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{"work":{"id":86916272,"created_at":"2022-09-19T09:00:10.409-07:00","from_world_paper_id":215366048,"updated_at":"2024-11-29T18:21:45.283-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Institute of History, University of Szeged","ai_title_tag":"Roman Military Innovations in the 3rd Century AD","grobid_abstract":"This hardcover monograph tries to represent how the main historical events and circumstances determined the transformation of Roman armour, weaponry and tactics in the years of the Severan Dynasty and soldier emperors. Paul Elliott, the author has a degree in archaeology and ancient history, he writes books on military history (The Last Legionary, Warrior Cults etc.), and recently his articles have been published in the Ancient Warfare magazine. As an archaeologist Elliott has tested bronze casting and fabrication of Roman shields so he utilized the acquired experiences to his book. The Legions in Crisis was published in 2014 by Fonthill Media and the dust jacket itself already rouses the readers' interest: on the front as well as on the back we can see Elliott himself as a third century Roman legionary in cross-bracing helmet, ringmail and sagum (\"cloak\"). On the first pages the author summarizes the main guidelines of his research: after Commodus' death the Roman army gained the political power with the aid of Septimius Severus who was also the distributor of the new types of weapons, armours and tactics (Introduction pp. 7-8). This thesis is the starting point of Elliott's whole logical contexture which can be separated into three blocks. After a List of Emperors (pp. 11-12) from Trajan to Diocletian, chapters 1-3 (pp. 13-48) represent Marcus Aurelius' Marcomannic Wars as the first crucial period, the rise and military reforms of Septimius Severus whence the late imperial \"defence in depth\" tactics is originated by Elliott, and the contracted history of the Severan Dynasty and soldier emperors until 253, the accession to power of Valerian and his son, Gallienus. Chapters 4-8 (pp. 49-115) brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by SZTE OJS Journals (University of Szeged / Szegedi...","publication_date":"2017,,","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"91263724"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"A book of the third century Roman military innovations P. Elliott, Legions in crisis : transformation of the Roman soldier AD 192-284 , Oxford = Charleston, Fonthill Media 2014","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [25777631]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":91263724,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “A book of the third century Roman military innovations P. 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Elliott, Legions in crisis : transformation of the Roman soldier AD 192-284 , Oxford = Charleston, Fonthill Media 2014</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25777631" href="https://u-szeged.academia.edu/Gerg%C5%91G%C3%B6nczi"><img alt="Profile image of Gergő Gönczi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Gergő Gönczi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2017</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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Studia nad wojskowością antyczną tom II” (2015), s. 69-91, ISBN 978-83-63374-37-2","attachmentId":48263855,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27962186/Hasta_Velitaris_The_first_edge_of_the_Roman_army_Res_Militaris_Studia_nad_wojskowo%C5%9Bci%C4%85_antyczn%C4%85_tom_II_2015_s_69_91_ISBN_978_83_63374_37_2","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27962186/Hasta_Velitaris_The_first_edge_of_the_Roman_army_Res_Militaris_Studia_nad_wojskowo%C5%9Bci%C4%85_antyczn%C4%85_tom_II_2015_s_69_91_ISBN_978_83_63374_37_2"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="59180333" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59180333/MILITARY_STRATEGIES_IN_THE_INITIAL_LATE_ANTIQUITY_A_D_313_350_CONTINUITIES_AND_BREACHES">MILITARY STRATEGIES IN THE INITIAL LATE ANTIQUITY (A.D. 313-350): CONTINUITIES AND BREACHES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23691275" href="https://unifal-mg.academia.edu/Ccarlan">Claudio carlan</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3436058" href="https://unicamp.academia.edu/PedroPauloAFunari">Pedro Paulo A. Funari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper aims at highlighting the role of war strategy in the early period of Late Antiquity, in the first half of the 4th. C. Starting with a general overview of the Roman army in a long term perspective, the paper studies in detail the reign of Constantine, particularly involving himself and Maxentius and Licinius (312-324 AD). The paper discusses military contexts, troop numbers, defense and offense strategies, using literary sources, but also material evidence, including numismatics, architecture, and statuary.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MILITARY STRATEGIES IN THE INITIAL LATE ANTIQUITY (A.D. 313-350): CONTINUITIES AND BREACHES","attachmentId":73236688,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59180333/MILITARY_STRATEGIES_IN_THE_INITIAL_LATE_ANTIQUITY_A_D_313_350_CONTINUITIES_AND_BREACHES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59180333/MILITARY_STRATEGIES_IN_THE_INITIAL_LATE_ANTIQUITY_A_D_313_350_CONTINUITIES_AND_BREACHES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="14301917" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14301917/Late_Roman_military_equipment_culture_in_Sarantis_A_and_Christie_N_ed_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Leiden_Boston_2013_463_92">'Late Roman military equipment culture', in Sarantis, A. and Christie, N. (ed.), War and Warfare in Late Antiquity, Leiden-Boston, 2013, 463-92</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3348332" href="https://st-andrews.academia.edu/JonCoulston">Jon Coulston</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper explores the cultural components of Late Roman military equipment through the examination of specific categories: waist belts, helmets, shields and weaponry. Hellenistic, Roman, Iron Age