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aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_of_family_planning_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_family_planning_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Impact of family planning programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_family_planning_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parental_lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Parental lineage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 In the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_children_and_adolescents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_children_and_adolescents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 As children and adolescents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_children_and_adolescents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rising_divorce_rates_and_women_workforce_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rising_divorce_rates_and_women_workforce_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.1 Rising divorce rates and women workforce participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_divorce_rates_and_women_workforce_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_and_neoliberal_turn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_and_neoliberal_turn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.2 Conservative and neoliberal turn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_and_neoliberal_turn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_crack_epidemic_and_AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_crack_epidemic_and_AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3 The crack epidemic and AIDS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_crack_epidemic_and_AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rise_of_home_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rise_of_home_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.4 The rise of home computing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rise_of_home_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_post–civil_rights_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_post–civil_rights_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.5 The post–civil rights generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_post–civil_rights_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_young_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_young_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 As young adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_young_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continued_growth_in_college_enrollments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_growth_in_college_enrollments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.1 Continued growth in college enrollments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_growth_in_college_enrollments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjusting_to_a_new_societal_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjusting_to_a_new_societal_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.2 Adjusting to a new societal environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjusting_to_a_new_societal_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_"slacker"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_"slacker""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.3 Birth of the "slacker" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_"slacker"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_Internet_and_the_dot-com_bubble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_Internet_and_the_dot-com_bubble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Rise of the Internet and the dot-com bubble </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Internet_and_the_dot-com_bubble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response_to_9/11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_9/11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.1 Response to 9/11 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_9/11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_midlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_midlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 In midlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_midlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Achieving_a_work-life_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achieving_a_work-life_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4.1 Achieving a work-life balance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achieving_a_work-life_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrepreneurship_as_an_individual_trait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrepreneurship_as_an_individual_trait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4.2 Entrepreneurship as an individual trait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrepreneurship_as_an_individual_trait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_benefits_of_a_college_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_benefits_of_a_college_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4.3 Income benefits of a college education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_benefits_of_a_college_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenting_and_volunteering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenting_and_volunteering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4.4 Parenting and volunteering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenting_and_volunteering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4.5 Communication style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_differential_with_previous_generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_differential_with_previous_generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4.6 Income differential with previous generations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_differential_with_previous_generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Globally </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Republic of Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_children,_adolescents_and_young_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_children,_adolescents_and_young_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4.1 As children, adolescents and young adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_children,_adolescents_and_young_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4.1.1 Political environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4.1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4.1.3 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_midlife_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_midlife_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4.2 In midlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_midlife_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4.3 Political evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punk_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Punk rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Hard rock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Post-punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grunge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grunge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Grunge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grunge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Hip hop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indie_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indie_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Indie films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indie_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franchise_mega_sequels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franchise_mega_sequels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Franchise mega sequels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franchise_mega_sequels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Health problems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offspring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offspring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Offspring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offspring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Generation X</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generasie_X" title="Generasie X – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Generasie X" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3" title="الجيل إكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجيل إكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeneraci%C3%B3n_X" title="Xeneración X – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeneración X" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_n%C9%99sli" title="X nəsli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="X nəsli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henerasyon_X" title="Henerasyon X – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Henerasyon X" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_X" title="Поколение X – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поколение X" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3_X" title="Generació X – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Generació X" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generace_X" title="Generace X – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Generace X" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenhedlaeth_X" title="Cenhedlaeth X – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cenhedlaeth X" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Generation X" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Generation X" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-p%C3%B5lvkond" title="X-põlvkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="X-põlvkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CE%A7" title="Γενιά Χ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενιά Χ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_X" title="Generación X – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Generación X" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Generacio" title="X-Generacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="X-Generacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_belaunaldia" title="X belaunaldia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="X belaunaldia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="نسل ایکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسل ایکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_X" title="Génération X – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génération X" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80" title="X세대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="X세대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="X սերունդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="X սերունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generacija_X" title="Generacija X – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Generacija X" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaciono_X" title="Generaciono X – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Generaciono X" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generasi_X" title="Generasi X – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Generasi X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generazione_X" title="Generazione X – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Generazione X" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94-X" title="דור ה-X – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דור ה-X" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_X" title="თაობა X – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თაობა X" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_X" title="Генерација X – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генерација X" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generasi_X" title="Generasi X – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Generasi X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatie_X" title="Generatie X – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Generatie X" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3" title="X世代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="X世代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generasjon_X" title="Generasjon X – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Generasjon X" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generacion_X" title="Generacion X – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Generacion X" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_avlod" title="X avlod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="X avlod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_(X)_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="د اکس (X) نسل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اکس (X) نسل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokolenie_X" title="Pokolenie X – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pokolenie X" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_X" title="Geração X – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geração X" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genera%C8%9Bia_X" title="Generația X – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Generația X" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_X" title="Поколение X – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поколение X" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C3%A8nneru_X" title="Ingènneru X – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ingènneru X" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjenerata_X" title="Gjenerata X – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjenerata X" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Generation X" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gener%C3%A1cia_X" title="Generácia X – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Generácia X" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generacija_X" title="Generacija X – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Generacija X" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generacija_X" title="Generacija X – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Generacija X" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-sukupolvi" title="X-sukupolvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="X-sukupolvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Generation X" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="คนรุ่นเอกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คนรุ่นเอกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Ku%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="X Kuşağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="X Kuşağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_X" title="Покоління X – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Покоління X" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="جنریشن ایکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنریشن ایکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_h%E1%BB%87_X" title="Thế hệ X – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế hệ X" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Social generation">Social generations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Generation_timeline.svg&lang=en-simple" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Generation_timeline.svg/langen-simple-290px-Generation_timeline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Generation_timeline.svg/langen-simple-435px-Generation_timeline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Generation_timeline.svg/langen-simple-580px-Generation_timeline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generation X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha">Generation Alpha</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generations_sidebar" title="Template:Generations sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generations_sidebar" title="Template talk:Generations sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generations_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generations sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Generation X (often shortened to Gen X) is the <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomers">Baby Boomers</a> and preceding <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a>. Researchers and popular media often use the mid-1960s as its starting birth years and the late 1970s as its ending birth years, with the <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> being generally defined as people born from 1965 to 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Twenge-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> By this definition and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">U.S. Census</a> data, there are 65.2 million Gen Xers<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-2020Overtake-7">[7]</a> Most of Generation X are the children of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a> and early Baby Boomers;<a href="#cite_note-Strauss_2000_54-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gordinier-9">[9]</a> Xers are also often the parents of Millennials<a href="#cite_note-Strauss_2000_54-8">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:23-10">[10]</a> As children in the 1970s and 1980s, a time of shifting societal values, Gen Xers were sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey</a> Generation", which stems from their returning as children from school to an empty home and needing to use a key to let themselves in. This was a result of what is now called <a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">free-range parenting</a>, plus increasing <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> rates, and increased maternal participation in the workforce prior to widespread availability of childcare options outside the home. As adolescents and young adults in the 1980s and 1990s, Xers were dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a>" (a reference to the <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">music video channel</a>), sometimes being characterized as <a href="/wiki/Slacker" title="Slacker">slackers</a>, cynical, and disaffected. Some of the many cultural influences on Gen X youth included a proliferation of musical genres with strong social-tribal identity such as <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, in addition to later forms developed by Gen Xers themselves (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">grindcore</a> and related genres). Film, both the birth of franchise mega-sequels and a proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent film</a> (enabled in part by <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>), was also a notable cultural influence. Video games, both in amusement parlours and in devices in Western homes, were also a major part of juvenile entertainment for the first time. Politically, Generation X experienced the last days of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, witnessing the transition to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in these regions during their youth. In much of the Western world, a similar time period was defined by a dominance of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economics. In their midlife during the early 21st century, research describes Gen Xers as active, happy, and achieving a work–life balance. The cohort has also been more broadly credited as entrepreneurial, and productive in the workplace. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_etymology">Terminology and etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Coupland_Photo_of_Author.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Douglas_Coupland_Photo_of_Author.jpg/180px-Douglas_Coupland_Photo_of_Author.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Douglas_Coupland_Photo_of_Author.jpg/270px-Douglas_Coupland_Photo_of_Author.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Douglas_Coupland_Photo_of_Author.jpg/360px-Douglas_Coupland_Photo_of_Author.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Coupland" title="Douglas Coupland">Douglas Coupland</a> popularized the term Generation X in his 1991 novel <a href="/wiki/Generation_X:_Tales_for_an_Accelerated_Culture" title="Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture">Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture</a>.</figcaption></figure> The term Generation X has been used at various times to describe alienated youth. In the early 1950s, Hungarian photographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Capa" title="Robert Capa">Robert Capa</a> first used Generation X as the title for a photo-essay about young men and women growing up immediately following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The term first appeared in print in a December 1952 issue of <a href="/wiki/Holiday_(magazine)" title="Holiday (magazine)">Holiday</a> magazine announcing their upcoming publication of Capa's photo-essay.<a href="#cite_note-Ulrich-11">[11]</a> From 1976 to 1981, English musician <a href="/wiki/Billy_Idol" title="Billy Idol">Billy Idol</a> used the moniker as the name for his <a href="/wiki/Generation_X_(band)" title="Generation X (band)">punk rock band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adweek-12">[12]</a> Idol had attributed the name of his band to the book <a href="/wiki/Generation_X_(1964_book)" title="Generation X (1964 book)">Generation X</a>, a 1964 book on British popular youth culture written by journalists Jane Deverson and Charles Hamblett<a href="#cite_note-Gen_X-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>—a copy of which had been owned by Idol's mother.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> These uses of the term appear to have no connection to Robert Capa's photo-essay.<a href="#cite_note-Ulrich-11">[11]</a> The term acquired a modern application after the release of <a href="/wiki/Generation_X:_Tales_for_an_Accelerated_Culture" title="Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture">Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture</a>, a 1991 novel written by Canadian author <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Coupland" title="Douglas Coupland">Douglas Coupland</a>; however, the definition used there is "born in the late 1950s and 1960s", which is about ten years earlier than definitions that came later.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gen_X-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raphelson-18">[18]</a> In 1987, Coupland had written a piece in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Magazine" title="Vancouver Magazine">Vancouver Magazine</a> titled "Generation X" which was "the seed of what went on to become the book".<a href="#cite_note-Genesis-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Coupland referenced Billy Idol's band Generation X in the 1987 article and again in 1989 in Vista magazine.<a href="#cite_note-Vista-21">[21]</a> In the book proposal for his novel, Coupland writes that Generation X is "taken from the name of Billy Idol’s long-defunct punk band of the late 1970s".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However, in 1995 Coupland denied the term's connection to the band, stating that: <blockquote>The book's title came not from Billy Idol's band, as many supposed, but from the final chapter of a funny sociological book on American class structure titled <a href="/wiki/Class:_A_Guide_Through_the_American_Status_System" title="Class: A Guide Through the American Status System">Class</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Paul Fussell</a>. In his final chapter, Fussell named an 'X' category of people who wanted to hop off the merry-go-round of status, money, and social climbing that so often frames modern existence.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genesis-19">[19]</a></blockquote> Author <a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">William Strauss</a> noted that around the time Coupland's 1991 novel was published the symbol "X" was prominent in popular culture, as the film <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X_(1992_film)" title="Malcolm X (1992 film)">Malcolm X</a> was released in 1992, and that the name "Generation X" ended up sticking. The "X" refers to an unknown variable or to a desire not to be defined.<a href="#cite_note-MetLife2-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raphelson-18">[18]</a> Strauss's coauthor <a href="/wiki/Neil_Howe" title="Neil Howe">Neil Howe</a> noted the delay in naming this demographic cohort saying, "Over 30 years after their birthday, they didn't have a name. I think that's germane." Previously, the cohort had been referred to as Post-Boomers, Baby Busters (which refers to the drop in birth rates following the baby boom in the western world, particularly in the U.S.