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<span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns_and_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nouns and pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_copula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_copula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The copula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_copula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs_and_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_and_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Verbs and adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_and_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attributives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Attributives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object_marking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_marking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Object marking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_marking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dead_animal_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_animal_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dead animal names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_animal_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculations_about_early_human_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculations_about_early_human_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Speculations about early human language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculations_about_early_human_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hadza language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="لغة هادزا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة هادزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza" title="Hadza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hadza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadzaeg" title="Hadzaeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hadzaeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatza" title="Hatza – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hatza" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_(Sprache)" title="Hadza (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hadza (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatsa_keel" title="Hatsa keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hatsa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hadza" title="Idioma hadza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma hadza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_(langue)" title="Hadza (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hadza (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9E%90%EC%96%B4" title="하자어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하자어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Hadza" title="Harshen Hadza – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Hadza" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_jezik" title="Hadza jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hadza jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Hadza" title="Asụsụ Hadza – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Hadza" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hadza" title="Lingua hadza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua hadza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihadza" title="Kihadza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihadza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_(lingua)" title="Hadza (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hadza (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%95%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хаѕа (јазик) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хаѕа (јазик)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%85%E3%82%A1%E8%AA%9E" title="ハヅァ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハヅァ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Hadza (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hadza (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza" title="Hadza – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hadza" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza" title="Hadza – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hadza" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Hadza" title="Lenga Hadza – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Hadza" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hadza" title="Język hadza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hadza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hadza" title="Língua hadza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hadza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Хадза (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хадза (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Hadza" title="Gjuha Hadza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Hadza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_jezik" title="Hadza jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hadza jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza" title="Hadza – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hadza" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza" title="Hadza – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hadza" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Хадза (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хадза (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hadza" title="Tiếng Hadza – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hadza" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33411#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Hadza</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;"><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">Hazane</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Singida region, southeast of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Eyasi" title="Lake Eyasi">Lake Eyasi</a>, camps south and northwest; Manyara region, Iramba and Mbulu districts; Shinyanga region, Masawa District.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,200–1,300 <span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts"><a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hazabee</a></i></span> (2012 census)<sup id="cite_ref-Skaanes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skaanes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,000+ (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-Skaanes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skaanes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hts" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hts">hts</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hadz1240">hadz1240</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/605">Hadza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottopedia" title="Glottopedia">Glottopedia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Hadza">Hadza</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadza_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hadza_map.svg/320px-Hadza_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hadza_map.svg/480px-Hadza_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hadza_map.svg/640px-Hadza_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the Hadza language (dark grey) in Tanzania</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Hadza is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Hadza</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> spoken along the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Eyasi" title="Lake Eyasi">Lake Eyasi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> by around 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza people</a>, who include in their number the last full-time <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> in Africa. It is one of only three languages in East Africa with <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click consonants</a>. Despite the small number of speakers, language use is vigorous, with most children learning it, but <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> categorizes the language as vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hadza go by several names in the literature. <i>Hadza</i> itself means "human being." <i>Hazabee</i> is the plural, and <i>Hazaphii</i> means "they are men." <i>Hatza</i> and <i>Hatsa</i> are older German spellings. The language is sometimes distinguished as <i>Hazane,</i> "of the Hadza".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Tindiga</i> is from Swahili <i>watindiga</i> "people of the marsh grass" (from the large spring in Mangola) and <i>kitindiga</i> (their language). <i>Kindiga</i> is apparently a form of the same from one of the local Bantu languages, presumably <a href="/wiki/Isanzu_language" title="Isanzu language">Isanzu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Kangeju</i> (pronounced <i>Kangeyu</i>) is an obsolete German name of unclear origin. <i>Wahi</i> (pronounced <i>Vahi</i>) is the German spelling of the <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_language" title="Sukuma language">Sukuma</a> name for either the Hadza west of the lake, or perhaps a Sukuma clan that traces its ancestry to the Hadza.