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class="site-main"> <div class="header-image"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/" title="All Things AAFS!" rel="home"> <img src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/header3.png" width="1015" height="237" alt="" /> </a> </div> <section id="primary" class="content-area"> <div id="content" class="site-content" role="main"> <header class="page-header"> <h1 class="page-title"> Anthropology </h1> </header> <article id="post-1344" class="post-1344 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anthropology category-archaeology category-textbook-of-the-week category-useful-literature tag-aafs tag-anthropological tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-essentials tag-anthropology-students tag-anthropology-textbooks tag-archaeological tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-essentials tag-archaeology-students tag-archaeology-textbooks tag-michael-parker-pearson tag-student-textbooks tag-textbook tag-textbook-of-the-week-2 tag-textbooks tag-the-archaeology-of-death-an-burial tag-useful-textbooks"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/30/textbook-of-the-week-the-archaeology-of-death-and-burial/" title="4:10 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-30T16:10:49+00:00" pubdate>30/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/30/textbook-of-the-week-the-archaeology-of-death-and-burial/" rel="bookmark">Textbook of the Week: The Archaeology of Death and Burial.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>Every week we highlight one archaeology/anthropology textbook from our suggested readings, a full list of our suggested resources can be found <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/">here, on our Useful Literature page</a>.</em></p> <p><img data-attachment-id="1343" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/archaeology_of_death_and_burial/" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/archaeology_of_death_and_burial.jpg" data-orig-size="220,307" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Archaeology_of_Death_and_Burial" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/archaeology_of_death_and_burial.jpg?w=215" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/archaeology_of_death_and_burial.jpg?w=220" class=" size-full wp-image-1343 aligncenter" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/archaeology_of_death_and_burial.jpg?w=660" alt="Archaeology_of_Death_and_Burial" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/archaeology_of_death_and_burial.jpg 220w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/archaeology_of_death_and_burial.jpg?w=107&h=150 107w" sizes="(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px" /></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0750932767/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=0750932767&linkCode=as2&tag=ata0e-21">The Archaeology of Death and Burial</a> (UK/Europe)<br /> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/158544099X/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=158544099X&linkCode=as2&tag=ata07-20">The Archaeology of Death and Burial (Texas A&M University Anthropology Series)</a> (US/Worldwide Link)<br /> <strong>by Michael Parker Pearson. </strong>Rating – ****<br /> <strong><em>“I picked this book up pretty cheap, and it was worth it! Especially if you’re into weird, morbid but interesting accounts of burial rituals – this book contains examples ranging from ancient world to modern times.”</em></strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>If you’re new to the realm of archaeological, anthropological and forensic sciences (AAFS), or are a student needing sturdy and reliable references, or wondering “what archaeology or anthropology textbooks to buy?</em></strong><em>”<a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/"><strong style="font-style:inherit;"> Check out our new ‘Useful Literature’ page!</strong></a></em></p> <div id="atatags-552853431-67474c8e2aa3f"></div> <script> __ATA.cmd.push(function() { __ATA.initDynamicSlot({ id: 'atatags-552853431-67474c8e2aa3f', location: 120, formFactor: '001', label: { text: 'Advertisements', }, creative: { reportAd: { text: 'Report this ad', }, privacySettings: { text: 'Privacy', } } }); }); </script><div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Textbook%20of%20the%20Week%3A%20The%20Archaeology%20of%20Death%20and%20Burial.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2016%2F01%2F30%2Ftextbook-of-the-week-the-archaeology-of-death-and-burial%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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tag-anthropology-quick-tips tag-anthropology-students tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-students tag-chronological-age tag-chronological-age-of-human-remains tag-chronologically-aging-skeletal-remains tag-dating-skeletal-remains tag-osteology-quick-tips tag-quick-tips tag-skeletal-remains tag-sternal-rib-end tag-sternal-rib-end-method"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/" title="2:00 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-27T14:00:00+00:00" pubdate>27/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/" rel="bookmark">Quick Tips: How To Estimate The Chronological Age Of A Human Skeleton – Sternal Rib End Method.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>This Quick Tips post is the sixth in the series on age estimation on skeletal remains, if you haven’t read the previous post click</em><em> </em><em><a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2014/01/12/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-pubic-symphyseal-surface-method/">here</a></em><em>, or to start at the beginning click</em><em> <a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.wordpress.com/2013/08/20/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-the-basics/">here.</a> The previous post provides an overview of the pubic symphyseal surface method of ageing, whereas the first post covers the basics.</em></p> <p>The method was primarily developed by Iscan and Loth (1986) who studied the metamorphosis of the sternal end of the fourth rib. They found that the metamorphosis corresponds to the age but does vary by sex.</p> <p>In their study they examined the “form, shape, texture and overall quality” of the sternal end which is found at the anterior (ventral) end of the shaft. This end is a roughened, porous, cupped oval surface which attaches to the cartilage attached to the sternum.  From this they were able to define a series of phases that depict the metamorphism of the sternal rib end over time.