European, Mesopotamian-Iranian and Asiatic steppe nomad elements all played a part. The conclusion is that the whole history of Roman military equipment involved cultural inclusivity, and specifically that Late Roman equipment development was not some new form of ‘degeneration’ or ‘barbarization’, but a positive acculturation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'Late Roman military equipment culture', in Sarantis, A. and Christie, N. (ed.), War and Warfare in Late Antiquity, Leiden-Boston, 2013, 463-92","attachmentId":38262512,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14301917/Late_Roman_military_equipment_culture_in_Sarantis_A_and_Christie_N_ed_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Leiden_Boston_2013_463_92","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14301917/Late_Roman_military_equipment_culture_in_Sarantis_A_and_Christie_N_ed_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Leiden_Boston_2013_463_92"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="36621310" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36621310/Addressing_Criticisms_of_the_Late_Roman_Army_Expansion_and_Equipment">Addressing Criticisms of the Late Roman Army -Expansion and Equipment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19887217" href="https://qub.academia.edu/RyanDempsey">Ryan Dempsey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This short essay aims to address common popular and academic commentary on the state of the Late Roman Army - particularly the idea that the lack of expansion in the Late Roman army was a sign of martial weakness or inferiority, and the idea that the equipment used by the army in the late period was somehow inferior to that of earlier centuries</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Addressing Criticisms of the Late Roman Army -Expansion and Equipment","attachmentId":56551818,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36621310/Addressing_Criticisms_of_the_Late_Roman_Army_Expansion_and_Equipment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36621310/Addressing_Criticisms_of_the_Late_Roman_Army_Expansion_and_Equipment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="28024251" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28024251/Roman_military_equipment_in_the_4th_Century_BC_pilum_scutum_and_the_introduction_of_manipular_tactics_Folia_Archeologica_29_2013_s_38_65">Roman military equipment in the 4th Century BC: pilum, scutum and the introduction of manipular tactics, “Folia Archeologica” 29 (2013), s. 38-65</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1960095" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuliuszTomczak">Juliusz Tomczak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Roman military equipment in the 4 th century BC: pilum, scutum and the introduction of manipular tactics Słowa kluczowe: wojskowość starożytnego Rzymu, pilum, scutum, taktyka manewrowa W eapons and tactics of the Roman army in the era of the great wars with Carthage, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire, as well as in campaigns against the Celts and the tribes of Iberian Peninsula , waged in the years 264–133 BC, are the subject of many publications. Earlier periods in the development of Roman weapons and fighting techniques have been comparatively neglected. The main reason for this is the low reliability of literary sources (Small 2000, p. 230) and almost complete lack of archaeological finds, the context and dating of which can be linked with the army of Rome in the period of the Early Republic (Rawlings 2007, p. 54), as well as the scarcity of iconographic sources. However, this period was crucial for the emergence of a particular method of fighting of the army, which was to conquer the whole Mediterranean world. The aim of this text is to explain and interpret different types of sources and, as a result, to offer a reconstruction of major elements in the evolution of weapons and tactics of heavy infantry, which formed the backbone of the Roman army in the period when these changes occurred, with a special emphasis placed on the widespread use of oblong shield and heavy javelin in the 4 th century BC. Authors of principal publications concerning the subject of development of Roman arms and armour such as Michael C. Bishop and Jonathan Ch.N. Coulston (2006) as well as Michel Feugère (2002) begin their narrative from the First Punic War. There is no consensus among researchers as to the dating of the transformation of Roman weaponry and tactics in this period. Most of them do not agree with any date given by ancient authors, often emphasizing low reliability of written sources (e.g.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Roman military equipment in the 4th Century BC: pilum, scutum and the introduction of manipular tactics, “Folia Archeologica” 29 (2013), s. 38-65","attachmentId":48330582,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28024251/Roman_military_equipment_in_the_4th_Century_BC_pilum_scutum_and_the_introduction_of_manipular_tactics_Folia_Archeologica_29_2013_s_38_65","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28024251/Roman_military_equipment_in_the_4th_Century_BC_pilum_scutum_and_the_introduction_of_manipular_tactics_Folia_Archeologica_29_2013_s_38_65"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="12008506" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12008506/Military_Writers_Late_Empire_in_Y_LE_BOHEC_et_al_edd_The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Army_Chichester_Malden_MA_2015_">'Military Writers: Late Empire' in Y. LE BOHEC et al. (edd.), The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army (Chichester/Malden, MA, 2015).</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4480027" href="https://fu-berlin.academia.edu/PhilipRance">Philip Rance</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Y. LE BOHEC (ed.), with G. BRIZZI, E. DESCHLER-ERB, G. GREATREX, B. RANKOV and M. REDDÉ, The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army (Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester, E. Sussex/Malden, MA, 2015).