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>]),<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> New <a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">latchkey kids</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a>, and the 13th Generation (the 13th generation since <a href="/wiki/American_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American independence">American independence</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Adweek-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-MetLife2-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vista-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_age_range_definitions">Date and age range definitions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Fertility_Rates_1960-1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Western_Fertility_Rates_1960-1980.jpg/240px-Western_Fertility_Rates_1960-1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Western_Fertility_Rates_1960-1980.jpg/360px-Western_Fertility_Rates_1960-1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Western_Fertility_Rates_1960-1980.jpg/480px-Western_Fertility_Rates_1960-1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Western fertility rates, 1960–1980</figcaption></figure> Generation X is the demographic cohort following the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_baby_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post–World War II baby boom">post–World War II baby-boom</a>, representing a generational change from the baby boomers. Many researchers and demographers use dates that correspond to the fertility-patterns in the population. For Generation X, in the U.S. (and broadly, in the Western world), the period begins at a time when <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rates</a> started to significantly decrease, following the baby boom peak of the late 1950s, until an upswing in the late 1970s and eventual recovery at the start of the 1980s. In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, a non-partisan think-tank, delineates a Generation X period of 1965–1980 which has, albeit gradually, come to gain acceptance in academic circles.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Moreover, although fertility rates are preponderant in the definition of start and end dates, the center remarks: "Generations are analytical constructs, it takes time for popular and expert consensus to develop as to the precise boundaries that demarcate one generation from another."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Pew takes into account other factors, notably the labor market as well as attitudinal and behavioral trends of a group. Writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts" title="The Pew Charitable Trusts">Pew</a>'s Trend magazine in 2018, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Twenge" title="Jean Twenge">Jean Twenge</a> observed that the "birth year boundaries of Gen X are debated but settle somewhere around 1965–1980".<a href="#cite_note-Twenge-1">[1]</a> According to this definition, the oldest Gen Xer is 59 years old and the youngest is, or is turning, 43 years old in 2024. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Fertility_Rates_1963-1981.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_Fertility_Rates_1963-1981.png/240px-US_Fertility_Rates_1963-1981.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_Fertility_Rates_1963-1981.png/360px-US_Fertility_Rates_1963-1981.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_Fertility_Rates_1963-1981.png/480px-US_Fertility_Rates_1963-1981.png 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption>U.S. fertility rates, 1963–1981</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>, another U.S. think-tank, sets the Gen X period as between 1965 and 1981.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">U.S. Federal Reserve Board</a> uses 1965–1980.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA)</a> uses 1965 to 1980.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In their 2002 book When Generations Collide, Lynne Lancaster and David Stillman use 1965 to 1980, while in 2012 authors Jain and Pant also used parameters of 1965 to 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Cohort_confusion-34">[34]</a> U.S. news outlets such as <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> describe Generation X as people born between 1965 and 1980. <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> use 1965–1980. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine states that Generation X is "roughly defined as anyone born between 1965 and 1980".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> George Masnick of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies" title="Joint Center for Housing Studies">Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies</a> puts this generation in the time-frame of 1965 to 1984, in order to satisfy the premise that boomers, Xers, and millennials "cover equal 20-year age spans".<a href="#cite_note-Masnick-44">[44]</a> In Australia, the McCrindle Research Center uses 1965–1979.<a href="#cite_note-McCrindle-45">[45]</a> In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Resolution_Foundation" title="Resolution Foundation">Resolution Foundation</a> think-tank defines Gen X as those born between 1966 and 1980.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a>, a multinational <a href="/wiki/Professional_services_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional services networks">professional services network</a> headquartered in London, describes Generation X employees as those born from 1965 to 1980.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_age_range_markers">Other age range markers</h3></div> On the basis of the time it takes for a generation to mature, U.S. authors <a href="/wiki/William_Strauss_and_Neil_Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strauss and Neil Howe">William Strauss and Neil Howe</a> define Generation X as those born between 1961 and 1981 in their 1991 book titled Generations, and differentiate the cohort into an early and late wave.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gordinier" title="Jeff Gordinier">Jeff Gordinier</a>, in his 2008 book X Saves the World, include those born between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Gordinier-9">[9]</a> George Masnick of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies" title="Joint Center for Housing Studies">Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies</a> puts this generation in the time-frame of 1965 to 1984, in order to satisfy the premise that boomers, Xers, and millennials "cover equal 20-year age spans".<a href="#cite_note-Masnick-44">[44]</a> In 2004, journalist J. Markert also acknowledged the 20-year increments but goes one step further and subdivides the generation into two 10-year cohorts with early and later members of the generation. The first begins in 1966 and ends in 1975 and the second begins in 1976 and ends in 1985; this thinking is applied to each generation (Silent, boomers, Gen X, millennials, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Based on external events of historical importance, Schewe and Noble in 2002 argue that a cohort is formed against significant milestones and can be any length of time. Against this logic, Generation X begins in 1966 and ends in 1976, with those born between 1955 and 1965 being labelled as "trailing-edge boomers".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The 1994 book Baby Busters: The Disillusioned Generation by <a href="/wiki/George_Barna" title="George Barna">George Barna</a> refers to those born 1965–1983 as the "baby busters" generation rather than as Generation X.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In Canada, professor <a href="/wiki/David_Foot" title="David Foot">David Foot</a> describes Generation X as late boomers and includes those born between 1960 and 1966, whilst the "Bust Generation", those born between 1967 and 1979, is considered altogether a separate generation, in his 1996 book Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generational_cuspers">Generational cuspers</h3></div> People born in the latter half of the <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomer">Baby Boomers</a> from the early 1960s to the early years of Generation X are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">Generation Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> People born in the Generation X / millennial <a href="/wiki/Cusper" title="Cusper">cusp</a> years of the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Xennials" title="Xennials">Xennials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Other names include the Star Wars Generation,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Generation Catalano,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Trail_(series)" title="The Oregon Trail (series)">Oregon Trail</a> Generation.<a href="#cite_note-Huffington1-59">[59]</a> These "microgenerations" share characteristics of both generations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_living_adult_generations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_living_adult_generations.png/220px-US_living_adult_generations.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_living_adult_generations.png/330px-US_living_adult_generations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/US_living_adult_generations.png/440px-US_living_adult_generations.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>U.S. living adult generations</figcaption></figure> There are differences in Gen X population numbers depending on the date-range selected. In the U.S., using <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">Census</a> population projections, the Pew Research Center found that the Gen X population born from 1965 to 1980 numbered 65.2 million in 2019. The cohort is likely to overtake Boomers in 2028.<a href="#cite_note-2020Overtake-7">[7]</a> A 2010 Census report counted approximately 84 million people living in the US who are defined by birth years ranging from the early 1960s to the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Census-60">[60]</a> In a 2012 article for the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Housing_Studies" title="Joint Center for Housing Studies">Joint Center for Housing Studies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, George Masnick wrote that the "Census counted 82.1 million" Gen Xers in the U.S. Masnick concluded that immigration filled in any birth year deficits during low fertility years of the late 1960s and early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Masnick-44">[44]</a> Jon Miller at the Longitudinal Study of American Youth at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> wrote that "Generation X refers to adults born between 1961 and 1981" and it "includes 84 million people".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In their 1991 book Generations, authors Howe and Strauss indicated that the total number of Gen X individuals in the U.S. was 88.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_of_family_planning_programs">Impact of family planning programs</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Live_Births_Registered_and_Legal_Abortions_Reported_1970-1980.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/US_Live_Births_Registered_and_Legal_Abortions_Reported_1970-1980.png/240px-US_Live_Births_Registered_and_Legal_Abortions_Reported_1970-1980.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/US_Live_Births_Registered_and_Legal_Abortions_Reported_1970-1980.png/360px-US_Live_Births_Registered_and_Legal_Abortions_Reported_1970-1980.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/US_Live_Births_Registered_and_Legal_Abortions_Reported_1970-1980.png/480px-US_Live_Births_Registered_and_Legal_Abortions_Reported_1970-1980.png 2x" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Live Births Registered and Legal Abortions Reported 1970–1980</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">birth control pill</a>, introduced in 1960, was one contributing factor of declining birth rates. Initially, the pill spread rapidly amongst married women as an approved treatment for menstrual disturbance. However, it was also found to prevent pregnancy and was prescribed as a contraceptive in 1964. "The pill", as it became commonly known, reached younger, unmarried college women in the late 1960s when state laws were amended and reduced the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> from 21 to ages 18–20.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> These policies are commonly referred to as the Early Legal Access (ELA) laws. Another major factor was <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, only available in a few states until its legalisation in a 1973 US Supreme Court decision in <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>. This was replicated elsewhere, with <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_reproductive_rights_legislation" title="Timeline of reproductive rights legislation">reproductive rights legislation</a> passed, notably in the UK (1967), France (1975), West Germany (1976), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), and the Netherlands (1980). From 1973 to 1980, the abortion rate per 1,000 US women aged 15–44 increased from 16% to 29% with more than 9.6 million terminations of pregnancy practiced. Between 1970 and 1980, on average, for every 10 American citizens born, 3 were aborted.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> However, increased immigration during the same period of time helped to partially offset declining birth-rates and contributed to making Generation X an ethnically and culturally diverse demographic cohort.<a href="#cite_note-Adweek-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohort_confusion-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parental_lineage">Parental lineage</h4></div> Generally, Gen Xers are the children of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a> and older Baby Boomers.<a href="#cite_note-Gordinier-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_children_and_adolescents">As children and adolescents</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rising_divorce_rates_and_women_workforce_participation">Rising divorce rates and women workforce participation</h5></div> Strauss and Howe, who wrote several books on generations, including one specifically on Generation X titled 13th Gen: Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail? (1993), reported that Gen Xers were children at a time when society was less focused on children and more focused on adults.<a href="#cite_note-13th_Gen-65">[65]</a> Xers were children during a time of increasing <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> rates, with divorce rates doubling in the mid-1960s, before peaking in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Adweek-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Strauss and Howe described a cultural shift where the long-held societal value of staying together for the sake of the children was replaced with a societal value of parental and individual <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a>. Strauss wrote that society "moved from what Leslie Fiedler called a 1950s-era 'cult of the child' to what Landon Jones called a 1970s-era 'cult of the adult'".<a href="#cite_note-13th_Gen-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strauss-68">[68]</a> The Generation Map, a report from Australia's McCrindle Research Center writes of Gen X children: Boomer parents were the most divorced generation in Australian history".<a href="#cite_note-GenMap-69">[69]</a> According to Christine Henseler in the 2012 book Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion, "We watched the decay and demise (of the family), and grew callous to the loss."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Marriages_Ending_in_Divorce_1950-1990.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Marriages_Ending_in_Divorce_1950-1990.png/240px-US_Marriages_Ending_in_Divorce_1950-1990.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Marriages_Ending_in_Divorce_1950-1990.png/360px-US_Marriages_Ending_in_Divorce_1950-1990.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Marriages_Ending_in_Divorce_1950-1990.png/480px-US_Marriages_Ending_in_Divorce_1950-1990.png 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marriages Ending in Divorce 1950–1990</figcaption></figure> The Gen X childhood coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> of the 1960s to 1980s, which Susan Gregory Thomas described in her book In Spite of Everything as confusing and frightening for children in cases where a parent would bring new sexual partners into their home.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Thomas also discussed how divorce was different during the Gen X childhood, with the child having a limited or severed relationship with one parent following divorce, often the father, due to differing societal and legal expectations. In the 1970s, only nine U.S. states allowed for joint custody of children, which has since been adopted by all 50 states following a push for joint custody during the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kramer_vs._Kramer" title="Kramer vs. Kramer">Kramer vs. Kramer</a>, a 1979 American legal drama based on <a href="/wiki/Avery_Corman" title="Avery Corman">Avery Corman</a>'s best-selling novel, came to epitomize the struggle for child custody and the demise of the traditional nuclear family.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Participation_Rates_for_Women_Professionals_1966-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_Participation_Rates_for_Women_Professionals_1966-2013.png/240px-US_Participation_Rates_for_Women_Professionals_1966-2013.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_Participation_Rates_for_Women_Professionals_1966-2013.png/360px-US_Participation_Rates_for_Women_Professionals_1966-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_Participation_Rates_for_Women_Professionals_1966-2013.png/480px-US_Participation_Rates_for_Women_Professionals_1966-2013.png 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Participation Rates for Women Professionals 1966–2013</figcaption></figure> The rapid influx of Boomer women into the labor force that began in the 1970s was marked by the confidence of many in their ability to successfully pursue a career while meeting the needs of their children. This resulted in an increase in <a href="/wiki/Latchkey_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Latchkey child">latchkey children</a>, leading to the terminology of the "latchkey generation" for Generation X.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-highbeam.com-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> These children lacked adult supervision in the hours between the end of the school day and when a parent returned home from work in the evening, and for longer periods of time during the summer. Latchkey children became common among all socioeconomic demographics, but this was particularly so among middle- and upper-class children.<a href="#cite_note-highbeam.com-75">[75]</a> The higher the educational attainment of the parents, the higher the odds the children of this time would be latchkey children, due to increased maternal participation in the workforce at a time before childcare options outside the home were widely available.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> McCrindle Research Centre described the cohort as "the first to grow up without a large adult presence, with both parents working", stating this led to Gen Xers being more peer-oriented than previous generations.<a href="#cite_note-GenMap-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Conservative_and_neoliberal_turn">Conservative and neoliberal turn</h5></div> Some older Gen Xers started high school in the waning years of the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> presidency, but much of the cohort became socially and politically conscious during the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, voted in office principally by the Boomer generation,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> embraced <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire economics</a> with vigor. His policies included cuts in the growth of government spending, reduction in taxes for the higher echelon of society, legalization of <a href="/wiki/Share_repurchase" title="Share repurchase">stock buybacks</a>, and deregulation of key industries.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">early 1980s recession</a> saw unemployment rise to 10.8% in 1982; requiring, more often than not, dual parental incomes.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> One in five American children grew up in poverty during this time. The federal debt almost tripled during Reagan's time in office, from $998 billion in 1981 to $2.857 trillion in 1989, placing greater burden of repayment on the incoming generation.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UnderstandingAIDS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UnderstandingAIDS.png/200px-UnderstandingAIDS.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UnderstandingAIDS.png/300px-UnderstandingAIDS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UnderstandingAIDS.png/400px-UnderstandingAIDS.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Department of Health booklet published in 1988</figcaption></figure> Government expenditure shifted from domestic programs to defense. Remaining funding initiatives, moreover, tended to be diverted away from programs for children and often directed toward the elderly population, with cuts to <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> and programs for children and young families, and protection and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> for the elderly population. These programs for the elderly were not tied to economic need. Congressman <a href="/wiki/David_Durenberger" title="David Durenberger">David Durenberger</a> criticized this political situation, stating that while programs for poor children and for young families were cut, the government provided "free health care to elderly millionaires".<a href="#cite_note-Strauss-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_crack_epidemic_and_AIDS">The crack epidemic and AIDS</h5></div> Gen Xers came of age or were children during the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crack epidemic">crack epidemic</a>, which disproportionately impacted urban areas as well as the African-American community. The U.S. Drug turf battles increased violent crime. <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack addiction</a> impacted communities and families. Between 1984 and 1989, the homicide rate for black males aged 14 to 17 doubled in the U.S., and the homicide rate for black males aged 18 to 24 increased almost as much. The crack epidemic had a destabilizing impact on families, with an increase in the number of children in foster care.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 1986, President Reagan signed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1986" title="Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986">Anti-Drug Abuse Act</a> to enforce strict <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_sentencing" title="Mandatory sentencing">mandatory minimum sentencing</a> for drug users. He also increased the federal budget for supply-reduction efforts.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Fear of the impending <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s loomed over the formative years of Generation X. The emergence of AIDS coincided with Gen X's adolescence, with the disease first clinically observed in the U.S. in 1981. By 1985, an estimated one-to-two million Americans were HIV-positive. This particularly hit the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As the virus spread, at a time before effective treatments were available, a public panic ensued. <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a> programs in schools were adapted to address the AIDS epidemic, which taught Gen X students that sex could kill them.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_rise_of_home_computing">The rise of home computing</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_II_tranparent_800.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Apple_II_tranparent_800.png/220px-Apple_II_tranparent_800.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Apple_II_tranparent_800.png/330px-Apple_II_tranparent_800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Apple_II_tranparent_800.png/440px-Apple_II_tranparent_800.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>An 8-bit 1977 <a href="/wiki/Apple_II_(1977_computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple II (1977 computer)">Apple II</a></figcaption></figure> Gen Xers were the first children to have access to <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> in their homes and at schools.