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hadza is a language isolate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESands1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESands1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was once classified by many linguists as a <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan language</a>, along with its neighbour <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>, primarily because they both have <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click consonants</a>. However, Hadza has very few proposed <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> with either Sandawe or the other putative Khoisan languages, and many of the ones that have been proposed appear doubtful. The links with Sandawe, for example, are <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> loan words, whereas the links with southern Africa are so few and so short (usually single consonant–vowel syllables) that they are most likely coincidental. A few words link it with <a href="/wiki/Oropom_language" title="Oropom language">Oropom</a>, which may itself be spurious; the numerals <i>itchâme</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/it͡ʃʰaame/</span> "one" and <i>piye</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pie/</span> "two" suggest a connection with <a href="/wiki/Kw%CA%BCadza_language" title="Kwʼadza language">Kwʼadza</a>, an extinct language of hunter-gatherers who may have had recently shifted to Cushitic. (Higher numerals were borrowed in both languages.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several parallels have been collected with many of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistics" title="Lexicostatistics">lexicostatistical</a> proposal for Hadza as a member of the family, perhaps particularly close to <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilitarev2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilitarev2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was criticized by specialists of Hadza and Cushitic as more likely consisting of several layers of loanwords and some chance resemblances, due to insufficient regularity in <a href="/wiki/Sound_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound correspondence">sound correspondences</a> and a lack of grammatical evidence for a relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandsHarveyMousTosco2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandsHarveyMousTosco2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Starostin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Starostin">George Starostin</a> finds the hypothesis of a relationship of Hadza with Afroasiatic theoretically plausible, but that any demonstration of it by lexical comparison remains "almost by definition impossible", due to the reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Afroasiatic">Proto-Afroasiatic</a> being still poorly developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarostin2023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarostin2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are no dialects, though there is some regional vocabulary, especially Bantu loans, which are more numerous in the southern and western areas of high bilingualism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The language is marked as "<a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">threatened</a>" in <i>Ethnologue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hadza syllable structure is limited to CV, or CVN if nasal vowels are analyzed as a coda nasal. Vowel-initial syllables do not occur initially, and medially they may be equivalent to /hV/ – at least, no minimal pairs of /h/ vs zero are known.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hadza is noted for having medial clicks (clicks within morphemes). This distribution is also found in <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni Bantu languages</a>, but not in the Khoisan languages of southern Africa. Some of these words are historically derivable from clicks in initial positions (many appear to reflect lexicalized reduplication, for example, and some are due to prefixes), but others are opaque. As in Sandawe, most medial clicks are glottalized, but not all: <i>puche</i> 'a spleen', <i>tanche</i> 'to aim', <i>tacce</i> 'a belt', <i>minca</i> 'to lick one's lips', <i>laqo</i> 'to trip someone', <i>keqhe-na</i> 'slow', <i>penqhenqhe ~ peqeqhe</i> 'to hurry', <i>haqqa-ko</i> 'a stone', <i>shenqe</i> 'to peer over', <i>exekeke</i> 'to listen', <i>naxhi</i> 'to be crowded', <i>khaxxe</i> 'to jump', <i>binxo</i> 'to carry kills under one's belt'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neither lexical <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> has been demonstrated for Hadza. There are no known lexical <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> or grammatical use of stress/tone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hadza has five vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u]</span>. Long vowels may occur when intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span> is elided. For example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰaɦa]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰaː]</span> 'to climb', but some words are not attested with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[boːko]</span> 'she' vs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[boko]</span> 'to be ill'. All vowels are nasalized before glottalized nasal and voiced nasal clicks, and speakers vary on whether they hear them as nasal vowels or as VN sequences. Invariable <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>, although uncommon, do occur, though not before consonants that have a place of articulation to assimilate to. In such positions, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[CṼCV]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[CVNCV]</span> are allophones, but since VN cannot occur at the end of a word or before a glottal consonant, where only nasal vowels are found, it may be that nasal vowels are allophonic with VN in all positions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonants in shaded cells appear only in loanwords or are NC sequences, which do not appear to be single segments but are listed here to illustrate the orthography. (Not illustrated are nasal–click sequences in the middle of words: aspirated <i>nch, nqh, nxh</i> and tenuis <i>ngc, ngq, ngx</i>.) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Hadza consonants and orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>~<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>~<a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th> <th>central </th> <th>lateral </th> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">Click</a> </th> <th><small>Aspirated</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǀʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_consonant" title="Pre-stopped consonant">ᵏǁʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>Tenuis</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">ᵏǀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">ᵏǃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ᵏǁ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a></small> </th> <td rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Nasal_bilabial_click" title="Nasal bilabial click"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵑʘʷ<br />~<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑʘ͡ʔ</span></a><br /><span class="nowrap">⟨mcw⟩</span>)<sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ᵑǀ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nc⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ᵑǃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nq⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ᵑǁ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nx⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_click" title="Glottalized click">Glottalized nasal</a></small><sup>1</sup> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑǀ͡ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨cc⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑǃ͡ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨qq⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑǁ͡ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨xx⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">Aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ph⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨khw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨kw⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨–⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨bb⟩</span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>Aspirated <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a></small> </th> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐpʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨mp⟩</span> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿtʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nt⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑkʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nk⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>Tenuis prenasalized</small> </th> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐp</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨mb⟩</span> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nd⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑk</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑkʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ngw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ngʼ⟩</span> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ŋʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ngʼw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>Aspirated</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͜sʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tsh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͜ʃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tch⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">c͜𝼆ʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tlh⟩</span><sup>3</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>Tenuis</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͜s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͜ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tc⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨tl⟩</span><sup>3</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>Voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͜z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͜ʒ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>Ejective</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͜sʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨zz⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͜ʃʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨jj⟩</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ejective_palatal_lateral_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective palatal lateral affricate"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c𝼆ʼ</span></a> <span class="nowrap">⟨dl⟩</span><sup>3</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">k͜xʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨gg⟩</span><sup>4</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">k͜xʷʼ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ggw⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>Aspirated prenasalized</small> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt͜sʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nts/ns⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt͜ʃʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ntc⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>Tenuis prenasalized</small> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt͜s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nz⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt͜ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨nj⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="background: silver"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">fʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sl⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨hh⟩</span>)<sup>6</sup></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l, r⟩</span><sup>5</sup> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>)<sup>7</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>)<sup>7</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span><sup>7</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>The nasalization of the <a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">glottalized</a> nasal clicks is apparent on preceding vowels, but not during the hold of the click itself, which is silent due to simultaneous glottal closure. The labial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑʘ͡ʔ]</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑʘʷ]</span>) is found in a single mimetic word where it alternates with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑǀ]</span>.</li> <li>The labial ejective <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʼ/</span> is only found in a few words.</li> <li>The palatal affricates may be pronounced with an alveolar onset (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͜𝼆/</span> <i>etc.</i>), but this is not required.</li> <li>The velar ejective <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͜xʼ/</span> varies between a plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʼ]</span>, a central affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͜xʼ]</span>, a lateral affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͜𝼄ʼ]</span>, and a fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xʼ]</span>. The other central ejective affricates can surface as ejective fricatives as well (i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sʼ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʃʼ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[xʷʼ]</span>).</li> <li>The lateral approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is found as a <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> between vowels and occasionally elsewhere, especially in rapid speech. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> is most common <a href="/wiki/Post-pausa" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-pausa">post-pausa</a> and in repeated syllables (e.g. in <i>lola</i>, sp. rabbit). A lateral flap realization <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɺ]</span> can also occur.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> is known from only a single word, where it alternates with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Zero_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero onset">zero onset</a> appear to be allophones. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w,<span class="wrap"> </span>j]</span> may be allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u,<span class="wrap"> </span>i]</span>, and what are often transcribed in the literature as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> next to a back vowel or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> next to a front vowel (e.g. the msg <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> transcribed <i>-a, -ha, -wa, -ya</i>) are nothing more than transitions between vowels.</li> <li>The NC sequences only occur in word-initial position in loanwords. The voiced obstruents and nasal consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʷ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ/</span> and perhaps <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span> (on darker background) also seem to have been borrowed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElderkin1978_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElderkin1978-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A practical orthography has been devised by Miller and Anyawire.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, this orthography is not being used by any Hadza speakers and is therefore of limited value for communication in Hadza. It is broadly similar to the orthographies of neighboring languages such as Swahili, <a href="/wiki/Isanzu_language" title="Isanzu language">Isanzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqw_language" title="Iraqw language">Iraqw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>. The apostrophe, which is ubiquitous in transcription in the anthropological literature but causes problems with literacy, is not used: Glottal stop is indicated by vowel sequences (that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/beʔe/</span> is written <span class="nowrap">⟨bee⟩</span>, as in <span class="nowrap">⟨Hazabee⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦadzabeʔe/</span> 'the Hadza'), which true vowel sequences are separated by <i>y</i> or <i>w</i> (that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pie/</span> 'two' is written <span class="nowrap">⟨piye⟩</span>), though in some cases an <i>h</i> may be justified, and ejectives and glottalized clicks by gemination (apart from reduced <span class="nowrap">⟨dl⟩</span> instead of *ddl for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c𝼆ʼ/</span>). The ejectives are based on the voiced consonants, <span class="nowrap">⟨bb zz jj dl gg ggw⟩</span>, because these are otherwise found mostly in borrowings and thus not common. <i>Tc</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and <i>tch</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃʰ/</span> are as in Sandawe, <i>sl</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span> as in Iraqw. (This is ultimately a French convention.) Nasalized vowels / VN rimes are <span class="nowrap">⟨an en in un⟩</span>. Long vowels are <span class="nowrap">⟨â⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨aha⟩</span> where they are due to an elided <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span>. A tonic syllable may be written with an acute accent, <span class="nowrap">⟨á⟩</span>, but is generally not marked.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For more information, see <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hadza is a <a href="/wiki/Head-marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Head-marking">head-marking</a> language in both clauses and noun phrases. <a href="/wiki/Constituent_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent order">Word order</a> is flexible; the default constituent order is VSO, though VOS and fronting to SVO are both very common. The order of determiner, noun, and attributive also varies, though with morphological consequences. There is number and gender agreement on both attributives (for head nouns) and verbs (for subjects). </p><p>Reduplication of the initial syllable of a word, usually with tonic accent and a long vowel, is used to indicate 'just' (meaning either 'merely' or 'solely') and is quite common. It occurs on both nouns and verbs, and reduplication can be used to emphasize other things, such as the habitual suffix <i>-he-</i> or the pluractional infix <i><span class="nowrap">⟨kV⟩</span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_and_pronouns">Nouns and pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns and pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns have grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and number (singular and plural). They are marked by suffixes as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>sg.