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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_Holidays_(1966–1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Plan Holidays (1966–1969)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_Holidays_(1966–1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Plan_(1969–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Plan_(1969–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fourth Plan (1969–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Plan_(1969–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Plan_(1974–1978)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Plan_(1974–1978)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fifth Plan (1974–1978)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Plan_(1974–1978)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolling_Plan_(1978–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolling_Plan_(1978–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rolling Plan (1978–1980)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolling_Plan_(1978–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Plan_(1980–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Plan_(1980–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sixth Plan (1980–1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Plan_(1980–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_Plan_(1985–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_Plan_(1985–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Seventh Plan (1985–1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_Plan_(1985–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_Plans_(1990–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_Plans_(1990–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Annual Plans (1990–1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_Plans_(1990–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_Plan_(1992–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_Plan_(1992–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Eighth Plan (1992–1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_Plan_(1992–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_Plan_(1997–2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_Plan_(1997–2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Ninth Plan (1997–2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_Plan_(1997–2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenth_Plan_(2002–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenth_Plan_(2002–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Tenth Plan (2002–2007)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenth_Plan_(2002–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eleventh_Plan_(2007–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleventh_Plan_(2007–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleventh_Plan_(2007–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelfth_Plan_(2012–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelfth_Plan_(2012–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelfth_Plan_(2012–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Five-Year Plans of India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ভারতের পঞ্চবার্ষিকী পরিকল্পনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের পঞ্চবার্ষিকী পরিকল্পনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հնդկաստանի հնգամյա պլաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկաստանի հնգամյա պլաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="भारत की पंचवर्षीय योजनाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत की पंचवर्षीय योजनाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಪಂಚ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಂಚ ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF)" title="പഞ്ചവത്സര പദ്ധതികൾ (ഇന്ത്യ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചവത്സര പദ്ധതികൾ (ഇന്ത്യ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="भारतीय पंचवार्षिक योजना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय पंचवार्षिक योजना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਪੰਜ ਸਾਲਾ ਯੋਜਨਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀਆਂ ਪੰਜ ਸਾਲਾ ਯੋਜਨਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Пятилетки Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пятилетки Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய ஐந்தாண்டு திட்டங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய ஐந்தாண்டு திட்டங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="భారతదేశ పంచవర్ష ప్రణాళికలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశ పంచవర్ష ప్రణాళికలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" 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This was carried through the <b>Five-Year Plans</b>, developed, executed, and monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</a> (1951–2014) and the <a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a> (2015–2017). </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Ex-officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-officio">ex-officio</a> chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet minister. Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption for the <a href="/wiki/Gadgil_formula" title="Gadgil formula">Gadgil formula</a> in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> government elected in 2014, announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by a think tank called the <a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a> (an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> implemented the first <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plan in the Soviet Union</a> in 1928. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China continues to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (<i>guihua</i>), rather than a plan (<i>jihua</i>), to signify the central government's more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence, under the socialist influence of India's first prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Plan_(1951–1956)"><span id="First_Plan_.281951.E2.80.931956.29"></span>First Plan (1951–1956)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Plan (1951–1956)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Indian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, presented the First Five-Year Plan to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector">primary sector</a>. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the <a href="/wiki/Harrod%E2%80%93Domar_model" title="Harrod–Domar model">Harrod–Domar model</a> with few modifications. </p><p>This five years plan's president was Jawaharlal Nehru and <a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> was the vice-president. The motto of first five years plan was ' Development of agriculture' and the aim was to solve different problems that formed due to the partition of the nation, second world war. Rebuilding the country after independence was the vision of this plan. Another main target was to lay down the foundation for industry, agriculture development in the country and to provide affordable healthcare, education in low price to people.