</p> <p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1331" style="width: 1802px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1331" data-attachment-id="1331" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/27/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-sternal-rib-end-method/rib-anatomy/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png" data-orig-size="1792,1066" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Rib anatomy" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>The method was primarily developed by Iscan and Loth (1986) who studied the metamorphosis of the sternal end of the fourth rib. They found that the metamorphosis corresponds to the age but does vary by sex.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=660" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1331" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=660" alt="Rib anatomy" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png 1792w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=150&h=89 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=300&h=178 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=768&h=457 768w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/rib-anatomy.png?w=1024&h=609 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1792px) 100vw, 1792px"><p id="caption-attachment-1331" class="wp-caption-text">Anatomy of the rib cage. This method was primarily developed by Iscan and Loth (1986) who studied the metamorphosis of the sternal end of the fourth rib. They found that the metamorphosis corresponds to the age but does vary by sex.</p></div>At the start the sternal end is flat or billowy with regular and rounded edges, and over time its rim thins and become irregular, with the surface porosity increasing, and the end becomes irregular. This method can be applied cautiously to the 3<sup>rd</sup> or 5<sup>th</sup> ribs as well, but not the others.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Iscan, M.Y., and Loth, S.R. 1986. Estimation of age and determination of sex from the sternal rib. In: K. J. Reichs (ed.) <em>Forensic Osteology: Advances in the Identification of Human Remains. </em>Springfield, Illinois. Pg 68-89.</p> <p>White, T.D., Folkens, P.A. 2005. <i>The Human Bone Manual</i>. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 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Due to the thick soils in the area, archaeologists tend to only stumble upon archaeological finds by accident whilst carrying out maintenance.</p> <p><div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1312" style="width: 475px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1312" data-attachment-id="1312" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/23/first-early-iron-age-burials-found-in-dorset/dorset-crouched-burials/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/dorset-crouched-burials.jpg" data-orig-size="420,309" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Dorset Crouched Burials" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Archaeologists have discovered crouched burials of three skeletons, which are believed to be from the Bronze or Iron Age in Long Bredy, Dorset. © Martin Papworth</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/dorset-crouched-burials.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/dorset-crouched-burials.jpg?w=420" class="alignnone wp-image-1312" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/dorset-crouched-burials.jpg?w=465&h=342" alt="Dorset Crouched Burials" width="465" height="342" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/dorset-crouched-burials.jpg 420w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/dorset-crouched-burials.jpg?w=150&h=110 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/dorset-crouched-burials.jpg?w=300&h=221 300w" sizes="(max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px"><p id="caption-attachment-1312" class="wp-caption-text">Archaeologists have discovered crouched burials of three skeletons, which are believed to be from the Bronze or Iron Age in Long Bredy, Dorset. © Martin Papworth</p></div>This find is the first burial from this time era that has been discovered in Dorset, making it a very significant find for the region. “There are no previous burials from that time in Dorset so it is a very significant find from the period with little evidence for the disposal of the dead,” says Martin Papworth, one of the archaeologists from the National Trust. “It’s an important window into the past, the first clues of the people who lived in Dorset at the time.”</p> <p><strong><em>To read the Unusual-ology post on the Ancient Egyptian use of lettuce as an aphrodisiac, click <a href="https://allthingsaafs.wordpress.com/2013/07/19/unusual-ology-lettuce-an-ancient-egyptian-sex-symbol/" target="_blank">here</a>, or how male spiders sacrifice themselves to their mate, click <a href="https://allthingsaafs.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/unusual-ology-male-spiders-self-sacrifice-for-better-offspring/" target="_blank">here</a>. 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category-quick-tips tag-allthingsaafs tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-essentials tag-archaeological tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-in-practice tag-archaeology-students tag-bioarchaeology tag-isotope-analysis tag-isotopes tag-isotopes-in-anthropology tag-isotopes-in-archaeology tag-isotopes-in-research tag-isotopic-analysis tag-palaeoarchaeology tag-palaeodiets tag-palaeoenvironments tag-palaeontology tag-paleoarchaeology tag-paleodiets tag-paleontology tag-past-environments tag-past-plant-environments tag-past-populations tag-quick-tips tag-science tag-skeletal-remains tag-use-of-isotopes"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/" title="12:22 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-21T12:22:17+00:00" pubdate>21/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/" rel="bookmark">Quick Tips: Archaeological Techniques –Use of Isotopes in Archaeology.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Isotopic analysis is widely used within the worlds of archaeology and anthropology. From analysing isotopes we’re able to <strong>uncover a wide range of information</strong> regarding the past; ranging from <strong>palaeoenvironments to palaeodiets</strong>, and even using isotopes to <strong>reconstruct trade routes of materials</strong>.</p> <p>But first, <strong>what are isotopes?</strong></p> <p>All of the chemical elements consist of atoms which are specific to the element and the <strong>mass of an atom is dictated by the number of protons and neutrons it contains</strong>. The identity of the chemical element depends on the number of protons found within the atom’s nucleus, but the number of neutrons within the atom can vary. <strong>Atoms of the same chemical element (same number of protons), but with different masses, which is from the varying amount of neutrons, are called isotopes</strong>.