL14">CXCL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL15" title="CXCL15">CXCL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL16" title="CXCL16">CXCL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXCL17" title="CXCL17">CXCL17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CX3CL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CX3CL1" title="CX3CL1">CX3CL1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">XCL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XCL1" title="XCL1">XCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCL2" title="XCL2">XCL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factors">TNF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">TNFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin" title="Lymphotoxin">Lymphotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin_alpha" title="Lymphotoxin alpha">TNFB/LTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotoxin_beta" title="Lymphotoxin beta">TNFC/LTB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OX40L" class="mw-redirect" title="OX40L">TNFSF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD154" title="CD154">TNFSF5/CD40LG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_ligand" title="Fas ligand">TNFSF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD70" title="CD70">TNFSF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD153" title="CD153">TNFSF8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-1BB_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="4-1BB ligand">TNFSF9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAIL" title="TRAIL">TNFSF10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">TNFSF11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_proliferation-inducing_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="A proliferation-inducing ligand">TNFSF13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor" title="B-cell activating factor">TNFSF13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDA_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="EDA (gene)">EDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_cytokine_receptor" title="Type I cytokine receptor">Type I</a><br />(grouped by<br />receptor<br />subunit)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_gamma_chain" title="Common gamma chain">γ chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">IL2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_15" title="Interleukin 15">IL15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL4</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_7" title="Interleukin 7">IL7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_9" title="Interleukin 9">IL9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_21" title="Interleukin 21">IL21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CSF2RB" title="CSF2RB">β chain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_3" title="Interleukin 3">IL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">GMCSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IL6 like/<a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein_130" title="Glycoprotein 130">gp130</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_11" title="Interleukin 11">IL11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27" title="Interleukin 27">IL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_30" title="Interleukin 30">IL30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_31" title="Interleukin 31">IL31</a> <ul><li>+non IL <a href="/wiki/Oncostatin_M" title="Oncostatin M">OSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor">LIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor" title="Ciliary neurotrophic factor">CNTF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotrophin_1" title="Cardiotrophin 1">CTF1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IL12_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IL12 family (page does not exist)">IL12 family</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12_receptor,_beta_1_subunit" title="Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit">IL12RB1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">IL12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_23" title="Interleukin 23">IL23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_27" title="Interleukin 27">IL27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_35" title="Interleukin 35">IL35</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-taxilin" title="Alpha-taxilin">IL14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_16" title="Interleukin 16">IL16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_32" title="Interleukin 32">IL32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_34" title="Interleukin 34">IL34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_cytokine_receptor" title="Type II cytokine receptor">Type II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IL10_family" class="mw-redirect" title="IL10 family">IL10 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL10</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_22" title="Interleukin 22">IL22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_19" title="Interleukin 19">IL19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_20" title="Interleukin 20">IL20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_24" title="Interleukin 24">IL24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_26" title="Interleukin 26">IL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_III" title="Interferon type III">Interferon type III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_28" title="Interleukin 28">IL28/IFNL2+3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_29" title="Interleukin 29">IL29/IFNL1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">Interferon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_I" title="Interferon type I">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha 1">IFNA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA2" title="IFNA2">IFNA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA4" title="IFNA4">IFNA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA5" title="IFNA5">IFNA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA6" title="IFNA6">IFNA6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA7" title="IFNA7">IFNA7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA8" title="IFNA8">IFNA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA10" title="IFNA10">IFNA10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA13" title="IFNA13">IFNA13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA14" title="IFNA14">IFNA14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA16" title="IFNA16">IFNA16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA17" title="IFNA17">IFNA17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNA21" title="IFNA21">IFNA21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNB1" title="IFNB1">IFNB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNK" title="IFNK">IFNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFNW1" title="IFNW1">IFNW1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon type II">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">IFNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">Ig superfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 family">IL1 family</a>: <a href="/wiki/IL1A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1A">IL1A/IL1F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_beta" title="Interleukin 1 beta">IL1B/IL1F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist">1Ra/IL1F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F5" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F5">IL1F5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL36A" title="IL36A">IL1F6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F7" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F7">IL1F7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL36B" title="IL36B">IL1F8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F9" class="mw-redirect" title="IL1F9">IL1F9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IL1F10" title="IL1F10">IL1F10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_33" title="Interleukin 33">33/IL1F11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_18" title="Interleukin 18">18/IL1G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IL17_family" class="mw-redirect" title="IL17 family">IL17 family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_17" title="Interleukin 17">IL17</a>/<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_25" title="Interleukin 25">IL25</a> (<a href="/wiki/IL17A" class="mw-redirect" title="IL17A">IL17A</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic">Hematopoietic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_factor" title="Stem