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total planned budget of <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹2,069 crore</span> (<span style="white-space: nowrap">₹2,378 crore</span> later) was allocated to seven broad areas: <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> (27.2%), <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> development (17.4%), <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a> (24%), <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a> (8.6%), <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a> (16.6%), <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">rehabilitation of landless farmers</a> (4.1%), and for other sectors and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a> (2.5%). The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all <a href="/wiki/Economic_sectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic sectors">economic sectors</a>. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was facing basic problems—deficiency of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and low capacity to save. </p><p>The target growth rate was 2.1% annual <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> was good and there were relatively high <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> yields, boosting <a href="/wiki/Exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange reserves">exchange reserves</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a>, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the <a href="/wiki/Bhakra_Dam" title="Bhakra Dam">Bhakra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirakud_Dam" title="Hirakud Dam">Hirakud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporation" title="Damodar Valley Corporation">Damodar Valley</a> dams. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</a>, addressed children's <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and reduced <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>, indirectly contributing to <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>. </p><p>At the end of the plan period in 1956, five <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a> (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission</a> (UGC) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan was deemed successful for the government having outperformed growth projections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Plan_(1956–1961)"><span id="Second_Plan_.281956.E2.80.931961.29"></span>Second Plan (1956–1961)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Plan (1956–1961)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Plan focused on the development of the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the <a href="/wiki/Mahalanobis_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalanobis model">Mahalanobis model</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> model developed by the Indian <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a> <a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a> in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state-of-the-art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a>. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing <a href="/wiki/Capital_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital good">capital goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Second Five-Year Plan, there was a determined thrust towards substitution of basic and capital good industries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectric power</a> projects and five steel plants at <a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durgapur,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Durgapur, West Bengal">Durgapur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a> were established with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> (the U.K) and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> production was increased. More <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a> lines were added in the north east. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission of India</a> were established as research institutes. In 1957, a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power. </p><p>The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous. The second plan was a period of rising prices. The country also faced foreign exchange crisis. The rapid growth in population slowed down the growth in the per-capita income. </p><p>The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.<sup id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plan was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Bellikoth_Raghunath_Shenoy" title="Bellikoth Raghunath Shenoy">B.R. Shenoy</a> who noted that the plan's "dependence on deficit financing to promote heavy industrialization was a recipe for trouble". Shenoy argued that state control of the economy would undermine a young democracy. India faced an external payments crisis in 1957, which is viewed as confirmation of Shenoy's argument.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Plan_(1961–1966)"><span id="Third_Plan_.281961.E2.80.931966.29"></span>Third Plan (1961–1966)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third Plan (1961–1966)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Third Five-year Plan stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965, India fought a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">war with Pakistan</a>. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> continued. Many <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> plants were also built. <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a> began producing an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary schools</a> were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat Raj">Panchayat</a> elections were started and the <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states</a> were given more development responsibilities. For the first time India resorted to borrowing from IMF. Rupee value devalued for the first time in 1966. </p><p>State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility. </p><p>The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was based on John Sandy and <a href="/wiki/Sukhamoy_Chakraborty" title="Sukhamoy Chakraborty">Sukhamoy Chakraborty</a>'s model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plan_Holidays_(1966–1969)"><span id="Plan_Holidays_.281966.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Plan Holidays (1966–1969)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plan Holidays (1966–1969)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966 to 1967, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources and increase in inflation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_Plan_(1969–1974)"><span id="Fourth_Plan_.281969.