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1285" style="width: 486px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1285" data-attachment-id="1285" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/stone-circle-at-drombeg/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg" data-orig-size="1600,1066" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Stone Circle at Drombeg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Within nature, most of the elements consist of a number of isotopes.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-1285" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=476&h=317" alt="Stone Circle at Drombeg" width="476" height="317" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=476&h=317 476w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=952&h=634 952w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=150&h=100 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=300&h=200 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/stone-circle-at-drombeg.jpg?w=768&h=512 768w" sizes="(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1285" class="wp-caption-text">Within nature, most of the elements consist of a number of isotopes. These isotopes can be found within water, livestock, crops and plants, which can then be used to reconstruct palaeodiets and palaeoenvironments.</p></div> <p>Within nature, most of the elements consist of a number of isotopes. For a great majority of elements these relative proportions of isotopes are fixed, but there are a group of elements which either <strong>due to chemical or biochemical processes are of variable isotopic composition</strong>. <strong>These elements are oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur</strong>. Another group of isotopes that are used for analysis are <strong>strontium, lead and neodymium. These are formed by elements which contain stable but radiogenic isotopes, which are formed by radioactive decay of another element</strong>. Carbon and nitrogen isotope composition are primarily used to reconstruct diets, and oxygen isotopes are used to determine geographic origin. Strontium and lead isotopes found within teeth and bone can sometimes be used to reconstruct migration patterns in human populations and cultural affinity</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1286" style="width: 569px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1286" data-attachment-id="1286" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/21/quick-tips-archaeological-techniques-use-of-isotopes-in-archaeology/isotopes-table/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png" data-orig-size="559,435" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Isotopes Table" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>A table of the various elemental isotopes that are valuable in archaeological and anthropological research.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=559" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1286" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=660" alt="Isotopes Table" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png 559w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=150&h=117 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/isotopes-table.png?w=300&h=233 300w" sizes="(max-width: 559px) 100vw, 559px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1286" class="wp-caption-text">A table of the various elemental isotopes that are valuable in archaeological and anthropological research.</p></div> <p><strong>But how do isotopes get into skeletal remains?</strong></p> <p>Carbon isotopes are taken up through the diet of animals during their lifetime and these isotopes are deposited into teeth and bones of humans when they are consumed and digested. By studying animal bones and examining the <sup>12</sup>C and <sup>13</sup>C isotope ratio, it is possible to determine whether the animals ate predominately <sup>3</sup>C or <sup>4</sup>C plants. Oxygen isotopes are constantly being taken up and deposited into the body through the water a population drinks. This process ends with the organism’s death, from this point on isotopes no longer accumulate in the body, but do undergo degradation. For best result the researcher would need to know the original levels, or estimation thereof, of isotopes in the organism at the time of its death.</p> <p><strong>By creating a map of these natural occurring isotopes</strong> in different environments, rivers and areas, it is <strong>possible to identify where in an area the population lived, sourced their water or where the livestock grazed, by comparing the levels of isotopes that were obtained from skeletal remains</strong> to the environmental map. This <strong>mapping can also help identify trade routes that once existed</strong> and can also <strong>identify the migration patterns of populations</strong>.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Balme, J., Paterson, A. 2006. <em>Archaeology in Practice: A Student Guide to Archaeological Analayses. </em>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Pg 218.</p> <p>Renfrew, C., Bahn, P. 1991. <i>Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. </i>London, UK: Thames & Hudson. 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class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/18/textbook-of-the-week-flesh-and-bone-an-introduction-to-forensic-anthropology/" title="1:10 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-18T13:10:53+00:00" pubdate>18/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/18/textbook-of-the-week-flesh-and-bone-an-introduction-to-forensic-anthropology/" rel="bookmark">Textbook of the Week: Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Every week we highlight one archaeology/anthropology textbook from our suggested readings, a full list of our suggested resources can be found <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/">here, on our Useful Literature page</a>.