</th> <th>pl </th></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <td></td> <td>-bii </td></tr> <tr> <th>f </th> <td>-ko</td> <td>-bee </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The feminine plural is used for mixed natural gender, as in <i>Hazabee</i> 'the Hadza'. For many animals, the grammatical singular is <a href="/wiki/Transnumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnumeric">transnumeric</a>, as in English: <i>dongoko</i> 'zebra' (either one or a group). The masculine plural may trigger vowel harmony: <i>dongobee</i> 'zebras' (an individuated number), <i>dungubii</i> 'zebra bucks'. A couple of kin terms and the diminutive suffix <i>-nakwe</i> take <i>-te</i> in the m.sg., which is otherwise unmarked. </p><p>Gender is used metaphorically, with ordinarily feminine words made masculine if they are notably thin, and ordinarily masculine words made feminine if they are notably round. Gender also distinguishes such things as vines (m) and their tubers (f), or berry trees (f) and their berries (m). Mass nouns tend to be grammatically plural, such as <i>atibii</i> 'water' (cf. <i>ati</i> 'rain', <i>atiko</i> 'a spring'). </p><p>The names reported for dead animals do not follow this pattern. Calling attention to a dead zebra, for example, uses the form <i>hantayii</i> (masculine <i>hantayee</i>, plural (rare) <i>hantayetee</i> and <i>hantayitchii</i>). This is because these forms are not nouns, but imperative verbs; the morphology is clearer in the imperative plural, when addressing more than one person: <i>hantatate, hantâte, hantayetate, hantayitchate</i> (substitute <i>-si</i> for final <i>-te</i> when addressing only men; see below for the verbal object suffixes <i>-ta-, -a-, -eta-, -itcha-</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_copula">The copula</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The copula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>-pe</i> and <i>-pi</i> forms of nouns often seen in the anthropological literature (actually <i>-phee</i> and <i>-phii</i>) are <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular</a>: <i>dongophee</i> 'they are zebras'. The copular suffixes distinguish gender in all persons as well as <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a> in the 1st person. They are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>m.sg.</th> <th>f.sg.</th> <th>f.pl.</th> <th>m.pl </th></tr> <tr> <th>1.ex </th> <td rowspan="2">-nee</td> <td rowspan="2">-neko</td> <td>-'ophee</td> <td>-'uphii </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.in </th> <td>-bebee</td> <td>-bibii </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>-tee</td> <td>-teko</td> <td>-tetee</td> <td>-titii </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>-a</td> <td>-ako</td> <td>-phee</td> <td>-phii </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Forms with high vowels (<i>i, u</i>) tend to raise preceding mid vowels to high, just as <i>-bii</i> does. The 3.sg copula tends to sound like a <i>-ya(ko)</i> or <i>-wa(ko)</i> after high and often mid vowels: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oa,<span class="wrap"> </span>ea/</span> ≈ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[owa,<span class="wrap"> </span>eja]</span>, and transcriptions with <i>w</i> and <i>y</i> are common in the literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal and demonstrative pronouns are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">singular </th> <th colspan="2">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">masc</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">fem</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">fem</span></th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">masc</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st<br />person </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">exclusive</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">ono </td> <td rowspan="2">onoko </td> <td>ôbee </td> <td>ûbii </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">inclusive</span> </th> <td>onebee </td> <td>unibii </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>the </td> <td>theko </td> <td>ethebee </td> <td>ithibii </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">3rd<br />person </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">proximal</span> </th> <td>hama </td> <td>hako </td> <td>habee </td> <td>habii </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">given</span> </th> <td>bami </td> <td>bôko </td> <td>bee </td> <td>bii </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">distal</span> </th> <td>naha </td> <td>nâko </td> <td>nâbee </td> <td>nâbii </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">invisible</span> </th> <td>himiggê </td> <td>himiggîko </td> <td>himiggêbee </td> <td>himiggîbii </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are some additional 3rd-person pronouns, including some compound forms. Adverbs are formed from the 3rd-person forms by adding locative <i>-na</i>: <i>hamana</i> 'here', <i>beena</i> 'there', <i>naná</i> 'over there', <i>himiggêna</i> 'in/behind there'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs_and_adjectives">Verbs and adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Verbs and adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infix</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨kV⟩</span>, where V is an <a href="/wiki/Echo_vowel" title="Echo vowel">echo vowel</a>, occurs after the first syllable of verbs to indicate <a href="/wiki/Pluractional" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluractional">pluractionality</a>. </p><p>The copula was covered above. Hadza has several <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a>: sequential <i>ka-</i> and <i>iya-</i> ~ <i>ya-</i> 'and then', negative <i>akhwa-</i> 'not', and <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> <i>i-</i>. Their inflections may be irregular or have different inflectional endings from those of lexical verbs,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hadza <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense–aspect–mood</a> inflections </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>anterior/<br />non-past</th> <th>posterior/<br />past</th> <th>potential<br />conditional</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Veridical" class="mw-redirect" title="Veridical">veridical</a><br />conditional</th> <th>imperative/<br /><a href="/wiki/Hortative" title="Hortative">hortative</a></th> <th>purposive<br />(subjunctive) </th></tr> <tr> <th>1sg </th> <td>-ˆta</td> <td>-naa</td> <td>-nee</td> <td>-nikwi</td> <td></td> <td>-na </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.ex </th> <td>-'ota</td> <td>-'aa</td> <td>-'ee</td> <td>-'ukwi</td> <td></td> <td>-ya </td></tr> <tr> <th>1.in </th> <td>-bita</td> <td>-baa</td> <td>-bee</td> <td>-bikwi</td> <td>(use 2pl)</td> <td>-ba </td></tr> <tr> <th>2sg </th> <td>-tita ~ -ita</td> <td>-taa</td> <td>-tee</td> <td>-tikwi</td> <td>-'V</td> <td>-ta </td></tr> <tr> <th>2f.pl </th> <td>-(e)têta</td> <td>-(e)tea</td> <td>-etee</td> <td rowspan="2">-ˆtîkwi</td> <td colspan="2">-(ˆ)te </td></tr> <tr> <th>2m.pl </th> <td>-(i)tîta</td> <td>-(i)tia</td> <td>-itii</td> <td colspan="2">-(ˆ)si </td></tr> <tr> <th>3m.sg </th> <td>-eya</td> <td>-amo</td> <td>-heso</td> <td>-kwiso</td> <td>-ka</td> <td>-so </td></tr> <tr> <th>3f.sg </th> <td>-ako</td> <td>-akwa</td> <td>-heko</td> <td>-kwiko</td> <td>-kota</td> <td>-ko </td></tr> <tr> <th>3f.pl </th> <td>-ephee</td> <td>-ame</td> <td>-hese</td> <td>-kwise</td> <td>-keta</td> <td>-se </td></tr> <tr> <th>3m.pl </th> <td>-iphii</td> <td>-ami</td> <td>-hisi</td> <td>-kwisi</td> <td>-kitcha</td> <td>-si </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The functions of the anterior and posterior differ between auxiliaries; with lexical verbs, they are non-past and past. The potential and veridical conditionals reflect the degree of certainty that something would have occurred. 1sg.npst <i>-ˆta</i> and a couple other forms lengthen the preceding vowel. The 1.ex forms apart from <i>-ya</i> begin with a glottal stop. The imp.sg is a glottal stop followed by an <a href="/wiki/Echo_vowel" title="Echo vowel">echo vowel</a>. </p><p>Habitual forms take <i>-he</i>, which tends to reduce to a long vowel, before these endings. In some verbs, the habitual has become lexicalized (marking the <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">3.POST</span></span> forms with glottal stop), and so an actual habitual takes a second <i>-he</i>. Various compound tense-aspect-moods occur by doubling up the inflectional endings. There are several additional inflections which have not been worked out. </p><p>The inflectional endings are <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a> and may occur on an adverb before the verb, leaving a bare verb stem (verb root plus object suffixes). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attributives">Attributives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Attributives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As is common in the area, there are only a few bare-root adjectives in Hadza, such as <i>pakapaa</i> 'big'. Most attributive forms take a suffix with cross-gender number marking: <i>-e</i> (m.sg. and f.pl.) or <i>-i</i> (f.sg. and m.pl.). These agree with the noun they modify. The <i>-i</i> form tends to trigger <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, so that, for example, the adjective <i>one-</i> 'sweet' has the following forms: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>one</i> 'sweet' </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>masc </th> <td>onê (onehe)</td> <td>unîbii </td></tr> <tr> <th>fem </th> <td>unîko</td> <td>onêbee </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>-ko/-bee/-bii</i> ending may be replaced by the copula, but the <i>e/i</i> cross-number gender marking remains. </p><p>Demonstratives, adjectives, and other attributives may occur before or after a noun, but nouns only take their gender number endings when they occur first in the noun phrase: <i>Ondoshibii unîbii</i> 'sweet cordia berries', <i>manako unîko</i> 'tasty meat', but <i>unîbii ondoshi</i> and <i>unîko mana</i>. Similarly, <i>dongoko bôko</i> but <i>bôko dongo</i> 'those zebra'. </p><p>Verbs may also be made attributive: <i>dluzîko akwiti</i> 'the woman (<i>akwitiko</i>) who is speaking', from <i>dlozo</i> 'to say'. This attributive form is used with the copula to form the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive aspect</a>: <i>dlozênee</i> 'I am speaking' (male speaker), <i>dluzîneko</i> 'I am speaking' (female speaker). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Object_marking">Object marking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Object marking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs may take up to two object suffixes, for a direct object (DO) and indirect object (IO). These only differ in the <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, exclusive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1EX</abbr> and <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>. The <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indirect object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IO</abbr> suffixes are also used on nouns to indicate possession (<i>mako-kwa</i> 'my pot', <i>mako-a-kwa</i> 'it is my pot'). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Object/possessive suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> </th> <th colspan="2"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indirect object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IO</abbr> </th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr></th> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indirect object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IO</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, exclusive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1EX</abbr> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">-kwa</td> <td>-oba</td> <td>-ya </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, inclusive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1IN</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2">-ona ~ -yona </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, feminine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2">-ena</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">-ina </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, feminine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2F</abbr> </th> <td colspan="2">-na </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, masculine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3M</abbr> </th> <td>-a ~ -ya ~ -na</td> <td>-ma</td> <td colspan="2">-itcha </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3F</abbr> </th> <td>-ta</td> <td>-sa</td> <td colspan="2">-eta </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two object suffixes are only allowed if the first (the <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr>) is 3rd person. In such cases the <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr> reduces to the form of the attributive suffix: <i>-e</i> (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr> / <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>) or <i>-i</i> (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">F</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr> / <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">M</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>); only context tells which combination of number and gender is intended. 3rd-singular direct objects also reduce to this form in the imperative singular; 3rd-plural change their vowels but do not conflate with the singular: see 'dead zebra' under nouns above for an example of the forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The factors governing the word order within noun phrases are not known. Constituent order tends to be SXVO (where X is an auxiliary) for a new or emphasized subject, with the subject moving further back (XSVO, XVSO, and XVOS), or simply not mentioned (XVO) the better it is established. Where context, semantics, and the verbal suffixes fail to disambiguate, <i>verb–noun–noun</i> is understood to be VSO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hadza did not count before the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a>. Native numerals are <i>itchâme</i> 'one' and <i>piye</i> 'two'. <i>Sámaka</i> 'three' is a <a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a> loan, and <i>bone</i> 'four', <i>bothano</i> 'five', and <i>ikhumi</i> 'ten' are <a href="/wiki/Sukuma_language" title="Sukuma language">Sukuma</a>. <i>Aso</i> 'many' is commonly used instead of <i>bothano</i> for 'five'. There is no systematic way to express other numbers without using Swahili. </p><p>Dorothea Bleek suggested <i>piye</i> 'two' might have a Bantu source; the closest locally in <a href="/wiki/Nyaturu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaturu language">Nyaturu</a> <i>-βĩĩ</i>. (Other local Bantu languages have an l/r between the vowels.) Sands first recognized the similarity of 'one' and 'two' to Kwʼadza noted above. Militarev notes similar forms to <i>piye</i> in <a href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> <i>bíyúú</i> 'two'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilitarev202378_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilitarev202378-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dead_animal_names">Dead animal names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dead animal names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hadza has received some attention<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a dozen 'celebratory'<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'triumphal'<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> names for dead animals. These are used to announce a kill or find. They are (in the imperative singular): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Animal</th> <th>Generic name</th> <th>Triumphal name </th></tr> <tr> <td>zebra</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">dóngoko</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hantáyii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>giraffe</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">zzókwanako</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">háwayii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>buffalo</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">naggomako</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">tíslii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>leopard</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">nqe, tcanjai</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">henqêe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lion</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">séseme</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hubuwee</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eland</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">khomatiko</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hubuwii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>impala</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">p(h)óphoko</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">dlunkúwii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wildebeest<br />hartebeest</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">bisoko<br />qqeleko</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">zzonowii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">other large antelope</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hephêe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">small antelope</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hingcíyee</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rhinoceros</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">tlhákate</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hukhúwee</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>elephant<br />hippopotamus</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">beggáwuko<br />wezzáyiko</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">kapuláyii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>warthog<br />boar</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">dláha<br />kwa'i</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hatcháyee</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>baboon</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">neeko</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">nqokhówii</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ostrich</td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">khenangu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hushúwee</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The words are somewhat generic: <span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">henqêe</i></span> may be used for any spotted cat, <span title="Hadza-language text"><i lang="hts">hushuwee</i></span> for any running ground bird. 'Lion' and 'eland' use the same root. Blench thinks this may have something to do with the eland being considered magical in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An IO suffix may be used to reference the person who made the kill. Compare <i>hanta-</i> 'zebra' with the more mundane verbs, <i>qhasha</i> 'to carry' and <i>kw-</i> 'to give', in the imperative singular (when addressing one person) and the feminine imperative plural (when addressing the camp):<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hts" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanta-i-i</p><p lang="hts" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanta-ta-te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">zebra-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular">3fs</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">"A zebra!"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hts" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanta-i-ko-o</p><p lang="hts" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hanta-i-kwa-te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">zebra-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular">3fs</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indirect object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IO</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">"I got a zebra!"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(IMP.sg)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(IMP.pl)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">hanta-i-i hanta-i-ko-o</p><p style="display: none;">hanta-ta-te hanta-i-kwa-te</p><p style="display: none;">zebra-DO.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular">3fs</abbr>-IMP zebra-DO.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular">3fs</abbr>-IO.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-IMP</p><p style="display: none;">{"A zebra!"} {"I got a zebra!"