CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Papuan languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"41ee5b90-3aa4-473e-af21-9965851d94f2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Papuan_languages","wgTitle":"Papuan languages","wgCurRevisionId":1274754777,"wgRevisionId":1274754777,"wgArticleId":353507,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Language articles with unsupported infobox fields","Families missing Glottolog code","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Papuan languages","Languages of Indonesia","Languages of Papua New Guinea"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel": "wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Papuan_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":353507,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q236425","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg/1200px-Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg/800px-Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg/640px-Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Papuan languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Papuan_languages rootpage-Papuan_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Papuan+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Papuan+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Papuan+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Papuan+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaker_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaker_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Speaker numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaker_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wurm_(1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wurm_(1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wurm (1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wurm_(1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foley_(2003)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foley_(2003)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foley (2003)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foley_(2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ross_(2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ross_(2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ross (2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ross_(2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wichmann_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wichmann_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Wichmann (2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wichmann_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palmer_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palmer_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Palmer (2018)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palmer_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glottolog_4.0_(2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glottolog_4.0_(2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span><i>Glottolog</i> 4.0 (2019)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glottolog_4.0_(2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usher_&_Suter_(2024)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usher_&_Suter_(2024)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Usher & Suter (2024)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usher_&_Suter_(2024)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenberg's_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenberg's_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Greenberg's classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenberg's_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papuan languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoeas" title="Papoeas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Papoeas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua-Sprachen" title="Papua-Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Papua-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7" title="لغات بابوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات بابوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_pap%C3%BAes" title="Llingües papúes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües papúes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_dill%C9%99ri" title="Papua dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Papua dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Папуаскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папуаскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_papouek" title="Yezhoù papouek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù papouek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_pap%C3%BAs" title="Llengües papús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües papús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papu%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Papuánské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papuánské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuasprachen" title="Papuasprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papuasprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσες Παπούα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσες Παπούα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_pap%C3%BAes" title="Lenguas papúes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas papúes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_lingvaro" title="Papua lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papua lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های پاپوآیی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های پاپوآیی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_papoues" title="Langues papoues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues papoues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_pap%C3%BAas" title="Linguas papúas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas papúas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%91%B8%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EC%96%B4" title="파푸아 제어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파푸아 제어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan_Papuan" title="Harsunan Papuan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harsunan Papuan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պապուասյան լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պապուասյան լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuanski_jezici" title="Papuanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papuanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Papuano" title="Sasao a Papuano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Papuano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Papua" title="Rumpun bahasa Papua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Papua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_papuane" title="Lingue papuane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue papuane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa-basa_Papuah" title="Basa-basa Papuah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa-basa Papuah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kipapua" title="Lugha za Kipapua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kipapua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Папуас тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Папуас тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Papuanae" title="Linguae Papuanae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Papuanae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuasu_valodas" title="Papuasu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Papuasu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuas%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Papuasų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papuasų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_papuan" title="Linguas papuan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas papuan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pua_nyelvek" title="Pápua nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pápua nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondrom-piteny_papoa" title="Vondrom-piteny papoa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vondrom-piteny papoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პაპუასური ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პაპუასური ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Papua" title="Bahasa-bahasa Papua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Papua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoeatalen" title="Papoeatalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Papoeatalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%97%E3%82%A2%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="パプア諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パプア諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuaans_spriiken" title="Papuaans spriiken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Papuaans spriiken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Papuanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Papuanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuaspr%C3%A5k" title="Papuaspråk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Papuaspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_pap%C3%B3s" title="Lengas papós – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas papós" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuas_tillari" title="Papuas tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Papuas tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_papuan-e" title="Lenghe papuan-e – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe papuan-e" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_papuaskie" title="Języki papuaskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki papuaskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_papuas" title="Línguas papuas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas papuas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Папуасские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папуасские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Papuan languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papu%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Papuánske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Papuánske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuakielet" title="Papuakielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Papuakielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Papuanska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papuanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="กลุ่มภาษาปาปัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาปาปัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Папуаські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папуаські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="پاپوائی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاپوائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Papua" title="Ngữ hệ Papua – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Papua" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoeataelen" title="Papoeataelen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Papoeataelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="巴布亞諸語言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴布亞諸語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q236425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Papuan_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Papuan_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Papuan_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&oldid=1274754777" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Papuan_languages&id=1274754777&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPapuan_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPapuan_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Papuan_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Papuan_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q236425" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea and adjacent islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #fd79da;">Papuan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">(geographic)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">not genetically related</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #fd79da;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg/300px-Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg/450px-Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg/600px-Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The historical distribution of the Papuan languages, in red. Tan is <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> and grey the historical range of <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian</a> languages.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Papuan languages</b> are the non-<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> spoken on the western Pacific island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, as well as neighbouring islands in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> is the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there arguably are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to any other languages, plus many <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolates</a>. The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea, with a number spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands</a> to the east, and in <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alor_Archipelago" title="Alor Archipelago">Alor archipelago</a> to the west. The westernmost language, <a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>, is extinct. One Papuan language, <a href="/wiki/Meriam_language" title="Meriam language">Meriam</a>, is spoken within the national borders of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a>. </p><p>Several languages of <a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumba_languages" title="Sumba languages">Sumba</a>, and other islands of eastern Indonesia are classified as Austronesian but have large numbers of non-Austronesian words in their basic vocabulary and non-Austronesian grammatical features. It has been suggested that these may have originally been non-Austronesian languages that have borrowed nearly all of their vocabulary from neighboring Austronesian languages, but no connection with the Papuan languages of Timor has been found. In general, the <a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a> are marked by a significant historical Papuan influence, lexically, grammatically, and phonologically, and this is responsible for much of the diversity of the Austronesian language family. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Papuan languages" are a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a>. The concept of Papuan (non-Austronesian) speaking <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> was first suggested and named by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert_Ray" title="Sidney Herbert Ray">Sidney Herbert Ray</a> in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1892_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1892-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with <a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">William A. Foley</a> (1986): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term 'Papuan languages' must not be taken in the same sense as 'Austronesian languages'. While all Austronesian languages are genetically related in one family, in the sense that they all descend from a common ancestral language called Proto-Austronesian spoken some 6,000 years ago... [Papuan languages] do not all trace their origins back to a single ancestral language... when a language is termed 'Papuan', this claims nothing more than that a language is not Austronesian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley19862–3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley19862–3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speaker_numbers">Speaker numbers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Speaker numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Papuan languages are spoken by hundreds to thousands of people; the most populous are found in the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Highlands" title="New Guinea Highlands">New Guinea Highlands</a>, where a few exceed a hundred thousand. These include <a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a> (180,000 in 1993) and <a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a> (100,000 reported 1985) in the western (Indonesian) highlands, and <a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a> (230,000 in 2000), <a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a> (150,000 reported 2011), and <a href="/wiki/Melpa_language" title="Melpa language">Melpa</a> (130,000 reported 1991) in the eastern (PNG) highlands. To the west of New Guinea, the largest languages are <a href="/wiki/Makasae_language" title="Makasae language">Makasae</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> (100,000 in 2010) and <a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a> (80,000 reported 1990). To the east, <a href="/wiki/Terei_language" title="Terei language">Terei</a> (27,000 reported 2003) and <a href="/wiki/Naasioi_language" title="Naasioi language">Naasioi</a> (20,000 reported 2007) are spoken on Bougainville. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there has been relatively little study of these languages compared with the Austronesian family, there have been three preliminary attempts at large-scale genealogical classification, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Stephen Wurm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Malcolm Ross</a>. The largest family posited for the Papuan region is the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum (linguistics)">phylum</a>, consisting of the majority of Papuan languages and running mainly along the highlands of New Guinea. The various high-level families may represent distinct migrations into New Guinea, presumably from the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Wurm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wurm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since perhaps only a quarter of Papuan languages have been studied in detail, linguists' understanding of the relationships between them will continue to be revised. </p><p>Statistical analyses designed to pick up signals too faint to be detected by the comparative method, though of disputed validity, suggest five major Papuan stocks (roughly <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River_languages" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages">South</a> Papuan languages);<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> long-range comparison has also suggested connections between selected languages, but again the methodology is not orthodox in historical linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese languages</a> may be related to some western Papuan languages, but are not themselves covered by the term Papuan.<sup id="cite_ref-Wurm_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wurm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wurm_(1975)"><span id="Wurm_.281975.29"></span>Wurm (1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wurm (1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely used classification of Papuan languages is that of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Stephen Wurm</a>, listed below with the approximate number of languages in each family in parentheses. This was the scheme used by <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> prior to Ross's classification (below). It is based on very preliminary work, much of it <a href="/wiki/Language_typology" class="mw-redirect" title="Language typology">typological</a>, and Wurm himself has stated that he does not expect it to hold up well to scrutiny. Other linguists, including <a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">William A. Foley</a>, have suggested that many of Wurm's phyla are based on <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">areal features</a> and structural similarities, and accept only the lowest levels of his classification, most of which he inherited from prior taxonomies. Foley (1986) divides Papuan languages into over sixty small language families, plus a number of isolates. However, more recently Foley has accepted the broad outline if not the details of Wurm's classification, as he and Ross have substantiated a large portion of Wurm's Trans–New Guinea phylum. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross</a> (see below), the main problem with Wurm's classification is that he did not take <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">contact-induced change</a> into account. For example, several of the main branches of his Trans–New Guinea phylum have no vocabulary in common with other Trans–New Guinea languages, and were classified as Trans–New Guinea because they are similar <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">grammatically</a>. However, there are also many <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> that are grammatically similar to Trans–New Guinea languages due to the influence of contact and <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a>. Similarly, several groups that do have substantial basic vocabulary in common with Trans–New Guinea languages are excluded from the phylum because they do not resemble it grammatically. </p><p>Wurm believed the Papuan languages arrived in several waves of migration with some of the earlier languages (perhaps including the <a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu languages</a>) being related to the Australian languages,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bellwood_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellwood-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a later migration bringing the West Papuan, Torricelli and the East Papuan languages<sup id="cite_ref-books.google_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a third wave bringing the most recent pre-Austronesian migration, the Trans–New Guinea family.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Papuan families proposed by Wurm (1975) (with approximate numbers of languages)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto–Musan languages</a> (2)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso language</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa language</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head languages</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan languages</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geelvink_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelvink Bay languages">Geelvink Bay languages</a> (12)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuri_language_(New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri language (New Guinea)">Yuri language</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome language</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Baibai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari–Baibai languages">Kwomtari–Baibai languages</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May languages</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu languages</a> (104)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sko languages">Sko languages</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli languages</a> (48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a> (598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan languages</a> (26)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yal%C3%AB_language" title="Yalë language">Yalë language</a></i> (isolate)</li></ul> <p>Two of Wurm's isolates have since been linked as the </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo languages</a> (2),</li></ul> <p>and since Wurm's time another isolate and two languages belonging to a new family have been discovered, </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn language</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono–Awbono languages</a> (2).</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foley_(2003)"><span id="Foley_.282003.29"></span>Foley (2003)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foley (2003)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foley summarized the state of the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Trans–New Guinea and families possibly belonging in TNG (<a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea#Foley_(2003)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans–New Guinea">see</a>), he accepted the proposals for, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Papuan families other than TNG accepted by Foley (2003)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a> + <a href="/wiki/Lower_Ramu_languages" title="Lower Ramu languages">Lower Ramu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Sepik_languages" title="Middle Sepik languages">Middle Sepik</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a> and maybe <a href="/wiki/Sepik_Hill_languages" title="Sepik Hill languages">Sepik Hill</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sko languages">Sko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenderawasih Bay languages">Cenderawasih Bay</a> (probably related)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_languages_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bougainville languages (disambiguation)">Bougainville</a> (2 branches not close to each other: <a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a> + <a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ross_(2005)"><span id="Ross_.282005.29"></span>Ross (2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ross (2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malcolm Ross re-evaluated Wurm's proposal on purely lexical grounds. That is, he looked at shared vocabulary, and especially shared idiosyncrasies analogous to English <i>I</i> and <i>me</i> vs. German <i>ich</i> and <i>mich</i>. The poor state of documentation of Papuan languages restricts this approach largely to <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>. Nonetheless, Ross believes that he has been able to validate much of Wurm's classification, albeit with revisions to correct for Wurm's partially typological approach. (See <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a>.) <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (2009) largely follows Ross. </p><p>It has been suggested that the families that appear when comparing pronouns may be due to pronoun borrowing rather than to genealogical relatedness. However, Ross argues that Papuan languages have <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical word">closed-class</a> pronoun systems, which are resistant to borrowing, and in any case that the massive number of languages with similar pronouns in a family like Trans–New Guinea preclude borrowing as an explanation. Also, he shows that the two cases of alleged pronoun borrowing in New Guinea are simple coincidence, explainable as regular developments from the protolanguages of the families in question: as earlier forms of the languages are reconstructed, their pronouns become <i>less</i> similar, not more. (Ross argues that <a href="/wiki/Lexical_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical word">open-class</a> pronoun systems, where borrowings are common, are found in hierarchical cultures such as those of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where pronouns indicate details of relationship and social status rather than simply being grammatical <a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">pro-forms</a> as they are in the more egalitarian New Guinea societies.) </p><p>Ross has proposed 23 Papuan language families and 9–13 isolates. However, because of his more stringent criteria, he was not able to find enough data to classify all Papuan languages, especially many isolates that have no close relatives to aid in their classification. </p><p>Ross also found that the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo languages</a> (or at least the Warembori language—he had insufficient data on Pauwi) are Austronesian languages that have been heavily transformed by contact with Papuan languages, much as the <a href="/wiki/Takia_language" title="Takia language">Takia language</a> has. The <a href="/wiki/Reef_Islands_%E2%80%93_Santa_Cruz_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Reef Islands – Santa Cruz languages">Reef Islands – Santa Cruz languages</a> of Wurm's <a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan</a> phylum were a potential 24th family, but subsequent work has shown them to be highly divergent Austronesian languages as well. </p><p>Note that while this classification may be more reliable than past attempts, it is based on a single parameter, <i>pronouns,</i> and therefore must remain tentative. Although pronouns are conservative elements in a language, they are short and utilise a reduced set of the language's <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic inventory</a>. Both phenomena greatly increase the possibility of chance resemblances, especially when they are not confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> similarities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Papuan families proposed by Ross (2005)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans–New Guinea">Trans–New Guinea</a> (reduced to 466–493 languages)</li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Extended_West_Papuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended West Papuan">Extended West Papuan</a> (tentative) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan languages</a> (27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani languages</a> (9)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></i> (1–2)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi languages</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Cenderawasih (Geelvink Bay) languages</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain languages</a> (19; upper <a href="/wiki/Mamberamo_River" title="Mamberamo River">Mamberamo River</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor–Kwerba languages</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran languages</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sko languages">Skou languages</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border languages</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_%E2%80%93_Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Left May – Kwomtari languages">Left May – Kwomtari languages</a> (13) (problematic) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a> (2)</li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a> (3)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi languages</a> (2) (perhaps related to Sepik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli languages</a> (40–50) (perhaps related to Sepik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik languages</a> (51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_%E2%80%93_Lower_Sepik_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramu – Lower Sepik languages">Ramu – Lower Sepik languages</a> (40) (first proposed by Foley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat languages</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi languages</a> (2) (perhaps in Ramu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Central_Papuan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="South-Central Papuan languages">South-Central Papuan languages</a> (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly languages</a> (4; one in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain languages</a> (tentative) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a></i> (Yele) (isolate)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a></i> (isolate)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></i> (Pele-Ata, Wasi) (isolate)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining (East New Britain) languages</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville languages</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville languages</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomons_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Solomons languages">Central Solomons languages</a> (4)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Language isolates</dt></dl> <p>Sorted by location </p><p><i>north <a href="/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Irian</a>:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn language</a> (Baso, Foia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa language</a> (Donohue links it to Kwerba)</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sandaun_Province" title="Sandaun Province">Sandaun Province</a>:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karkar_language" title="Karkar language">Karkar language</a> (Yuri) – since shown to be a <a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauwasi language">Pauwasi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yal%C3%AB_language" title="Yalë language">Yalë language</a> (Nagatman)</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sepik_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepik River">Sepik River</a>:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiap language">Taiap language</a> (Gapun), located on what had been an offshore island 4000 BCE</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka language</a>, on <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol language</a>, on New Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot language</a> (Panaras), on <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <p>Former isolates classified by Ross: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso language</a> (Taurap), in the <a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome language</a> (Kibiri), in the Kiwai family of <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morwap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Morwap language">Morwap language</a> (Elseng), in the <a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border languages</a> (on basic lexical resemblances)</li></ul> <p>Languages reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian family</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a> (Donohue argues this is a <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexified</a> Papuan family; <a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a> may not belong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazukuru_language" title="Kazukuru language">Kazukuru language</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Islands_%E2%80%93_Santa_Cruz_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Reef Islands – Santa Cruz languages">Reef Islands – Santa Cruz</a> (2007)</li></ul> <p>Unclassified due to lack of data: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto–Musan languages</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenati_language" title="Kenati language">Kenati</a> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maramba language">Maramba</a> (unattested)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momuna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Momuna languages">Momuna family</a>: <a href="/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momuna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momuna language">Momuna</a> (Somahai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a> (apparently Kwerba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponi_language" title="Saponi language">Saponi</a> (shares basic vocab, but not pronouns, with Lakes Plains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a> (Ross placed it provisionally in East Bird's Head – Sentani to encourage research, but does not claim it is related)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofamna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofamna language">Tofamna</a> (isolate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a> (isolate)</li></ul> <p>Unaccounted for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a> (TNG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)">Pyu</a> (isolate, has been classified as Kwomtari–Baibai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a> (has been linked to Eleman, but with little evidence)</li> <li>There is a cluster of languages in West Papua between the upper <a href="/wiki/Taritatu_River" title="Taritatu River">Taritatu River</a> and the PNG border, including Molof, Usku, and Tofamna listed above but also <a href="/wiki/Namla_language" title="Namla language">Namla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murkim_language" title="Murkim language">Murkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a>, which do not appear to be related to each other or to other languages in the area. Namla, recently discovered, may prove to be related to Tofamna once more data comes in. Murkim and Lepki show some similarities to each other, though these may not be genetic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> (unclassified, with one lexical item possibly connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">languages of Timor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso_language" title="Doso language">Doso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wichmann_(2013)"><span id="Wichmann_.282013.29"></span>Wichmann (2013)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wichmann (2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Søren Wichmann</a> (2013) accepts the following 109 groups as coherent Papuan families, based on computational analyses performed by the <a href="/wiki/Automated_Similarity_Judgment_Program" title="Automated Similarity Judgment Program">Automated Similarity Judgment Program</a> (ASJP) combined with <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Harald Hammarström</a>'s (2012) classification.<sup id="cite_ref-Wichmann2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wichmann2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the groups could turn out to be related to each other, but Wichmann (2013) lists them as separate groups pending further research. </p><p>9 families have been broken up into separate groups in Wichmann's (2013) classification, which are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biksi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Biksi languages">Biksi</a> (2 groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a>-<a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a> (2 groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a> (2 groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik-Ramu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sepik-Ramu languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a> (5 groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehead-Wasur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Morehead-Wasur languages">Morehead-Wasur</a> (2 groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Trans-New_Guinea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Trans-New Guinea languages">Nuclear Trans-New Guinea</a> (16 groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> (2 groups: <i>Western</i> and <i>Eastern</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentanic</a> (2 groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sko languages">Sko</a> (2 groups)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Papuan families proposed by Wichmann (2013)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">West Timor-Alor-Pantar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oirata%E2%80%93Makasai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oirata–Makasai languages">East Timor</a>-<i><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunaq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namla%E2%80%93Tofanma_languages" title="Namla–Tofanma languages">Namla-Tofanma</a></li> <li>ex-Pauwasi-1 (Western <a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a>)</li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-1 (<a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum_languages" title="Mombum languages">Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marindic</a></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-2 (<a href="/wiki/Awyu%E2%80%93Dumut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awyu–Dumut languages">Awyu–Dumut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Gulf_languages" title="Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf</a></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-3 (<i><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></i>)</li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-4 (<a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a>)</li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-5 (<a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-6 (<a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin–Pa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li>ex-Dibiyaso-Doso-Turumsa-1 (<i><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Pogaya_languages" title="Duna–Pogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-7 (<a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walio_languages" title="Walio languages">Walio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerbic_languages" title="Kwerbic languages">Greater Kwerba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orya%E2%80%93Tor_languages" title="Orya–Tor languages">Tor-Orya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapauri</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yal%C3%AB_language" title="Yalë language">Yalë</a></i></li> <li>ex-Dibiyaso-Doso-Turumsa-2 (<a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-8 (<a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a>)</li> <li>ex-Morehead-Wasur-1 (<i><a href="/wiki/Yey_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yey language">Yey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nambu_languages" title="Nambu languages">Nambu</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam-Mansim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_languages" title="Pahoturi languages">Pahoturi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-9 (<a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></i></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-10 (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Adelbert_languages" title="Southern Adelbert languages">Southern