</p> <p><img data-attachment-id="1320" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/18/textbook-of-the-week-flesh-and-bone-an-introduction-to-forensic-anthropology/51ddavu0epl-_sy344_bo1204203200_/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/51ddavu0epl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg" data-orig-size="243,346" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="51dDAVU0ePL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/51ddavu0epl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg?w=211" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/51ddavu0epl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg?w=243" loading="lazy" class=" size-full wp-image-1320 aligncenter" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/51ddavu0epl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg?w=660" alt="51dDAVU0ePL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/51ddavu0epl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg 243w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/51ddavu0epl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg?w=105&h=150 105w" sizes="(max-width: 243px) 100vw, 243px" /></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1594603006/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=1594603006&linkCode=as2&tag=ata0e-21">Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology</a> (UK/Europe)<br /> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1594603006/ref=as_li_tf_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=1594603006&linkCode=as2&tag=ata07-20">Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology</a> (US/Worldwide Link)<br /> <strong>by Miriam Nafte. </strong>Rating – *****<br /> <strong><em>“This book was recommended to me by my professor – and was an absolute gem of a find! Perfect book for someone who wants an introduction to forensic anthropology, or has a single module in this topic.”</em></strong></p> <p style="text-align:left;"><strong><em> </em></strong><em><strong>If you’re a student – check out our <a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/">‘Quick Tips’</a> posts where we breakdown topics of AAFS into bite-sized chunks. We’re currently covering <a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-series/">how to age</a> and <a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-biological-sex-of-a-human-skeleton/">how to estimate the biological sex</a> of skeletal remains, and also how to <a style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/06/14/quick-tips-identifying-dental-diseases-the-basics/">identify dental diseases!</a></strong></em></p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Textbook%20of%20the%20Week%3A%20Flesh%20and%20Bone%3A%20An%20Introduction%20to%20Forensic%20Anthropology.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2016%2F01%2F18%2Ftextbook-of-the-week-flesh-and-bone-an-introduction-to-forensic-anthropology%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-meta"> <span class="cat-links"> Posted in <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/" rel="category tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/useful-literature/textbook-of-the-week/" rel="category tag">Textbook of the Week</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/useful-literature/" rel="category tag">Useful Literature</a> </span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/allthingsaafs/" rel="tag">allthingsaafs</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-essentials/" rel="tag">anthropology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-students/" rel="tag">anthropology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-textbooks/" rel="tag">anthropology textbooks</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology/" rel="tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-essentials/" rel="tag">archaeology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-students/" rel="tag">archaeology students</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology-textbooks/" rel="tag">archaeology textbooks</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/flesh-and-bone-an-introduction-to-forensic-anthropology/" rel="tag">Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/textbook/" rel="tag">textbook</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/textbook-of-the-week-2/" rel="tag">textbook of the week</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/textbooks/" rel="tag">textbooks</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="comments-link"><a 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href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/16/unusual-ology-amazonian-warrior-burial-unearthed-in-russia/" title="5:30 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-16T17:30:03+00:00" pubdate>16/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/16/unusual-ology-amazonian-warrior-burial-unearthed-in-russia/" rel="bookmark">Unusual-ology: “Amazonian Warrior” Burial Unearthed In Russia.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Archaeologists from the Russian Institute of Archaeology, led by Roman Mimohod, have made a fascinating discovery whilst supervising the construction of a new airport near the city of Rostov-on-Don. They have unearthed what seems to be a burial of an “Amazonian Woman”, but it is in fact the burial of a Sarmatian noblewoman, whose belongings have remained unlooted.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1303" style="width: 710px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1303" data-attachment-id="1303" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/16/unusual-ology-amazonian-warrior-burial-unearthed-in-russia/amazonian-burial/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/amazonian-burial.jpg" data-orig-size="700,467" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="amazonian burial" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>he noblewoman’s grave remained intact and during the excavation over one hundred arrowheads were discovered along with numerous gold jewellery pieces.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/amazonian-burial.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/amazonian-burial.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1303" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/amazonian-burial.jpg?w=660" alt="amazonian burial" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/amazonian-burial.jpg 700w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/amazonian-burial.jpg?w=150&h=100 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/amazonian-burial.jpg?w=300&h=200 300w" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1303" class="wp-caption-text">he noblewoman’s grave remained intact and during the excavation over one hundred arrowheads were discovered along with numerous gold jewellery pieces.</p></div> <p>The Sarmatians were nomadic people who once occupied the steppes north of the Black Sea between 5<sup>th</sup> Century BC and 4<sup>th</sup> Century AD. They were famous due to their fierce female warriors who are thought to be the inspiration for the legendary ‘Amazon Warriors’ of Greek Mythology.</p> <p>The noblewoman’s grave remained intact and during the excavation over one hundred arrowheads were discovered along with numerous gold jewellery pieces, which date between 1<sup>st</sup> Century BC – 1<sup>st</sup> Century AD, and a gem that has a Phoenician inscription.</p> <p>“It is rather unique, I have not seen such a combination before and have not heard about it,” Mimohood commented on the find. Due to the unusual long date range of the gold items discovered, Mimohood has remarked that “this can mean the most ancient things were handed down for a long time and finally were buried with this noble woman.”