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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Anglo-Normandies" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Anglo-Normandies" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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Beskikbaar in 32 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonormannisch" title="Anglonormannisch – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anglonormannisch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_anglo-normando" title="Idioma anglo-normando – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma anglo-normando" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الأنغلو-نورمانية – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الأنغلو-نورمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonormand" title="Anglonormand – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglonormand" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonorman%C5%A1tina" title="Anglonormanština – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglonormanština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonormannische_Sprache" title="Anglonormannische Sprache – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglonormannische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αγγλονορμανδική γλώσσα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλονορμανδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Anglo-Norman language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-normanda_lingvo" title="Anglo-normanda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anglo-normanda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_anglonormando" title="Idioma anglonormando – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma anglonormando" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="زبان آنگلو-نورمن – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آنگلو-نورمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-normand_(langue)" title="Anglo-normand (langue) – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglo-normand (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonormans_(Spriik)" title="Anglonormans (Spriik) – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Anglonormans (Spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_anglonormanda" title="Lingua anglonormanda – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua anglonormanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonormanski_jezik" title="Anglonormanski jezik – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anglonormanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonormann_nyelv" title="Anglonormann nyelv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anglonormann nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Anglo-Norman" title="Bahasa Anglo-Norman – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Anglo-Norman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_anglo-normanna" title="Lingua anglo-normanna – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua anglo-normanna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="アングロ＝ノルマン語 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アングロ＝ノルマン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Norma-ongdhi_Inggris" title="Basa Norma-ongdhi Inggris – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Norma-ongdhi Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Anglonormannica" title="Lingua Anglonormannica – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Anglonormannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-normannisk" title="Anglo-normannisk – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anglo-normannisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_anglo-normandzki" title="Język anglo-normandzki – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język anglo-normandzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_anglo-normanda" title="Língua anglo-normanda – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua anglo-normanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_anglo-normand%C4%83" title="Limba anglo-normandă – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba anglo-normandă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Англо-нормандский язык – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англо-нормандский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_leid" title="Anglo-Norman leid – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Anglo-Norman leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anglo-Norman language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-normandiska" title="Anglo-normandiska – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anglo-normandiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglonormanca" title="Anglonormanca – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anglonormanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Англо-нормандська мова – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англо-нормандська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="盎格鲁-诺曼语 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盎格鲁-诺曼语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35214#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em; margin-top:0.75em; background:#f4f4f4; text-align:left; font-size:90%;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size:120%; color: black; background-color: #ACE1AF;">Anglo-Normandies <br /><i>l'Anglio-Nouormand</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Gepraat in: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ireland"><img alt="Flag of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland">Ierland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="top; padding-left: 0.5em;">Gebied: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Engeland"><img alt="Vlag van Engeland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/22px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/33px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/44px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Skotland"><img alt="Vlag van Skotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland">Skotland</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Wallis"><img alt="Vlag van Wallis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/44px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wallis" title="Wallis">Wallis</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_(1953%E2%80%931972).