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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مجموعة نموذجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة نموذجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кохорта (статистика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кохорта (статистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_(estad%C3%ADstica)" title="Cohort (estadística) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cohort (estadística)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohorta_(demografie)" title="Kohorta (demografie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kohorta (demografie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohorte_(statistik)" title="Kohorte (statistik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kohorte (statistik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohorte_(Sozialwissenschaft)" title="Kohorte (Sozialwissenschaft) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohorte (Sozialwissenschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohorte_(estatistika)" title="Kohorte (estatistika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kohorte (estatistika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohorte_(d%C3%A9mographie)" title="Cohorte (démographie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cohorte (démographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coh%C3%B3rt" title="Cohórt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cohórt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohorta_(statistika)" title="Kohorta (statistika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kohorta (statistika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorte_(statistica)" title="Coorte (statistica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coorte (statistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="コーホート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーホート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohort_(statistikk)" title="Kohort (statistikk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kohort (statistikk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohorta_(statystyka)" title="Kohorta (statystyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kohorta (statystyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorte_(estat%C3%ADstica)" title="Coorte (estatística) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coorte (estatística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort%C4%83_(statistic%C4%83)" title="Cohortă (statistică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cohortă (statistică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Когорта (демография) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Когорта (демография)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohorta_(demografia)" title="Kohorta (demografia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kohorta (demografia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohortti_(tutkimusaineisto)" title="Kohortti (tutkimusaineisto) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kohortti (tutkimusaineisto)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohort_(demografi)" title="Kohort (demografi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kohort (demografi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohort_(istatistik)" title="Kohort (istatistik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kohort 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A group of subjects who share a characteristic, such as generation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other senses of this word, see <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cohort (disambiguation)">cohort (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExplainingCaseControlSJW-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ExplainingCaseControlSJW-en.svg/360px-ExplainingCaseControlSJW-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ExplainingCaseControlSJW-en.svg/540px-ExplainingCaseControlSJW-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/ExplainingCaseControlSJW-en.svg/720px-ExplainingCaseControlSJW-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Case–control study versus cohort on a timeline. "OR" stands for "<a href="/wiki/Odds_ratio" title="Odds ratio">odds ratio</a>" and "RR" stands for "<a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">relative risk</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a>, a <b>cohort</b> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Research_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Research subject">subjects</a> who share a defining characteristic (typically subjects who experienced a common event in a selected time period, such as birth or graduation). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_period_data">Comparison with period data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_(statistics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparison with period data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cohort data can oftentimes be more advantageous to <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographers</a> than period data. Because cohort data is honed to a specific time period, it is usually more accurate. It is more accurate because it can be tuned to retrieve custom data for a specific study.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition, cohort data is not affected by <a href="/wiki/Tempo_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempo effect">tempo effects</a>, unlike period data. However, cohort data can be disadvantageous in the sense that it can take a long amount of time to collect the data necessary for the <a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">cohort study</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another disadvantage of cohort studies is that it can be extremely costly to carry out, since the study will go on for a long period of time, demographers often require sufficient funds to fuel the study.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Demography often contrasts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_perspective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohort perspective (page does not exist)">cohort perspectives</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Period_perspective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Period perspective (page does not exist)">period perspectives</a>. For instance, the total cohort <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> is an index of the average completed family size for cohorts of women, but since it can only be known for women who have finished child-bearing, it cannot be measured for currently fertile women. It can be calculated as the sum of the cohort's age-specific fertility rates that obtain as it ages through time. In contrast, the total period fertility rate uses current age-specific fertility rates to calculate the completed family size for a notional woman, were she to experience these fertility rates through her life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cohort_studies">Cohort studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_(statistics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cohort studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study on a cohort is a <a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">cohort study</a>. </p><p>Two important types of cohort studies are: </p> <ol><li><b>Prospective Cohort Study</b>: In this type of study, there is a collection of exposure data (baseline data) from the subjects recruited before development of the outcomes of interest. The subjects are then followed through time (future) to record when the subject develops the outcome of interest. Ways to follow-up with subjects of the study include: phone interviews, face-to-face interviews, physical exams, medical/laboratory tests, and mail questionnaires.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a prospective cohort study is, for instance, if a demographer wanted to measure all the males born in the year 2018. The demographer would have to wait for the event to be over, the year 2018 must come to an end in order for the demographer to have all the necessary data.