</p> <p><strong><em>If you’re a student – check out our <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/" target="_blank">‘Quick Tips’</a> posts where we breakdown topics of AAFS into bite-sized chunks. We’re currently covering <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-series/" target="_blank">how to age</a> and <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/estimate-the-biological-sex-of-a-human-skeleton/" target="_blank">how to estimate the biological sex</a> of skeletal remains, and also how to <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/06/14/quick-tips-identifying-dental-diseases-the-basics/" target="_blank">identify dental diseases!</a> or you’re needing sturdy and reliable references, or wondering “what archaeology or anthropology textbooks are good?<em>”<a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/"><strong> Check out our new ‘Useful Literature’ page for suggestions from peers and professors!</strong></a></em></em></strong></p> <p> </p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Unusual-ology%3A%20%E2%80%9CAmazonian%20Warrior%E2%80%9D%20Burial%20Unearthed%20In%20Russia.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2016%2F01%2F16%2Funusual-ology-amazonian-warrior-burial-unearthed-in-russia%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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Posted in <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/anthropology/" rel="category tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/archaeology/" rel="category tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/unusual-anthropology/" rel="category tag">Unusual Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/unusual-archaeology-unusual-ology/" rel="category tag">Unusual Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/unusual-ology/" rel="category tag">Unusual-ology</a> </span> <span class="sep"> | </span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/amazon-warriors/" rel="tag">amazon warriors</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/amazon-warriors-in-archaeology/" rel="tag">amazon warriors in archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/amazonian-warriors/" rel="tag">amazonian warriors</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/amazonian-women-warriors/" rel="tag">amazonian women warriors</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-essentials/" rel="tag">anthropology essentials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology-in-russia/" rel="tag">Anthropology in Russia</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology/" rel="tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/burial/" rel="tag">burial</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/burials/" rel="tag">burials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/female-burials/" rel="tag">female burials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/greek-mythology/" rel="tag">greek mythology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/mimohood/" rel="tag">Mimohood</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/noblewomen-burial/" rel="tag">Noblewomen burial</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/roman-mimohood/" rel="tag">Roman Mimohood</a>, <a 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status-publish format-standard hentry category-anthropology category-common-questions category-forensics category-quick-tips tag-allthingsaafs tag-american-journal-of-physical-anthropology tag-anthropology tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-of-disease tag-common-question tag-common-question-in-anthropology tag-common-question-in-archaeology tag-common-questions-in-archaeology tag-diseases-in-anthropology tag-diseases-in-archaeology tag-hershkovitz tag-hershkovitz-i-rothschild-b-et-al-1997 tag-how-to-identify-illness-after-death tag-international-journal-of-paleopathology tag-lewis-m-2011 tag-lytic-lesions-on-skeleton tag-minimal-bone-formation tag-necrosis tag-osteoporosis tag-porotic-hyperostosis tag-quick-tips tag-recognition-of-sickle-cell-anemia-in-skeletal-remains-of-children tag-rothschild tag-sickle-cell-anaemia-in-archaeology tag-skeletal-remains tag-tb tag-tb-in-archaeology tag-tuberculosis tag-tuberculosis-in-archaeology tag-tuberculosis-in-the-non-adults-from-romano-british-poundbury-camp-dorset-england tag-why-are-some-diseases-more-easily-identified-on-skeletal-remains-than-others"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/13/quick-tips-common-questions-why-are-some-diseases-more-easily-identified-on-skeletal-remains-than-others/" title="6:25 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-13T18:25:40+00:00" pubdate>13/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/13/quick-tips-common-questions-why-are-some-diseases-more-easily-identified-on-skeletal-remains-than-others/" rel="bookmark">Quick Tips – Common Questions: Why are some diseases more easily identified on skeletal remains than others?</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>This is a Quick Tips post providing a basic answer to a commonly asked question often faced within the field of archaeology and anthropology.</em></p> <p>Some diseases are more easily to identify on skeletal remains due to leaving tell-tale signs in the bones preservation. An easy example of this is osteoporosis; this condition leaves the inners of bones a lot more porous which is easier to visually assess and compare to a ‘healthy’ individual’s skeletal remains.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1278" style="width: 659px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1278" data-attachment-id="1278" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/13/quick-tips-common-questions-why-are-some-diseases-more-easily-identified-on-skeletal-remains-than-others/canstockphoto18602582/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg" data-orig-size="1600,1199" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="canstockphoto18602582" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Some diseases are more easily to identify on skeletal remains due to leaving tell-tale signs in the bones preservation. An easy example of this is osteoporosis; this condition leaves the inners of bones a lot more porous which is easier to visually assess and compare to a ‘healthy’ individual’s skeletal remains.</p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-1278" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=649&h=487" alt="canstockphoto18602582" width="649" height="487" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=649&h=487 649w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=1298&h=974 1298w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=150&h=112 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=300&h=225 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=768&h=576 768w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/canstockphoto18602582.jpg?w=1024&h=767 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1278" class="wp-caption-text">Some diseases are more easily to identify on skeletal remains due to leaving tell-tale signs in the bones preservation. An example of this is osteoporosis; this condition leaves the inners of bones a lot more porous than normal bones.