cell factor">KITLG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">Colony-stimulating factor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopontin" title="Osteopontin">SPP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_migration_inhibitory_factor" title="Macrophage migration inhibitory factor">MIF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By function/<br />cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proinflammatory_cytokine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proinflammatory cytokine">proinflammatory cytokine</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1">IL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">TNFA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monokine" title="Monokine">Monokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphokine" title="Lymphokine">Lymphokine</a> <ul><li><i>T<sub>h</sub>1</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">IFNγ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor beta">TNFβ</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>T<sub>h</sub>2</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">IL10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL13</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cytokine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cytokine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cytokine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine_receptor" title="Cytokine receptor">Cytokine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Chemokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Chemokine receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony-stimulating factor receptor">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin_receptor" title="Erythropoietin receptor">Erythropoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARA-290&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARA-290 (page does not exist)">ARA-290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asialo_erythropoietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asialo erythropoietin (page does not exist)">Asialo erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbamylated_erythropoietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbamylated erythropoietin (page does not exist)">Carbamylated erythropoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CNTO-530&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CNTO-530 (page does not exist)">CNTO-530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbepoetin_alfa" title="Darbepoetin alfa">Darbepoetin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_alfa" title="Epoetin alfa">Epoetin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_beta" title="Epoetin beta">Epoetin beta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_delta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin delta (page does not exist)">Epoetin delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_epsilon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin epsilon (page does not exist)">Epoetin epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_gamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin gamma (page does not exist)">Epoetin gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_kappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin kappa (page does not exist)">Epoetin kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoetin_omega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoetin omega (page does not exist)">Epoetin omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_theta" title="Epoetin theta">Epoetin theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoetin_zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoetin zeta">Epoetin zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin (EPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erythropoietin-Fc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erythropoietin-Fc (page does not exist)">Erythropoietin-Fc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy_polyethylene_glycol-epoetin_beta" title="Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta">Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginesatide" title="Peginesatide">Peginesatide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegol_sihematide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegol sihematide (page does not exist)">Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor">G-CSF (CSF3)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Filgrastim" title="Filgrastim">Filgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor">Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenograstim" title="Lenograstim">Lenograstim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leridistim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leridistim (page does not exist)">Leridistim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipegfilgrastim" title="Lipegfilgrastim">Lipegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nartograstim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nartograstim (page does not exist)">Nartograstim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegfilgrastim" title="Pegfilgrastim">Pegfilgrastim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegnartograstim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegnartograstim (page does not exist)">Pegnartograstim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">GM-CSF (CSF2)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecogramostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecogramostim (page does not exist)">Ecogramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor">Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milodistim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milodistim (page does not exist)">Milodistim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molgramostim" title="Molgramostim">Molgramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regramostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regramostim (page does not exist)">Regramostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargramostim" title="Sargramostim">Sargramostim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Mavrilimumab" title="Mavrilimumab">Mavrilimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namilumab" title="Namilumab">Namilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilimab" title="Otilimab">Otilimab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor">M-CSF (CSF1)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilmostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cilmostim (page does not exist)">Cilmostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-34" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-34">Interleukin-34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanimostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanimostim (page does not exist)">Lanimostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage_colony-stimulating_factor" title="Macrophage colony-stimulating factor">Macrophage colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirimostim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirimostim (page does not exist)">Mirimostim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">SCF (c-Kit)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Growth factor receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin_receptor" title="Thrombopoietin receptor">Thrombopoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eltrombopag" title="Eltrombopag">Eltrombopag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegacaristim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegacaristim (page does not exist)">Pegacaristim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegapoietin" title="Promegapoietin">Promegapoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romiplostim" title="Romiplostim">Romiplostim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin" title="Thrombopoietin">Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon receptor">Interferon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha/beta_receptor" title="Interferon-alpha/beta receptor">IFNAR (α/β, I)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Albinterferon" title="Albinterferon">Albinterferon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha">Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa" title="Interferon alfa">Interferon alfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha 1">IFNA1</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA2" title="IFNA2">IFNA2</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA4" title="IFNA4">IFNA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA5" title="IFNA5">IFNA5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA6" title="IFNA6">IFNA6</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA7" title="IFNA7">IFNA7</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA8" title="IFNA8">IFNA8</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA10" title="IFNA10">IFNA10</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA13" title="IFNA13">IFNA13</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA14" title="IFNA14">IFNA14</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA16" title="IFNA16">IFNA16</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA17" title="IFNA17">IFNA17</a>, <a href="/wiki/IFNA21" title="IFNA21">IFNA21</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2a">Interferon alfa 2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfa_2b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alfa 2b">Interferon alfa 2b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferon_alfa_n1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferon alfa n1 (page does not exist)">Interferon alfa n1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alfacon-1" title="Interferon alfacon-1">Interferon alfacon-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha-n3" title="Interferon alpha-n3">Interferon alpha-n3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta">Interferon beta (IFN-β)</a> (<a href="/wiki/IFNB1" title="IFNB1">IFNB1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IFNB3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IFNB3 (page does not exist)">IFNB3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1a">Interferon beta 1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta 1b">Interferon beta 1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon kappa">Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_omega" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon omega">Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2a" title="Peginterferon alfa-2a">Peginterferon alfa-2a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peginterferon_alfa-2b" title="Peginterferon alfa-2b">Peginterferon alfa-2b</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anifrolumab" title="Anifrolumab">Anifrolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faralimomab" title="Faralimomab">Faralimomab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEDI-545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEDI-545 (page does not exist)">MEDI-545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rontalizumab" title="Rontalizumab">Rontalizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifalimumab" title="Sifalimumab">Sifalimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bifarcept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bifarcept (page does not exist)">Bifarcept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-gamma_receptor" title="Interferon-gamma receptor">IFNGR (γ, II)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma_1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon gamma 1b">Interferon gamma 1b</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Emapalumab" title="Emapalumab">Emapalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontolizumab" title="Fontolizumab">Fontolizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interferon-lambda_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon-lambda receptor">IFNLR (λ, III)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See IL-28R (IFNLR) <a href="/wiki/Template:Interleukin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Interleukin receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_receptor" title="Interleukin receptor">Interleukin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Interleukin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Interleukin receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor">TGFβ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor receptor">TNF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TNF_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TNF receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase" title="Janus kinase">JAK</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_inhibitor" title="Janus kinase inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK1" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK1">JAK1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrocitinib" title="Abrocitinib">Abrocitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filgotinib" title="Filgotinib">Filgotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momelotinib" title="Momelotinib">Momelotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oclacitinib" title="Oclacitinib">Oclacitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadacitinib" title="Upadacitinib">Upadacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK2" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK2">JAK2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atiprimod" title="Atiprimod">Atiprimod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-1480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-1480 (page does not exist)">AZD-1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHZ868" title="CHZ868">CHZ868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitacin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucurbitacin I">Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYT387" class="mw-redirect" title="CYT387">CYT387</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuruxolitinib" title="Deuruxolitinib">Deuruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NSC-7908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSC-7908 (page does not exist)">NSC-7908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NSC-33994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NSC-33994 (page does not exist)">NSC-33994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacritinib" title="Pacritinib">Pacritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruxolitinib" title="Ruxolitinib">Ruxolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-1008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-1008 (page does not exist)">SD-1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/JAK3" class="mw-redirect" title="JAK3">JAK3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cercosporamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cercosporamide (page does not exist)">Cercosporamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decernotinib" title="Decernotinib">Decernotinib (VX-509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peficitinib" title="Peficitinib">Peficitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritlecitinib" title="Ritlecitinib">Ritlecitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-21311&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-21311 (page does not exist)">TCS-21311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofacitinib" title="Tofacitinib">Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHI-P_154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WHI-P 154 (page does not exist)">WHI-P 154</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-39923&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-39923 (page does not exist)">ZM-39923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZM-449829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZM-449829 (page does not exist)">ZM-449829</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_2" title="Tyrosine kinase 2">TYK2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deucravacitinib" title="Deucravacitinib">Deucravacitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Additional cytokines:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cardiotrophin_1" title="Cardiotrophin 1">Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMS-like_tyrosine_kinase_3_ligand" title="FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand">FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor">Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncostatin_M" title="Oncostatin M">Oncostatin M (OSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymic_stromal_lymphopoietin" title="Thymic stromal lymphopoietin">Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Additional cytokine receptor modulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emfilermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emfilermin (page does not exist)">Emfilermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midostaurin" title="Midostaurin">Midostaurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quizartinib" title="Quizartinib">Quizartinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">Sorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunitinib" title="Sunitinib">Sunitinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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