}<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hts" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">qhasha-i-i</p><p lang="hts" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">qhasha-ta-te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">carry-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular">3fs</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">"Carry it!</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="hts" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kw-i-ko-o</p><p lang="hts" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kw-i-kwa-te</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="direct object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DO</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular">3fs</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indirect object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IO</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">"Give it to me!"</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">(IMP.sg)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(IMP.pl)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">qhasha-i-i kw-i-ko-o</p><p style="display: none;">qhasha-ta-te kw-i-kwa-te</p><p style="display: none;">carry-DO.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular">3fs</abbr>-IMP give-DO.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, feminine, singular">3fs</abbr>-IO.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular">1sg</abbr>-IMP</p><p style="display: none;">{"Carry it!} {"Give it to me!"}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speculations_about_early_human_language">Speculations about early human language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Speculations about early human language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003 the press widely reported suggestions by Alec Knight and Joanna Mountain of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> that the original human language may have had clicks. The purported evidence for this is genetic: speakers of <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan dialect">Juǀʼhoan</a> and Hadza have the most divergent known <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> of any human populations, suggesting that they were the first, or at least among the first, surviving peoples to have split off the family tree. In other words, the three primary genetic divisions of humanity are the Hadza, the Juǀʼhoan and relatives, and everyone else. Because two of the three groups speak languages with clicks, perhaps their common ancestral language, which by implication is the ancestral language for all humankind, had clicks as well. </p><p>However, besides the genetic interpretation, this conclusion rests on several unsupported assumptions: </p> <ul><li>Both groups have kept their languages, without <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>, since they branched off from the rest of humanity;</li> <li>Neither group borrowed clicks as part of a <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a>, as the Bantu <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a> (Zulu, Xhosa etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yeyi</a> did; and</li> <li>Neither the ancestors of the Juǀʼhoan nor those of the Hadza developed clicks independently, as the creators of <a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a> did.</li></ul> <p>There is no evidence that any of these assumptions are correct, or even likely. Linguistic opinion is that click consonants may well be a relatively late development in human language, that they are no more resistant to change or any more likely to be linguistic relics than other speech sounds, and that they are easily borrowed: at least one Khoisan language, <a href="/wiki/%C7%81Xegwi_language" title="ǁXegwi language">ǁXegwi</a>, is believed to have reborrowed clicks from Bantu languages, which had earlier borrowed them from Khoisan languages, for example. The Knight and Mountain article is the latest in a long line of speculations about the primitive origin of click consonants, which have been largely motivated by the outdated idea that primitive people speak primitive languages, which has no empirical support.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Watts_(author)" title="Peter Watts (author)">Peter Watts</a>'s science-fiction novel <a href="/wiki/Blindsight_(Watts_novel)" title="Blindsight (Watts novel)"><i>Blindsight</i></a>, Hadza is presented as the human language most closely related to the ancestral language of <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing the debunked hypothesis that clicks are good for hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Skaanes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skaanes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skaanes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaanes2015">Skaanes (2015)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottopedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottopedia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Hadza">Glottopedia article on Hadza language</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESands1998-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESands1998_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSands1998">Sands 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilitarev2023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilitarev2023_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilitarev2023">Militarev 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandsHarveyMousTosco2023-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandsHarveyMousTosco2023_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandsHarveyMousTosco2023">Sands et al. 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarostin2023-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarostin2023_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarostin2023">Starostin 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hts">"Hadza"</a>. <i>Ethnologue.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Hadza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fhts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Consonants in shaded cells appear only in loanwords or are NC sequences, which do not appear to be single segments but are listed here to illustrate the orthography. (Not illustrated are nasal–click sequences in the middle of words: aspirated <i>nch, nqh, nxh</i> and tenuis <i>ngc, ngq, ngx</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElderkin1978-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElderkin1978_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElderkin1978">Elderkin 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillerAnyawireBalaSands2013">Miller et al. (2013)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2008">Miller (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ya</i> and <i>ka</i> take <i>-ˆto, -tikwa, -ˆte, -ˆti</i> in the 3rd-person posterior rather than <i>-amo, -akwa, -ame, -ami</i>, for example. In lexical verbs, those endings are used with habitual <i>-he-</i> to emphasize it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilitarev202378-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilitarev202378_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilitarev2023">Militarev 2023</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkvall2006" class="citation book cs1">Parkvall, Mikael (2006). <i>Limits of Language: Almost Everything You Didn't Know You Didn't Know about Language and Languages</i>. Battlebridge Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903292044" title="Special:BookSources/9781903292044"><bdi>9781903292044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Language%3A+Almost+Everything+You+Didn%27t+Know+You+Didn%27t+Know+about+Language+and+Languages&rft.pub=Battlebridge+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781903292044&rft.aulast=Parkvall&rft.aufirst=Mikael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerBryanWoodburn1977">Tucker, Bryan & Woodburn (1977)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2008">Blench (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2008">Blench (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2009">Miller (2009)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These glosses are crude; these words do not translate into Swahili or English</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandsGüldemann2009">Sands & Güldemann (2009)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rifters.com/real/Blindsight.htm"><i>Blindsight</i>, with notes</a> at Watts' website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennisi2004">Pennisi (2004)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2008" class="citation conference cs1">Blench, Roger (7–9 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180216/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language%20data/Khoesan/Blench%20paper%20Riezlern%202008.pdf"><i>Hadza Animal Names</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 3rd International Khoisan Workshop. 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Riezlern.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Hadza+Grammar+Notes&rft.place=Riezlern&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36533859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation conference cs1">Miller, Kirk (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36533860"><i>Highlights of Hadza fieldwork</i></a>. LSA. San Francisco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+Hadza+fieldwork&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36533860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerAnyawireBalaSands2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Kirk; Anyawire, Mariamu; Bala, G.G.; Sands, Bonny (2013). Miller, Kirk (ed.). <i>A Hadza Lexicon</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hadza+Lexicon&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft.au=Anyawire%2C+Mariamu&rft.au=Bala%2C+G.G.