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"'Military Writers: Late Empire' in Y. LE BOHEC et al. (edd.), The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army (Chichester/Malden, MA, 2015).","attachmentId":39210704,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12008506/Military_Writers_Late_Empire_in_Y_LE_BOHEC_et_al_edd_The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Army_Chichester_Malden_MA_2015_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12008506/Military_Writers_Late_Empire_in_Y_LE_BOHEC_et_al_edd_The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Roman_Army_Chichester_Malden_MA_2015_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":91263724,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":91263724,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_91263724" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1213652" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1213652/The_Later_Roman_Army">The Later Roman Army</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="684819" href="https://glasgow.academia.edu/DBCampbell">D B Campbell</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Later Roman Army","attachmentId":40820430,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1213652/The_Later_Roman_Army","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1213652/The_Later_Roman_Army"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="37577245" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37577245/Review_of_Mark_Hebblewhite_The_Emperor_and_the_Army_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire_AD_235_395_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1_28_2018_399_412">Review of Mark Hebblewhite, The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235-395, Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα 28 (2018): 399-412.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2282044" href="https://uq.academia.edu/MichaelStewart">Michael E Stewart</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Mark Hebblewhite, The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235-395, Βυζαντινά Σύμμεικτα 28 (2018): 399-412.","attachmentId":58146681,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37577245/Review_of_Mark_Hebblewhite_The_Emperor_and_the_Army_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire_AD_235_395_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1_28_2018_399_412","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37577245/Review_of_Mark_Hebblewhite_The_Emperor_and_the_Army_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire_AD_235_395_%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1_28_2018_399_412"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="36848366" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36848366/Mark_Hebblewhite_The_Emperor_and_the_Army_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire_AD_235_395_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2017_240_pp_ISBN_9781472457592">Mark Hebblewhite, The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235-395. London and New York: Routledge, 2017. 240 pp. ISBN 9781472457592.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22836468" href="https://uw.academia.edu/HaggaiOlshanetsky">Haggai Olshanetsky (חגי אולשניצקי)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SCRIPTA CLASSICA ISRAELICA, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mark Hebblewhite, The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235-395. London and New York: Routledge, 2017. 240 pp. ISBN 9781472457592.","attachmentId":56800862,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36848366/Mark_Hebblewhite_The_Emperor_and_the_Army_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire_AD_235_395_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2017_240_pp_ISBN_9781472457592","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36848366/Mark_Hebblewhite_The_Emperor_and_the_Army_in_the_Later_Roman_Empire_AD_235_395_London_and_New_York_Routledge_2017_240_pp_ISBN_9781472457592"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="4406276" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4406276/_Organisation_and_Life_in_the_Military_A_Bibliographic_Essay_in_Sarantis_A_and_N_Christie_2010_11_edd_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Current_Perspectives_Late_Antique_Archaeology_8_1_8_2_2010_11_2013_Pp_209_238_Leiden">“Organisation and Life in the Military: A Bibliographic Essay”, in Sarantis A. and N. 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Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Roman Empire, 200 BC-AD 476), Capri, March 29-April 2, 2005","attachmentId":110281488,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113281617/The_Impact_of_the_Roman_Army_200_BC_AD_476_Economic_Social_Political_Religious_and_Cultural_Aspects_Proceedings_of_the_Sixth_Workshop_of_the_International_Network_Impact_of_Empire_Roman_Empire_200_BC_AD_476_Capri_March_29_April_2_2005","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113281617/The_Impact_of_the_Roman_Army_200_BC_AD_476_Economic_Social_Political_Religious_and_Cultural_Aspects_Proceedings_of_the_Sixth_Workshop_of_the_International_Network_Impact_of_Empire_Roman_Empire_200_BC_AD_476_Capri_March_29_April_2_2005"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="4429332" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4429332/Kazanski_M_Barbarian_Military_Equipement_and_its_Evolution_in_the_Late_Roman_and_Great_Migration_Periods_3rd_5th_C_A_D_In_Sarantis_A_Christie_N_eds_War_and_Warfare_in_Late_Antiquity_Brill_Leiden_Boston_2013_493_522">Kazanski M., Barbarian Military Equipement and its Evolution in the Late Roman and Great Migration Periods («3rd-5th C.A.D.). In : Sarantis A., Christie N. (eds.), War and Warfare in Late Antiquity. Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2013, 493-522</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1820333" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MKazanski">Michel Kazanski</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Kazanski M., Barbarian Military Equipement and its Evolution in the Late Roman and Great Migration Periods («3rd-5th C.A.D.). In : Sarantis A., Christie N. (eds.), War and Warfare in Late Antiquity. 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