Adelbert</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:anh" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:anh">Nend</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ate" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ate">Atemble</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ena" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ena">Apali</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:faj" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:faj">Faita</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:imi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:imi">Anamgura</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kqa" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kqa">Mum</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mmq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mmq">Musak</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:msx" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:msx">Moresada</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:omo" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:omo">Utarmbung</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pda" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pda">Anam</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pmr" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pmr">Paynamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:sbq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:sbq">Sileibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wdg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wdg">Wadaginam</a></i>)</li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-11 (<a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-12 (<a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Wissel Lakes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morori_language" title="Morori language">Moraori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a>-<a href="/wiki/Maramba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maramba language">Maramba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure-Narau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirio_languages" title="Tirio languages">Tirio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Suki-Gogodala</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Waia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waia language">Waia</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-13 (<a href="/wiki/Binanderean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binanderean languages">Binanderean</a> + <a href="/wiki/Kowan_languages" title="Kowan languages">Kowan</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bhg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bhg">Binandere</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bjz" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bjz">Baruga</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:koz" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:koz">Kowan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kpr" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kpr">Korafe</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:sue" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:sue">Suena</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wsk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wsk">Waskia</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:zia" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:zia">Zia</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></i>-<a href="/wiki/East_Kutubuan_languages" title="East Kutubuan languages">East Kutubu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></i>-<a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama-Kikori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Touo_language" title="Touo language">Touo</a></i></li> <li>ex-Kwalean-1 (<i><a href="/wiki/Humene_language" title="Humene language">Humene</a></i>-<i><a href="/wiki/Uare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uare language">Uare</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanahmerah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Savosavo_language" title="Savosavo language">Savosavo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilua_language" title="Bilua language">Bilua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></i></li> <li>ex-Sentanic-1 (<i><a href="/wiki/Sowari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowari language">Sowari</a></i>)</li> <li>ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-1 (<i><a href="/wiki/Ap_Ma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ap Ma language">Ap Ma</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiap language">Taiap</a></i></li> <li>ex-Sko-1 (<i><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ksi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ksi">I'saka</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:skv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:skv">Skou</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:vam" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:vam">Vanimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wut" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wut">Wutung</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dusur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusur language">Dusur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leitre_language" title="Leitre language">Leitre</a></i>)</li> <li>ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-2 (<a href="/wiki/Nor%E2%80%93Pondo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nor–Pondo languages">Nor–Pondo</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:aog" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:aog">Angoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:can" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:can">Chambri</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mtf" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mtf">Nor</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:xop" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:xop">Kopar</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:yee" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:yee">Yimas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geelvink_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelvink Bay languages">Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a></i>-<i><a href="/wiki/Yahadian_language" title="Yahadian language">Yahadian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a> family / <a href="/wiki/Inanwatan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan languages">Inanwatan</a></li> <li>Nuclear <a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urim_language" title="Urim language">Urim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumbo_languages" title="Monumbo languages">Monumbo</a></li> <li>ex-Sentanic-2 (<a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a> proper)</li> <li>ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-3 (<i><a href="/wiki/Banaro_language" title="Banaro language">Banaro</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li>ex-Kwalean-2 (<i><a href="/wiki/Mulaha_language" title="Mulaha language">Mulaha</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lavukaleve_language" title="Lavukaleve language">Lavukaleve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anem</a></i></li> <li>ex-Morehead-Wasur-2 (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunja_language_(Papuan)" title="Kunja language (Papuan)">Kunja</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papi_language" title="Papi language">Papi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li>ex-Biksi-1 (<i><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></i>)</li> <li>ex-Sko-2 (<i><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:rwa" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:rwa">Rawo</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wra" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wra">Barupu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Poo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Poo language">Poo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uni_language" title="Uni language">Ramo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumararo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumararo language">Sumararo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Womo_language" title="Womo language">Womo</a></i>)</li> <li>ex-Biksi-2 (<i><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yele_language" title="Yele language">Yeli Dnye</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki%E2%80%93Murkim_languages" title="Lepki–Murkim languages">Lepki–Murkim</a></li> <li>ex-Pauwasi-2 (Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></i></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-14 (<a href="/wiki/Croisilles_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Croisilles languages">Croisilles</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-15 (<i><a href="/wiki/Kobon_language" title="Kobon language">Kobon</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a></li> <li>ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-4 (<i><a href="/wiki/Rao_language" title="Rao language">Rao</a></i>)</li> <li>ex-Lower Sepik-Ramu-5 (<i><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:geb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:geb">Kire</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kct" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kct">Kaian</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:msy" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:msy">Aruamu</a></i>)</li> <li>ex-Nuclear Trans New Guinea-16 (<a href="/wiki/Croisilles_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Croisilles languages">Croisilles</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>An automated computational analysis (<a href="/wiki/ASJP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASJP">ASJP</a> 4) by Müller, Velupillai, Wichmann et al. (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-ASJP-4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASJP-4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found lexical similarities among the following language groups. Note that some of these automatically generated groupings are due to chance resemblances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Selected Papuan family groupings in the <i>ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity</i> (version 4)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monumbo_languages" title="Monumbo languages">Monumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wipi_language" title="Wipi language">Wipi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biksi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biksi language">Biksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yele_language" title="Yele language">Yele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki-Murkim_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepki-Murkim languages">Lepki-Murkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karkar-Yuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkar-Yuri language">Karkar-Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a>-<a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marienberg_languages" title="Marienberg languages">Marienberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touo_language" title="Touo language">Touo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savosavo_language" title="Savosavo language">Savosavo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilua_language" title="Bilua language">Bilua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binandere_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binandere languages">Binandere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waskia_language" title="Waskia language">Waskia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Border languages">Border</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_languages" title="Kwerba languages">Kwerba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abau_language" title="Abau language">Abau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale language">Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor-Alor-Pantar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Alor-Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriomo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriomo languages">Oriomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morehead_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Morehead languages">Morehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainantu languages">Kainantu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a>-<a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amto-Musan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amto-Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavukaleve_language" title="Lavukaleve language">Lavukaleve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anem language">Anem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urim_language" title="Urim language">Urim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorokan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorokan languages">Gorokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makayam_language" title="Makayam language">Makayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogodala languages">Gogodala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duna-Bogaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna-Bogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marind languages">Marind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asmat-Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat-Kamoro languages">Asmat-Kamoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mombum_languages" title="Mombum languages">Mombum</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubu-Towei_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubu-Towei languages">Dubu-Towei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma_language" title="Tofanma language">Tofanma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turama-Kikorian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama-Kikorian languages">Turama-Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awyu_languages" title="Awyu languages">Awyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Gulf_languages" title="Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ok-Oksapmin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ok-Oksapmin languages">Ok-Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapauku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauku language">Kapauku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doso_language" title="Doso language">Doso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awin-Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin-Pa languages">Awin-Pa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Schultze_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Schultze languages">Leonard Schultze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu-Wahgi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimbu-Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finisterre-Huon_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Finisterre-Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palmer_(2018)"><span id="Palmer_.282018.29"></span>Palmer (2018)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Palmer (2018)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bill Palmer et al. (2018) propose 43 independent families and 37 language isolates in the Papuasphere, comprising a total of 862 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-LLNGA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-LLNGA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 80 independent groups are recognized. While <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Pawley</a> & <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström</a>'s internal classification of Trans-New Guinea largely resembles a composite of Usher's and Ross' classifications, Palmer et al. do not address the more tentative families that Usher proposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest New Guinea</a>. </p><p>The coherence of the <a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Fas_languages" title="Kwomtari–Fas languages">Kwomtari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Solomons_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Solomons languages">Central Solomons</a> families are uncertain, and hence are marked below as "tentative."<sup id="cite_ref-Foley-Sepik-Ramu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-Sepik-Ramu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stebbins-Island_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-Island-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawley-TNG-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Papuan families proposed by Palmer (2018)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><i><b>Papuan independent language families (43 families)</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans_New_Guinea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans New Guinea languages">Trans New Guinea</a> (431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a> (50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> (45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik-Ramu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sepik-Ramu languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a> (35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a> (27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor-Alor-Pantar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Alor-Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a> (26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor-Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor-Kwerba languages">Tor-Kwerba</a> (23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a> (20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Border languages">Border</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sko languages">Sko</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cenderawasih Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a> (10) [tentative; 3 families?]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Fas_languages" title="Kwomtari–Fas languages">Kwomtari</a> (6) [tentative; 4 families?]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Schultze_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Schultze languages">Leonard Schultze</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a> (5) [tentative; 2 families?]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> (5) [tentative; 2 families?]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoturi River languages">Pahoturi River</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomons_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Solomons languages">Central Solomons</a> (4) [tentative; 4 isolates?]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriomo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriomo languages">Oriomo</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butam%E2%80%93Taulil_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Butam–Taulil languages">Butam-Taulil</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaure languages">Kaure</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepki languages">Lepki</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofanma languages">Tofanma</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yapen</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek-Maklew_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelmek-Maklew languages">Yelmek-Maklew</a> (2)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><i><b>Papuan isolates and unclassified languages (37 total)</b></i> </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bomberai_Peninsula" title="Bomberai Peninsula">Bomberai Peninsula</a> (5)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maibrat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maibrat language">Maibrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanah Merah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North coast / hinterland (12)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapauri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauri language">Kapauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Central <a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a> (2)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu">Ramu</a> basin (3)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiap language">Taiap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad%C3%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadë language">Yadë</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> / hinterland (8)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> (6)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makolkol_language" title="Makolkol language">Makolkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a>) (1)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glottolog_4.0_(2019)"><span id="Glottolog_4.0_.282019.29"></span><i>Glottolog</i> 4.0 (2019)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Glottolog 4.0 (2019)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i> 4.0 (2019), based partly on Usher, recognizes 70 independent families and 55 isolates.<sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog-4-0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-4-0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Papuan families proposed in <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i> 4.0</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Families (70)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Trans-New_Guinea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Trans-New Guinea languages">Nuclear Trans-New Guinea</a> (314) <ul><li><i>Subgroups</i>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a> (106)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre-Huon_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Finisterre-Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a> (61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat-Awyu-Ok_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat-Awyu-Ok languages">Asmat-Awyu-Ok</a> (49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu-Goroka_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainantu-Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a> (28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu-Wahgi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimbu-Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga-Kewa-Huli_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Enga-Kewa-Huli languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a> (5)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Torricelli_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Torricelli languages">Nuclear Torricelli</a> (55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> (36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik-Ramu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sepik-Ramu languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a> (30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor-Alor-Pantar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Alor-Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a> (23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a> (20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehead-Wasur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Morehead-Wasur languages">Morehead-Wasur</a> (19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Border languages">Border</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor-Orya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor-Orya languages">Tor-Orya</a> (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geelvink_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelvink Bay languages">Geelvink Bay</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sko languages">Sko</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Kwerba languages">Greater Kwerba</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboranic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimboranic languages">Nimboranic</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> (5)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arafundi_languages" title="Arafundi languages">Arafundi</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentanic languages">Sentanic</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suki-Gogodala_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Suki-Gogodala languages">Suki-Gogodala</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama-Kikori_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama-Kikori languages">Turama-Kikori</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walioic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Walioic languages">Walioic</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamula-Elevala_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamula-Elevala languages">Kamula-Elevala</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mairasic languages">Mairasic</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmapo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmapo languages">Ulmapo</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto-Musan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Amto-Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baibai-Fas_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibai-Fas languages">Baibai-Fas</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono-Awbono_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayono-Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogia_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogia languages">Bogia</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso-Turumsa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Doso-Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kutubu_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Kutubu languages">East Kutubu</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam-Mansim_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatam-Mansim languages">Hatam-Mansim</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan languages">Inanwatan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda-Yahadian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Konda-Yahadian languages">Konda-Yahadian</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari-Nai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari-Nai languages">Kwomtari-Nai</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki-Murkim_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepki-Murkim languages">Lepki-Murkim</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum-Koneraw_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mombum-Koneraw languages">Mombum-Koneraw</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namla-Tofanma_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Namla-Tofanma languages">Namla-Tofanma</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_languages" title="Pahoturi languages">Pahoturi</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulil-Butam_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Taulil-Butam languages">Taulil-Butam</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa-Saweru_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawa-Saweru languages">Yawa-Saweru</a> (2)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Isolates (55)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambakich_language" title="Ambakich language">Ambakich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anem language">Anem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_Ma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ap Ma language">Ap Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asabano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asabano language">Asabano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilua_language" title="Bilua language">Bilua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogaya language">Bogaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Damal language">Damal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna_language" title="Duna language">Duna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guriaso_language" title="Guriaso language">Guriaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure-Narau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaure-Narau language">Kaure-Narau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kehu language">Kehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibiri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibiri language">Kibiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosadle_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosadle language">Kosadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavukaleve_language" title="Lavukaleve language">Lavukaleve</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marori language">Marori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat-Karon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maybrat-Karon language">Maybrat-Karon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odiai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Odiai language">Odiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papi_language" title="Papi language">Papi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele-Ata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pele-Ata language">Pele-Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyu language (Papua New Guinea)">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savosavo_language" title="Savosavo language">Savosavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiap language">Taiap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanahmerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touo_language" title="Touo language">Touo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale language">Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_language" title="Yele language">Yele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerakai_language" title="Yerakai language">Yerakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usher_&_Suter_(2024)"><span id="Usher_.26_Suter_.282024.29"></span>Usher & Suter (2024)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usher & Suter (2024)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewGuineaSelonUsher.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/NewGuineaSelonUsher.png/440px-NewGuineaSelonUsher.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/NewGuineaSelonUsher.png/660px-NewGuineaSelonUsher.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/NewGuineaSelonUsher.png/880px-NewGuineaSelonUsher.png 2x" data-file-width="2633" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Language families of New Guinea, the North Moluccas, and the Lesser Sunda Islands according to Timothy Usher. Languages of Bougainville, the Solomon Islands, the Torres Strait Islands, and Northern Australia were not included in the study, and they are portrayed here according to current consensus.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following families are identified by Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter in their NewGuineaWorld project:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Papuan families proposed by Usher & Suter (2024)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arai_and_Samaia_Rivers_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arai and Samaia Rivers languages">Arai and Samaia Rivers</a> (unites <a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto–Musan</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenderawasih Bay languages">Cenderawasih Bay</a> (= East Geelvink Bay)</li> <li>Central New Guinea Highlands (<a href="/wiki/Enga_%E2%80%93_Southern_Highlands_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Enga – Southern Highlands languages">Enga – Southern Highlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simbu_%E2%80%93_Western_Highlands_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbu – Western Highlands languages">Simbu – Western Highlands</a> = Chimbu–Wahgi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">East Trans-Fly</a> (unites <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Trans-Fly_languages" title="Eastern Trans-Fly languages">Eastern Trans-Fly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_languages" title="Pahoturi languages">Pahoturi</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Waia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waia language">Waia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etna_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Etna Bay languages">Etna Bay</a> (= Mairasi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_%E2%80%93_Kerema_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaki Ae – Kerema Bay languages">Kaki Ae – Kerema Bay</a> (= Eleman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keram_and_Ramu_Rivers_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keram and Ramu Rivers languages">Keram and Ramu Rivers</a> (= Ramu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kibiri-Porome_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibiri-Porome language">Kibiri-Porome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwai languages">Kiwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plains_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes Plains languages">Lakes Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Sepik River languages">Lower Sepik River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a> – <a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Yuat River languages">Upper Yuat River</a> (unites <a href="/wiki/Arafundi_languages" title="Arafundi languages">Arafundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Yuat_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Yuat River languages">Middle Yuat River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehead_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Morehead River languages">Morehead River</a> (= Yam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawa River languages">Nawa River</a> (= Kaure–Kosare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest New Guinea</a> (tentative. unites <a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sko languages">Sko</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_%E2%80%93_Wharton_Range_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oro – Wharton Range languages">Oro – Wharton Range</a> (unites <a href="/wiki/Binanderean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binanderean languages">Binanderean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a> (tentative. unites <a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Kikorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a>–<i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauwasi River languages">Pauwasi River</a> (expands Pauwasi with several recently discovered languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a> (unites <i><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_language" title="Kwomtari language">Kwomtari</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yal%C3%AB_language" title="Yalë language">Nagatman</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepik River languages">Sepik River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_Range_%E2%80%93_Sepik_Coast_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Torricelli Range – Sepik Coast languages">Torricelli Range – Sepik Coast</a> (= Torricelli)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans–New Guinea">Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In addition, poorly attested <a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a> remains unclassified. Extinct <a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan languages</a> have not been addressed, except to identify <a href="/wiki/Yele_language" title="Yele language">Yele</a> as an Austronesian language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenberg's_classification"><span id="Greenberg.27s_classification"></span>Greenberg's classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greenberg's classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joseph Greenberg proposed an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a> phylum containing the (Northern) <a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese languages</a>, all Papuan languages, and the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian languages</a>, but not the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a>. Very few linguists accept his grouping. It is distinct from the Trans–New Guinea phylum of the classifications below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_relations">External relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese languages</a> (or at least the <a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese languages</a>) off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> are related to the Papuan or West Papuan languages. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Stephen Wurm</a> stated that the lexical similarities between Great Andamanese and the West Papuan and Timor–Alor families "are quite striking and amount to virtual formal identity [...] in a number of instances". However, he considered this not evidence of a connection between (Great) Andamanese and Trans–New Guinea, but of a <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> from an earlier migration to New Guinea from the west. </p><p>Greenberg also suggested a connection to the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian languages</a>. However, the Tasmanian peoples were isolated for perhaps 10,000 years, their disappearance wiped out their languages before much was recorded of them, and few linguists expect that they will ever be linked to another language family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">William A. Foley</a> (1986) noted lexical similarities between <a href="/wiki/R._M._W._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="R. M. W. Dixon">R. M. W. Dixon</a>'s 1980 reconstruction of proto-<a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">languages of the East New Guinea Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley1986_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley1986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that it was naïve to expect to find a single Papuan or Australian language family when New Guinea and Australia had been a <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">single landmass</a> for most of their human history, having been separated by the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Strait</a> only 8000 years ago, and that a deep reconstruction would likely include languages from both. However, Dixon later abandoned his proto-Australian proposal,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Foley's ideas need to be re-evaluated in light of recent research. Wurm also suggested the <a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu languages</a> have similarities with the Australian languages, but believed this may be due to a substratum effect,<sup id="cite_ref-bellwood_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellwood-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nevertheless believed that the Australian languages represent a linguistic group that existed in New Guinea before the arrival of the Papuan languages (which he believed arrived in at least two different groups).<sup id="cite_ref-books.google_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typology">Typology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a> languages are all <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">left-headed</a>, as well as the languages of <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a>. These languages all have <a href="/wiki/SVO_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="SVO word order">SVO word order</a>, with the exception of the language isolate <a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a>, which has <a href="/wiki/VSO_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="VSO word order">VSO word order</a>. All other Papuan languages are <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">right-headed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley-Typology_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-Typology-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonal</a> Papuan languages include the <a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Sko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley-Typology_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-Typology-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/48px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/64px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea">Proto-Trans–New Guinea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Papuan.html">"Papuan"</a>. <i>www.languagesgulper.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languagesgulper.com&rft.atitle=Papuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FPapuan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1892-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1892_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1892">Ray 1892</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley19862–3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley19862–3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley1986">Foley 1986</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wurm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wurm_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wurm_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wurm 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReesinkSingerDunn2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reesink, Ger; Singer, Ruth; Dunn, Michael (November 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2770058">"Explaining the Linguistic Diversity of Sahul Using Population Models"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>7</b> (11): e1000241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000241">10.1371/journal.pbio.1000241</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2770058">2770058</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19918360">19918360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+Linguistic+Diversity+of+Sahul+Using+Population+Models&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e1000241&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2770058%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19918360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000241&rft.aulast=Reesink&rft.aufirst=Ger&rft.au=Singer%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2770058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray Gell-Mann et al. (2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/distant.pdf">Distant Language Relationship: The Current Perspective</a>", <i>Journal of Language Relationship·Вопросы языкового родства</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2007" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQt6XWloU10C&q=relationship+between+trans+new+guinea+and+west+papuan+languages&pg=PT449"><i>Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1197-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+world%27s+endangered+languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1197-0&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQt6XWloU10C%26q%3Drelationship%2Bbetween%2Btrans%2Bnew%2Bguinea%2Band%2Bwest%2Bpapuan%2Blanguages%26pg%3DPT449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bellwood-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bellwood_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bellwood_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon2006" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2006). Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J; Tryon, Darrell (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian/austronesians"><i>The Austronesians</i></a>. ANU Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FA.09.2006">10.22459/A.09.2006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780731521326" title="Special:BookSources/9780731521326"><bdi>9780731521326</bdi></a> – via press.anu.edu.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FA.09.2006&rft.isbn=9780731521326&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Fox%2C+James+J.&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.anu.edu.au%2Fpublications%2Fseries%2Fcomparative-austronesian%2Faustronesians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sydney.edu.au/arts/research_projects/delp/papuan.php">"DELP - Papuan Languages"</a>. <i>sydney.edu.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sydney.edu.au&rft.atitle=DELP+-+Papuan+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2Farts%2Fresearch_projects%2Fdelp%2Fpapuan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wichmann2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wichmann2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichmann2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wichmann, Søren (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langlxmelanesia.com/wichmann313-386.pdf">"A classification of Papuan languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). <i>History, contact and classification of Papuan languages</i>. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia. Vol. Special Issue 2012. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. pp. <span class="nowrap">313–</span>386.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+classification+of+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=History%2C+contact+and+classification+of+Papuan+languages&rft.place=Port+Moresby&rft.series=Language+and+Linguistics+in+Melanesia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E386&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wichmann&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.langlxmelanesia.com%2Fwichmann313-386.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> codes: <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:abw" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:abw">abw</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ali" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ali">ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bie" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bie">bie</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bql" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bql">bql</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:buq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:buq">buq</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:dmc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:dmc">dmc</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:hih" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:hih">hih</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kgu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kgu">kgu</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mhl" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mhl">mhl</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mjj" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mjj">mjj</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mkr" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mkr">mkr</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mmi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mmi">mmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mvq" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mvq">mvq</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ped" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ped">ped</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pla" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pla">pla</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:prw" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:prw">prw</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:sks" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:sks">sks</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ukg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ukg">ukg</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wnb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wnb">wnb</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wnu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wnu">wnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:xow" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:xow">xow</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ybm" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ybm">ybm</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:yrw" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:yrw">yrw</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> codes: <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:aey" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:aey">aey</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:asd" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:asd">asd</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:awm" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:awm">awm</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bbd" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bbd">bbd</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bbr" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bbr">bbr</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bmh" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bmh">bmh</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bmx" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bmx">bmx</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:boj" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:boj">boj</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bpi" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bpi">bpi</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bpm" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bpm">bpm</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bpu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bpu">bpu</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:dnr" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:dnr">dnr</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:duk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:duk">duk</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:eri" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:eri">eri</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:fad" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:fad">fad</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gap" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gap">gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gaw" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gaw">gaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ggl" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ggl">ggl</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gmu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gmu">gmu</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:gyb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:gyb">gyb</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:igo" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:igo">igo</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:jil" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:jil">jil</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:klm" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:klm">klm</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kmf" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kmf">kmf</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:kop" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:kop">kop</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:lei" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:lei">lei</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mcz" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mcz">mcz</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mdc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mdc">mdc</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mlp" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mlp">mlp</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mqe" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mqe">mqe</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mqv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mqv">mqv</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mqw" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mqw">mqw</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mtc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mtc">mtc</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:nbk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:nbk">nbk</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pnr" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pnr">pnr</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:pup" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:pup">pup</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:rea" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:rea">rea</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:rmp" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:rmp">rmp</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:rpt" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:rpt">rpt</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:six" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:six">six</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:snr" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:snr">snr</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:snx" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:snx">snx</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:snz" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:snz">snz</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:spd" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:spd">spd</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:sra" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:sra">sra</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ssd" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ssd">ssd</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ssj" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ssj">ssj</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:swm" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:swm">swm</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tya" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tya">tya</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:urg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:urg">urg</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:urw" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:urw">urw</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:usu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:usu">usu</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:utu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:utu">utu</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wmc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wmc">wmc</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:wtf" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:wtf">wtf</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:xes" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:xes">xes</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:xsp" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:xsp">xsp</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ybo" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ybo">ybo</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ydk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ydk">ydk</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ynl" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ynl">ynl</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASJP-4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASJP-4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip">ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-LLNGA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-LLNGA_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2018" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+families+of+the+New+Guinea+Area&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley-Sepik-Ramu-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foley-Sepik-Ramu_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">Foley, William A.</a> (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). <i>Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622" title="Special:BookSources/0858835622"><bdi>0858835622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782">67292782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+prehistory+in+the+Sepik-Ramu+basin&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67292782&rft.isbn=0858835622&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holton-Birds-Head-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holton-Birds-Head_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltonKlamer2018" class="citation book cs1">Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">569–</span>640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Papuan+languages+of+East+Nusantara+and+the+Bird%E2%80%99s+Head&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E569-%3C%2Fspan%3E640&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Holton&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Klamer%2C+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stebbins-Island-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stebbins-Island_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebbinsEvansTerrill2018" class="citation book cs1">Stebbins, Tonya; Evans, Bethwyn; Terrill, Angela (2018). "The Papuan languages of Island Melanesia". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">775–</span>894. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Papuan+languages+of+Island+Melanesia&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E775-%3C%2Fspan%3E894&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Tonya&rft.au=Evans%2C+Bethwyn&rft.au=Terrill%2C+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawley-TNG-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pawley-TNG_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawleyHammarström2018" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trans+New+Guinea+family&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hammarstr%C3%B6m%2C+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-4-0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog-4-0_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family">"Glottolog"</a>. 4.0. Jena: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_Science_of_Human_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glottolog&rft.place=Jena&rft.series=4.0&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fglottolog%2Ffamily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usher, Timothy and Edgar Suter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/system/app/pages/subPages?path=/families">NewGuineaWorld</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoley1986-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoley1986_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoley1986">Foley 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2002" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). <i>Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47378-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47378-0"><bdi>0-521-47378-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Languages%3A+Their+Nature+and+Development&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-47378-0&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=R.+M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley-Typology-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foley-Typology_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foley-Typology_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">Foley, William A.</a> (2018). "The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">895–</span>938. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7"><bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+morphosyntactic+typology+of+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+the+New+Guinea+Area%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E895-%3C%2Fspan%3E938&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028642-7&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington1996" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Lois (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linguisticbiblio0000carr"><i>A linguistic bibliography of the New Guinea area</i></a></span>. Canberra: Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-449-1"><bdi>978-0-85883-449-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41223774">41223774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+linguistic+bibliography+of+the+New+Guinea+area&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41223774&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-449-1&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flinguisticbiblio0000carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoley1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">Foley, William A.</a> (1986). <i>The Papuan Languages of New Guinea</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28621-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28621-2"><bdi>0-521-28621-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13004531">13004531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papuan+Languages+of+New+Guinea&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13004531&rft.isbn=0-521-28621-2&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley,_AndrewRobert_AttenboroughRobin_HideJack_Golson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Pawley, Andrew</a>; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson, eds. (2005). <i>Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-562-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-562-2"><bdi>0-85883-562-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782">67292782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67292782&rft.isbn=0-85883-562-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1892" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert_Ray" title="Sidney Herbert Ray">Ray, Sidney Herbert</a> (1892). "The languages of British New Guinea". <i>Transactions of the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists</i>. II (1892): <span class="nowrap">754–</span>770.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Ninth+International+Congress+of+Orientalists&rft.atitle=The+languages+of+British+New+Guinea&rft.volume=II+%281892%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E754-%3C%2Fspan%3E770&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sidney+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm</a> (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). <i>Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858835622" title="Special:BookSources/0858835622"><bdi>0858835622</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67292782">67292782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pronouns+as+a+preliminary+diagnostic+for+grouping+Papuan+languages&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67292782&rft.isbn=0858835622&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurm1975" class="citation journal cs1">Wurm, S.A. (Ed.) (1975). <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Wurm, Stephen A.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/pl/C38/_toc.html">"Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene: New Guinea area languages and language study 1"</a>. <i>C-38</i>. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C38">10.15144/PL-C38</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F145150">1885/145150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858831322" title="Special:BookSources/9780858831322"><bdi>9780858831322</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37096514">37096514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=C-38&rft.atitle=Papuan+languages+and+the+New+Guinea+linguistic+scene%3A+New+Guinea+area+languages+and+language+study+1&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F145150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-C38&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37096514&rft.isbn=9780858831322&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=S.A.+%28Ed.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.papuaweb.org%2Fdlib%2Fbk%2Fpl%2FC38%2F_toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurm1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Wurm, Stephen A.</a> (1982). <i>The Papuan Languages of Oceania</i>. Tübingen: Narr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87808-357-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-87808-357-2"><bdi>3-87808-357-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8592292">8592292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papuan+Languages+of+Oceania&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Narr&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8592292&rft.isbn=3-87808-357-2&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurm1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Wurm, Stephen A.</a> (1983). "Papuan linguistics: past and future". <i>Language and Linguistics in Melanesia</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9188672">9188672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics+in+Melanesia&rft.atitle=Papuan+linguistics%3A+past+and+future&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9188672&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapuan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Comparative wordlists</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Conrad, R. and Dye, W. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-A40.1">Some Language Relationships in the Upper Sepik Region of Papua New Guinea</a>". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors, <i>Papers in New Guinea Linguistics</i> No. 18. A-40:1-36. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A40.1">10.15144/PL-A40.1</a></li> <li>Davies, J. and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, B.</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-A63.275">A linguistic survey of the Upper Yuat</a>". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors, <i>Papers in New Guinea Linguistics</i> No. 22. A-63:275-312. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A63.275">10.15144/PL-A63.275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dutton_(linguist)" title="Tom Dutton (linguist)">Dutton, T.E.</a> "Notes on the Languages of the Rigo Area of the Central District of Papua". In Wurm, S.A. and Laycock, D.C. editors, <i>Pacific linguistic studies in honour of Arthur Capell</i>. C-13:879-984. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C13.879">10.15144/PL-C13.879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Foley" title="William A. Foley">Foley, W.A.</a> "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Pawley, A., Attenborough, R., Golson, J. and Hide, R. editors, <i>Papuan Pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples</i>. PL-572:109-144. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2005.</li> <li>Franklin, K.J. "Other Language Groups in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas". In Franklin, K. editor, <i>The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea</i>. C-26:261-278. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C26.261">10.15144/PL-C26.261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Laycock" title="Donald Laycock">Laycock, Donald C.</a> 1968. Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea. <i><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Linguistics" title="Oceanic Linguistics">Oceanic Linguistics</a></i>, 7 (1): 36–66.</li> <li>Macdonald, G.E. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-C26.111">The Teberan Language Family</a>". In Franklin, K. editor, <i>The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea</i>. C-26:111-148. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C26.111">10.15144/PL-C26.111</a></li> <li>McElhanon, K.A. and <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Voorhoeve" title="Clemens Voorhoeve">Voorhoeve, C.L.</a> <i>The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in deep-level genetic relationships</i>. B-16, vi + 112 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-B16">10.15144/PL-B16</a></li> <li>Miedema, J. and Welling, F.I. "Fieldnotes on languages and dialects in the Kebar district, Bird's Head, Irian Jaya". In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors, <i>Papers in New Guinea Linguistics</i> No. 22. A-63:29-52. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A63.29">10.15144/PL-A63.29</a></li> <li>Shaw, R.D. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-A70.45">The Bosavi language family</a>". In Laycock, D., Seiler, W., Bruce, L., Chlenov, M., Shaw, R.D., Holzknecht, S., Scott, G., Nekitel, O., Wurm, S.A., Goldman, L. and Fingleton, J. editors, <i>Papers in New Guinea Linguistics</i> No. 24. A-70:45-76. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A70.45">10.15144/PL-A70.45</a></li> <li>Shaw, R.D. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/PL-C26.187">A Tentative Classification of the Languages of the Mt Bosavi Region</a>". In Franklin, K. editor, <i>The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea</i>. C-26:187-215. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C26.187">10.15144/PL-C26.187</a></li> <li>Thomson, N.P. "The Dialects of Magi". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors, <i>Papers in New Guinea Linguistics</i> No. 18. A-40:37-90. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A40.37">10.15144/PL-A40.37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Voorhoeve" title="Clemens Voorhoeve">Voorhoeve, C.L.</a> <i>Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists</i>. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-B31">10.15144/PL-B31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Voorhoeve" title="Clemens Voorhoeve">Voorhoeve, C.L.</a> "Miscellaneous Notes on Languages in West Irian, New Guinea". In Dutton, T., Voorhoeve, C. and Wurm, S.A. editors, <i>Papers in New Guinea Linguistics</i> No. 14. A-28:47-114. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A28.47">10.15144/PL-A28.47</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transnewguinea.org/">TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea</a> (by Simon Greenhill)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422025649/http://papuaweb.org/bib/hays/loc/">2003 bibliography of languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Indonesian Papua</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/index.asp">Summer Institute of Linguistics site on languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517013958/http://www.eastpapuan.ling.su.se/index.html?map.html">Map of Papuan languages (formerly known as the East Papuan family) of island Melanesia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.usyd.edu.au/research_projects/delp/papuan.php">Bill Foley on Papuan languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/papuan">Dryer's Papuan Language Families and Genera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011125015/http://www.elpr.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/essay/sakiyama.htm">Endangered Languages of the Pacific Region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/about-newguineaworld">Timothy Usher's Newguineaworld site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papuan_language_families_(Palmer_2018_classification)684" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papuan_languages" title="Template:Papuan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papuan_languages" title="Template talk:Papuan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papuan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papuan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papuan_language_families_(Palmer_2018_classification)684" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papuan language families</a> <br /><small>(<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Palmer_(2018)">Palmer 2018</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trans-New_Guinea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-New Guinea languages">Trans-New Guinea</a> <br />subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok-Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat-Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_languages" title="Mek languages">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Marori language">Marori</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala-Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikori_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Turama–Kikori languages">Turama-Kikori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin-Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre-Huon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu-Goroka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu-Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Enga-Kewa-Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna-Bogaya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Duna-Bogaya languages">Duna-Bogaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Binanderean_languages" title="Greater Binanderean languages">Greater Binanderean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor-Alor-Pantar</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="Nuclear South Bird's Head languages">Nuclear South Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan%E2%80%93Duriankere_languages" title="Inanwatan–Duriankere languages">Inanwatan–Duriankere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda%E2%80%93Yahadian_languages" title="Konda–Yahadian languages">Konda–Yahadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantion%E2%80%93Meax_languages" title="Mantion–Meax languages">Nuclear East Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam–Mansim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Tanah Merah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba languages">Tor-Kwerba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Sko</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_languages" title="Nimboran languages">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentani languages">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki%E2%80%93Murkim_languages" title="Lepki–Murkim languages">Lepki-Murkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angor_language" title="Angor language">Angor</a>-<a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma%E2%80%93Namla_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tofanma–Namla languages">Tofanma-Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yapen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kapauri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauri language">Kapauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yetfa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yetfa language">Yetfa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono-Awbono</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhunduni language">Uhunduni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik" title="Sepik">Sepik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu">Ramu</a> basin <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu%E2%80%93Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Ramu–Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik-Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwomtari languages">Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Schultze_languages" title="Leonhard Schultze languages">Leonhard Schultze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walio_languages" title="Walio languages">Walio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Papi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Papi languages">Papi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arafundi_languages" title="Arafundi languages">Arafundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Piawi_languages" title="Piawi languages">Piawi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Papuan)" title="Busa language (Papuan)">Busa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yad%C3%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadë language">Yadë</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marienberg_languages" title="Marienberg languages">Marienberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapesh_languages" title="Arapesh languages">Arapesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urim_languages" title="Urim languages">Urim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimai_languages" title="Maimai languages">Maimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapei_languages" title="Wapei languages">Wapei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palei_languages" title="Palei languages">Palei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_languages" title="One languages">One</a> (West Wapei)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumbo_languages" title="Monumbo languages">Monumbo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Sepik_languages" title="Middle Sepik languages">Middle Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndu_languages" title="Ndu languages">Ndu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuma_languages" title="Nukuma languages">Nukuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_languages" title="Yellow River languages">Yellow River</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yerakai_language" title="Yerakai language">Yerakai</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sepik_languages" title="Upper Sepik languages">Upper Sepik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wogamus_languages" title="Wogamus languages">Wogamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwam_languages" title="Iwam languages">Iwam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abau_language" title="Abau language">Abau</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Hill_languages" title="Sepik Hill languages">Sepik Hill</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_languages" title="Tama languages">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_languages" title="Ram languages">Ram</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amal_language" title="Amal language">Amal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a> subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Ramu_languages" title="Lower Ramu languages">Lower Ramu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottilien_languages" title="Ottilien languages">Ottilien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misegian_languages" title="Misegian languages">Misegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ramu_languages" title="Middle Ramu languages">Middle Ramu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grass_languages" title="Grass languages">Grass</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamolan_languages" title="Tamolan languages">Tamolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataitan_languages" title="Ataitan languages">Ataitan</a> (Tanggu)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Papua" title="Gulf of Papua">Gulf of Papua</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoturi_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoturi River languages">Pahoturi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriomo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriomo languages">Oriomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso-Turumsa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Doso-Turumsa languages">Doso-Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek-Maklew_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelmek-Maklew languages">Yelmek-Maklew</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dibiyaso_language" title="Dibiyaso language">Dibiyaso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaki_Ae_language" title="Kaki Ae language">Kaki Ae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamula_language" title="Kamula language">Kamula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karami_language" title="Karami language">Karami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purari_language" title="Purari language">Purari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabo_language" title="Tabo language">Tabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> <br />families and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulil%E2%80%93Butam_languages" title="Taulil–Butam languages">Butam-Taulil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makolkol_language" title="Makolkol language">Makolkol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island" title="Rossel Island">Rossel Island</a> <br />isolate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%A9l%C3%AE_Dnye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yélî Dnye language">Yélî Dnye</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly%E2%80%93Bulaka_River_languages" title="Trans-Fly–Bulaka River languages">Trans-Fly–Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%E2%80%93Kwerba_languages" title="Dani–Kwerba languages">Dani–Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_%E2%80%93_Sentani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head – Sentani languages">East Bird's Head – Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwomtari%E2%80%93Fas_languages" title="Kwomtari–Fas languages">Kwomtari–Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_May_%E2%80%93_Kwomtari_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Left May – Kwomtari languages">Left May – Kwomtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor%E2%80%93Kwerba%E2%80%93Nimboran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran languages">Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_Highlands_languages" title="West Papuan Highlands languages">West Papuan Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_West_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central West New Guinea languages">Central West New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Guinea_Highlands_languages" title="East New Guinea Highlands languages">East New Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_%E2%80%93_West_New_Britain_languages" title="Yele – West New Britain languages">Yele – West New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu_languages" title="Sepik–Ramu languages">Sepik–Ramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Trans–New Guinea">Proto-Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trans–New_Guinea_languages32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Template:Trans–New Guinea languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Template talk:Trans–New Guinea languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trans–New Guinea languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trans–New_Guinea_languages32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="West_Trans–New_Guinea_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="West Trans–New Guinea languages">West Trans–New Guinea languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirata%E2%80%93Makasai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oirata–Makasai languages">East Timor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fataluku_language" title="Fataluku language">Fataluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalero_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalero dialect">Makalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasae_language" title="Makasae language">Makasae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusenu_language" title="Rusenu language">Rusenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Alor–Pantar languages">Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Kamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_and_South_New_Guinea_languages" title="Central and South New Guinea languages">Central and South New Guinea languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Kamoro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat–Kamoro languages">Asmat–Kamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asmat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat language">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sabakor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Awyu_languages" title="Greater Awyu languages">Greater Awyu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awyu–Dumut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai–Wanggom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Becking–Dawi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ok%E2%80%93Oksapmin_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ok–Oksapmin languages">Ok–Oksapmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopkaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_language" title="Mian language">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setaman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaman language">Setaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suganga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suganga language">Suganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefol_language" title="Telefol language">Telefol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapmin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urapmin language">Urapmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono_languages" title="Bayono–Awbono languages">Bayono–Awbono</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Komolom_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Komolom languages">Komolom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Somahai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Somahai languages">Somahai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momuna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momuna language">Momuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Kutubuan_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/East_Kutubuan_languages" title="East Kutubuan languages">East Kutubuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foe language">Foe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiwaga_language" title="Fiwaga language">Fiwaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/West_Kutubuan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kutubuan languages">West Kutubuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasu_language" title="Fasu language">Fasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Some language">Some</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namumi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namumi language">Namumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Chimbu–Wahgi_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Jimi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandawo_language" title="Kandawo language">Kandawo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maring_language" title="Maring language">Maring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narak_language" title="Narak language">Narak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Wahgi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nii_language" title="Nii language">Nii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahgi_language" title="Wahgi language">Wahgi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Chimbu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuave_language" title="Chuave language">Chuave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_language" title="Dom language">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golin_language" title="Golin language">Golin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Kuman language (New Guinea)">Kuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomane_language" title="Nomane language">Nomane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-Yui_language" title="Salt-Yui language">Salt-Yui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_language" title="Sinasina language">Sinasina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Hagen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaugel_language" title="Kaugel language">Kaguel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpa_language" title="Melpa language">Melpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tembagla_language" title="Tembagla language">Tembagla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Kainantu–Goroka_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kainantu%E2%80%93Goroka_languages" title="Kainantu–Goroka languages">Kainantu–Goroka languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Goroka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gahuku</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alekano_language" title="Alekano language">Alekano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano_language" title="Dano language">Dano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokano_language" title="Tokano language">Tokano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamono–Yagaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaga_language" title="Abaga language">Abaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoke-Yate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inoke-Yate language">Inoke-Yate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamono language">Kamono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanite_language" title="Kanite language">Kanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyagana_language" title="Keyagana language">Ke’yagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagaria_language" title="Yagaria language">Yagaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benabena_language" title="Benabena language">Benabena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_language" title="Fore language">Fore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gende_language" title="Gende language">Gende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimi_language" title="Gimi language">Gimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabi_language" title="Isabi language">Isabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siane_language" title="Siane language">Siane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaweyuha_language" title="Yaweyuha language">Yaweyuha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kainantu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tairora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binumarien_language" title="Binumarien language">Binumarien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaira_language" title="Kambaira language">Kambaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairoa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tairoa language">Tairoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffa_language" title="Waffa language">Waffa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gauwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agarabi_language" title="Agarabi language">Agarabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Awa language (Papua New Guinea)">Awa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awiyaana_language" title="Awiyaana language">Awiyaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsup_language" title="Gadsup language">Gadsup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosena_language" title="Kosena language">Kosena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontenu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontenu language">Ontenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oweina_language" title="Oweina language">Oweina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usarufa_language" title="Usarufa language">Usarufa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenati_language" title="Kenati language">Kenati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Madang_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Croisilles_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Croisilles languages">Croisilles</a><br />(Adelbert Range)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dimir-Malas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimir language">Dimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malas language">Malas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaukombar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mala_language" title="Mala language">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiani language">Maiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia_language" title="Maia language">Maia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kowan_languages" title="Kowan languages">Kowan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korak language">Korak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waskia_language" title="Waskia language">Waskia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kumil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bepour_language" title="Bepour language">Bepour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauwake_language" title="Mauwake language">Mauwake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moere_language" title="Moere language">Moere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numugen_languages" title="Numugen languages">Numugen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilakura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilakura language">Bilakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parawen_language" title="Parawen language">Parawen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukuriguma_language" title="Ukuriguma language">Ukuriguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usan_language" title="Usan language">Usan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaben_language" title="Yaben language">Yaben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarawata_language" title="Yarawata language">Yarawata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Omosan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kobol_language" title="Kobol language">Kobol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal_language" title="Pal language">Pal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tiboran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kowaki_language" title="Kowaki language">Kowaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawak_language" title="Mawak language">Mawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamosu_language" title="Pamosu language">Pamosu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Brem language">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Musar language">Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanambre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanambre language">Wanambre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kalam_languages" title="Kalam languages">Kalam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_language" title="Kalam language">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobon_language" title="Kobon language">Kobon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Tai language (New Guinea)">Tai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mabuso_languages" title="Mabuso languages">Mabuso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kokan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girawa_language" title="Girawa language">Girawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kein_language" title="Kein language">Kein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gum_languages" title="Gum languages">Gum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amele_language" title="Amele language">Amele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bau_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Bau language (New Guinea)">Bau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumalu_language" title="Gumalu language">Gumalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isebe_language" title="Isebe language">Isebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panim_language" title="Panim language">Panim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihan_language" title="Sihan language">Sihan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanseman_languages" title="Hanseman languages">Hanseman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagupi_language" title="Bagupi language">Bagupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baimak_language" title="Baimak language">Baimak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal_language" title="Gal language">Gal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garus_language" title="Garus language">Garus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kare_language_(Papuan)" title="Kare language (Papuan)">Kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matepi_language" title="Matepi language">Matepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawan_language" title="Mawan language">Mawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosimo_language" title="Mosimo language">Mosimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murupi_language" title="Murupi language">Murupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nake_language" title="Nake language">Nake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobonob_language" title="Nobonob language">Nobonob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rempi_language" title="Rempi language">Rempi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapting_language" title="Rapting language">Rapting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa_language" title="Samosa language">Samosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruga_language" title="Saruga language">Saruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silopi_language" title="Silopi language">Silopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu_language" title="Utu language">Utu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagi_language" title="Wagi language">Wagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamas_language" title="Wamas language">Wamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoidik_language" title="Yoidik language">Yoidik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munit_language" title="Munit language">Munit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mindjim_languages" title="Mindjim languages">Mindjim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjam_language" title="Anjam language">Anjam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongu_language" title="Bongu language">Bongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_language_(Papuan)" title="Male language (Papuan)">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_language" title="Sam language">Sam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Rai_Coast_languages" title="Rai Coast languages">Rai Coast</a> <br />(South Madang)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awung</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jilim_language" title="Jilim language">Jilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerau_language" title="Rerau language">Rerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangulam_language" title="Yangulam language">Yangulam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brahman_languages" title="Brahman languages">Brahman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biyom_language" title="Biyom language">Biyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauya_language" title="Tauya language">Tauya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evapia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesawai_language" title="Kesawai language">Kesawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsauru_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinsauru language">Sinsauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausi_language" title="Sausi language">Sausi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danaru_language" title="Danaru language">Danaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sop_language" title="Sop language">Sop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumau_language" title="Sumau language">Sumau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urigina_language" title="Urigina language">Urigina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuru</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duduela_language" title="Duduela language">Duduela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwato_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwato language">Kwato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogea_language" title="Ogea language">Ogea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uya_language" title="Uya language">Uya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kabenau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawum_language" title="Arawum language">Arawum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumpu language">Dumpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolom_language" title="Kolom language">Kolom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemio_language" title="Lemio language">Lemio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siroi_language" title="Siroi language">Siroi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulabu_language" title="Pulabu language">Pulabu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Adelbert_languages" title="Southern Adelbert languages">Southern Adelbert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tomul (Josephstaal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anam_language" title="Anam language">Anam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamgura_language" title="Anamgura language">Anamgura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresada_language" title="Moresada language">Moresada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Osum language">Osum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaginam_language" title="Wadaginam language">Wadaginam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sogeram_languages" title="Sogeram languages">Sogeram</a> (Wanang)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apali_language" title="Apali language">Apali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atemble_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Atemble language">Atemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Faita language">Faita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag%C9%A8yi_language" title="Magɨyi language">Magɨyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Musak language">Musak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nend_language" title="Nend language">Nend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mum_language" title="Mum language">Mum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paynamar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paynamar language">Paynamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sileibi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sileibi language">Sileibi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yaganon_languages" title="Yaganon languages">Yaganon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumun_language" title="Dumun language">Dumun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglau_language" title="Ganglau language">Ganglau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saep_language" title="Saep language">Saep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabong_language" title="Yabong language">Yabong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">(unclear)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaimon_language" title="Amaimon language">Amaimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargam_language" title="Bargam language">Bargam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gants_language" title="Gants language">Gants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasembo_language" title="Wasembo language">Wasembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamben_language" title="Yamben language">Yamben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Finisterre–Huon_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finisterre%E2%80%93Huon_languages" title="Finisterre–Huon languages">Finisterre–Huon languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Finisterre_languages" title="Finisterre languages">Finisterre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erap</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finongan_language" title="Finongan language">Finongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusan language">Gusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamaa_language" title="Mamaa language">Mamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Munkip language">Munkip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakama_language" title="Nakama language">Nakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nek_language" title="Nek language">Nek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimi_language" title="Nimi language">Nimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuk_language" title="Nuk language">Nuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numanggang_language" title="Numanggang language">Numanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Manda_language" title="Ma Manda language">Sauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_language" title="Uri language">Uri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gusap–Mot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_language" title="Iyo language">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madi_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madi language (Papuan)">Madi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neko_language" title="Neko language">Neko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekgini_language" title="Nekgini language">Nekgini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaing_language" title="Ngaing language">Ngaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_language" title="Rawa language">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufim_language" title="Ufim language">Ufim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uruwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakam language">Sakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Som_language" title="Som language">Som</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukna_language" title="Nukna language">Nukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yau language">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weliki_language" title="Weliki language">Weliki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wantoat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awara_language" title="Awara language">Awara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wantoat_language" title="Wantoat language">Wantoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuma-Irumu_language" title="Tuma-Irumu language">Tuma-Irumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaro%27o_language" title="Asaro'o language">Asaro'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgebi_language" title="Bulgebi language">Bulgebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenan_language" title="Degenan language">Degenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forak_language" title="Forak language">Forak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guya_language" title="Guya language">Guya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwahatike_language" title="Gwahatike language">Gwahatike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratayak_language" title="Muratayak language">Muratayak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yupna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonkiman_language" title="Bonkiman language">Bonkiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domung_language" title="Domung language">Domung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma language (Papuan)">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankina_language" title="Nankina language">Nankina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yopno_language" title="Yopno language">Yopno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yout_Wam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yout Wam language">Yout Wam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Huon_languages" title="Huon languages">Huon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedua_language" title="Dedua language">Dedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2te_language" title="Kâte language">Kâte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovai_language" title="Kovai language">Kovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kube_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kube language">Kube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mape_language" title="Mape language">Mape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migabac_language" title="Migabac language">Migabac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momare_language" title="Momare language">Momare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sene_language" title="Sene language">Sene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobo language">Tobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burum_language" title="Burum language">Burum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borong_language" title="Borong language">Borong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinalakna_language" title="Kinalakna language">Kinalakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komba_language" title="Komba language">Komba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumokio_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumokio language">Kumokio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mese language">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabak_language" title="Nabak language">Nabak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomu_language" title="Nomu language">Nomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ono_language" title="Ono language">Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selepet_language" title="Selepet language">Selepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialum_language" title="Sialum language">Sialum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbe_language" title="Timbe language">Timbe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Southeast_Papuan_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Papuan_languages" title="Southeast Papuan languages">Southeast Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Koiarian_languages" title="Koiarian languages">Koiarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Koiari_language" title="Grass Koiari language">Grass Koiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Koiali_language" title="Mountain Koiali language">Mountain Koiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koita_language" title="Koita language">Koitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barai_language" title="Barai language">Barai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiae_language" title="Namiae language">Namiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ese_language" title="Ese language">Ese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mie_language" title="Ömie language">Ömie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kwalean_languages" title="Kwalean languages">Kwalean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humene_language" title="Humene language">Humene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwale_language" title="Kwale language">Uare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulaha_language" title="Mulaha language">Mulaha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Manubaran_languages" title="Manubaran languages">Manubaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doromu_language" title="Doromu language">Doromu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Maria language (Papua New Guinea)">Maria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yareban_languages" title="Yareban languages">Yareban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moikodi_language" title="Moikodi language">Moikodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneme_Wake_language" title="Aneme Wake language">Aneme Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Bereho_language" title="Aga Bereho language">Bariji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaru_language" title="Nawaru language">Nawaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yareba_language" title="Yareba language">Yareba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mailuan_languages" title="Mailuan languages">Mailuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauwaki_language" title="Bauwaki language">Bauwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domu_language" title="Domu language">Domu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binahari_language" title="Binahari language">Binahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morawa_language" title="Morawa language">Morawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailu_language" title="Mailu language">Mailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laua_language" title="Laua language">Laua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dagan_languages" title="Dagan languages">Dagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daga_language" title="Daga language">Daga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapena_language" title="Mapena language">Mapena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Papuan)" title="Maiwa language (Papuan)">Maiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dima_language" title="Dima language">Dima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginuman_language" title="Ginuman language">Ginuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanasi_language" title="Kanasi language">Kanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onjob_language" title="Onjob language">Onjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umanakaina_language" title="Umanakaina language">Umanakaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turaka_language" title="Turaka language">Turaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Anim_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anim_languages" title="Anim languages">Anim languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Tirio_languages" title="Tirio languages">Tirio</a> (Lower Fly)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baramu_language" title="Baramu language">Baramu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitur_language" title="Bitur language">Bitur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makayam_language" title="Makayam language">Makayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Were_language" title="Were language">Were</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Boazi_languages" title="Boazi languages">Boazi</a> (Lake Murray)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boazi_language" title="Boazi language">Boazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimakani_language" title="Zimakani language">Zimakani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Inland_Gulf_languages" title="Inland Gulf languages">Inland Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipiko_language" title="Ipiko language">Ipiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foia_Foia_language" title="Foia Foia language">Foia Foia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoia_Hoia_language" title="Hoia Hoia language">Hoia Hoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubami_language" title="Mubami language">Mubami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Other_families0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other families</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Angan_languages" title="Angan languages">Angan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoye_language" title="Akoye language">Akoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angaataha_language" title="Angaataha language">Angaataha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankave_language" title="Ankave language">Ankave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamtai_language" title="Hamtai language">Hamtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasa_language" title="Kamasa language">Kamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawacha_language" title="Kawacha language">Kawacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menya_language" title="Menya language">Menya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeyoka_language" title="Safeyoka language">Safeyoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbari_language" title="Simbari language">Simbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuami_language" title="Susuami language">Susuami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainae_language" title="Tainae language">Tainae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagwoia_language" title="Yagwoia language">Yagwoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yipma_language" title="Yipma language">Yipma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Awin%E2%80%93Pa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Awin–Pa languages">Awin–Pa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awin_language" title="Awin language">Awin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_language" title="Pa language">Pa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Binanderean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Binanderean languages">Binanderean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baruga_language" title="Baruga language">Baruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binandere_language" title="Binandere language">Binandere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewage_language" title="Ewage language">Ewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korafe_language" title="Korafe language">Korafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orokaiva_language" title="Orokaiva language">Orokaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suena_language" title="Suena language">Suena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekora_language" title="Yekora language">Yekora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_language" title="Zia language">Zia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Bosavi_languages" title="Bosavi languages">Bosavi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimele_language" title="Aimele language">Aimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beami_language" title="Beami language">Beami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edolo_language" title="Edolo language">Edolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluli_language" title="Kaluli language">Kaluli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasua_language" title="Kasua language">Kasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onobasulu_language" title="Onobasulu language">Onobasulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_language" title="Sonia language">Sonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Duna%E2%80%93Pogaya_languages" title="Duna–Pogaya languages">Duna–Pogaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duna_language" title="Duna language">Duna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogaya_language" title="Pogaya language">Pogaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fembe_language" title="Fembe language">Fembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobasi_language" title="Gobasi language">Gobasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konai_language" title="Konai language">Konai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubo_language" title="Kubo language">Kubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoodee_language" title="Odoodee language">Odoodee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Samo language (New Guinea)">Samo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angal_language" title="Angal language">Angal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_language" title="Nete language">Bisorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_language" title="Enga language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_language" title="Huli language">Huli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipili_language" title="Ipili language">Ipili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewa_language" title="Kewa language">Kewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaka_language" title="Kyaka language">Kyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembena_language" title="Lembena language">Lembena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samberigi_language" title="Samberigi language">Samberigi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suki_language" title="Suki language">Suki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala_language" title="Gogodala language">Gogodala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Ari language (New Guinea)">Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waruna_language" title="Waruna language">Waruna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Goilalan_languages" title="Goilalan languages">Goilalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyug_language" title="Fuyug language">Fuyug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauade_language" title="Tauade language">Tauade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biangai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biangai language">Biangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunimaipa_language" title="Kunimaipa language">Kunimaipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Weri language">Weri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kayagaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagaric languages">Kayagaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim</a> (Kaugat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogo language">Yogo</a> (Tamagario)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar</a> (Kaygir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamu_language" title="Bamu language">Bami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerewo_language" title="Kerewo language">Kerewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwai_language" title="Kiwai language">Kiwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morigi_language" title="Morigi language">Morigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waboda_language" title="Waboda language">Waboda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimaama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimaama language">Kimaama</a> (Kimaghama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikobi_language" title="Ikobi language">Ikobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omati_language" title="Omati language">Omati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumu_language" title="Rumu language">Rumu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moraori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraori language">Moraori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oceania115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata857" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata857" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236425#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120307-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="papuánské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138447&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563173305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050602934">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&oldid=1274754777">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&oldid=1274754777</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Papuan_languages" title="Category:Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Languages of Papua New Guinea">Languages of Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unsupported_infobox_fields" title="Category:Language articles with unsupported infobox fields">Language articles with unsupported infobox fields</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Families_missing_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Families missing Glottolog code">Families missing Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 February 2025, at 01:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papuan_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papuan languages</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>55 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-7s5bv","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.940","walltime":"1.205","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7054,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":458817,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6095,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":145543,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 825.663 1 -total"," 20.61% 170.209 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.90% 164.279 26 Template:Navbox"," 16.52% 136.404 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 11.50% 94.920 1 Template:Papuan_languages"," 10.50% 86.685 3 Template:Cite_web"," 10.09% 83.328 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.05% 82.948 15 Template:Cite_book"," 9.75% 80.474 1 Template:Trans–New_Guinea_languages"," 8.82% 72.815 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.465","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8308040,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoley1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmath2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltonKlamer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawley,_AndrewRobert_AttenboroughRobin_HideJack_Golson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawleyHammarström2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReesinkSingerDunn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStebbinsEvansTerrill2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWichmann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurm1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurm1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurm1983\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 6,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 2,\n [\"Collapse bottom\"] = 7,\n [\"Collapse top\"] = 8,\n [\"Collapsebottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 12,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Malcolm Ross Pronouns\"] = 1,\n [\"Oceania topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Papuan languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Trans–New Guinea languages\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-cp8nf","timestamp":"20250214041650","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Papuan languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papuan_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q236425","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q236425","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-31T03:26:08Z","dateModified":"2025-02-09T01:43:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/87\/Area_of_Papuan_languages.svg","headline":"non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea and adjacent islands"}</script> </body> </html>