&rft.au=Sands%2C+Bonny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennisi2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Pennisi" title="Elizabeth Pennisi">Pennisi, Elizabeth</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bec.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/108/archive/papers/Mountain_3-7-05_science.clicks.pdf">"The first language?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>303</b> (5662): 1319–1320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.303.5662.1319">10.1126/science.303.5662.1319</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14988547">14988547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+first+language%3F&rft.volume=303&rft.issue=5662&rft.pages=1319-1320&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.303.5662.1319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14988547&rft.aulast=Pennisi&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bec.ucla.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F108%2Farchive%2Fpapers%2FMountain_3-7-05_science.clicks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sands, Bonny (1998). 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"Notes on Hadza cosmology: Epeme, objects and rituals". <i>Hunter Gatherer Research</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 247–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fhgr.2015.13">10.3828/hgr.2015.13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hunter+Gatherer+Research&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Hadza+cosmology%3A+Epeme%2C+objects+and+rituals&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-267&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Fhgr.2015.13&rft.aulast=Skaanes&rft.aufirst=Thea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarostin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Starostin, George (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jolr.ru/index.php?article=335">"How we could show that Hadza is Afroasiatic: a response to Militarev's "Hadza as Afrasian?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i>. <b>2</b> (21): 110–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=How+we+could+show+that+Hadza+is+Afroasiatic%3A+a+response+to+Militarev%27s+%22Hadza+as+Afrasian%3F%22&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=110-116&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Starostin&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjolr.ru%2Findex.php%3Farticle%3D335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerBryanWoodburn1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tucker, A.N.; Bryan, M.A; Woodburn, James (1977). "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison". In Moehlig, J.G.; Rottland, Franz; Heine, Bernd (eds.). <i>Zur Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistorie in Afrika: neue Beiträge afrikanistischer Forschungen</i>. Berlin: Dietrich Diener Verlag. pp. 300–323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783496001003" title="Special:BookSources/9783496001003"><bdi>9783496001003</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5773661">5773661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+East+African+Click+Languages%3A+A+Phonetic+Comparison&rft.btitle=Zur+Sprachgeschichte+und+Ethnohistorie+in+Afrika%3A+neue+Beitr%C3%A4ge+afrikanistischer+Forschungen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=300-323&rft.pub=Dietrich+Diener+Verlag&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5773661&rft.isbn=9783496001003&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rft.au=Bryan%2C+M.A&rft.au=Woodburn%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadza_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Hadza">Hadza at Glottopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041030211058/http://www.african.gu.se/maho/eball/samples/sample_w500.html">Hadza bibliography</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Hadza_lemmas">Hadza entries at Wiktionary</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson,_IanSands,_Bonny1991" class="citation web cs1">Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian; Sands, Bonny (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004034756/http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/HTS/hts.html">"Hadza"</a>. UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/HTS/hts.html">the original</a> on 2015-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hadza&rft.pub=UCLA+Phonetics+Lab+Archive&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Sands%2C+Bonny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.phonetics.ucla.edu%2FLanguage%2FHTS%2Fhts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span> Hadza wordlist and sound files.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandsMaddieson,_IanLadefoged,_Peter1993" class="citation book cs1">Sands, Bonny; Maddieson, Ian; Ladefoged, Peter (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/uclaling/wpp/No84/">"The phonetic structures of Hadza"</a>. <i>Fieldwork studies of targeted languages</i>. UCLA working papers in phonetics. pp. 67–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+phonetic+structures+of+Hadza&rft.btitle=Fieldwork+studies+of+targeted+languages&rft.series=UCLA+working+papers+in+phonetics&rft.pages=67-87&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Bonny&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rft.au=Ladefoged%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositories.cdlib.org%2Fuclaling%2Fwpp%2FNo84%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdenmyr2004" class="citation journal cs1">Edenmyr, Niklas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706040409/http://www.african.gu.se/aa/pdfs/aa04003.pdf">"The semantics of Hadza gender assignment: a few notes from the field"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Africa & Asia</i> (4). Göteborg: Dept of Oriental and African languages, Göteborg University: 3–19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.african.gu.se/aa/pdfs/aa04003.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+%26+Asia&rft.atitle=The+semantics+of+Hadza+gender+assignment%3A+a+few+notes+from+the+field&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Edenmyr&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.african.gu.se%2Faa%2Fpdfs%2Faa04003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHadza+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\hdz\hdz&limit=-1">Hadza basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Tanzania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Template:Languages of Tanzania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Template talk:Languages of Tanzania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Tanzania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Tanzania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Languages of Tanzania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Bantu_languages" title="Northeast Bantu languages">Northeast<br />Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bena–Kinga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bena_language" title="Bena language">Bena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hehe_language" title="Hehe language">Hehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinga_language" title="Kinga language">Kinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisi_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kisi language (Tanzania)">Kisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_language_(Tanzania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manda language (Tanzania)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwa_language" title="Pangwa language">Pangwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangu_language_(Tanzania)" title="Sangu language (Tanzania)">Sangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vwanji_language" title="Vwanji language">Vwanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaga_languages" title="Chaga languages">Chaga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kilimanjaro_language" title="Central Kilimanjaro language">Central Kilimanjaro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mochi_language" title="Mochi language">Mochi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweno_language" title="Gweno language">Gweno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombo_language" title="Rombo language">Rombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusa_language" title="Rusa language">Rusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kilimanjaro_language" title="West Kilimanjaro language">West Kilimanjaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes Bantu">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_language" title="Ha language">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangaza_language" title="Hangaza language">Hangaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikizu_language" title="Ikizu language">Ikizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikoma_language" title="Ikoma language">Ikoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jita_language" title="Jita language">Jita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabwa_language" title="Kabwa language">Kabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kara language (Tanzania)">Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerewe_language" title="Kerewe language">Kerewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaya_language" title="Kwaya language">Kwaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoreme_language" title="Ngoreme language">Ngoreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyambo_language" title="Nyambo language">Nyambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba-Simbiti_language" title="Suba-Simbiti language">Suba-Simbiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbwa_language" title="Sumbwa language">Sumbwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinza_language" title="Vinza language">Vinza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanaki_language" title="Zanaki language">Zanaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinza_language" title="Zinza