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Retrospective Cohort Study</b>: Retrospective Studies start with subjects that are at risk to have the outcome or disease of interest and identifies the outcome starting from where the subject is when the study starts to the past of the subject to identify the exposure. Retrospective use records: clinical, educational, birth certificates, death certificates, etc. but that may be difficult because there may not be data for the study that is being initiated. These studies may have multiple exposures which may make this study difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, an example of a retrospective cohort study is, if a demographer was examining a group of people born in year 1970 who have type 1 diabetes. The demographer would begin by looking at historical data. However, if the demographer was looking at ineffective data in attempts to deduce the source of type 1 diabetes, the demographers results would not be accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_(statistics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_grade" title="Age grade">Age grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_mix" title="Case mix">Case mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_study" title="Cohort study">Cohort study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_cohort" class="mw-redirect" title="Generational cohort">Generational cohort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Longitudinal_Surveys" title="National Longitudinal Surveys">National Longitudinal Surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospective_cohort_study" title="Prospective cohort study">Prospective cohort study</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_(statistics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/EP/EP713_CohortStudies/EP713_CohortStudies5.html">"Advantages and Disadvantages of Cohort Studies"</a>. <i>sphweb.bumc.bu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sphweb.bumc.bu.edu&rft.atitle=Advantages+and+Disadvantages+of+Cohort+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsphweb.bumc.bu.edu%2Fotlt%2FMPH-Modules%2FEP%2FEP713_CohortStudies%2FEP713_CohortStudies5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohort+%28statistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/EP/EP713_CohortStudies/EP713_CohortStudies_print.html">"Cohort Studies"</a>. <i>sphweb.bumc.bu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sphweb.bumc.bu.edu&rft.atitle=Cohort+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsphweb.bumc.bu.edu%2Fotlt%2FMPH-Modules%2FEP%2FEP713_CohortStudies%2FEP713_CohortStudies_print.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohort+%28statistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statsref.com/HTML/index.html?cohort_studies2.html">"Statistical Analysis Handbook"</a>. <i>www.statsref.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statsref.com&rft.atitle=Statistical+Analysis+Handbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statsref.com%2FHTML%2Findex.html%3Fcohort_studies2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohort+%28statistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/EP/EP713_CohortStudies/EP713_CohortStudies_print.html">"Cohort Studies"</a>. <i>sphweb.bumc.bu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sphweb.bumc.bu.edu&rft.atitle=Cohort+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsphweb.bumc.bu.edu%2Fotlt%2FMPH-Modules%2FEP%2FEP713_CohortStudies%2FEP713_CohortStudies_print.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohort+%28statistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_(statistics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobcraftMenkenPreston1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hobcraft, John; Menken, Jane; Preston, Samuel (1982). "Age, Period, and Cohort Effects in Demography: A Review". <i>Population Index</i>. <b>48</b> (1). JSTOR: 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2736356">10.2307/2736356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4701">0032-4701</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2736356">2736356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Index&rft.atitle=Age%2C+Period%2C+and+Cohort+Effects+in+Demography%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0032-4701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2736356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2736356&rft.aulast=Hobcraft&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Menken%2C+Jane&rft.au=Preston%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohort+%28statistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/age-period-cohort-analysis">"Age-Period-Cohort Analysis"</a>. <i>Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health</i>. 3 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+Mailman+School+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Age-Period-Cohort+Analysis&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publichealth.columbia.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpopulation-health-methods%2Fage-period-cohort-analysis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohort+%28statistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2015" class="citation book cs1">Altman, Claire E. (2015). "Age, Period, and Cohort Effects". <i>Encyclopedia of Migration</i>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-6179-7_88-1">10.1007/978-94-007-6179-7_88-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6179-7"><bdi>978-94-007-6179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Age%2C+Period%2C+and+Cohort+Effects&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Migration&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-6179-7_88-1&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6179-7&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Claire+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohort+%28statistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobcraftMenkenPreston1985" class="citation book cs1">Hobcraft, John; Menken, Jane; Preston, Samuel (1985). 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Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 85–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-23255-3_3">10.1007/978-3-319-23255-3_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-23254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-23254-6"><bdi>978-3-319-23254-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-2560">1877-2560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cohort+and+Period+Approaches+to+Demographic+Analysis&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Demographic+Analysis%3A+Concepts%2C+Measures+and+Methods&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=The+Springer+Series+on+Demographic+Methods+and+Population+Analysis&rft.pages=85-128&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1877-2560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-23255-3_3&rft.isbn=978-3-319-23254-6&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACohort+%28statistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohort_(statistics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/bls/glossary.htm">Cohort in a glossary</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics_Division_of_Information_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Division of Information Services</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk">Centre for Longitudinal Studies</a> - the UK resource centre for national birth cohort studies.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cohort_(statistics)&oldid=1246551378">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cohort_(statistics)&oldid=1246551378</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biostatistics" title="Category:Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demography" title="Category:Demography">Demography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_statistics" title="Category:Applied statistics">Applied statistics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 September 2024, at 17:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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