<a href="#cite_note-GenMap-69">[69]</a> In the early 1980s, the growth in the use of personal computers exploded. Manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> responded to the demand via <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> and <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit machines</a>. This in turn stimulated the software industries with corresponding developments for backup storage, use of the <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zip_drive" title="Zip drive">zip drive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> At school, several computer projects were supported by the Department of Education under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">United States Secretary of Education</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrel_Bell" title="Terrel Bell">Terrel Bell</a>'s "Technology Initiative".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> This was later mirrored in the UK's 1982 Computers for Schools programme<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and, in France, under the 1985 scheme <a href="/wiki/Computing_for_All" title="Computing for All">Plan Informatique pour Tous (IPT)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_post–civil_rights_generation">The post–civil rights generation</h5></div> In the U.S., Generation X was the first cohort to grow up post-integration after <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">the racist Jim Crow</a> laws. They were described in a marketing report by Specialty Retail as the kids who "lived the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>". They were among the first children to be <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">bused</a> to attain <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integration</a> in the public school system. In the 1990s, Strauss reported Gen Xers were "by any measure the least racist of today's generations".<a href="#cite_note-Strauss-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Retail-97">[97]</a> In the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a>, which passed in 1972, provided increased athletic opportunities to Gen X girls in the public school setting.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)" title="Roots (1977 miniseries)">Roots</a>, based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> and broadcast as a 12-hour series, was viewed as a turning point in the country's ability to relate to the Afro-American history.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_young_adults">As young adults</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Continued_growth_in_college_enrollments">Continued growth in college enrollments</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fall_Enrollment_in_US_degree_granting_Institutions_1965-1998.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Total_Fall_Enrollment_in_US_degree_granting_Institutions_1965-1998.png/260px-Total_Fall_Enrollment_in_US_degree_granting_Institutions_1965-1998.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Total_Fall_Enrollment_in_US_degree_granting_Institutions_1965-1998.png/390px-Total_Fall_Enrollment_in_US_degree_granting_Institutions_1965-1998.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Total_Fall_Enrollment_in_US_degree_granting_Institutions_1965-1998.png/520px-Total_Fall_Enrollment_in_US_degree_granting_Institutions_1965-1998.png 2x" data-file-width="5681" data-file-height="2887" /></a><figcaption>Total Fall Enrollment in U.S. degree granting Institutions 1965–1998</figcaption></figure> In the U.S., compared to the Boomer generation, Generation X was more educated than their parents. The share of young adults enrolling in college steadily increased from 1983, before peaking in 1998. In 1965, as early Boomers entered college, total enrollment of new undergraduates was just over 5.7 million individuals across the public and private sectors. By 1983, the first year of Gen X college enrollments (as per Pew Research's definition), this figure had reached 12.2 million. This was an increase of 53%, effectively a doubling in student intake. As the 1990s progressed, Gen X college enrollments continued to climb, with increased loan borrowing as the cost of an education became substantially more expensive compared to their peers in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> By 1998, the generation's last year of college enrollment, those entering the higher education sector totaled 14.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In addition, unlike Boomers and previous generations, women outpaced men in college completion rates.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adjusting_to_a_new_societal_environment">Adjusting to a new societal environment</h5></div> For early Gen Xer graduates entering the job market at the end of the 1980s, economic conditions were challenging and did not show signs of major improvements until the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In the U.S., restrictive monetary policy to curb rising inflation and the collapse of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">savings and loan associations</a> (private banks that specialized in <a href="/wiki/Home_mortgage" class="mw-redirect" title="Home mortgage">home mortgages</a>) impacted the welfare of many American households. This precipitated a large government bailout, which placed further strain on the budget.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Furthermore, three decades of growth came to an end. The social contract between employers and employees, which had endured during the 1960s and 1970s and was scheduled to last until retirement, was no longer applicable. By the late 1980s, there were large-scale layoffs of Boomers, corporate downsizing, and accelerated <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a> of production.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On the political front, in the U.S. the generation became ambivalent if not outright disaffected with politics. They had been reared in the shadow of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. They came to maturity under the Reagan and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> presidencies, with first-hand experience of the impact of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> policies. Few had experienced a Democratic administration and even then, only, at an atmospheric level. For those on the left of the political spectrum, the disappointments with the previous Boomer student mobilizations of the 1960s and the collapse of those movements towards a consumerist "<a href="/wiki/Greed_is_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Greed is good">greed is good</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Yuppie" title="Yuppie">yuppie</a>" culture during the 1980s felt, to a greater extent, hypocrisy if not outright betrayal. Hence, the preoccupation on "authenticity" and not "selling-out". The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and the collapse of the socialist utopia with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>, moreover, added to the disillusionment that any alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist model">capitalist model</a> was possible.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Birth_of_the_"slacker"">Birth of the "slacker"</h5></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:491px;max-width:491px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Skateboarder_in_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skateboarder_in_the_air.jpg/93px-Skateboarder_in_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skateboarder_in_the_air.jpg/140px-Skateboarder_in_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skateboarder_in_the_air.jpg/186px-Skateboarder_in_the_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2881" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BmxStreet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/BmxStreet.JPG/205px-BmxStreet.JPG" decoding="async" width="205" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/BmxStreet.JPG/308px-BmxStreet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/BmxStreet.JPG/410px-BmxStreet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Raleigh_chopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raleigh_chopper.jpg/181px-Raleigh_chopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raleigh_chopper.jpg/272px-Raleigh_chopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Raleigh_chopper.jpg/362px-Raleigh_chopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="1706" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">Skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMX_bike" title="BMX bike">BMX bikes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chopper_bike" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper bike">chopper bikes</a> first became popular among Generation X.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></div></div></div></div> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine published an article titled "Living: Proceeding with Caution", which described those then in their 20s as aimless and unfocused. Media pundits and advertisers further struggled to define the cohort, typically portraying them as "unfocused <a href="/wiki/Twentysomething_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentysomething (term)">twentysomethings</a>". A <a href="/wiki/MetLife" title="MetLife">MetLife</a> report noted: "media would portray them as the <a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a> generation: rather self-involved and perhaps aimless...but fun".<a href="#cite_note-MetLife-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time1-109">[109]</a> Gen Xers were often portrayed as <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathetic</a> or as "<a href="/wiki/Slackers" class="mw-redirect" title="Slackers">slackers</a>", lacking bearings, a stereotype which was initially tied to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Linklater" title="Richard Linklater">Richard Linklater</a>'s comedic and essentially plotless 1991 film <a href="/wiki/Slacker_(film)" title="Slacker (film)">Slacker</a>. After the film was released, "journalists and critics thought they put a finger on what was different about these young adults in that 'they were reluctant to grow up' and 'disdainful of earnest action'".<a href="#cite_note-Time1-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stiller" title="Ben Stiller">Ben Stiller</a>'s 1994 film <a href="/wiki/Reality_Bites" title="Reality Bites">Reality Bites</a> also sought to capture the <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a> of the generation with a portrayal of the attitudes and lifestyle choices of the time.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Negative stereotypes of Gen X young adults continued, including that they were "bleak, cynical, and disaffected". In 1998, such stereotypes prompted sociological research at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> to study the accuracy of the characterization of Gen X young adults as cynical and disaffected. Using the national <a href="/wiki/General_Social_Survey" title="General Social Survey">General Social Survey</a>, the researchers compared answers to identical survey questions asked of 18–29-year-olds in three different time periods. Additionally, they compared how older adults answered the same survey questions over time. The surveys showed 18–29-year-old Gen Xers did exhibit higher levels of cynicism and disaffection than previous cohorts of 18–29-year-olds surveyed. However, they also found that cynicism and disaffection had increased among all age groups surveyed over time, not just young adults, making this a period effect, not a <a href="/wiki/Cohort_effect" title="Cohort effect">cohort effect</a>. In other words, adults of all ages were more cynical and disaffected in the 1990s, not just Generation X.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In a 2023 interview with television host <a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a> on the podcast Club Random with Bill Maher, vocalist and guitarist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Corgan" title="Billy Corgan">Billy Corgan</a> hinted at how <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">the Smashing Pumpkins</a> spoke to the disillusionment felt by many Gen Xers as they reached adulthood, noting: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">At least generationally, I think that's why I connected with so many people—because I was speaking the patois of: <a href="/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island" title="Gilligan's Island">Gilligan's Island</a> meets 'What the fuck happened in my life?'<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_the_Internet_and_the_dot-com_bubble">Rise of the Internet and the dot-com bubble</h4></div> By the mid-late 1990s, under <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s presidency, economic optimism had returned to the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> with unemployment reduced from 7.5% in 1992 to 4% in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Younger members of Gen X, straddling across administrations, politically experienced a "liberal renewal". In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine published an article titled "Generation X Reconsidered", which retracted the previously reported negative stereotypes and reported positive accomplishments. The article cited Gen Xers' tendency to found technology <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a> and small businesses, as well as their ambition, which research showed was higher among Gen X young adults than older generations.<a href="#cite_note-Time1-109">[109]</a> Yet, the slacker moniker stuck.<a href="#cite_note-Jury_Expert-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time2-118">[118]</a> As the decade progressed, Gen X gained a reputation for <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> dubbed them "Generation 1099", describing them as the "once pitied but now envied group of <a href="/wiki/Self-employed" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-employed">self-employed</a> workers whose income is reported to the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> not on a <a href="/wiki/W-2_form" class="mw-redirect" title="W-2 form">W-2 form</a>, but on <a href="/wiki/Form_1099" title="Form 1099">Form 1099</a>".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nostalgia_(7539894906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nostalgia_%287539894906%29.jpg/220px-Nostalgia_%287539894906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nostalgia_%287539894906%29.jpg/330px-Nostalgia_%287539894906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Nostalgia_%287539894906%29.jpg/440px-Nostalgia_%287539894906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>America Online (AOL) version 2.0 program disk for Microsoft Windows (1994), widely used by younger Gen Xers to access the Internet</figcaption></figure> Consumer access to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and its commercial development throughout the 1990s witnessed a frenzy of IT initiatives. Newly created companies, launched on stock exchanges globally, were formed with dubitable revenue generation or cash flow.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> eventually burst in 2000, early Gen Xers who had embarked as entrepreneurs in the IT industry while riding the Internet wave, as well as newly qualified programmers at the tail-end of the generation (who had grown up with <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a>), were both caught in the crash.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> This had major repercussions, with cross-generational consequences; five years after the bubble burst, new matriculation of IT Millennial undergraduates fell by 40% and by as much as 70% in some information systems programs.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> However, following the crisis, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Males" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Males">Mike Males</a> reported continued confidence and optimism among the cohort. He reported "surveys consistently find 80% to 90% of Gen Xers self-confident and optimistic".<a href="#cite_note-Males-123">[123]</a> Males wrote "these young Americans should finally get the recognition they deserve", praising the cohort and stating that "the permissively raised, universally deplored Generation X is the true 'great generation', for it has braved a hostile social climate to reverse abysmal trends". He described them as the hardest-working group since the <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">World War II generation</a>. He reported Gen Xers' entrepreneurial tendencies helped create the high-tech industry that fueled the 1990s economic recovery.<a href="#cite_note-Males-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 2002, Time magazine published an article titled Gen Xers Aren't Slackers After All, reporting that four out of five new businesses were the work of Gen Xers.<a href="#cite_note-Retail-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Response_to_9/11">Response to 9/11</h5></div> In the U.S., Gen Xers were described as the major heroes of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11 terrorist attacks">September 11 terrorist attacks</a> by author William Strauss. The firefighters and police responding to the attacks were predominantly from Generation X. Additionally, the leaders of the passenger revolt on <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a> were also, by majority, Gen Xers.<a href="#cite_note-Jury_Expert-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Author Neil Howe reported survey data which showed that Gen Xers were <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabiting</a> and getting married in increasing numbers following the terrorist attacks. Gen X survey respondents reported that they no longer wanted to live alone.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In October 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a> wrote of Gen Xers: "Now they could be facing the most formative events of their lives and their generation."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greensboro_News_%26_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Greensboro News & Record">Greensboro News & Record</a> reported members of the cohort "felt a surge of <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> since terrorists struck" by giving blood, working for charities, donating to charities, and by joining the military to fight the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The Jury Expert, a publication of The American Society of Trial Consultants, reported: "Gen X members responded to the terrorist attacks with bursts of patriotism and national fervor that surprised even themselves."<a href="#cite_note-Jury_Expert-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_midlife">In midlife</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Achieving_a_work-life_balance">Achieving a work-life balance</h5></div> In 2011, survey analysis from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth found Gen Xers (defined as those who were then between the ages of 30 and 50) to be "balanced, active, and happy" in midlife and as achieving a <a href="/wiki/Work-life_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Work-life balance">work-life balance</a>. The Longitudinal Study of Youth is an <a href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</a>-<a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging" title="National Institute on Aging">NIA</a> funded study by the University of Michigan which has been studying Generation X since 1987. The study asked questions such as "Thinking about all aspects of your life, how happy are you? If zero means that you are very unhappy and 10 means that you are very happy, please rate your happiness." LSA reported that "<a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> level of happiness was 7.5 and the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> (middle score) was 8. Only four percent of Generation X adults indicated a great deal of unhappiness (a score of three or lower). Twenty-nine percent of Generation X adults were very happy with a score of 9 or 10 on the scale."<a href="#cite_note-LSA-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a> provided further insight, describing the cohort as "savvy, skeptical and self-reliant; they're not into preening or pampering, and they just might not give much of a hoot what others think of them. Or whether others think of them at all."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Furthermore, guides regarding managing multiple generations in the workforce describe Gen Xers as: independent, resilient, resourceful, self-managing, adaptable, cynical, pragmatic, skeptical of authority, and as seeking a work-life balance.<a href="#cite_note-MetLife-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Entrepreneurship_as_an_individual_trait">Entrepreneurship as an individual trait</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Brin,_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sergey_Brin%2C_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg/240px-Sergey_Brin%2C_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sergey_Brin%2C_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg/360px-Sergey_Brin%2C_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sergey_Brin%2C_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg/480px-Sergey_Brin%2C_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a>, speaking at a <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> conference</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> is one of the defining traits of Generation X, and is reflected in their entrepreneurial spirit.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In the 2008 book X Saves the World: How Generation X Got the Shaft but Can Still Keep Everything from Sucking, author <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Gordinier" title="Jeff Gordinier">Jeff Gordinier</a> describes Generation X as a "<a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> demographic" which "doesn't seek the limelight". Gordiner cites examples of Gen Xers' contributions to society such as: <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, arguing that if Boomers had created them, "we'd never hear the end of it". In the book, Gordinier contrasts Gen Xers to Baby Boomers, saying Boomers tend to trumpet their accomplishments more than Gen Xers do, creating what he describes as "elaborate mythologies" around their achievements. Gordiner cites <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> as an example, while Gen Xers, he argues, are more likely to "just quietly do their thing".<a href="#cite_note-Gordinier-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In a 2007 article published in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a>, authors Strauss and Howe wrote of Generation X: "They are already the greatest entrepreneurial generation in U.S. history; their high-tech savvy and marketplace resilience have helped America prosper in the era of globalization."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> According to authors Michael Hais and Morley Winograd: <blockquote>Small businesses and the entrepreneurial spirit that Gen Xers embody have become one of the most popular institutions in America. There's been a recent shift in consumer behavior and Gen Xers will join the "idealist generation" in encouraging the celebration of individual effort and business risk-taking. As a result, Xers will spark a renaissance of <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a> in economic life, even as overall confidence in economic institutions declines. Customers, and their needs and wants (including Millennials) will become the North Star for an entire new generation of entrepreneurs.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></blockquote> A 2015 study by <a href="/wiki/Sage_Group" title="Sage Group">Sage Group</a> reports Gen Xers "dominate the playing field" with respect to founding <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a> in the United States and Canada, with Xers launching the majority (55%) of all new businesses in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Income_benefits_of_a_college_education">Income benefits of a college education</h5></div> Generation X was the last generation in the U.S. for whom <a href="/wiki/Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States#Financial_value_of_degrees" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">higher education was broadly financially remunerative</a>. In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a> published research (using data from the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Consumer_Finances" title="Survey of Consumer Finances">Survey of Consumer Finances</a>) demonstrating that after controlling for race and age, families with heads of household born before 1980 had higher wealth and income when the head of household had post-seconary education. For those born after 1980, the wealth premium (of college education) was no longer statistically significant (in part because of the <a href="/wiki/Cost_and_financing_issues_facing_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost and financing issues facing higher education in the United States">rising cost of college</a>). The income premium, while remaining positive, had declined to historic lows, with more pronounced downward trajectories among heads of household with <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate degrees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emmons_Kent_&_Ricketts_2019-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Parenting_and_volunteering">Parenting and volunteering</h5></div> In terms of advocating for their children in the educational setting, author Neil Howe describes Gen X parents as distinct from Baby Boomer parents. Howe argues that Gen Xers are not <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parents" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopter parents">helicopter parents</a>, which Howe describes as a parenting style of Boomer parents of Millennials. Howe described Gen Xers instead as "stealth fighter parents", due to the tendency of Gen X parents to let minor issues go and to not hover over their children in the educational setting, but to intervene forcefully and swiftly in the event of more serious issues.