</p></div> <p>A study by Hershkovitz & Rothschild (1997) highlighted how certain medical conditions, in their study sickle cell anaemia, affects the bone growth and development. Hershkovitz & Rothschild found that due to the iron deficiency from sickle cell anaemia caused porotic hyperostosis (symmetrical osteoporosis) on the parietal bone as well as others. They were able to visually diagnose this due to the characteristic ‘pores’ over the skull.</p> <p>Another example of an easily identifiable disease is tuberculosis (TB), TB can cause devastating bone damage. A recent archaeological study by Lewis (2011) looked into a population who suffered from TB. Lewis visually analysed the skeletal remains of a juvenile population from Poundbury Camp, Dorset. The TB infection caused numerous ailments to the infected, such as fever, but it’s the skeletal damage which gave the indication that the person suffered. Amongst the population there was a high instance of skeletons with necrosis and lytic lesions characterised by minimal bone formation. Many of the juvenile’s vertebrae displayed new bone formations which could indicate the presence of a paravertebral abscess. Many of the metatarsals were also displaying evidence of new bone formation which they concluded could be indicative of tuberculous dactylitis. Osteomyelitis, infection of the bone, was also found on a few mandibles and visually diagnosed due to its characteristic small pores found in a localised area. It is this characterised skeletal damage, seen on numerous cases during known TB outbreaks, which cause more diseases to be easily identified by eye due to the skeletal anomalies.</p> <p>There are problems when trying to differentiate certain diseases for example; TB with brucellosis (undulant fever). As they both produce spinal lesions it is necessary to observe the other characteristic skeletal damage (new bone formation and osteomyelitis) to correctly identify it as a TB infection. Another slight difference between TB and brucellosis is that the spinal lesions are more sclerotic and regular than those from a TB infection (Lewis, 2011).</p> <p>These porous bones and unexpected bone formations are easily observed, as they are not what’s expected during the known skeletal development found in healthy persons. Problems arise with diseases that do no damage to the skeleton, but instead affect soft tissue and muscles. These illnesses are harder to identify as they decay over time leaving only trace elements in the surrounding soils which would then hold the key for disease identification.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Hershkovitz, I. Rothschild, B. et al. 1997. Recognition of sickle cell anemia in skeletal remains of children. <em>American Journal of Physical Anthropology. </em>Volume 104, Issue 2. 213-226.</p> <p>Lewis, M. 2011. Tuberculosis in the non-adults from Romano-British Poundbury Camp, Dorset, England. <em>International Journal of Paleopathology. </em>Volume 1, Issue 1. 12-23.</p> <p><strong>To learn how archaeologists and anthropologists use teeth to age skeletal remains, read our <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2013/09/04/quick-tips-how-to-estimate-the-chronological-age-of-a-human-skeleton-using-dentition-to-age-subadults/" target="_blank">Quick Tips: How To Estimate The Chronological Age of a Human Skeleton – Using Dentition to Age Subadults.</a> Or to read more of our interesting Quick Tips, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/" target="_blank">click here.</a></strong></p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Quick%20Tips%20%E2%80%93%20Common%20Questions%3A%20Why%20are%20some%20diseases%20more%20easily%20identified%20on%20skeletal%20remains%20than%20others%3F&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2016%2F01%2F13%2Fquick-tips-common-questions-why-are-some-diseases-more-easily-identified-on-skeletal-remains-than-others%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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Rothschild, B. et al. 1997</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/how-to-identify-illness-after-death/" rel="tag">how to identify illness after death</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/international-journal-of-paleopathology/" rel="tag">International Journal of Paleopathology.</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/lewis-m-2011/" rel="tag">Lewis, M. 2011</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/lytic-lesions-on-skeleton/" rel="tag">lytic lesions on skeleton</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/minimal-bone-formation/" rel="tag">minimal bone formation</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/necrosis/" rel="tag">necrosis</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/osteoporosis/" rel="tag">osteoporosis</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/porotic-hyperostosis/" rel="tag">porotic hyperostosis</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/quick-tips/" rel="tag">Quick Tips</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/recognition-of-sickle-cell-anemia-in-skeletal-remains-of-children/" rel="tag">Recognition of sickle cell anemia in skeletal remains of children</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/rothschild/" rel="tag">Rothschild</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/sickle-cell-anaemia-in-archaeology/" rel="tag">sickle cell anaemia in archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/skeletal-remains/" rel="tag">skeletal remains</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/tb/" rel="tag">TB</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/tb-in-archaeology/" rel="tag">TB in archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/tuberculosis/" rel="tag">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/tuberculosis-in-archaeology/" rel="tag">Tuberculosis in archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/tuberculosis-in-the-non-adults-from-romano-british-poundbury-camp-dorset-england/" rel="tag">Tuberculosis in the non-adults from Romano-British Poundbury Camp, Dorset, England</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/why-are-some-diseases-more-easily-identified-on-skeletal-remains-than-others/" rel="tag">Why are some diseases more easily identified on skeletal remains than others</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/13/quick-tips-common-questions-why-are-some-diseases-more-easily-identified-on-skeletal-remains-than-others/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1235" class="post-1235 