language">Zinza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kikuyu–Kamba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonjo_language" title="Sonjo language">Sonjo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Bantu">Northeast Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digo_language" title="Digo language">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_language" title="Doe language">Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogo_language" title="Gogo language">Gogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagulu_language" title="Kagulu language">Kagulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_language_(Tanzania)" title="Kami language (Tanzania)">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutu_language" title="Kutu language">Kutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwere_language" title="Kwere language">Kwere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguru_language" title="Luguru language">Luguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngulu_language" title="Ngulu language">Ngulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagara_language" title="Sagara language">Sagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambala_language" title="Shambala language">Shambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidunda_language" title="Vidunda language">Vidunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaramo_language" title="Zaramo language">Zaramo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Takama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Holoholo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iramba_language" title="Iramba language">Iramba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isanzu_language" title="Isanzu language">Isanzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbu_language" title="Kimbu language">Kimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamwezi_language" title="Nyamwezi language">Nyamwezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuma_language" title="Sukuma language">Sukuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turu_language" title="Turu language">Turu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kilombero_languages" title="Kilombero languages">Kilombero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbunga_language" title="Mbunga language">Mbunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndamba_language" title="Ndamba language">Ndamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogolo_language" title="Pogolo language">Pogolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rufiji%E2%80%93Ruvuma_languages" title="Rufiji–Ruvuma languages">Rufiji–Ruvuma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matengo_language" title="Matengo language">Matengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matumbi_language" title="Matumbi language">Matumbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpoto_language" title="Mpoto language">Mpoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwera_language" title="Mwera language">Mwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndendeule_language" title="Ndendeule language">Ndendeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndengereko_language" title="Ndengereko language">Ndengereko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Ndonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngindo_language" title="Ngindo language">Ngindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nindi_language" title="Nindi language">Nindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_language" title="Yao language">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rukwa_languages" title="Rukwa languages">Rukwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungu_language" title="Bungu language">Bungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fipa_language" title="Fipa language">Fipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambya_language" title="Lambya language">Lambya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malila_language" title="Malila language">Malila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambwe-Lungu_language" title="Mambwe-Lungu language">Mambwe-Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanga_language" title="Mwanga language">Mwanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyakyusa_language" title="Nyakyusa language">Nyakyusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiha_language" title="Nyiha language">Nyiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyika_language" title="Nyika language">Nyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwa_language" title="Safwa language">Safwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_language" title="Wanda language">Wanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Bantu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhuwa_language" title="Makhuwa language">Makhuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbamba_Bay_language" title="Mbamba Bay language">Mbamba Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbugwe_language" title="Mbugwe language">Mbugwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangi_language" title="Rangi language">Rangi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagwa_language" title="Alagwa language">Alagwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_language" title="Asa language">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burunge_language" title="Burunge language">Burunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorowa_language" title="Gorowa language">Gorowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqw_language" title="Iraqw language">Iraqw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kw%CA%BCadza_language" title="Kwʼadza language">Kwʼadza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisankasa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisankasa language">Kisankasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwavi_dialect" title="Kwavi dialect">Kwavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediak language">Mediak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosiro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosiro language">Mosiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngasa_language" title="Ngasa language">Ngasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates/unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaio_language" title="Omaio language">Omaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti-Dorobo_language" title="Serengeti-Dorobo language">"Serengeti-Dorobo"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">7 school sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Khoisan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khoisan" title="Template:Khoisan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Khoisan" title="Template talk:Khoisan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khoisan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Khoisan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Khoisan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eini_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eini language">Eini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C7%81ana_language" title="Gǁana language">Gǁana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C7%80ui_dialect" title="Gǀui dialect">Gǀwi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Haba_language" title="ǂHaba language">ǂHaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Khwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoemana" title="Khoemana">Korana/Griqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shua_language" title="Shua language">Shua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwa_language" title="Tshwa language">Tshwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kwadi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwadi_language" title="Kwadi language">Kwadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zorotua_dialect" title="Zorotua dialect">Zorotua</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kxʼa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">ǃKung</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekele_language" title="Sekele language">Sekele / Northern ǃKung</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ekoka_%C7%83Kung" title="Ekoka ǃKung">Ekoka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_%C7%83Kung" title="Central ǃKung">Central ǃKung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%CA%BCao%C7%81%CA%BCae" title="ǂKxʼaoǁʼae">ǂKxʼaoǁʼae</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ǂʼAmkoe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C7%82%CA%BCAmkoe_language" title="ǂʼAmkoe language">ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nossob_language" title="Lower Nossob language">Lower Nossob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa (ǃXoon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ǃKwi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boshof_%C7%83Ui" title="Boshof ǃUi">Boshof ǃUi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83G%C3%A3%C7%83ne_language" title="ǃGãǃne language">ǃGãǃne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%81K%C4%81_language" title="ǁKā language">ǁKā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǁng (Nǀuu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seroa_language" title="Seroa language">Seroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%81%C5%A8%C7%81%CA%BCe_language" title="ǁŨǁʼe language">ǁŨǁʼe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Ungkue_language" title="ǂUngkue language">ǂUngkue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%80Xam_language" title="ǀXam language">ǀXam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%81Xegwi_language" title="ǁXegwi language">ǁXegwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hadza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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