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_National_and_Community_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation for National and Community Service">Corporation for National and Community Service</a> ranked Gen X volunteer rates in the U.S. at "29.4% per year", the highest compared with other generations. The rankings were based on a three-year moving average between 2009 and 2011.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Communication_style">Communication style</h5></div> Generation X prefers the communication modes of face-to-face and phone, whereas the younger generations prefer e-mail and texting.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In terms of writing, Generation X is more likely than Generation Z to know <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and more likely than Millennials to use postal <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Also, Generation X is less likely to <a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(behavior)" title="Ghosting (behavior)">ghost</a> than Millennials and Generation Z.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Social media usage is also different, with Generation X preferring <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, while Millennials and Generation Z prefer <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> and <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Income_differential_with_previous_generations">Income differential with previous generations</h5></div> A report titled Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well? focused on the income of males 30–39 in 2004 (those born April 1964 – March 1974). The study was released on 25 May 2007 and emphasized that this generation's men made less (by 12%) than their fathers had at the same age in 1974, thus reversing a historical trend. It concluded that, per year increases in household income generated by fathers/sons slowed from an average of 0.9% to 0.3%, barely keeping pace with inflation. "Family incomes have risen though (over the period 1947 to 2005) because more women have gone to work",<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St.Louis-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isabel_Sawhill,_Ph.D_2007-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Making_less_than_dad_did-157">[157]</a> "supporting the incomes of men, by adding a second earner to the family. And as with male income, the trend is downward."<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St.Louis-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isabel_Sawhill,_Ph.D_2007-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Making_less_than_dad_did-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globally">Globally</h3></div> Although, globally, children and adolescents of Generation X will have been heavily influenced by U.S. cultural industries with shared global currents (e.g., rising divorce rates, the AIDS epidemic, advancements in <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a>), there is not one U.S.-born raised concept but multiple perspectives and geographical outgrowths. Even within the period of analysis, inside national communities, commonalities will have differed on the basis of one's birth date. The generation, Christine Henseler also remarks, was shaped as much by real-world events, within national borders, determined by specific political, cultural, and historical incidents. She adds "In other words, it is in between both real, clearly bordered spaces and more fluid global currents that we can spot the spirit of Generation X."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In 2016, a global consumer insights project from <a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Media_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom International Media Networks">Viacom International Media Networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom (2005–present)">Viacom</a>, based on over 12,000 respondents across 21 countries,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> reported on Gen X's unconventional approach to sex, friendship, and family,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> their desire for flexibility and fulfillment at work<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and the absence of <a href="/wiki/Midlife_crisis" title="Midlife crisis">midlife crisis</a> for Gen Xers.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The project also included a 20 min documentary titled Gen X Today.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Generation Xers are referred to as "the last Soviet children", as the last children to come of age prior to the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in their nation and prior to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCrindle-45">[45]</a> Those that reached adulthood in the 1980s and grew up educated in the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> found themselves against a background of economic and social change, with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> to power and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>. However, even before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, surveys demonstrated that Russian young people repudiated the key features of the Communist worldview that their party leaders, schoolteachers, and even parents had tried to instill in them.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> This generation, caught in the transition between <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and an unknown future, and wooed by the new domestic political classes, remained largely apathetic.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> In France, "Generation X" is not as widely known or used to define its members. Politically, this loosely denotes those born in the early 1960s to the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Although fertility rates started to fall in 1965, number of births in France only followed suit in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> There is general agreement that, domestically, the event that is accepted in France as the separating point between the Baby Boomer generation and Generation X are the <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">French strikes and violent riots of May 1968</a> with those of the generation too young to participate. Those at the start of the cohort are sometimes referred to as 'Génération Bof' because of their tendency to use the word 'bof', which, translated into English, means "whatever".<a href="#cite_note-McCrindle-45">[45]</a> The generation is closely associated with socialist <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> who served as President of France during two consecutive terms between 1981 and 1995 as most transitioned from teenagers into adulthood during that period. Economically, Xers started when the new labour market was emerging and were the first to fully experience the advent of the post-industrial society. For those at the tail-end of the generation, educational and defence reforms, a new style <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at#Baccalauréat_général" title="Baccalauréat">baccalauréat général</a> with three distinct streams in 1995 (the preceding programme, introduced in 1968) the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Licence_Master_Doctorat" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence Master Doctorat">licence-master-doctorat</a> reform for first Millennial graduates (<a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27%C3%A9tudes_universitaires_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rales" title="Diplôme d'études universitaires générales">DEUG</a>, Maîtrise, <a href="/wiki/Diplome_d%27Etudes_Superieures_Specialisees" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplome d'Etudes Superieures Specialisees">DESS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplome_d%27Etudes_Approfondies" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies">DEA</a> degrees no longer awarded), and the cessation of military conscription in 1997 (for those born after January 1979) are considered as new transition points to the next.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h4></div> The term "Generation X" is used to describe <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> born between 1965 and 1985; they grew up during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> and the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recession</a>, coming of age during the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> period of prosperity in the 1990s onward.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The appropriateness of the term to Ireland has been questioned, with <a href="/wiki/Darach_%C3%93_S%C3%A9aghdha" title="Darach Ó Séaghdha">Darach Ó Séaghdha</a> noting that "Generation X is usually contrasted with the one before by growing up in smaller and different family units on account of their parents having greater access to <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> – again, things that were not widely available in Ireland. [Contraception was only available under prescription in 1978 and without prescription in 1985; divorce was illegal until 1996.] However, this generation was in prime position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace Process</a> and liberalisations introduced on foot of <a href="/wiki/EU_membership" class="mw-redirect" title="EU membership">EU membership</a> and was less likely to <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">emigrate</a> than those that came before and after. You could say that in many ways, these are Ireland’s real Boomers."<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Culturally, <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">trad revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_Ted" title="Father Ted">Father Ted</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> culture were significant.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Generation_Sex" title="Generation Sex">Generation Sex</a>" (1998) painted a picture of <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> in the late 20th century, as well as its effect on the media.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwald-175">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_McWilliams_(economist)" title="David McWilliams (economist)">David McWilliams</a>' 2005 book <a href="/wiki/The_Pope%27s_Children" title="The Pope's Children">The Pope's Children: Ireland's New Elite</a> profiled Irish people born in the 1970s (just prior to the <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II%27s_visit_to_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II's visit to Ireland">papal visit to Ireland</a>), which was a <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a> that saw Ireland's population increase for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">1840s Great Famine</a>. The Pope's Children were in position to benefit from the Celtic Tiger and the newly liberal culture, where the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> had significantly less social power.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_children,_adolescents_and_young_adults">As children, adolescents and young adults</h5></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Political_environment">Political environment</h6></div> The United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a> described Generation X as "Thatcher's children" because the cohort grew up while <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990, "a time of social flux and transformation". Those born in the late 1960s and early 1970s grew up in a period of social unrest. While unemployment was low in the early 1970s, industrial and social unrest escalated. Strike action culminated in the "<a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a>" in 1978–79, and <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a> began to unfold in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The turn to neoliberal policies introduced and maintained by consecutive conservative governments from 1979 to 1997 marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education">Education</h6></div> The almost universal dismantling of the <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> system in Great Britain during the 1960s and the 1970s meant that the vast majority of the cohort attended <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive schools</a>. <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a> ended at the age of 16.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-178">[178]</a> As older members of the cohort reached the end of their mandatory schooling, levels of educational enrollment among older adolescents remained below much of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. By the early 1980s, some 80% to 90% of school leavers in France and West Germany received <a href="/wiki/Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">vocational training</a>, compared with 40% in the United Kingdom. By the mid-1980s, over 80% of pupils in the United States and West Germany and over 90% in Japan stayed in education until the age of eighteen, compared with 33% of British pupils.<a href="#cite_note-MacDowall2000-180">[180]</a> There was, however, broadly a rise in education levels among this age range as Generation X passed through it.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In 1990, 25% of young people in England stayed in some kind of full-time education after the age of 18, this was an increase from 15% a decade earlier.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a> and the liberalisation of higher education in the UK saw greater numbers of those born towards the tail-end of the generation gaining university places.<a href="#cite_note-:0-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Employment">Employment</h6></div> The 1980s, when some of Generation X reached working age, was an era defined by high unemployment rates.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> This was particularly true of the youngest members of the working aged population. In 1984, 26% of 16 to 24 year olds were neither in full-time education or participating in the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> However, this figure did decrease as the economic situation improved reaching 17% by 1993.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_midlife_2">In midlife</h5></div> Generation X were far more likely to have children out of wedlock than their parents. The number of babies being born to unmarried parents in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> rose from 11% in 1979, a quarter in 1998, 40% by 2002 and almost half in 2012. They were also significantly more likely to have children later in life than their predecessors. The average age of a mother giving birth rose from 27 in 1982 to 30 in 2012. That year saw 29,994 children born to mothers over the age 40, an increase of 360% from 2002.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> A 2016 study of over 2,500 British office workers conducted by <a href="/wiki/Workfront" title="Workfront">Workfront</a> found that survey respondents of all ages selected those from Generation X as the hardest-working employees and members of the workforce (chosen by 60%).<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Gen X was also ranked highest among fellow workers for having the strongest <a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">work ethic</a> (chosen by 59.5%), being the most helpful (55.4%), the most skilled (54.5%), and the best troubleshooters/problem-solvers (41.6%).<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Political_evolution">Political evolution</h5></div> <a href="/wiki/Ipsos_MORI" title="Ipsos MORI">Ipsos MORI</a> reports that at the <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992</a> general elections, the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_general_elections" title="List of United Kingdom general elections">United Kingdom general elections</a> where significant numbers of Generation X members could vote, a plurality of 18 to 24 year olds opted for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> by a small margin. The polling organisation's figures suggest that in 1987, 39% of that age group voted Labour, 37% for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> and 22% for the <a href="/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance" title="SDP–Liberal Alliance">SDP–Liberal Alliance</a>. Five years later, these numbers were fairly similar at 38% Labour, 35% Conservative and 19% <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, a party by then formed from the previously mentioned alliance. Both these elections saw a fairly significant lead for the Conservatives in the popular vote among the general population.<a href="#cite_note-:1-190">[190]</a> At the 1997 General election where Labour won a large majority of seats and a comfortable lead in the popular vote, research suggests that voters under the age of 35 were more likely to vote Labour if they turned out than the wider electorate but significantly less likely to vote than in 1992. Analysts suggested this may have been due to fewer differences in policies between the major parties and young people having less of a sense of affiliation with particular political parties than older generations.<a href="#cite_note-:1-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> A similar trend continued at the <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001</a> and <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a> general elections as turnout dropped further among both the relatively young and the wider public.<a href="#cite_note-:68-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Voter turnout across the electorate began to recover from a 2001 low until the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:68-192">[192]</a> Generation X also became more likely to vote as they entered the midlife age demographics. Polling suggests a plurality of their age group backed the Conservatives in <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a> and <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a> but less overwhelming than much of the older generation.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 EU membership referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>, Generation X was split with younger members appearing to back remain and Labour and older members tending towards Leave and Conservative in a British electorate more polarised by age than ever before.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> At the 2019 general election, voting trends continued to be heavily divided by age but a plurality of younger as well as older generation X members (then 39 to 55 year olds) voted Conservative.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/200px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/300px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/400px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> in 1989 was a landmark event in Generation X's formative years.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div> In Germany, "Generation X" is not widely used or applied. Instead, reference is sometimes made to "Generation Golf" in the previous <a href="/wiki/West_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West German">West German</a> republic, based on a novel by <a href="/wiki/Florian_Illies" title="Florian Illies">Florian Illies</a>. In the east, children of the "Mauerfall" or coming down of the wall. For former <a href="/wiki/East_German" class="mw-redirect" title="East German">East Germans</a>, there was adaptation, but also a sense of loss of accustomed values and structures. These effects turned into romantic narratives of their childhood. For those in the West, there was a period of discovery and exploration of what had been a forbidden land.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, Gen Xers spent their formative years of the 1980s during the "hyper-politicized environment of the final years of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GenX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GenX.jpg/240px-GenX.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GenX.jpg/360px-GenX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GenX.jpg/480px-GenX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>This illustration shows three cultural touchstones for Generation X: singer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, who dominated pop charts in the 1980s; alien characters from the popular <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Videocassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassette">videocassette</a>, which revolutionized home entertainment by enabling TV viewers to record shows and watch prerecorded films at home.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> Gen Xers were the first cohort to come of age with <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>. They were the first generation to experience the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Music_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Music videos">music videos</a> as teenagers and are sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MetLife-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isaksen_2002-201">[201]</a> Gen Xers were responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> movement of the 1990s and 2000s, including the <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-Time2-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alternative_Goes_Mainstream-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a> has also been described as defining music of the generation, particularly artists such as <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/N.W.A." class="mw-redirect" title="N.W.A.">N.W.A.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">The Notorious B.I.G.</a><a href="#cite_note-My_So_Called_Adulthood-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punk_rock">Punk rock</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offspringlive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Offspringlive.jpg/290px-Offspringlive.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Offspringlive.jpg/435px-Offspringlive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Offspringlive.jpg/580px-Offspringlive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Offspring" title="The Offspring">The Offspring</a> performing in 2008 in Fortaleza, Brazil</figcaption></figure> From 1974 to 1976, a new generation of rock bands arose, including the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Thunders_and_the_Heartbreakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers">Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Dictators" title="The Dictators">the Dictators</a> in New York City; the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">the Clash</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Damned_(band)" title="The Damned (band)">the Damned</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a> in the United Kingdom; and <a href="/wiki/The_Saints_(Australian_band)" title="The Saints (Australian band)">the Saints</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia. By late 1976, these acts were generally recognized as forming the vanguard of "punk rock", and as 1977 approached, punk rock became a major and highly controversial cultural phenomenon in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> It spawned a <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> which expressed a youthful rebellion, characterized by distinctive <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">styles of clothing and adornment</a> (ranging from deliberately offensive T-shirts, leather jackets, studded or spiked bands and jewelry, as well as bondage and S&M clothes) and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">anti-authoritarian ideologies</a> that have since been associated with the form.