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anthropology category-archaeology tag-akitsu-ruins tag-anthropology tag-archaeological tag-archaeological-discoveries tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-in-japan tag-boundaries tag-c4-ad tag-early-fourth-century tag-early-yamato-imperial-court tag-excavation tag-excavations tag-fourth-century-ad tag-gose tag-imperial-court tag-japan tag-japanese-archaeology tag-japanese-imperial-court tag-nakanishi-ruins tag-nara-prefecture tag-pits tag-pits-houses tag-yamato-court"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/10/fourth-century-settlement-unearthed-in-japan/" title="5:15 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2016-01-10T17:15:05+00:00" pubdate>10/01/2016</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/10/fourth-century-settlement-unearthed-in-japan/" rel="bookmark">Fourth century settlement unearthed in Japan.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Archaeologists excavating in Nara Prefecture, Japan have discovered the remains of pit houses and ditches that indicate the boundaries of a settlement.</p> <p>This fourth century settlement was unearthed at the Nakanishi ruin archaeological site. It is believed that the newly revealed site could have been built alongside the nearby Akitsu ruins, which if proves to be true, would make this one of the largest fourth century settlements in Japan.</p> <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_1236" style="width: 472px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-1236" data-attachment-id="1236" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2016/01/10/fourth-century-settlement-unearthed-in-japan/nakanishi-ruins/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/nakanishi-ruins.jpg" data-orig-size="462,375" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Nakanishi ruins" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="<p>Archaeologists excavating in Nara Prefecture, Japan have discovered the remains of pit houses and ditches that indicate the boundaries of a settlement. </p> " data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/nakanishi-ruins.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/nakanishi-ruins.jpg?w=462" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1236" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/nakanishi-ruins.jpg?w=660" alt="Nakanishi ruins" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/nakanishi-ruins.jpg 462w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/nakanishi-ruins.jpg?w=150&h=122 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/nakanishi-ruins.jpg?w=300&h=244 300w" sizes="(max-width: 462px) 100vw, 462px" /><p id="caption-attachment-1236" class="wp-caption-text">Archaeologists excavating in Nara Prefecture, Japan have discovered the remains of pit houses and ditches that indicate the boundaries of a settlement.</p></div> <p>Fumiaki Imao, senior researcher at the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara has said that “the site occupies a prominent area,” and that it may have been used for rituals that were carried out by the early Yamato imperial court. Little is known about the actions of the Yamato imperial court during the fourth century, but archaeologists hope that their continuing excavation of this site will be able to offer fresh insights to the rituals that occurred.</p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Fourth%20century%20settlement%20unearthed%20in%20Japan.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2016%2F01%2F10%2Ffourth-century-settlement-unearthed-in-japan%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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<div class="entry-thumbnail"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/15/unusual-ology-strange-6500-year-old-neolithic-burials-discovered-in-egypt/" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Unusual-ology: Strange 6,500-year-old Neolithic Burials Discovered in Egypt."> <img width="619" height="391" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=619" class="post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="Unusual-ology: Strange 6,500-year-old Neolithic Burials Discovered in Egypt." decoding="async" loading="lazy" title="Unusual-ology: Strange 6,500-year-old Neolithic Burials Discovered in Egypt." srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=619 619w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=150 150w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=768 768w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg 822w" sizes="(max-width: 619px) 100vw, 619px" data-attachment-id="1225" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/15/unusual-ology-strange-6500-year-old-neolithic-burials-discovered-in-egypt/egypt-neolithic-bburials/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg" data-orig-size="822,519" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Jessica Saraceni","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1436258946","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Egypt Neolithic Burials" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=660" /> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/15/unusual-ology-strange-6500-year-old-neolithic-burials-discovered-in-egypt/" title="7:00 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2015-07-15T19:00:00+01:00" pubdate>15/07/2015</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/15/unusual-ology-strange-6500-year-old-neolithic-burials-discovered-in-egypt/" rel="bookmark">Unusual-ology: Strange 6,500-year-old Neolithic Burials Discovered in Egypt.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>A team of archaeologists, led by Jacek Kabaciński from the Polish Academy of Sciences, have discovered the burials of sixty adults in a cemetery in Gebel Ramlah, Egypt.</p> <p><img data-attachment-id="1225" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/15/unusual-ology-strange-6500-year-old-neolithic-burials-discovered-in-egypt/egypt-neolithic-bburials/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg" data-orig-size="822,519" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Jessica Saraceni","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1436258946","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Egypt Neolithic Burials" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=300" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=660" loading="lazy" class="aligncenter wp-image-1225 size-medium" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=300&h=189" alt="Egypt Neolithic Burials" width="300" height="189" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=300 300w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=600 600w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/egypt-neolithic-bburials.jpg?w=150 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></p> <p>The unusual thing about these burials is the discovery of a grave that contained the skeletal remains of two individuals, one of which has deliberate cuts on their femur. These cut marks have not been seen in other Neolithic burials that have been unearthed in North Africa. But this particular grave wasn’t the only odd one they found. Kabaciński’s team found another two unusual graves one which was found to be lined with stone slabs, but it’s the third burial they discovered which is the oddest.