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Fourth Plan (1969–1974)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth Plan (1969–1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fourth Five-Year Plan was delayed for more than a year amid disagreements over India's economic development strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plan adopted the objective of correcting the earlier trend of increased concentration of wealth and economic power. It was based on the <a href="/wiki/Gadgil_formula" title="Gadgil formula">Gadgil formula</a> focusing on growth with stability and progress towards self reliance. At this time <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a>. </p><p>The Indira Gandhi government <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a> 14 major Indian banks (Allahabad Bank, Bank of Baroda, Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, Central Bank of India, Canara Bank, Dena Bank, Indian Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Punjab National Bank, Syndicate Bank, UCO Bank, Union Bank and United Bank of India<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution in India</a> advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) was becoming dire as the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan War of 1971">Indo-Pakistan War of 1971</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> took funds earmarked for industrial development. </p> <ul><li>The concept of a buffer stock was first introduced and a buffer stock of 5 million tonnes of food grains was envisaged</li> <li>The Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP) was launched</li></ul> <p>The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fifth_Plan_(1974–1978)"><span id="Fifth_Plan_.281974.E2.80.931978.29"></span>Fifth Plan (1974–1978)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fifth Plan (1974–1978)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> alleviation (<a href="/wiki/Garibi_Hatao" title="Garibi Hatao">Garibi Hatao</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>. The plan also focused on <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-reliance</a> in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_highways_of_India" title="National highways of India">Indian national highway system</a> was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a> also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1975 to 1979. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minimum_Needs_Programme_(India)" title="Minimum Needs Programme (India)">Minimum Needs Programme</a> (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people. It is prepared and launched by D.P.Dhar. </p><p>The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rolling_Plan_(1978–1980)"><span id="Rolling_Plan_.281978.E2.80.931980.29"></span>Rolling Plan (1978–1980)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rolling Plan (1978–1980)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan was again rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consisted of three kinds of plans that were proposed. The First Plan was for the present year which comprised the annual budget and the Second was a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. The Second Plan kept changing as per the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian economy">Indian economy</a>. The Third Plan was a perspective plan for long terms i.e. for 10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there was no fixation of dates for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans was that they were flexible and were able to overcome the rigidity of fixed Five-Year Plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country's <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>. The main disadvantage of this plan was that if the targets were revised each year, it became difficult to achieve the targets laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Also, the frequent revisions resulted in the lack of stability in the economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sixth_Plan_(1980–1985)"><span id="Sixth_Plan_.281980.E2.80.931985.29"></span>Sixth Plan (1980–1985)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sixth Plan (1980–1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalisation">economic liberalisation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Price_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Price control">Price controls</a> were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> and an increase in the <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a>. This was the end of <a href="/wiki/Nehruvian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehruvian socialism">Nehruvian socialism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development" title="National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development">National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development</a> was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee. <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a> was also expanded in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>. In contrast to China's strict and binding <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>. Military Five-Year Plans became coterminous with Planning Commission's plans from this plan onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seventh_Plan_(1985–1990)"><span id="Seventh_Plan_.281985.E2.80.931990.29"></span>Seventh Plan (1985–1990)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seventh Plan (1985–1990)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Seventh Five-Year Plan was led by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading technology. </p><p>The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice". </p><p>As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had striven towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy. </p><p>Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year. </p><p>Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below: </p> <ul><li>Balance of payments (estimates): Export – <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>330 billion</span> (US$4.0 billion), Imports – (-)<span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>540 billion</span> (US$6.5 billion), Trade Balance – (-)<span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>210 billion</span> (US$2.5 billion)</li> <li>Merchandise exports (estimates): <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>606.53 billion</span> (US$7.3 billion)</li> <li>Merchandise imports (estimates): <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>954.37 billion</span> (US$11.4 billion)</li> <li>Projections for balance of payments: Export – <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>607 billion</span> (US$7.3 billion), Imports – (-) <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>954 billion</span> (US$11.4 billion), Trade Balance- (-) <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>347 billion</span> (US$4.2 billion)</li></ul> <p>Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace. </p><p>The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annual_Plans_(1990–1992)"><span id="Annual_Plans_.281990.E2.80.931992.29"></span>Annual Plans (1990–1992)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Annual Plans (1990–1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing economic situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eighth_Plan_(1992–1997)"><span id="Eighth_Plan_.281992.E2.80.931997.29"></span>Eighth Plan (1992–1997)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eighth Plan (1992–1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no Five-Year Plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange</a> (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. <a