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Noord-Ierland"><img alt="Vlag van Noord-Ierland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noord-Ierland" title="Noord-Ierland">Noord-Ierland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Totale sprekers: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><i>uitgesterf</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Taalfamilie" title="Taalfamilie">Taalfamilie</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_tale" title="Indo-Europese tale">Indo-Europees</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Italiese_tale" title="Italiese tale">Italies</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;">  </span><a href="/wiki/Romaanse_tale" title="Romaanse tale">Romaans</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;">   </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wes-Romaanse_tale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wes-Romaanse tale (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wes-Romaans</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;">    </span><a href="/wiki/Galloromaans" title="Galloromaans">Galloromaans</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;">     </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_d%27oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langues d'oil (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oïl</a><br /><span style="font-size:66%;">      </span><b>Anglo-Normandies</b>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Skrifstelsel: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Latynse_alfabet" title="Latynse alfabet">Latynse alfabet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; color: black; background-color: #ACE1AF;">Taalkodes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><i>geen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=xno">xno</a></code> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="boilerplate metadata" style="line-height:10pt; padding:0.5em;"><small><b>Nota</b>: Hierdie bladsy kan IFA fonetiese simbole in Unicode bevat. </small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anglo-Normandies</b> (<a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a>: <i>anglo-normand</i>, <a href="/wiki/Normandies" title="Normandies">Normandies</a>: <i>anglio-nouormand</i>, <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a>: <i>Anglo-Norman</i>) of <b>Anglo-Frans</b>, is die naam van die vorm van <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> wat tydens die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> vier eeue lank in <a href="/wiki/Brittanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittanje">Brittanje</a> gebruik is.<sup id="cite_ref-aachen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aachen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="/wiki/Taal" title="Taal">taal</a> het 'n groot invloed op Engels gehad en sowat 10 000 woorde van Normandiese of Franse oorsprong is in Engels opgeneem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Normandies&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Normandies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg/220px-Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg/330px-Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg/440px-Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>Titelblad van Kelham se woordeboek van die Normandiese en Oufranse taal uit 1779</figcaption></figure> <p>Die term Anglo-Normandies het ontstaan uit die opvatting dat dit 'n variasie van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oudnormandies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oudnormandies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oudnormandies</a> is wat saam met <a href="/wiki/Willem_I_van_Engeland" title="Willem I van Engeland">Willem die Veroweraar</a> in Engeland aangekom het. Daar word egter gemeen Willem se weermag was heterogeen en dat mense van oral uit Frankryk hulle in Engeland gevestig het. Uit geskrifte wat behoue gebly het, blyk dit ook dat die taal gebruik is deur 'n groot verskeidenheid mense, wat gestrek het van eerstetaalsprekers tot mense wat slegs 'n geringe kennis van die taal gehad het. Sommige vakkundiges meen dus dat die taal eerder as Anglo-Frans behoort bekend te staan.<sup id="cite_ref-anglo-norman.net_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anglo-norman.net-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglo-Normandies is in 1066 na Engeland ingevoer nadat die Hertog van <a href="/wiki/Normandi%C3%AB" title="Normandië">Normandië</a>, Willem die Veroweraar, die Saksiese leër van koning <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold II</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Slag_van_Hastings" title="Slag van Hastings">Slag van Hastings</a> verslaan het. Baie van die Angel-Saksiese adellikes het op die slagveld gesneuwel, terwyl die oorlewendes dikwels as verraaiers beskou is. Normandiese adellikes het nou vinnig hulle plekke ingeneem sodat die Engelse adelklas byna heeltemal deur Normandiërs vervang is. In 1072 was daar nog net een Angel-Saksiese adellike onder Engeland se twaalf grawe oor, wat vier jaar later tereggestel is.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die nuwe adel het Normandies as die taal van die heersende klas ingevoer, en dié taal het sodoende 'n baie hoër prestige gehad as Engels, wat slegs deur die laer klasse gepraat is. Die verskil in prestige het die gebruik van albei tale bepaal: Anglo-Normandies het groot agting geniet en is saam met <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> as skryftaal gebruik en was die administratiewe en hoftaal, terwyl Engels slegs mondelings as omgangstaal deur die laer klasse gebruik is.<sup id="cite_ref-aachen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aachen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aangesien die Anglo-Normandiese adellikes en die Engelse bevolking min kontak gehad het, het die Franse <a href="/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialek</a> aanvanklik min invloed op Engels uitgeoefen. Tussen 1066 en ongeveer 1120 is daar dus slegs 900 Anglo-Normandies woorde in Engels opgeneem. </p><p>Binne vyftig jaar het die twee bevolkingsgroepe egter begin vermeng. Normandiese soldate wat na Engeland gebring is, het aangebly en met Engelse vroue getrou, en die Engelse het gewoond geraak aan hulle heersers. Engelse dienaars moes die taal van hulle Normandiese here leer en kinders uit gemengde huwelike het tweetalig grootgeword. Ongeveer 10 000 Anglo-Normandiese en Sentraal-Franse woorde is sodoende voor die 15de eeu in Engels opgeneem. Die taal se invloed op Engels was veral sterk in gebiede soos <a href="/wiki/Godsdiens" title="Godsdiens">godsdiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regering" title="Regering">regering</a>, die reg, <a