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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_extra_info plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_extra_info" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Tsat</b>, also known as <b>Utsat</b>, <b>Utset</b>, <b>Hainan Cham</b>, or <b>Huíhuī</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">回辉语</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">回輝語</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huíhuīyǔ</span></i>), is an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> language spoken by 4,500 <a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a> people in Yanglan (<span lang="zh">羊栏</span>) and Huixin (<span lang="zh">回新</span>) villages near <a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Tsat is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> group within the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language family, and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic languages</a> originating on the coast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. </p><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Tsat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Hainan Cham</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a> (?)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Highlands<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Northern Chamic<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tsat</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/huq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:huq">huq</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tsat1238">tsat1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1992">Tsat</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Tonogenesis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Tonogenesis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Sounds /ts, s/ may also be pronounced as [tɕ, ɕ] when before /i/.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Final glide sounds [j, w] may also occur as a realization of /i/, /u/ at the end of falling diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tonogenesis"><a href="/wiki/Tonogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonogenesis">Tonogenesis</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tonogenesis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Hainan Cham tones correspond to various <a href="/wiki/Proto-Chamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Chamic">Proto-Chamic</a> sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Thurgood_1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurgood_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hainan Cham Tonogenesis </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone value<br>(Hainan Cham) </th> <th>Type of tone<br>(Hainan Cham) </th> <th>Proto-Chamic final sound </th></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td>High </td> <td><b>*-h, *-s</b>; <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">PAN</a> *-q </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td>Falling </td> <td><b>*-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ</b><br>Voiceless final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initial<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><b>*-ay, *-an</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>Rising </td> <td><b>*-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ</b><br>Voiceless final: default </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Low </td> <td><b>Vowels and nasals, *-a:s</b><br>Voiced final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initial<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td>Mid </td> <td><b>Vowels and nasals, *a:s</b><br>Voiced final: default </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Unusually for an Austronesian language, Tsat has developed into a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> language, probably as a result of areal linguistic effects and contact with the diverse tonal languages spoken on Hainan including <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Tai–Kadai languages</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">if a voiced pre-initial is present, its voicing determines the tone even if the main syllable has a voiceless initial<sup id="cite_ref-Thurgood_1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurgood_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The finals <b>*-ay</b> and <b>*-an</b> turn into falling 42 regardless of initial voicing<sup id="cite_ref-Thurgood_1993_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurgood_1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/huq/">Tsat</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurgood & Li (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thurgood_1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thurgood_1993_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thurgood_1993_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thurgood_1993_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThurgood1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Thurgood, Graham</a> (1993). "Phan Rang Cham and Utsat: Tonogenetic Themes and Variants". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Gregerson, Kenneth J. (eds.). <i>Tonality in Austronesian Languages</i>. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication, 24. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phan+Rang+Cham+and+Utsat%3A+Tonogenetic+Themes+and+Variants&rft.btitle=Tonality+in+Austronesian+Languages&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publication%2C+24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Thurgood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsat+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurgood1999" class="citation book cs1">Thurgood, Graham (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBGYb84A7SAC&q=tsat+li&pg=PA230"><i>From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change: With an Appendix of Chamic Reconstructions and Loanwords</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2131-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2131-9"><bdi>0-8248-2131-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ancient+Cham+to+Modern+Dialects%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+of+Language+Contact+and+Change%3A+With+an+Appendix+of+Chamic+Reconstructions+and+Loanwords&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8248-2131-9&rft.aulast=Thurgood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBGYb84A7SAC%26q%3Dtsat%2Bli%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsat+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson1993" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, Jerold A. (1993). <i>Tonality in Austronesian Languages</i> (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1530-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1530-0"><bdi>0-8248-1530-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonality+in+Austronesian+Languages&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8248-1530-0&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=Jerold+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurgoodLi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thurgood, Graham; Li, Fengxiang (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v28i2.1033">"Contact Induced Variation and Syntactic Change in the Tsat of Hainan"</a>. <i>Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v28i2.1033">10.3765/bls.v28i2.1033</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F254195">1885/254195</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Meeting+of+the+Berkeley+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=Contact+Induced+Variation+and+Syntactic+Change+in+the+Tsat+of+Hainan&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F254195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Fbls.v28i2.1033&rft.aulast=Thurgood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Li%2C+Fengxiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3765%252Fbls.v28i2.1033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurgood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thurgood, Graham (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19552629-90000019">"Hainan Cham, Anong, and Eastern Cham: Three Languages, Three Social Contexts, Three Patterns of Change"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Contact</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19552629-90000019">10.1163/19552629-90000019</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Contact&rft.atitle=Hainan+Cham%2C+Anong%2C+and+Eastern+Cham%3A+Three+Languages%2C+Three+Social+Contexts%2C+Three+Patterns+of+Change&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19552629-90000019&rft.aulast=Thurgood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F19552629-90000019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurgoodThurgoodLi2014" class="citation book cs1">Thurgood, Graham; Thurgood, Ela; Li, Fengxiang (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSgABwAAQBAJ"><i>A Grammatical Sketch of Hainan Cham: History, Contact, and Phonology</i></a>. Pacific Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-877-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-877-8"><bdi>978-1-61451-877-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammatical+Sketch+of+Hainan+Cham%3A+History%2C+Contact%2C+and+Phonology&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-877-8&rft.aulast=Thurgood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Thurgood%2C+Ela&rft.au=Li%2C+Fengxiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSgABwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zheng, Yiqing 郑贻青 (1997). <i>Huíhuīhuà yánjiū</i> <bdi lang="zh">回辉话研究</bdi> [<i>A Study of the Huihui Language</i>] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai yuandong chubanshe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hu%C3%ADhu%C4%ABhu%C3%A0+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+%E5%9B%9E%E8%BE%89%E8%AF%9D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Shanghai+yuandong+chubanshe&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Yiqing+%E9%83%91%E8%B4%BB%E9%9D%92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez_Pereiro" class="citation web cs1">Pérez Pereiro, Alberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320070439/http://www.public.asu.edu/~aperez7/TONALITY.html">"Tonality in Phan Rang Cham and Tsat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~aperez7/TONALITY.html">the original</a> on 2006-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonality+in+Phan+Rang+Cham+and+Tsat&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez+Pereiro&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.asu.edu%2F~aperez7%2FTONALITY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsat+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csuchico.edu/~gthurgood/Papers/SEAPapers.html">Recent papers on Tsat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051055/http://www.csuchico.edu/~gthurgood/Papers/SEAPapers.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&oldid=1265275735">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&oldid=1265275735</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Tsat_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Kepler-1229b" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1735182803"> <span>Last edited on 26 December 2024, at 03:13</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التساتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التساتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Tsat" title="Tataramon na Tsat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Tsat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsati_keel" title="Tsati keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsati keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsat" title="Tsat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tsat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Tsat" title="Pagsasao a Tsat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Tsat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tsat" title="Bahasa Tsat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tsat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsat" title="Kitsat – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitsat" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ucat" title="Bahasa Ucat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ucat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Tsat" title="Bahaso Tsat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Tsat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%B2i-h%C5%ADi-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Huòi-hŭi-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huòi-hŭi-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E8%BC%9D%E8%AA%9E" title="回輝語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="回輝語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsat" title="Tsat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាត្សាត់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាត្សាត់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tsat" title="Lenga Tsat – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tsat" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tsat" title="Język tsat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tsat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Цатский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цатский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சாத்து மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாத்து மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Цат теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цат теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาทซัต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทซัต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsat_dili" title="Tsat dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tsat dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Tsat" title="Tiếng Tsat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tsat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E8%BC%9D%E8%A9%B1" title="回輝話 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="回輝話" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" 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