href="/wiki/P.V._Narasimha_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="P.V. Narasimha Rao">P.V. Narasimha Rao</a> was the ninth prime minister of the Republic of India and head of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a>, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> (later prime minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> (LPG) in India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">Modernization</a> of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a> and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">Panchayati rajs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika_(Municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika (Municipality)">Nagar Palikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>, decentralisation and people's participation. </p><p>Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay. </p><p>The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ninth_Plan_(1997–2002)"><span id="Ninth_Plan_.281997.E2.80.932002.29"></span>Ninth Plan (1997–2002)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ninth Plan (1997–2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> was the prime minister of India during the Ninth Plan. The Ninth Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenth_Plan_(2002–2007)"><span id="Tenth_Plan_.282002.E2.80.932007.29"></span>Tenth Plan (2002–2007)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tenth Plan (2002–2007)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan: </p> <ul><li>Attain 8% GDP growth per year.</li> <li>Reduction of <a href="/wiki/Poverty_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty rate">poverty rate</a> by 5% by 2007.</li> <li>Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force.</li> <li>Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.</li> <li>20-point program was introduced.</li> <li>Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%.</li> <li>The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectors approach to bring down regional inequalities.</li> <li>Expenditure of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>43,825 crore</span> (US$5.3 billion) for tenth five years.</li></ul> <p>Out of total plan outlay, <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>921,291 crore</span> (US$110 billion) (57.9%) was for central government and <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>691,009 crore</span> (US$83 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eleventh_Plan_(2007–2012)"><span id="Eleventh_Plan_.282007.E2.80.932012.29"></span>Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>It was in the period of <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> as the prime minister.</li> <li>It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18–23 years of age group by 2011–12.</li> <li>It focused on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> education institutions.</li> <li>Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty reduction).</li> <li>Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein.</li> <li>Empowerment through education and skill development.</li> <li>Reduction of gender inequality.</li> <li>Environmental sustainability.</li> <li>To increase the growth rate in agriculture, industry and services to 4%, 10% and 9% respectively.</li> <li>Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1.</li> <li>Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009.</li> <li>Increase agriculture growth to 4%.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twelfth_Plan_(2012–2017)"><span id="Twelfth_Plan_.282012.E2.80.932017.29"></span>Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/12th_Five-Year_Plan_(India)" title="12th Five-Year Plan (India)">12th Five-Year Plan (India)</a></div> <p>The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 9% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible. The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi. </p><p>"It is not possible to think of an average of 9% [in the Twelfth Plan]. I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible," Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the Twelfth Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%. </p><p>"When I say feasible... that will require a major effort. If you don't do that, there is no God-given right to grow at 8 percent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012–13) is 6.5 to 7 percent." </p><p>He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country's NDC for its approval. </p><p>The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Ahluwalia said, "We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period". Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the Eleventh Plan. The commission had said while using the <a href="/wiki/Suresh_Tendulkar" title="Suresh Tendulkar">Tendulkar</a> poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5% points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993–95 to 2004–05.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks. The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US$1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five-year plan, which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product). The UID (Unique Identification Number) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan. </p><p>The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan were: </p> <ul><li>To create 50 million new job opportunities in non-agricultural sectors.</li> <li>To remove gender and social gaps in school enrollment.</li> <li>To enhance access to higher education.</li> <li>To reduce malnutrition amongst children aged 0–3 years.</li> <li>To provide electricity to all villages.</li> <li>To ensure that 50% of the rural population has access to proper drinking water.</li> <li>To increase green coverage by 1 million hectares every year.</li> <li>To provide access to banking services to 90% of households.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the Planning Commission dissolved, no more formal plans are made for the economy, but Five-Year Defence Plans continue to be made. The latest would have been 2017–2022. However, there is no Thirteenth Five-Year Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-year plans of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Romania" title="Five-Year Plans of Romania">Five-Year Plans of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_minimum_programme" title="Common minimum programme">Common minimum programme</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPlanning_Commission1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</a> (24 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/gadgil.pdf">"A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Background+Note+on+Gadgil+Formula+for+distribution+of+Central+Assistance+for+State+Plans&rft.date=1997-02-24&rft.au=Planning+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbplanning.gov.in%2Fpdf%2Fgadgil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall "Five Year Plans". <i>Encyclopedia of Sustainability</i>. Volume 7 pp. 156–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Swami, V.N. (2020). <i>D.C.C. Bank Clerk Grade Examination</i> (in Marathi). <a href="/wiki/Latur" title="Latur">Latur</a>, India: Vidyabharti Publication. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.C.C.+Bank+Clerk+Grade+Examination&rft.place=Latur%2C+India&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Vidyabharti+Publication&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Swami&rft.aufirst=V.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jalal Alamgir, India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity (London and New York: Routledge 2008), Chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Growth_statistics-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._N._Dash2000" class="citation book cs1">L. N. Dash (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRWDxpHcBHoC&q=sixth+five+year+plan+of+india+growth+actual+5.6&pg=PA114"><i>World bank and economic development of India</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7648-121-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7648-121-1"><bdi>81-7648-121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+bank+and+economic+development+of+India&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-7648-121-1&rft.au=L.+N.+Dash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRWDxpHcBHoC%26q%3Dsixth%2Bfive%2Byear%2Bplan%2Bof%2Bindia%2Bgrowth%2Bactual%2B5.6%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/a-short-history-of-indian-economy-1947-2019-tryst-with-destiny-other-stories-1565801528109.html">"A short history of Indian economy 1947-2019: Tryst with destiny & other stories"</a>. <i>Mint</i>. 14 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+Indian+economy+1947-2019%3A+Tryst+with+destiny+%26+other+stories&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fa-short-history-of-indian-economy-1947-2019-tryst-with-destiny-other-stories-1565801528109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel1967" class="citation journal cs1">Frankel, Francine R. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/ideology-and-politics-in-economic-planning-the-problem-of-indian-agricultural-development-strategy/EB32ECD703846D8E94D31C1727852A6D">"Ideology and Politics in Economic Planning: The Problem of Indian Agricultural Development Strategy"</a>. <i>World Politics</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 621–645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009717">10.2307/2009717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3338">1086-3338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Ideology+and+Politics+in+Economic+Planning%3A+The+Problem+of+Indian+Agricultural+Development+Strategy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=621-645&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009717&rft.issn=1086-3338&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Francine+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fworld-politics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fideology-and-politics-in-economic-planning-the-problem-of-indian-agricultural-development-strategy%2FEB32ECD703846D8E94D31C1727852A6D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Banking Awareness</i></a>. Arihant Publications (India) Ltd. 2017. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-11124-66-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-11124-66-7"><bdi>978-93-11124-66-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banking+Awareness&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Arihant+Publications+%28India%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-93-11124-66-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChrzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922215937/http://www.powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/pdf/Historical%20Back%20Ground.pdf">"Historical Background of Legislative Initiatives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/pdf/Historical%20Back%20Ground.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Background+of+Legislative+Initiatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powermin.nic.in%2Findian_electricity_scenario%2Fpdf%2FHistorical%2520Back%2520Ground.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idsa.in/idsacomments/13th-five-year-defence-plan-2017-22_acowshish_310717">"13th Five-Year Defence Plan (2017-22) – A Re-Run of the Past | Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses"</a>. <i>Idsa.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Idsa.in&rft.atitle=13th+Five-Year+Defence+Plan+%282017-22%29+%E2%80%93+A+Re-Run+of+the+Past+%26%23124%3B+Manohar+Parrikar+Institute+for+Defence+Studies+and+Analyses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidsa.in%2Fidsacomments%2F13th-five-year-defence-plan-2017-22_acowshish_310717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130143116/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm">"9th Five Year Plan (Vol-1)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9th+Five+Year+Plan+%28Vol-1%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanningcommission.nic.in%2Fplans%2Fplanrel%2Ffiveyr%2F9th%2Fvol1%2Fv1c2-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal1995" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, A N (1995). <i>Indian Economy: Problems of development and planning</i>. pune: Wishwa Prakashan. p. 676.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Economy%3A+Problems+of+development+and+planning&rft.place=pune&rft.pages=676&rft.pub=Wishwa+Prakashan&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=A+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/national-development-council-approves-12th-five-year-plan/1051012/">"National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 27 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=National+Development+Council+approves+12th+Five+Year+Plan&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-development-council-approves-12th-five-year-plan%2F1051012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130204063931/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article3609337.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy">"Business Line : Industry & Economy / Economy : Plan panel may cut bac…"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article3609337.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy">the original</a> on 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+Line+%3A+Industry+%26+Economy+%2F+Economy+%3A+Plan+panel+may+cut+bac%E2%80%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Findustry-and-economy%2Feconomy%2Farticle3609337.ece%3Fref%3Dwl_industry-and-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005174449/http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/13th-five-year-defence-plan-2017-22_acowshish_310717">"13th Five-Year Defence Plan (2017-22) – A Re-Run of the Past | Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/13th-five-year-defence-plan-2017-22_acowshish_310717">the original</a> on 5 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13th+Five-Year+Defence+Plan+%282017-22%29+%E2%80%93+A+Re-Run+of+the+Past+%26%23124%3B+Manohar+Parrikar+Institute+for+Defence+Studies+and+Analyses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsa.in%2Fidsacomments%2F13th-five-year-defence-plan-2017-22_acowshish_310717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in 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