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> By 1977 the influence of punk rock music and its subculture became more pervasive, spreading throughout various countries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> It generally took root in local scenes that tended to reject affiliation with the mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In the late 1970s, punk experienced its second wave. Acts that were not active during its formative years adopted the style. While at first punk musicians were not Gen Xers themselves (many of them were late Boomers, or <a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">Generation Jones</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Danton-208">[208]</a> the fanbase for punk became increasingly Gen X-oriented as the earliest Xers entered their adolescence, and it therefore made a significant imprint on the cohort.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> By the 1980s, faster and more aggressive subgenres such as <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Minor_Threat" title="Minor Threat">Minor Threat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">street punk</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/The_Exploited" title="The Exploited">the Exploited</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOFX" title="NOFX">NOFX</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Subhumans_(British_band)" title="Subhumans (British band)">Subhumans</a>) became the predominant modes of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk often later pursued other musical directions, resulting in a broad range of spinoffs. This development gave rise to genres such as <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">indie pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a>. Gen Xers were no longer simply the consumers of punk, they became the creators as well.<a href="#cite_note-Danton-208">[208]</a> By the 1990s, punk rock re-emerged into the mainstream. Punk rock and <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">pop punk</a> bands with Gen X members such as <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rancid_(band)" title="Rancid (band)">Rancid</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Offspring" title="The Offspring">The Offspring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blink-182" title="Blink-182">Blink-182</a> brought widespread popularity to the genre .<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hard_rock">Hard rock</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></div> Arguably in a similar way to punk, a sense of disillusionment, angst and anger catalysed <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> to grow from the earlier influence of rock. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-punk">Post-punk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></div> The energy generated by the punk movement launched a subsequent proliferation of weird and eclectic post-punk sub cultures, spanning <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">goth</a>, etc., and influencing the <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grunge">Grunge</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/220px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/330px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (pictured here in 1992) was called the "voice of Generation X" in the 1990s, playing the same role for this demographic as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> played for <a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomers">Baby Boomers</a> in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._134-211">[211]</a></figcaption></figure> A notable example of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> is <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> music and the associated subculture that developed in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> of the U.S. Grunge song lyrics have been called the "...product of Generation X malaise".<a href="#cite_note-United_States_2005._p._359-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulture.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulture.com">Vulture</a> commented: "the best bands arose from the boredom of <a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kids" class="mw-redirect" title="Latchkey kids">latchkey kids</a>". "People made records entirely to please themselves because there was nobody else to please" commented producer <a href="/wiki/Jack_Endino" title="Jack Endino">Jack Endino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Grunge lyrics are typically dark, <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DiBlasi,_Alex_2013._p._520-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angst</a>-filled, anguished, and often addressing themes such as <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">social alienation</a>, despair and <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> wrote that grunge "didn't recycle banal cliches but tackled weighty subjects".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-216">[216]</a> Topics of grunge lyrics included <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> broken homes, drug addiction, self-loathing,<a href="#cite_note-Gina_Misiroglu_2015._p._343-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a>, domestic abuse and finding "meaning in an indifferent universe".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-216">[216]</a> Grunge lyrics tended to be introspective and aimed to enable the listener to see into hidden personal issues and examine depravity in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._134-211">[211]</a> Notable grunge bands include: <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-allmusic_grunge-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hip_hop">Hip hop</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age hip hop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakdance-oldschool.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Breakdance-oldschool.png/200px-Breakdance-oldschool.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Breakdance-oldschool.png/300px-Breakdance-oldschool.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Breakdance-oldschool.png/400px-Breakdance-oldschool.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>This cartoon depicts a 1980s-era dancer doing <a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">breakdancing</a>, an African-American dance form that was a key part of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop culture">hip hop culture</a>.</figcaption></figure> The golden age of hip hop refers to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> made from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s,<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> typically by artists originating from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AllMusic.com-221">[221]</a> The music style was characterized by its diversity, quality,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-222">[222]</a> innovation<a href="#cite_note-rollingstone1995-223">[223]</a> and influence after the genre's emergence and establishment in the previous decade.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated132-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_2003-226">[226]</a> There were various types of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subject-matter" class="extiw" title="wikt:subject-matter">subject matter</a>, while the music was <a href="/wiki/Experimental_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental hip hop">experimental</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> eclectic.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Artists associated with the era include <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Run%E2%80%93D.M.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Run–D.M.C.">Run–D.M.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (group)">Public Enemy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/KRS-One" title="KRS-One">KRS-One</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_B._%26_Rakim" title="Eric B. & Rakim">Eric B. & Rakim</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Soul" title="De La Soul">De La Soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane" title="Big Daddy Kane">Big Daddy Kane</a>, <a href="/wiki/EPMD" title="EPMD">EPMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Quest" title="A Tribe Called Quest">A Tribe Called Quest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan" title="Wu-Tang Clan">Wu-Tang Clan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slick_Rick" title="Slick Rick">Slick Rick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultramagnetic_MC%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramagnetic MC's">Ultramagnetic MC's</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Brothers" title="Jungle Brothers">Jungle Brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mervis_2004-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Linhardt-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_2003-226">[226]</a> Releases by these acts co-existed in this period with, and were as commercially viable as, those of early <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geto_Boys" title="Geto Boys">Geto Boys</a> and <a href="/wiki/N.W.A" title="N.W.A">N.W.A</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">sex raps</a> of <a href="/wiki/2_Live_Crew" title="2 Live Crew">2 Live Crew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Too_Short" title="Too Short">Too Short</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">party-oriented music</a> by acts such as <a href="/wiki/Kid_%27n_Play" title="Kid 'n Play">Kid 'n Play</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Boys" title="The Fat Boys">The Fat Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_%26_The_Fresh_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince">DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/MC_Hammer" title="MC Hammer">MC Hammer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Cotton_Club-234">[234]</a> In addition to lyrical self-glorification, hip hop was also used as a form of social protest.<a href="#cite_note-Mervis_2004-230">[230]</a> Lyrical content from the era often drew attention to a variety of social issues, including afrocentric living, drug use, crime and violence, religion, culture, the state of the American economy, and the modern man's struggle. <a href="/wiki/Conscious_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscious hip hop">Conscious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">political hip hop</a> tracks of the time were a response to the effects of American capitalism and former President Reagan's conservative political economy. According to Rose Tricia, "In rap, relationships between black cultural practice, social and economic conditions, technology, sexual and racial politics, and the institution policing of the popular terrain are complex and in constant motion". Even though hip hop was used as a mechanism for different social issues, it was still very complex with issues within the movement itself.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> There was also often an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a>. Hip hop artists often talked about urban poverty and the problems of alcohol, drugs, and gangs in their communities.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (group)">Public Enemy</a>'s most influential song, "<a href="/wiki/Fight_the_Power_(Public_Enemy_song)" title="Fight the Power (Public Enemy song)">Fight the Power</a>", came out at this time; the song speaks up to the government, proclaiming that people in the <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> have <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and rights like every other American.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> The economic accessibility of video mediums in the consumer market supported the growth and popularity of <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">independent film</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indie_films">Indie films</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevin_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kevin_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/180px-Kevin_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kevin_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/270px-Kevin_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Kevin_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg/360px-Kevin_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2165" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a> is an influential Gen X <a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">indie filmmaker</a>, his flagship film being <a href="/wiki/Clerks_(1994_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerks (1994 film)">Clerks</a>.</figcaption></figure> Gen Xers were largely responsible for the "<a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">indie film</a>" movement of the 1990s, both as young directors and in large part as the film audiences which were fueling demand for such films.<a href="#cite_note-Time2-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alternative_Goes_Mainstream-202">[202]</a> In cinema, directors <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wes_Anderson" title="Wes Anderson">Wes Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton" title="John Singleton">John Singleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spike_Jonze" title="Spike Jonze">Spike Jonze</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson" title="Paul Thomas Anderson">Paul Thomas Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Linklater" title="Richard Linklater">Richard Linklater</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> have been called Generation X filmmakers. Smith is most known for his <a href="/wiki/View_Askewniverse" title="View Askewniverse">View Askewniverse</a> films, the flagship film being <a href="/wiki/Clerks_(1994_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerks (1994 film)">Clerks</a>, which is set in New Jersey circa 1994, and focuses on two convenience-store clerks in their twenties. Linklater's <a href="/wiki/Slacker_(film)" title="Slacker (film)">Slacker</a> similarly explores young adult characters who were interested in <a href="/wiki/Philosophizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophizing">philosophizing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> While not a member of Gen X himself, director <a href="/wiki/John_Hughes_(filmmaker)" title="John Hughes (filmmaker)">John Hughes</a> has been recognized as having created classic 1980s <a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">teen films</a> with early Gen X characters which "an entire generation took ownership of", including <a href="/wiki/The_Breakfast_Club" title="The Breakfast Club">The Breakfast Club</a>,<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Candles" title="Sixteen Candles">Sixteen Candles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weird_Science_(film)" title="Weird Science (film)">Weird Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretty_in_Pink" title="Pretty in Pink">Pretty in Pink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off" title="Ferris Bueller's Day Off">Ferris Bueller's Day Off</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In France, a new movement emerged, the <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a>, spearheaded by filmmakers <a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Beineix" title="Jean-Jacques Beineix">Jean-Jacques Beineix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leos_Carax" title="Leos Carax">Leos Carax</a>. Although not Gen Xers themselves, <a href="/wiki/Subway_(film)" title="Subway (film)">Subway</a> (1985), 37°2 le matin (English: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Blue" title="Betty Blue">Betty Blue</a>; 1986), and <a href="/wiki/Mauvais_Sang" title="Mauvais Sang">Mauvais Sang</a> (1986) sought to capture on screen the generation's malaise, sense of entrapment, and desire to escape.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Franchise_mega_sequels">Franchise mega sequels</h4></div> The birth of franchise mega-sequels in the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a> genres, such as the epic <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Halloween_(franchise)" title="Halloween (franchise)">Halloween</a> franchise, had a profound and notable cultural influence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> The literature of early Gen Xers is often dark and introspective. In the U.S., authors such as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wurtzel" title="Elizabeth Wurtzel">Elizabeth Wurtzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bret_Easton_Ellis" title="Bret Easton Ellis">Bret Easton Ellis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Coupland" title="Douglas Coupland">Douglas Coupland</a> captured the zeitgeist of this generation.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In France, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Michel Houellebecq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Beigbeder" title="Frédéric Beigbeder">Frédéric Beigbeder</a> rank among major novelists whose work also reflect the dissatisfaction and melancholies of the cohort.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Garland" title="Alex Garland">Alex Garland</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_(novel)" title="The Beach (novel)">The Beach</a> (1996), further added to the genre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_problems">Health problems</h2></div> While previous research has indicated that the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a> was declining among Americans aged 35 to 74, a 2018 study published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a>'s journal <a href="/wiki/Circulation_(journal)" title="Circulation (journal)">Circulation</a> revealed that this did not apply to the younger half of that cohort (controlling for age, Generation X have not seen a reduction in heart attack risk, versus previous generations). Data from 28,000 patients from across the United States who were hospitalized for heart attacks between 1995 and 2014 showed that a growing proportion were between the ages of 35 and 54. The proportion of heart-attack patients in this age group at the end of the study was 32%, up from 27% at the start of the study. This increase is most pronounced among women, for whom the number rose from 21% to 31%. A common theme among those who suffered from heart attacks is that they also had <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high-blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>. These changes have been faster for women than for men. Experts suggest a number of reasons for this. Conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> are traditionally viewed as a man's problem, and as such female patients are not considered high-risk. More often than in previous generations, Generation X women are both the primary caretakers of their families and full-time employees, reducing time for <a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">self-care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offspring">Offspring</h2></div> Generation X are usually the parents of <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> and sometimes Millennials.<a href="#cite_note-Strauss_2000_54-8">[8]</a> Jason Dorsey, who works for the Center of Generational Kinetics, observed that like their parents from Generation X, members of Generation Z tend to be autonomous and pessimistic. They need validation less than the Millennials and typically become financially literate at an earlier age, as many of their parents bore the full brunt of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/48px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/64px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/28px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/42px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/56px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/25px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/38px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg/51px-Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="530" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1980s" title="Portal:1980s">1980s portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">Generation Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_ceiling" title="Gray ceiling">Gray ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of generations">List of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xennials" title="Xennials">Xennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillennials" title="Zillennials">Zillennials</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Twenge-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twenge_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twenge_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Trend. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trend.pewtrusts.org/en/archive/winter-2018/foreword-how-are-generations-named">the original</a> on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trend&rft.atitle=How+Are+Generations+Named%3F&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Twenge&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrend.pewtrusts.org%2Fen%2Farchive%2Fwinter-2018%2Fforeword-how-are-generations-named&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/dataviz/dfa/distribute/chart/">"Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. since 1989"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors" title="Federal Reserve Board of Governors">Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a>. 14 June 2024. 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Retrieved 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Millennials+overtake+Baby+Boomers+as+America%27s+largest+generation&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F04%2F28%2Fmillennials-overtake-baby-boomers-as-americas-largest-generation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss_2000_54-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_2000_54_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_2000_54_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_2000_54_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraussHowe2000" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To_Eu9HCNqIC">Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation</a>. Cartoons by R.J. Matson. New York: Vintage Original. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70719-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70719-3"><bdi>978-0-375-70719-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennials+Rising%3A+The+Next+Great+Generation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Vintage+Original&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70719-3&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Howe%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo_Eu9HCNqIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordinier-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordinier_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordinier_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordinier_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordinier_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordinier2008" class="citation book cs1">Gordinier, Jeff (27 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/xsavesworldhowg00gord">X Saves the World: How Generation X Got the Shaft but Can Still Keep Everything from Sucking</a>. Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-01858-1"><bdi>978-0-670-01858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=X+Saves+the+World%3A+How+Generation+X+Got+the+Shaft+but+Can+Still+Keep+Everything+from+Sucking&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0-670-01858-1&rft.aulast=Gordinier&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fxsavesworldhowg00gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Alex (18 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html">"Move Over, Millennials, Here Comes Generation Z"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919162333/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Move+Over%2C+Millennials%2C+Here+Comes+Generation+Z&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F20%2Ffashion%2Fmove-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulrich-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulrich_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrichHarris2003" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, John Mcallister; Harris, Andrea L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v10ZUR_Ca3EC&pg=PA32">GenXegesis: Essays on Alternative Youth (Sub)culture</a>. Popular Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-862-5"><bdi>978-0-87972-862-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080657/https://books.google.com/books?id=v10ZUR_Ca3EC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GenXegesis%3A+Essays+on+Alternative+Youth+%28Sub%29culture&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-862-5&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=John+Mcallister&rft.au=Harris%2C+Andrea+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv10ZUR_Ca3EC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adweek-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adweek_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adweek_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adweek_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adweek_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlara2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Klara, Robert (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/5-reasons-marketers-have-largely-overlooked-generation-x-170539">"5 Reasons Marketers Have Largely Overlooked Generation X"</a>. Adweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201061147/http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/5-reasons-marketers-have-largely-overlooked-generation-x-170539">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adweek&rft.atitle=5+Reasons+Marketers+Have+Largely+Overlooked+Generation+X&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.aulast=Klara&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fnews%2Fadvertising-branding%2F5-reasons-marketers-have-largely-overlooked-generation-x-170539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gen_X-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gen_X_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gen_X_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26339959">"The original Generation X"</a>. BBC News. 1 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162513/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26339959">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+original+Generation+X&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-26339959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2012" class="citation book cs1">Robb, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/934936262">Punk Rock: An Oral History</a>. PM. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-005-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-005-4"><bdi>978-1-60486-005-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934936262">934936262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punk+Rock%3A+An+Oral+History&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=PM&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934936262&rft.isbn=978-1-60486-005-4&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F934936262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punk77.co.uk/groups/generationx.htm">"Generation X - A Punk Rock History with Pictures"</a>. punk77.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201233522/http://punk77.co.uk/groups/generationx.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=punk77.co.uk&rft.atitle=Generation+X+-+A+Punk+Rock+History+with+Pictures.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpunk77.co.uk%2Fgroups%2Fgenerationx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupland1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Coupland" title="Douglas Coupland">Coupland, Douglas</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRdH_LnSsQ0C&pg=PP4">Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. inside front dust jacket flap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312054366" title="Special:BookSources/9780312054366"><bdi>9780312054366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+X%3A+Tales+for+an+Accelerated+Culture&rft.pages=inside+front+dust+jacket+flap&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780312054366&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRdH_LnSsQ0C%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2015" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Guy Patrick (2015). "Generation X". In Ciment, James (ed.). Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History, Volume 2. Routledge. p. 596. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46235-4"><bdi>978-1-317-46235-4</bdi></a>. <q>The expression was later popularized by the American author Douglas Coupland, who borrowed it for the title of his 1991 novel Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generation+X&rft.btitle=Postwar+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Social%2C+Political%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Economic+History%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=596&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46235-4&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Guy+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raphelson-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Raphelson_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raphelson_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphelson2014" class="citation news cs1">Raphelson, Samantha (6 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2014/10/06/349316543/don-t-label-me-origins-of-generational-names-and-why-we-use-them">"From GIs To Gen Z (Or Is It iGen?): How Generations Get Nicknames"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701053025/http://www.npr.org/2014/10/06/349316543/don-t-label-me-origins-of-generational-names-and-why-we-use-them">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+GIs+To+Gen+Z+%28Or+Is+It+iGen%3F%29%3A+How+Generations+Get+Nicknames&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.aulast=Raphelson&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2014%2F10%2F06%2F349316543%2Fdon-t-label-me-origins-of-generational-names-and-why-we-use-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genesis-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genesis_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genesis_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupland2007" class="citation news cs1">Coupland, Douglas (2 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vanmag.com/uncategorized/genesis-x/">"Genesis X"</a>. Vancouver Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324025250/http://vanmag.com/uncategorized/genesis-x/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Magazine&rft.atitle=Genesis+X&rft.date=2007-09-02&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvanmag.com%2Funcategorized%2Fgenesis-x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupland1987" class="citation news cs1">Coupland, Douglas (September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324022020/http://vanmag.com/uncategorized/generation-x-september-1987/">"Generation X"</a>. Vancouver Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vanmag.com/uncategorized/generation-x-september-1987/">the original</a> on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vancouver+Magazine&rft.atitle=Generation+X&rft.date=1987-09&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvanmag.com%2Funcategorized%2Fgeneration-x-september-1987%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> See original magazine pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324025405/http://vanmag.com/vmdrup/sitesfiles/DC_Sept87_pgs164lg.jpg">164</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324022348/http://vanmag.com/vmdrup/sitesfiles/DC_Sept87_pgs165lg.jpg">165</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324025427/http://vanmag.com/vmdrup/sitesfiles/DC_Sept87_pg167lg.jpg">167</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324022317/http://vanmag.com/vmdrup/sitesfiles/DC_Sept87_pgs168lgnew.jpg">168</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324022207/http://vanmag.com/vmdrup/sitesfiles/DC_Sept87_pgs169lg.jpg">169</a>. The story is continued on p. 194, which was not scanned. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vista-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vista_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vista_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupland1989" class="citation web cs1">Coupland, Doug (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joeclark.org/dossiers/GenerationX.pdf">"Generation X"</a> (PDF). Vista. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091007071317/http://joeclark.org/dossiers/GenerationX.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Generation+X&rft.pub=Vista&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoeclark.org%2Fdossiers%2FGenerationX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoody2011" class="citation journal cs1">Doody, Christopher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/bsc/article/view/21940">"X-plained: The Production and Reception History of Douglas Coupland's Generation X"</a>. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada. 49 (1): 5–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720032040/https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/bsc/article/view/21940">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+Bibliographical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=X-plained%3A+The+Production+and+Reception+History+of+Douglas+Coupland%27s+Generation+X&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-34&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Doody&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjps.library.utoronto.ca%2Findex.php%2Fbsc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F21940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupland1995" class="citation news cs1">Coupland, Douglas (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coupland.tripod.com/details1.html">"Generation X'd"</a>. Details Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324022022/http://coupland.tripod.com/details1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Details+Magazine&rft.atitle=Generation+X%27d&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoupland.tripod.com%2Fdetails1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetLife2-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetLife2_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetLife2_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083829/https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/Profiles/mmi-gen-x-demographic-profile.pdf">"Demographic Profile - America's Gen X"</a> (PDF). MetLife. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/Profiles/mmi-gen-x-demographic-profile.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Demographic+Profile+-+America%27s+Gen+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metlife.com%2Fassets%2Fcao%2Fmmi%2Fpublications%2FProfiles%2Fmmi-gen-x-demographic-profile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_owfM7CiCA#t=202.342609854">Neil Howe & William Strauss discuss the Silent Generation on Chuck Underwood's Generations</a>. 2001. pp. 49:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421080017/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_owfM7CiCA#t=202.342609854">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neil+Howe+%26+William+Strauss+discuss+the+Silent+Generation+on+Chuck+Underwood%27s+Generations&rft.pages=49%3A00&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DL_owfM7CiCA%23t%3D202.342609854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIIJacksonHogg2010" class="citation book cs1">II, Ronald L. Jackson; Jackson, Ronald L.; Hogg, Michael A. (29 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2WmSCOBR2IC&q=%22Generation+X%22+%22baby+bust%22&pg=PA307">Encyclopedia of Identity</a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5153-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5153-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-5153-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080701/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2WmSCOBR2IC&q=%22Generation+X%22+%22baby+bust%22&pg=PA307">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Identity&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5153-1&rft.aulast=II&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.+Jackson&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Ronald+L.&rft.au=Hogg%2C+Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2WmSCOBR2IC%26q%3D%2522Generation%2BX%2522%2B%2522baby%2Bbust%2522%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipton1911" class="citation news cs1">Lipton, Lauren (10 November 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-10-tv-1845-story.html">"The Shaping of a Shapeless Generation : Does MTV Unify a Group Known Otherwise For its Sheer Diversity?"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010250/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-10/news/tv-1845_1_mtv-generation">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Shaping+of+a+Shapeless+Generation+%3A+Does+MTV+Unify+a+Group+Known+Otherwise+For+its+Sheer+Diversity%3F&rft.date=1911-11-10&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-11-10-tv-1845-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonHogg2010" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Ronald L.; Hogg, Michael A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2WmSCOBR2IC&pg=PA307">Encyclopedia of Identity</a>. SAGE. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5153-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5153-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-5153-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080701/https://books.google.com/books?id=C2WmSCOBR2IC&pg=PA307">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Identity&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5153-1&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft.au=Hogg%2C+Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2WmSCOBR2IC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweikert2017" class="citation book cs1">Schweikert, Christina, ed. (2017). Changing Business Environment: Gamechangers, opportunities and Risks. 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Pew Research. 25 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226205545/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/25/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018. 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Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711122726/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Brookings_Winogradfinal.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings+Institution&rft.atitle=How+Millennials+Could+Upend+Wall+Street+and+Corporate+America&rft.date=2014-05&rft.aulast=Winograd&rft.aufirst=Morley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2FBrookings_Winogradfinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/dataviz/dfa/distribute/table/#quarter:119;series:Net%20worth;demographic:age;population:all;units:shares">"Distribution of Household Wealth in the U.S. since 1989"</a>. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 23 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102044357/https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/dataviz/dfa/distribute/table/#quarter:119;series:Net%20worth;demographic:age;population:all;units:shares">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+Household+Wealth+in+the+U.S.+since+1989&rft.date=2019-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalreserve.gov%2Freleases%2Fz1%2Fdataviz%2Fdfa%2Fdistribute%2Ftable%2F%23quarter%3A119%3Bseries%3ANet%2520worth%3Bdemographic%3Aage%3Bpopulation%3Aall%3Bunits%3Ashares&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssa.gov/open/data/EOY-Generational-Data.html">"SSA Open Data | Generational Data for SSA Employees"</a>. www.ssa.gov. 23 March 2023. 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Retrieved 3 June 2011. <q>In Boom, Bust & Echo, Foot (1996: 18–22) divides youth into two groups: 'Generation X' born between 1960 and 1966 and the 'Bust Generation' born between 1967 and 1979.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Generation+X+and+Political+Correctness%3A+Ideological+and+Religious+Transformation+Among+Students&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-36&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3341691&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3341691%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Trenton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjsonline.ca%2Farticles%2Ftrenton.htmL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeigle2000" class="citation news cs1">Seigle, Greg (6 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023005649/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/52287975.html?dids=52287975:52287975&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT">"Some Call It 'Jones'"</a>. 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Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74365-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74365-1"><bdi>978-0-679-74365-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=13th+Gen%3A+Abort%2C+Retry%2C+Ignore%2C+Fail%3F&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74365-1&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F13thgenabortretr00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulaney2015" class="citation news cs1">Dulaney, Josh (27 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.presstelegram.com/gen-x-turns-50/">"A Generation Stuck in the Middle Turns 50"</a>. PT Projects. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518072231/http://projects.presstelegram.com/gen-x-turns-50/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Generation+Stuck+in+the+Middle+Turns+50&rft.date=2015-12-27&rft.aulast=Dulaney&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.presstelegram.com%2Fgen-x-turns-50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2011" class="citation news cs1">Dawson, Alene (25 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-beauty-genx-20110925-story.html">"Gen X women, young for their age"</a>. LA Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813064546/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/25/image/la-ig-beauty-genx-20110925">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Gen+X+women%2C+young+for+their+age&rft.date=2011-09-25&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Alene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Ffashion%2Falltherage%2Fla-ig-beauty-genx-20110925-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss" class="citation news cs1">Strauss, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808195038/https://www.angelo.edu/events/university_symposium/97_Strauss.php">"What Future Awaits Today's Youth in the New Millennium?"</a>. Angelo State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelo.edu/events/university_symposium/97_Strauss.php">the original</a> on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Future+Awaits+Today%27s+Youth+in+the+New+Millennium%3F&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelo.edu%2Fevents%2Funiversity_symposium%2F97_Strauss.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GenMap-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GenMap_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenMap_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenMap_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2qean3b1jjd1s87812ool5ji-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/McCrindle-Research_ABC-03_The-Generation-Map_Mark-McCrindle.pdf">"The Generation Map"</a> (PDF). McCrindle Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618103906/https://2qean3b1jjd1s87812ool5ji-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/McCrindle-Research_ABC-03_The-Generation-Map_Mark-McCrindle.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Generation+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2qean3b1jjd1s87812ool5ji-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F12%2FMcCrindle-Research_ABC-03_The-Generation-Map_Mark-McCrindle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenseler2012" class="citation book cs1">Henseler, Christine (2012). Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion. Routledge. pp. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69944-0"><bdi>978-0-415-69944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+X+Goes+Global%3A+Mapping+a+Youth+Culture+in+Motion&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-69944-0&rft.aulast=Henseler&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Susan (22 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-gregory-thomas/all-apologies-thank-you-f_b_931718.html">"All Apologies: Thank You for the 'Sorry'"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415055600/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-gregory-thomas/all-apologies-thank-you-f_b_931718.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=All+Apologies%3A+Thank+You+for+the+%27Sorry%27&rft.date=2011-10-22&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fsusan-gregory-thomas%2Fall-apologies-thank-you-f_b_931718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Susan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inspiteofeveryth0000thom">In Spite of Everything</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6882-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6882-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-6882-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Spite+of+Everything&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6882-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finspiteofeveryth0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinemaofgenerati00hans">The Cinema of Generation X: A Critical Study of Films and Directors</a>. 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JSTOR Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112003116/http://daily.jstor.org/latchkey-generation-bad/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2015. 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Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=What%27s+The+Defining+Moment+of+Your+Generation%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F11%2F02%2F141930849%2Fwhats-the-defining-moment-of-your-generation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Susan (21 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-gregory-thomas/all-apologies-thank-you-f_b_931718.html">"All Apologies: Thank You for the 'Sorry'"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415055600/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-gregory-thomas/all-apologies-thank-you-f_b_931718.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=All+Apologies%3A+Thank+You+for+the+%27Sorry%27&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fsusan-gregory-thomas%2Fall-apologies-thank-you-f_b_931718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edutopia.org/generation-x-parents-relationships-guide">"A Teacher's Guide to Generation X"</a>. Edutopia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323084700/http://www.edutopia.org/generation-x-parents-relationships-guide">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edutopia&rft.atitle=A+Teacher%27s+Guide+to+Generation+X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edutopia.org%2Fgeneration-x-parents-relationships-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Susan (9 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303544604576430341393583056">"The Divorce Generation"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409014656/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303544604576430341393583056">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2016. 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Education Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426034829/http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/1984/09/19/05550017.h04.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+%27To+Save+Our+Schools%2C+To+Save+Our+Children%27%3A+A+Conversation+With+Marshall+Frady&rft.date=1984-09-19&rft.aulast=Toch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Few%2Farticles%2F1984%2F09%2F19%2F05550017.h04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorry1984" class="citation news cs1">Corry, John (4 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/04/arts/a-look-at-schools-in-us.html">"A Look at Schools in U.S."</a> The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222125/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/04/arts/a-look-at-schools-in-us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+Schools+in+U.S.&rft.date=1984-09-04&rft.aulast=Corry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F09%2F04%2Farts%2Fa-look-at-schools-in-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin2011" class="citation book cs1">Gitlin, Martin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babyboomerencycl00gitl">The Baby Boomer Encyclopedia</a>. Greenwood. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babyboomerencycl00gitl/page/n184">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38218-5"><bdi>978-0-313-38218-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baby+Boomer+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38218-5&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabyboomerencycl00gitl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmadeo2020" class="citation web cs1">Amadeo, Kimberly (31 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebalance.com/reaganomics-did-it-work-would-it-today-3305569#citation-2">"Reaganomics"</a>. The Balance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525164514/https://www.thebalance.com/reaganomics-did-it-work-would-it-today-3305569#citation-2">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Balance&rft.atitle=Reaganomics&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.aulast=Amadeo&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebalance.com%2Freaganomics-did-it-work-would-it-today-3305569%23citation-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/ft_dual-income-households-1960-2012-2/">"The Rise in Dual Income Households"</a>. Pew Research Center. 18 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404030454/https://www.pewresearch.org/ft_dual-income-households-1960-2012-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+Rise+in+Dual+Income+Households&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fft_dual-income-households-1960-2012-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdi_Lorenzo2017" class="citation book cs1">di Lorenzo, Stefano (2017). Reaganomics: The Roots of Neoliberalism. Independently Published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9731-6329-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9731-6329-9"><bdi>978-1-9731-6329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaganomics%3A+The+Roots+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-9731-6329-9&rft.aulast=di+Lorenzo&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltz1995" class="citation book cs1">Holtz, Geoffrey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ay28CTKlgsC">Welcome to the Jungle: The Why Behind Generation X</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-13210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-13210-1"><bdi>978-0-312-13210-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080702/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ay28CTKlgsC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Jungle%3A+The+Why+Behind+Generation+X&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-13210-1&rft.aulast=Holtz&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Ay28CTKlgsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dunlap, Eloise (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2565489">"The Severely-Distressed African American Family in the Crack Era: Empowerment is not Enough"</a>. J Sociol Soc Welf. 33 (1): 115–139. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2565489">2565489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18852841">18852841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Sociol+Soc+Welf.&rft.atitle=The+Severely-Distressed+African+American+Family+in+the+Crack+Era%3A+Empowerment+is+not+Enough&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115-139&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2565489%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18852841&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=Eloise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2565489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fryer, Roland (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/fryer/files/fhlm_crack_cocaine_0.pdf">"Measuring Crack Cocaine and Its Impact"</a> (PDF). Harvard University Society of Fellows: 3, 66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007234650/http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/fryer/files/fhlm_crack_cocaine_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+University+Society+of+Fellows&rft.atitle=Measuring+Crack+Cocaine+and+Its+Impact&rft.pages=3%2C+66&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Ffryer%2Ffiles%2Ffhlm_crack_cocaine_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/yuppies-beware-here-comes-generation-x/article_ce19c561-c82d-51b0-a0f9-0f680bc50da9.html">"Yuppies, Beware: Here Comes Generation X"</a>. Tulsa World. 9 July 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228212911/https://www.tulsaworld.com/archives/yuppies-beware-here-comes-generation-x/article_ce19c561-c82d-51b0-a0f9-0f680bc50da9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+World&rft.atitle=Yuppies%2C+Beware%3A+Here+Comes+Generation+X&rft.date=1991-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulsaworld.com%2Farchives%2Fyuppies-beware-here-comes-generation-x%2Farticle_ce19c561-c82d-51b0-a0f9-0f680bc50da9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltikis2016" class="citation web cs1">Haltikis, Perry (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-disease-that-defined-_b_5881884?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABtjR7Bc84SyiSRKv6VQ3xatq2VPWu1GfUD_ckT_c5g_EtJI3HGX5x9IT68-4FfKqdrDftJ9HAQ9u4UM5XXjNA_HERTn7paNfwbGt1TI9MEkHC3DKQKBpIVnbvJ22FF_ewfIeJGyyBidkzrBXNndRk2Td29GCvpC1GZxqxr524E6">"The Disease That Defined My Generation"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801005145/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-disease-that-defined-_b_5881884?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABtjR7Bc84SyiSRKv6VQ3xatq2VPWu1GfUD_ckT_c5g_EtJI3HGX5x9IT68-4FfKqdrDftJ9HAQ9u4UM5XXjNA_HERTn7paNfwbGt1TI9MEkHC3DKQKBpIVnbvJ22FF_ewfIeJGyyBidkzrBXNndRk2Td29GCvpC1GZxqxr524E6">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Disease+That+Defined+My+Generation&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Haltikis&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fthe-disease-that-defined-_b_5881884%3Fguccounter%3D1%26guce_referrer%3DaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8%26guce_referrer_sig%3DAQAAABtjR7Bc84SyiSRKv6VQ3xatq2VPWu1GfUD_ckT_c5g_EtJI3HGX5x9IT68-4FfKqdrDftJ9HAQ9u4UM5XXjNA_HERTn7paNfwbGt1TI9MEkHC3DKQKBpIVnbvJ22FF_ewfIeJGyyBidkzrBXNndRk2Td29GCvpC1GZxqxr524E6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427015344/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/generation-x/videos/gen-x-reacts-to-aids/">"Generation X Reacts to AIDS"</a>. National Geographic Channel. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/generation-x/videos/gen-x-reacts-to-aids/">the original</a> on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Generation+X+Reacts+to+AIDS&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchannel.nationalgeographic.com%2Fgeneration-x%2Fvideos%2Fgen-x-reacts-to-aids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalkitis2016" class="citation news cs1">Halkitis, Perry (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/perry-n-halkitis-phd-ms/the-disease-that-defined-_b_5881884.html">"The Disease That Defined My Generation"</a>. The Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809002203/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/perry-n-halkitis-phd-ms/the-disease-that-defined-_b_5881884.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Disease+That+Defined+My+Generation&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Halkitis&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fperry-n-halkitis-phd-ms%2Fthe-disease-that-defined-_b_5881884.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark_Northrup2003" class="citation book cs1">Clark Northrup, Cynthia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaneconomyh12nort">The American economy : a historical encyclopedia</a>. ABC Clio. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaneconomyh12nort/page/n166">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-866-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-866-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-866-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+economy+%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=ABC+Clio&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-866-2&rft.aulast=Clark+Northrup&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaneconomyh12nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaettler1990" class="citation book cs1">Saettler, Paul (1990). The evolution of American educational technology. Libraries Unlimited. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87287-613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87287-613-2"><bdi>978-0-87287-613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+American+educational+technology&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87287-613-2&rft.aulast=Saettler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounie2013" class="citation book cs1">Younie, Sarah (2013). Teaching with Technologies: The Essential Guide. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-24619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-24619-9"><bdi>978-0-335-24619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+with+Technologies%3A+The+Essential+Guide&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education+%28UK%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-335-24619-9&rft.aulast=Younie&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMourot2013" class="citation book cs1">Mourot, Jean J. (2013). La dernière classe 1984-1990. Le Scorpion Brun. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-92559-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-92559-00-2"><bdi>979-10-92559-00-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+derni%C3%A8re+classe+1984-1990&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Le+Scorpion+Brun&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=979-10-92559-00-2&rft.aulast=Mourot&rft.aufirst=Jean+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retail-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Retail_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Retail_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://specialtyretail.com/issue/2003/07/running-a-cart-or-kiosk/generation-x/">"Generation X"</a>. Specialty Retail. 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London: Routledge. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69944-0"><bdi>978-0-415-69944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+X+Goes+Global%3A+Mapping+a+Youth+Culture+in+Motion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-69944-0&rft.aulast=Henseler&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2017" class="citation web cs1">Harrington, Suzanne (19 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/arid-20443236.html">"All grown up and in their forties: Whatever happened to Generation X?"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Divine+Comedy%3A+%27Generation+Sex%27+%E2%80%93+Review&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsong%2Fgeneration-sex-mt0000377781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAodha2018" class="citation web cs1">Aodha, Gráinne Ní (19 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/pope-john-pauls-rte-4020761-May2018/">"If you were named John Paul after the Pope's 1979 visit, RTÉ is looking for you"</a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742522039" title="Special:BookSources/9780742522039"><bdi>9780742522039</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203080703/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qaMqwGRE00C&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. 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No. CSSR Working Paper No. 284. Centre For Social Science Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826202032/https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/item/22088/Schenk_Locating_Generation_X_Taste_2012.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Locating+generation+X%3A+Taste+and+identity+in+transitional+South+Africa&rft.issue=CSSR+Working+Paper+No.+284&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.uct.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2Fitem%2F22088%2FSchenk_Locating_Generation_X_Taste_2012.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaksen_2002-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Isaksen_2002_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaksen2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Isaksen, Judy L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041024071508/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100500">"Generation X"</a>. St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100500/">the original</a> on 24 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generation+X&rft.btitle=St.+James+Encyclopedia+of+Pop+Culture&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Isaksen&rft.aufirst=Judy+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_g1epc%2Fis_tov%2Fai_2419100500%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alternative_Goes_Mainstream-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alternative_Goes_Mainstream_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alternative_Goes_Mainstream_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616014050/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/generation-x/">"Alternative Goes Mainstream"</a>. National Geographic Channel. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/generation-x/">the original</a> on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alternative+Goes+Mainstream&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchannel.nationalgeographic.com%2Fgeneration-x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-My_So_Called_Adulthood-203"><a href="#cite_ref-My_So_Called_Adulthood_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Carl (4 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/magazine/the-gen-x-nostalgia-boom.html">"My So Called Adulthood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/magazine/the-gen-x-nostalgia-boom.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=My+So+Called+Adulthood&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F07%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-gen-x-nostalgia-boom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/punk-ma0000002806">"Punk"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001181553/https://www.allmusic.com/style/punk-ma0000002806">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018. <q>in both the U.K. and the U.S. In America, punk remained an underground sensation, eventually spawning the hardcore and indie-rock scenes of the '80s, but in the UK, it was a full-scale phenomenon. In the U.K., the Sex Pistols were thought of as a serious threat to the well-being of the government and monarchy, but more importantly, they caused countless bands to form.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Punk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fpunk-ma0000002806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick2013" class="citation web cs1">Roderick, John (27 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattleweekly.com/music/for-those-of-us-who-grew-up-in-the-shadow-of-the/">"Punk Rock Is Bullshit: How a Toxic Social Movement Poisoned Our Culture"</a>. Seattle Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728180236/https://www.seattleweekly.com/music/for-those-of-us-who-grew-up-in-the-shadow-of-the/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021. <q>For those of us who grew up in the shadow of the baby boom, force-fed the misremembered vainglory of Woodstock long after most hippies had become coked-out, craven yuppies on their way to becoming paranoid neo-cons, punk rock provided a corrective dose of hard truth. Punk was ugly and ugly was true, no matter how many new choruses the Boomers added to their song of self-praise. It was this perceived honesty that we, the nascent Generation X, feared and worshipped. But over time punk swelled into a Stalinistic doctrine of self-denial that stunted us. The yuppies kept sucking, but by clinging to punk we started to suck too.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Weekly&rft.atitle=Punk+Rock+Is+Bullshit%3A+How+a+Toxic+Social+Movement+Poisoned+Our+Culture&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.aulast=Roderick&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattleweekly.com%2Fmusic%2Ffor-those-of-us-who-grew-up-in-the-shadow-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513205707/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-punk-rock-2803345">"The History and Evolution of Punk Rock Music"</a>. liveabout.com. 10 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-punk-rock-2803345">the original</a> on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2021. <q>By the late '70s, punk had finished its beginning and had emerged as a solid musical force. With its rise in popularity, punk began to split into numerous sub-genres. New musicians embraced the DIY movement and began to create their own individual scenes with specific sounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liveabout.com&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Evolution+of+Punk+Rock+Music&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fhistory-of-punk-rock-2803345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlate" class="citation web cs1">Slate, John H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/xbp02">"Punk Rock"</a>. Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124055121/https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/xbp02">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Punk+Rock&rft.aulast=Slate&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fxbp02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danton-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danton_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danton_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanton2005" class="citation web cs1">Danton, Eric R. (6 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2005-11-06-0511040334-story.html">"The Conflicted Musical Legacy of Generation X"</a>. Hartford Courant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201659/https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2005-11-06-0511040334-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2021. <q>Punk was the first musical reaction to the classic-rock ethos of the Woodstock generation. The original punk rockers were late-period Boomers eager to distance themselves from the supercilious upper end of their demographic, and their music, reflecting the dour economics of the late 1970s, became a template for Generation X and the ensuing "post-punk" movement that eventually birthed grunge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=The+Conflicted+Musical+Legacy+of+Generation+X&rft.date=2005-11-06&rft.aulast=Danton&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Fnews%2Fconnecticut%2Fhc-xpm-2005-11-06-0511040334-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzman2015" class="citation web cs1">Guzman, Richard (28 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presstelegram.com/2015/12/28/grunge-rap-music-movements-of-the-early-1990s-became-gen-xs-soundtrack/">"Grunge, rap music movements of the early 1990s became Gen X's soundtrack"</a>. Press Telegram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806145610/https://www.presstelegram.com/2015/12/28/grunge-rap-music-movements-of-the-early-1990s-became-gen-xs-soundtrack/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021. <q>The Gen X soundtrack was more of a mixtape that ranged from feel-good dance and pop music, to punk, glam rock, new wave, alternative and rap.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Telegram&rft.atitle=Grunge%2C+rap+music+movements+of+the+early+1990s+became+Gen+X%27s+soundtrack&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft.aulast=Guzman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presstelegram.com%2F2015%2F12%2F28%2Fgrunge-rap-music-movements-of-the-early-1990s-became-gen-xs-soundtrack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Savage, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/punk">"Punk"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114105315/https://www.britannica.com/art/punk">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021. <q>Punk's full impact came only after the success of Nirvana in 1991, coinciding with the ascendance of Generation X—a new, disaffected generation born in the 1960s, many members of which identified with punk's charged, often contradictory mix of intelligence, simplicity, anger, and powerlessness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punk&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fpunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._134-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._134_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felix-Jager,_Steven_2017._p._134_211-1">b</a> Felix-Jager, Steven (2017). With God on Our Side: Towards a Transformational Theology of Rock and Roll. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_2005._p._359-212"><a href="#cite_ref-United_States_2005._p._359_212-0">^</a> Music Cultures in the United States: An Introduction. Ed. Ellen Koskoff. Routledge, 2005. p. 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2017" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, Craig (11 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2017/04/despite-what-you-may-think-pearl-jam-is-still-great.html">"Pearl Jam Might Not Be Cool, But That Doesn't Mean They Aren't Great"</a>. Vulture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616230520/http://www.vulture.com/2017/04/despite-what-you-may-think-pearl-jam-is-still-great.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vulture&rft.atitle=Pearl+Jam+Might+Not+Be+Cool%2C+But+That+Doesn%27t+Mean+They+Aren%27t+Great&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vulture.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fdespite-what-you-may-think-pearl-jam-is-still-great.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiBlasi,_Alex_2013._p._520-214"><a href="#cite_ref-DiBlasi,_Alex_2013._p._520_214-0">^</a> DiBlasi, Alex (2013). "Grunge" in Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars and Stories that Shaped Our Culture, pp. 520–524 [520]. Edited by Jacqueline Edmondson. 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Retrieved 20 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Metal&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.aulast=Pearlin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetal.mit.edu%2Fbrief-history-metal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_216-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcManus2008" class="citation news cs1">McManus, Darragh (31 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/oct/31/grunge">"Just 20 years on, grunge seems like ancient history"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913200821/http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/oct/31/grunge">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Just+20+years+on%2C+grunge+seems+like+ancient+history&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Darragh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2008%2Foct%2F31%2Fgrunge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Strong, Catherine. Grunge: Music and Memory. Routledge, 2016. p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gina_Misiroglu_2015._p._343-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Gina_Misiroglu_2015._p._343_218-0">^</a> Gina Misiroglu. American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge, 2015. p. 343 </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic_grunge-219"><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_grunge_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/grunge-ma0000002626">"Grunge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120602144523/https://www.allmusic.com/style/grunge-ma0000002626">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Grunge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fgrunge-ma0000002626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaramanica2005" class="citation news cs1">Caramanica, Jon (26 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/arts/music/hiphops-raiders-of-the-lost-archives.html">"Hip-Hop's Raiders of the Lost Archives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110174930/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/26/arts/music/hiphops-raiders-of-the-lost-archives.