</p> <p>In the third grave, the skeletal remains of a man were found to be covered in pottery fragments, stones and lumps of red dye. Near his head a fragment of a Dorcas gazelle skull was found, which may have been used as a ceremonial headdress. The skeletal remains also showed signs of abnormal bone adhesions and fractures, leading Kabaciński to believe this man may have performed hunting rites.</p> <div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-rating-enabled sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this post!</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Unusual-ology%3A%20Strange%206%2C500-year-old%20Neolithic%20Burials%20Discovered%20in%20Egypt.&body=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsaafs.com%2F2015%2F07%2F15%2Funusual-ology-strange-6500-year-old-neolithic-burials-discovered-in-egypt%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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rel="tag">anthropological</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/anthropology/" rel="tag">Anthropology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeological/" rel="tag">archaeological</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/archaeology/" rel="tag">Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/burials/" rel="tag">burials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/egypt/" rel="tag">Egypt</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/gebel-ramlah/" rel="tag">Gebel Ramlah</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/kabacinski/" rel="tag">Kabaciński</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/neolithic-burials/" rel="tag">neolithic burials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/north-africa/" rel="tag">north africa</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/north-african-neolithic-burials/" rel="tag">north african neolithic burials</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/polish-academy-of-sciences/" rel="tag">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/unusual-archaeology/" rel="tag">unusual archaeology</a>, <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/tag/unusual-ology/" rel="tag">Unusual-ology</a></span> <span class="sep"> | </span> <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/15/unusual-ology-strange-6500-year-old-neolithic-burials-discovered-in-egypt/#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-1213" class="post-1213 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-textbook-of-the-week category-useful-literature tag-aafs tag-all-things-aafs-2 tag-anthropology tag-anthropology-essentials tag-anthropology-students tag-applied-anthropology tag-archaeology tag-archaeology-essentials tag-archaeology-students tag-bioarchaeology tag-textbook tag-textbook-of-the-week-2 tag-useful-literature-2"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"> <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/05/textbook-of-the-week-concise-oxford-dictionary-of-archaeology/" title="4:30 pm" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2015-07-05T16:30:00+01:00" pubdate>05/07/2015</time></a><span class="byline"> by <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://allthingsaafs.com/author/rosemaryhelenmayne/" title="View all posts by All Things AAFS!" rel="author">All Things AAFS!</a></span></span> </div> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/05/textbook-of-the-week-concise-oxford-dictionary-of-archaeology/" rel="bookmark">Textbook of the Week: Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology.</a></h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Every week we highlight one archaeology/anthropology textbook from our suggested readings, a full list of our suggested resources can be found <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/useful-literature/">here, on our Useful Literature page</a>.</p> <p><img data-attachment-id="1214" data-permalink="https://allthingsaafs.com/2015/07/05/textbook-of-the-week-concise-oxford-dictionary-of-archaeology/51uishkesl-_sy344_bo1204203200_/#main" data-orig-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/51uishkesl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg" data-orig-size="215,346" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="51uiSHk+esL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/51uishkesl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg?w=186" data-large-file="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/51uishkesl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg?w=215" loading="lazy" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1214" src="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/51uishkesl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg?w=660" alt="51uiSHk+esL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_" srcset="https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/51uishkesl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg 215w, https://allthingsaafs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/51uishkesl-_sy344_bo1204203200_.jpg?w=93&h=150 93w" sizes="(max-width: 215px) 100vw, 215px" /></p> <p style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://astore.amazon.co.uk/ata0e-21/detail/0199534047" target="_blank">Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</a> (UK/Europe Link)<br /> <a href="http://astore.amazon.com/ata07-20/detail/0199534047" target="_blank">Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</a> (US/Worldwide Link)<br /> <strong>by Timothy Darvill. </strong>Rating: <em>*****</em></p> <p style="text-align:center;">“Does exactly as the title says – it is very concise, making it handy to have for your written assignments or dissertations, especially when you’re having trouble with interpretations of archaeological features! It is also useful to decipher what is being said within published papers by breaking down the archaeological jargon into layman terms if you’re a beginner!<em>“</em></p> <p><strong><em>If you’re a student – check out our <a href="https://allthingsaafs.com/category/quick-tips/">‘Quick Tips’</a> posts where we breakdown topics of AAFS into bite-sized chunks. 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