href="/wiki/Weermag" title="Weermag">weermag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mode" title="Mode">mode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onderwys" title="Onderwys">onderwys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur">kultuur</a>, sosiale lewe, <a href="/wiki/Kuns" title="Kuns">kuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kookkuns" title="Kookkuns">kookkuns</a> en <a href="/wiki/Medisyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Medisyne">medisyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aachen_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aachen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As gevolg van die Normandiërs se <a href="/wiki/Skandinawi%C3%AB" title="Skandinawië">Skandinawiese</a> bande is ook <a href="/wiki/Oud-Noors" class="mw-redirect" title="Oud-Noors">Oud-Noorse</a> woorde soos <i>kanna</i> (koppie) deur Anglo-Normandies as <i>can</i> in Engels opgeneem. Ander voorbeelde sluit in <i>cabbage</i> van <i>caboche</i>, <i>fashion</i> van <i>faichon</i>, <i>mug</i> van <i>mogue</i>, <i>catch</i> van <i>cachi</i>, <i>cater</i> van <i>acater</i> en baie ander.<sup id="cite_ref-scandanavia.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scandanavia.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alhoewel Anglo-Normandies slegs deur 'n klein deel van die Engelse bevolking gepraat is, het dit vier eeue lank oorleef en 'n groot invloed op die meerderheidstaal gehad as gevolg van die hoë prestige van die taal. Die Engelse kroon se verlies van <a href="/wiki/Normandi%C3%AB" title="Normandië">Normandië</a> in 1204, toe die <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Franse</a> koning <a href="/wiki/Filips_II_van_Frankryk" title="Filips II van Frankryk">Filips II</a> die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hertogdom_van_Normandi%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hertogdom van Normandië (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hertogdom van Normandië</a> geannekseer het en die vastelandse Normandië van Normandiese Engeland geskei het, het egter die agteruitgang van die taal in Engeland ingelui.<sup id="cite_ref-scandanavia.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scandanavia.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In gesinne van Normandiese oorsprong, en selfs onder die koninklikes, was Anglo-Normandies baiekeer nie meer die kinders se <a href="/wiki/Moedertaal" title="Moedertaal">moedertaal</a> nie en is dit as 'n vreemde taal aan hulle geleer. Verder is die Sentraal-Frans van <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a> van die 13de eeu af al hoe meer beskou as die taal van die onderwys en kultuur en is Anglo-Normandies as 'n snaakse Franse dialek beskou. Aangesien die taal se instandhouding juis van sy prestige afhanklik was, het die taal se ondergang dus waarskynlik vinnig plaasgevind. Sommige Anglo-Normandies leenwoorde is deur Sentraal-Franse woorde vervang.<sup id="cite_ref-aachen_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aachen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terselfdertyd was die prestige van die Engelse taal aan die opkoms danksy die verbeterende toestande van die Engelse werkersklas. Engels is nou ook as skryftaal en in regeringsdokumente gebruik. Teen die 14de eeu is Engels wyd gebruik en deur almal verstaan. Selfs in die koningshuis was Frans nie meer die moedertaal nie en <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_IV_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik IV van Engeland">Hendrik IV</a> was die eerste Engelse koning wat net Engels gepraat het. </p><p>In behoudende kringe soos dié van sekere adellikes en kerklui asook in universiteite is pogings aangewend om die taal te behou. Dit het die aanleer van Frans as tweede taal ingelui asook reëls dat studente in Frans of Latyn met mekaar moes praat en parlementêre uitvaardigings dat adellikes hulle kinders Frans moes leer. Frans het egter geleidelik sy status as administratiewe en hoftaal verloor en teen die 15de eeu was dit 'n vreemde taal in Engeland. Vandag is die enigste oorblyfsels van die taal onder die Engelse kroon te vinde in die hoogs bedreigde tale van die <a href="/wiki/Kanaaleilande" title="Kanaaleilande">Kanaaleilande</a>: <a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aachen_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aachen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Normandies&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Normandies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-aachen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aachen_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aachen_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aachen_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aachen_1-3">1,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-aachen_1-4">1,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglistik.rwth-aachen.de/de/lehrstuehle/anglistik2/projekte/middleages/index.htm">England in the Middle Ages – A Medieval Tourist Guide</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglistik.rwth-aachen.de/de/lehrstuehle/anglistik2/projekte/middleages/articles/Language/french.htm">English-French language contact</a></i>. URL besoek op 20 Mei 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anglo-norman.net-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-anglo-norman.net_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/">The Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.anglo-norman.net/sitedocs/main-intro.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060327223511/http://www.anglo-norman.net/sitedocs/main-intro.html">Geargiveer</a> 27 Maart 2006 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, besoek op 20 Mei 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Dyke Shelly, Percy: <i>English and French in England, 1066–1100.</i> Doktorale tesis, Universiteit van Pennsylvanië, Philadelphia 1921, bl. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scandanavia.