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop%27s+Raiders+of+the+Lost+Archives&rft.date=2005-06-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Caramanica&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F06%2F26%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fhiphops-raiders-of-the-lost-archives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllMusic.com-221"><a href="#cite_ref-AllMusic.com_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/golden-age-ma0000012011">"Golden Age"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030215702/http://www.allmusic.com/style/golden-age-ma0000012011">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Golden+Age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fgolden-age-ma0000012011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-222"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2004" class="citation web cs1">Green, Tony (13 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/popculture/remembering-golden-age-hip-hop-wbna5430999">"The '80s were golden age of hip-hop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213093831/https://www.today.com/popculture/remembering-golden-age-hip-hop-wbna5430999">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2023. <q>as hip-hop music moves into its 25th year, its 40-something followers are starting to wax nostalgic about what many feel was the "Golden Age" of hip-hop music: The '80s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=The+%2780s+were+golden+age+of+hip-hop&rft.date=2004-07-13&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fpopculture%2Fremembering-golden-age-hip-hop-wbna5430999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rollingstone1995-223"><a href="#cite_ref-rollingstone1995_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoker1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Coker, Cheo H. (9 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202153447/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars">"Slick Rick: Behind Bars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/slickrick/albums/album/103326/review/5945316/behind_bars">the original</a> on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2014. <q>"Sittin' in My Car" is vintage Slick Rick; bolstered by an elegant piano loop, Doug E. Fresh's beat-box breathalistics and Slick's crooning of Billy Stewart's "Sitting in the Park," the song invokes memories of rap's '86-'89 golden age, when it seemed that every new single reinvented the genre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Slick+Rick%3A+Behind+Bars&rft.date=1995-03-09&rft.aulast=Coker&rft.aufirst=Cheo+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fartists%2Fslickrick%2Falbums%2Falbum%2F103326%2Freview%2F5945316%2Fbehind_bars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated132-224"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated132_224-0">^</a> Green, Tony, in Wang, Oliver (ed.) Classic Material, Toronto: ECW Press, 2003. p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2005-06-19-spin-top-cd_x.htm">"Spin magazine picks Radiohead CD as best"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 20 June 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2023. <q>[Spin editor-in-chief Sia] Michel [...] points out that Spin started several years before hip-hop mag Source was founded: "We put hip-hop on the cover before anyone else did." "Because we started this list in 1985, we pretty much hit hip-hop in its golden age," she says. "There were so many important, groundbreaking albums coming out right about that time."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Spin+magazine+picks+Radiohead+CD+as+best&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2F2005-06-19-spin-top-cd_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Age_2003-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_2003_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_2003_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/jungle-brothers-still-untamed-20031024-gdwlf3.html">"Jungle Brothers still untamed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. 24 October 2003. Retrieved 21 May 2023. <q>Emerging from the late-1980s New York City underground rap scene, the Jungle Brothers inadvertently found themselves part of hip-hop's golden age. Their early albums, 1988's Straight Out the Jungle and 1989's Done by the Forces of Nature, are considered, along with efforts such as the Beastie Boys' Paul's Boutique and De La Soul's Three Feet High and Rising, to be among the most influential hip-hop albums.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Jungle+Brothers+still+untamed&rft.date=2003-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fjungle-brothers-still-untamed-20031024-gdwlf3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Roni Sariq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypages.com/databank/18/854/article3420.asp">"Crazy Wisdom Masters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123092309/http://citypages.com/databank/18/854/article3420.asp">Archived</a> 23 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, City Pages, 16 April 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Will Hodgkinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1044954,00.html">"Adventures on the wheels of steel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515044706/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/homeentertainment/story/0,12830,1044954,00.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 19 September 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoker1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Coker, Cheo H. (16 November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114082045/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/114772/review/5944793">"KRS-One: KRS-One"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/114772/review/5944793">the original</a> on 14 January 2009. <q>In a genre that regularly denigrates its heroes, KRS-One has enough battle scars to be considered the Neil Young of hip-hop: a raggedy, highly opinionated figure from rap's golden age...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=KRS-One%3A+KRS-One&rft.date=1995-11-16&rft.aulast=Coker&rft.aufirst=Cheo+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Freviews%2Falbum%2F114772%2Freview%2F5944793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mervis_2004-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mervis_2004_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mervis_2004_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMervis2004" class="citation news cs1">Mervis, Scott (15 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814095144/https://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp">"From Kool Herc to 50 Cent, the story of rap -- so far"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20040215rap0215aep1.asp">the original</a> on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=From+Kool+Herc+to+50+Cent%2C+the+story+of+rap+--+so+far&rft.date=2004-02-15&rft.aulast=Mervis&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.post-gazette.com%2Fae%2F20040215rap0215aep1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKot2001" class="citation news cs1">Kot, Greg (19 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-sep-19-ca-47202-story.html">"Hip-Hop Below the Mainstream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2023. <q>The golden age of hip-hop is at least a decade in the past, a time when the most artistically ambitious music--by performers such as Public Enemy, Eric B. and Rakim, De La Soul and A Tribe Called Quest--was also the most commercially successful.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop+Below+the+Mainstream&rft.date=2001-09-19&rft.aulast=Kot&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2001-sep-19-ca-47202-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoker1996" class="citation news cs1">Coker, Cheo Hodari (11 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-08-11-ca-33169-story.html">"'It's a Beautiful Feeling'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 29 May 2023. <q>Wearing a blue sweatsuit and a shining gold pendant, Nas reminded many in the crowd of the Golden Age of New York hip-hop, when rappers from Eric B. & Rakim to the Ultramagnetic MCs wore clothes tailored by the hip Harlem haberdashery Dapper Dan's.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+a+Beautiful+Feeling%27&rft.date=1996-08-11&rft.aulast=Coker&rft.aufirst=Cheo+Hodari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1996-08-11-ca-33169-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linhardt-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Linhardt_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8383-critical-beatdown/">"Critical Beatdown: Ultramagnetic MCs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)" title="Pitchfork (website)">Pitchfork</a>. 10 June 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2023. <q>To claim that "Critical Beatdown" is the greatest hip-hop album of 1988 would take a lot of courage-- after all, it was the zenith of hip-hop's Golden Age, boasting classics from nearly every influential late-1980s rap group. And even if Ultramagnetic's Kool Keith and Ced Gee didn't possess the intricate rhythms of Rakim and Chuck D, or paint vivid ghettoscapes as well as KRS-One or Slick Rick, "Critical Beatdown" is still probably the hardest, fastest, craziest hip-hop album of that year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Critical+Beatdown%3A+Ultramagnetic+MCs&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Freviews%2Falbums%2F8383-critical-beatdown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Cotton_Club-234"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Cotton_Club_234-0">^</a> Bakari Kitwana,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0526,kitwana,65332,22.html/full">"The Cotton Club"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609225217/http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0526,kitwana,65332,22.html/full">Archived</a> 9 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Village Voice, 21 June 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Rose, Tricia. Black Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary American. Hanover: Wesleyan U, 1994. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/mediarace/socialsignificance.htm">"The social significance of rap & hip-hop culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321161217/http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/mediarace/socialsignificance.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+social+significance+of+rap+%26+hip-hop+culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fclass%2Fe297c%2Fpoverty_prejudice%2Fmediarace%2Fsocialsignificance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Public-enemy-fight-the-power-lyrics">"Public Enemy – Fight the Power Lyrics"</a>. Genius Lyrics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710021100/https://genius.com/Public-enemy-fight-the-power-lyrics">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Enemy+%E2%80%93+Fight+the+Power+Lyrics&rft.pub=Genius+Lyrics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FPublic-enemy-fight-the-power-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2002" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cinemaofgenerati00hans">The Cinema of Generation X: A Critical Study of Films and Directors</a>. North Carolina and London: McFarland and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1334-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1334-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-1334-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+of+Generation+X%3A+A+Critical+Study+of+Films+and+Directors&rft.place=North+Carolina+and+London&rft.pub=McFarland+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1334-8&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcinemaofgenerati00hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime1998" class="citation news cs1">Time, Magazine (9 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viewaskew.com/press/time/article.html">"My Generation Believes We Can Do Anything"</a>. View Askew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115235607/http://www.viewaskew.com/press/time/article.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=My+Generation+Believes+We+Can+Do+Anything&rft.date=1998-06-09&rft.aulast=Time&rft.aufirst=Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viewaskew.com%2Fpress%2Ftime%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Richard Linklater, Slacker, St Martins Griffin, 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Tasker" title="Yvonne Tasker">Tasker, Yvonne</a> (2010). Fifty Contemporary Film Directors. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55433-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55433-6"><bdi>978-0-415-55433-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Contemporary+Film+Directors&rft.pages=365&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-55433-6&rft.aulast=Tasker&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2010" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Dominique (2010). Rape in Art Cinema. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2967-4"><bdi>978-0-8264-2967-4</bdi></a>. <q>In this vein, Solondz' films, while set in the present, contain an array of objects and architectural styles that evoke Generation X's childhood and adolescence. Dawn (Heather Matarazzo) wears her hair tied up in a 1970s ponytail holder with large balls, despite the fact her brother works at a 1990 Macintosh computer, in a film that came out in 1996.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rape+in+Art+Cinema&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-2967-4&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088847/">"The Breakfast Club"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404063749/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088847/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2014 – via www.imdb.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Breakfast+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0088847%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimple_Minds2010" class="citation web cs1">Simple Minds (3 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/CdqoNKCCt7A">"Don't You (Forget About Me)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdqoNKCCt7A">the original</a> on 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Don%27t+You+%28Forget+About+Me%29&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft.au=Simple+Minds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCdqoNKCCt7A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronchick.2013" class="citation web cs1">Aronchick., David (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-aronchick/happy-birthday-john-hughes_b_2689002.html">"Happy Birthday John Hughes: The Voice of My So-Called 'Lost Generation'"</a>. Huff Post Entertainment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140622150641/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-aronchick/happy-birthday-john-hughes_b_2689002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huff+Post+Entertainment&rft.atitle=Happy+Birthday+John+Hughes%3A+The+Voice+of+My+So-Called+%27Lost+Generation%27&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.aulast=Aronchick.&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-aronchick%2Fhappy-birthday-john-hughes_b_2689002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenseler2012" class="citation book cs1">Henseler, Christine (2012). Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion. London: Routledge. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69944-0"><bdi>978-0-415-69944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+X+Goes+Global%3A+Mapping+a+Youth+Culture+in+Motion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-69944-0&rft.aulast=Henseler&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine2007" class="citation book cs1">Christine, Christine (2007). Generation X Rocks: Contemporary Peninsular Fiction, Film, and Rock Culture. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1564-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1564-3"><bdi>978-0-8265-1564-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+X+Rocks%3A+Contemporary+Peninsular+Fiction%2C+Film%2C+and+Rock+Culture&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1564-3&rft.aulast=Christine&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenseler2012" class="citation book cs1">Henseler, Christine (2012). Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion. Routledge. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-69944-0"><bdi>978-0-415-69944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+X+Goes+Global%3A+Mapping+a+Youth+Culture+in+Motion&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-69944-0&rft.aulast=Henseler&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/11/12/heart-attacks-are-becoming-more-common-in-younger-people-especially-women">"Heart attacks are becoming more common in younger people, especially women"</a>. Heart.org. 12 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615172949/https://www.heart.org/en/news/2018/11/12/heart-attacks-are-becoming-more-common-in-younger-people-especially-women">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heart.org&rft.atitle=Heart+attacks+are+becoming+more+common+in+younger+people%2C+especially+women&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heart.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2018%2F11%2F12%2Fheart-attacks-are-becoming-more-common-in-younger-people-especially-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-250"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Alex (18 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html">"Move Over, Millennials, Here Comes Generation Z"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919162333/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/20/fashion/move-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Move+Over%2C+Millennials%2C+Here+Comes+Generation+Z&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F20%2Ffashion%2Fmove-over-millennials-here-comes-generation-z.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltramini2014" class="citation news cs1">Beltramini, Elizabeth (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acui.org/Publications/The_Bulletin/2014/2014-10/26390/">"Gen Z: Unlike the Generation Before"</a>. Associations of College Unions International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424013827/https://www.acui.org/Publications/The_Bulletin/2014/2014-10/26390/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gen+Z%3A+Unlike+the+Generation+Before&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Beltramini&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acui.org%2FPublications%2FThe_Bulletin%2F2014%2F2014-10%2F26390%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2015" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, Ryan (9 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business2community.com/social-data/15-aspects-that-highlight-how-generation-z-is-different-from-millennials-01244940#4QkQVw62SQVFe3hk.97">"15 Aspects That Highlight How Generation Z Is Different From Millennials"</a>. Business2Community. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414104236/http://www.business2community.com/social-data/15-aspects-that-highlight-how-generation-z-is-different-from-millennials-01244940#4QkQVw62SQVFe3hk.97">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=15+Aspects+That+Highlight+How+Generation+Z+Is+Different+From+Millennials&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business2community.com%2Fsocial-data%2F15-aspects-that-highlight-how-generation-z-is-different-from-millennials-01244940%234QkQVw62SQVFe3hk.97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-253"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyleTownsend2019" class="citation news cs1">Boyle, Matthew; Townsend, Matthew (31 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/reality-bites-back-to-understand-gen-z-look-to-the-gen-x-parents/ar-AAF0Xaj">"Reality bites back: To understand Gen Z, look to the Gen X parents"</a>. Bloomberg (via MSN). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804172131/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/reality-bites-back-to-understand-gen-z-look-to-the-gen-x-parents/ar-AAF0Xaj">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+%28via+MSN%29&rft.atitle=Reality+bites+back%3A+To+understand+Gen+Z%2C+look+to+the+Gen+X+parents&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Townsend%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fmoney%2Fmarkets%2Freality-bites-back-to-understand-gen-z-look-to-the-gen-x-parents%2Far-AAF0Xaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneration+X" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Generation_X" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Generation X">Generation X</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Generation_X" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Generation X">Generation X</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.generationxgoesglobal.com/index.html">Generation X Goes Global: Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115125531/https://www.generationxgoesglobal.com/index.html">Archived</a> 15 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Christine Henseler, Ed.; 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2013/10/01/how_generation_x_went_from_jaded_to_sated_partner/">"Generation X's journey from jaded to sated"</a> – <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>, 1 October 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/170480948">Gen X Today</a>—2016 documentary by <a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Media_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom International Media Networks">Viacom International Media Networks</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Baby_Boomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Boomers">Baby Boomers</a> 1946 – 1964</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Generation X 1965 – 1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> 1981 – 1996</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generation" title="Template:Generation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generation" title="Template talk:Generation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Generations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the Western world</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">Lost Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Generation" title="Silent Generation">Silent Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generation X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha">Generation Alpha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cusper" title="Cusper">Cuspers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interbellum_Generation" title="Interbellum Generation">Interbellum Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Jones" title="Generation Jones">Generation Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xennials" title="Xennials">Xennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillennials" title="Zillennials">Zillennials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_Generation" title="Boomerang Generation">Boomerang Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_generation" title="Me generation">Me generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Generation" title="MTV Generation">MTV Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post_70s_Generation" title="Post 70s Generation">Post-70s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hus%C3%A1k%27s_Children" title="Husák's Children">Husák's Children</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Generation" title="Burnt Generation">Burnt Generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satori_generation" title="Satori generation">Satori generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Columbuses" title="Generation of Columbuses">Generation of Columbuses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decre%C8%9Bei" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreței">Decreței</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Generation_Package" title="Pioneer Generation Package">Pioneer Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Generation_Package" title="Merdeka Generation Package">Merdeka Generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/386_Generation" title="386 Generation">386 Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo generation">Sampo generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_generation" title="Strawberry generation">Strawberry generation</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennials_in_the_United_States" title="Millennials in the United States">Millennials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Z_in_the_United_States" title="Generation Z in the United States">Generation Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9X_Generation" title="9X Generation">9X Generation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">Future generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations" title="Immigrant generations">Immigrant generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_generation" title="Revolutionary generation">Revolutionary generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generation_gap" title="Generation gap">Generation gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_accounting" title="Generational accounting">Generational accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerationality" title="Intergenerationality">Intergenerationality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_policy" title="Intergenerational policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_shared_site" title="Intergenerational shared site">Shared site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_struggle" title="Intergenerational struggle">Struggle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Generation_(book)" title="The Greatest Generation (book)">The Greatest Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OK_boomer" title="OK boomer">OK boomer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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