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scandanavia.com_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scandanavia.com_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scandinavica.com/">Scandinavica.com</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scandinavica.com/culture/history/normandy.htm">Scandinavians in Normandy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807095902/http://www.scandinavica.com/culture/history/normandy.htm">Geargiveer</a> 7 Augustus 2007 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, besoek op 20 Mei 2007</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br clear="all" /> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="clear: both;" width="100%" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background: #ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Europese_tale" title="Indo-Europese tale">Indo-Europese tale</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kentum-tale" title="Kentum-tale">Kentum-tale</a>: <i><b><a href="/wiki/Italiese_tale" title="Italiese tale">Italiese tale</a></b></i> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italiese_groep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italiese groep (bladsy bestaan nie)">Italiese groep</a></b> </th> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oskies" title="Oskies">Oskies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Umbries" title="Umbries">Umbries</a> | <a href="/wiki/Faliskies" title="Faliskies">Faliskies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background: #ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Romaanse_tale" title="Romaanse tale">Romaanse tale</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberoromaans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberoromaans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Iberoromaans</a></b> </th> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Aragonees" title="Aragonees">Aragonees</a> | <a href="/wiki/Asturies" title="Asturies">Asturies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Galicies" title="Galicies">Galicies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Katalaans" title="Katalaans">Katalaans</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ladino" title="Ladino">Ladino</a> | <a href="/wiki/Leonees" title="Leonees">Leonees</a> | <a href="/wiki/Portugees" title="Portugees">Portugees</a> | <a href="/wiki/Spaans" title="Spaans">Spaans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/wiki/Galloromaans" title="Galloromaans">Galloromaans</a></b> </th> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langues_d%27oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langues d'oil (bladsy bestaan nie)">Langues d'oil</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gallo" title="Gallo">Gallo</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lorreins" title="Lorreins">Lorreins</a> | <a href="/wiki/Normandies" title="Normandies">Normandies</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a> | <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a> | <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></small>) <a href="/wiki/Pikardies" title="Pikardies">Pikardies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Champenois" title="Champenois">Champenois</a> | <a href="/wiki/Waals" title="Waals">Waals</a> | <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Normandies</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Oksitaans" title="Oksitaans">Oksitaans</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Aranees" title="Aranees">Aranees</a> | <a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gaskons" title="Gaskons">Gaskons</a> | <a href="/wiki/Languedokies" title="Languedokies">Languedokies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Limousin_(dialek)" title="Limousin (dialek)">Limousin</a> | <a href="/wiki/Provensaals" title="Provensaals">Provensaals</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arpitaans" title="Arpitaans">Frankoprovensaals</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galloitalies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galloitalies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Galloitalies</a></b> </th> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Lombardies" title="Lombardies">Lombardies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Monegaskies" title="Monegaskies">Monegaskies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%ABmontees" title="Piëmontees">Piëmontees</a> | <a href="/wiki/Venesiaans" title="Venesiaans">Venesiaans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/wiki/Retoromaans" title="Retoromaans">Retoromaans</a></b> </th> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Romansch" title="Romansch">Romansch</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ladinies" title="Ladinies">Ladinies</a> | <a href="/wiki/Friulaans" title="Friulaans">Friulaans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italoromaans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italoromaans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Italoromaans</a></b> </th> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Dalmaties" title="Dalmaties">Dalmaties</a> | <a href="/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans">Italiaans</a> | <a href="/wiki/Napolitaans" title="Napolitaans">Napolitaans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suid-Romaans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suid-Romaans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Suid-Romaans</a></b> </th> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Korsikaans" title="Korsikaans">Korsikaans</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sardies" title="Sardies">Sardies</a> (<small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campidanies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campidanies (bladsy bestaan nie)">Campidanies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galluraans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galluraans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Galluraans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logudories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logudories (bladsy bestaan nie)">Logudories</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sassaries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sassaries (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sassaries</a></small>) | <a href="/wiki/Sisiliaans" title="Sisiliaans">Sisiliaans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkanromaans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkanromaans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Balkanromaans</a></b> </th> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Aroemeens" title="Aroemeens">Aroemeens</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istro-Roemaans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istro-Roemaans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Istro-Roemaans</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meglenoroemaans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meglenoroemaans (bladsy bestaan nie)">Meglenoroemaans</a> | <a href="/wiki/Roemeens" title="Roemeens">Roemeens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #ddddff;"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romaanse_Kunstale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romaanse Kunstale (bladsy bestaan 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