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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bengal Renaissance</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="النهضة البنغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النهضة البنغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="বংগৰ নৱজাগৰণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বংগৰ নৱজাগৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="বাংলার নবজাগরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলার নবজাগরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Бенгалско възраждане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бенгалско възраждане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaixement_bengal%C3%AD" title="Renaixement bengalí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renaixement bengalí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalische_Renaissance" title="Bengalische Renaissance – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bengalische Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimiento_bengal%C3%AD" title="Renacimiento bengalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renacimiento bengalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalia_renesanco" title="Bengalia renesanco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bengalia renesanco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaliar_Pizkundea" title="Bengaliar Pizkundea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bengaliar Pizkundea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رنسانس بنگالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنسانس بنگالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_du_Bengale" title="Renaissance du Bengale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Renaissance du Bengale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="बंगाल का नवजागरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाल का नवजागरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaisans_Benggala" title="Renaisans Benggala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Renaisans Benggala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembaharuan_Benggala" title="Pembaharuan Benggala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembaharuan Benggala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%83_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنگالی نشاۃ ثانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنگالی نشاۃ ثانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesans_bengalski" title="Renesans bengalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Renesans bengalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascimento_bengal%C3%AAs" title="Renascimento bengalês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renascimento bengalês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бенгальское Возрождение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бенгальское Возрождение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="வங்காள மறுமலர்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காள மறுமலர்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="బెంగాల్ సాంస్కృతిక పునరుజ్జీవనం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెంగాల్ సాంస్కృతిక పునరుజ్జీవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Бенгальське Відродження – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенгальське Відродження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%83_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنگالی نشاۃ ثانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنگالی نشاۃ ثانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="孟加拉文艺复兴 – Chinese" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bengal" title="Category:Bengal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#eee;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/220px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/330px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/440px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahimal" title="Mahimal">Mahimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengalis" title="List of Bengalis">List of Bengalis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_vocabulary" title="Bengali vocabulary"> Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Barak_Valley)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)">Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_Movement_(North_Dinajpur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)">Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">Walima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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<p>Lores<br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thakurmar_Jhuli" title="Thakurmar Jhuli">Thakurmar Jhuli</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barsha_Utsab" title="Barsha Utsab">Barsha Utsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair" title="Ekushey Book Fair">Ekushey Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela 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class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-K%C4%81vya" title="Mangal-Kāvya">Mangal-Kāvya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_Majnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laila Majnu">Laila Majnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthi" title="Puthi">Puthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf-Zulekha" title="Yusuf-Zulekha">Yusuf-Zulekha</a></li></ul> <p>Genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_folk_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali folk literature">Folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarja_(folk_poetry_contest)" title="Tarja (folk poetry contest)">Tarja</a></li></ul> <p>Institutions </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_literary_institutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali literary institutions (page does not exist)">Literary institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Akademi" title="Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi">Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a></li></ul> <p>Awards </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_literary_awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali literary awards (page does not exist)">Literary awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Puraskar" title="Rabindra Puraskar">Rabindra Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award" title="Bangla Academy Literary Award">Bangla Academy Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Puraskar" title="Ananda Puraskar">Ananda Puraskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><br /> <p>Folk genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamani-Vijaya" title="Agamani-Vijaya">Agamani-Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">Kavigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimansingha_Gitika" title="Maimansingha Gitika">Maimansingha Gitika</a></li></ul> <p>Devotional </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarigan" title="Jarigan">Zari</a></li></ul> <p>Classical genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_Gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur Gharana">Bishnupur Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maihar_gharana" title="Maihar gharana">Maihar gharana</a></li></ul> <p>Modern genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali band">Bengali band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Rock music of West Bengal</a></li></ul> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Geeti" title="Nazrul Geeti">Nazrul Geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray" title="Dwijendralal Ray">Dwijendralal Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon">Lalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polligeeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polligeeti (page does not exist)">Polligeeti</a></li></ul> <p>Instruments </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploong" title="Ploong">Ploong</a></li></ul> <p>Dance </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li></ul> <p>Theater </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Bengal)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theatre_of_Kolkata" title="Group theatre of Kolkata">Group theatre of Kolkata</a></li></ul> <p>Organizations </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association" title="Indian People's Theatre Association">Indian People's Theatre Association</a></li></ul> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerasim_Lebedev" title="Gerasim Lebedev">Gerasim Lebedev</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Media</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema of Bangladesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sport</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boli_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli Khela">Boli Khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">Lathi khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">Chaturaṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Template:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Template talk:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="border:2px double #B22234; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color: var(--color-base, #202122);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/140px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/210px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg/280px-Bengali_dialects_political_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengali history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengali homeland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali people</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Social group: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghotis" title="Ghotis">Ghotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious community: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali name</a></li> <li>Subgroups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Romanisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_folk_literature" title="Bangladeshi folk literature">Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali music">Music</a></li> <li>Cinema <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Bangladesh">Theatre</a></li> <li>Weddings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu wedding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li>Festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsha_Utsab" title="Barsha Utsab">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Harvest</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Bengali symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Bangla" title="Joy Bangla">Joy Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Sonar_Bangla" title="Amar Sonar Bangla">Amar Sonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">National symbols of Bangladesh</a></li> <li>Fish and rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingri_malai_curry" title="Chingri malai curry">Chingri malai curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasgulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomchom" title="Chomchom">Chomchom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">List of rulers of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengalis" title="Template:Bengalis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengalis" title="Template talk:Bengalis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengalis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengalis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bengal Renaissance</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বাংলার নবজাগরণ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Bāṅlār Nôbôjāgôrôṇ</i></span>), also known as the <b>Bengali Renaissance</b>, was a cultural, social, intellectual, and artistic movement that took place in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal region">Bengal region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dasgupta2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have traced the beginnings of the movement to the victory of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> at the 1757 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>, as well as the works of reformer <a href="/wiki/Raja_Rammohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Rammohan Roy">Raja Rammohan Roy</a>, considered the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance," born in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-Samanta2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samanta2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> stated that the movement "can be said to have … ended with <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>," Asia's first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel laureate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For almost two centuries, the Bengal renaissance saw the radical transformation of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">Indian</a> society, and its ideas have been attributed to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian anticolonialist and nationalist</a> thought and activity during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosophical basis of the movement was its unique version of liberalism and modernity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sumit_Sarkar" title="Sumit Sarkar">Sumit Sarkar</a>, the pioneers and works of this period were revered and regarded with nostalgia throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, however, due to a new focus on its colonialist origins, a more critical view emerged in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bengali renaissance was predominantly led by <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who at the time were socially and economically more affluent in colonial Bengal, and therefore better placed for higher education as a community. Well-known figures include the social reformer <a href="/wiki/Raja_Rammohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Rammohan Roy">Raja Rammohan Roy</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, and the physicist <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a>. The main Muslim figures in the movement include members of the <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardy_family" title="Suhrawardy family">Suhrawardy family</a>, poet and musician <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Rokeya_Sakhawat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain">Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-De1995_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bengal Renaissance was a movement characterised by a sociopolitical awakening in the arts, literature, music, philosophy, religion, science, and other fields of intellectual inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-Dasgupta2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dasgupta2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement questioned the existing customs and rituals in Indian society – most notably, the caste system, and the practice of sati, idolatry – as well as the role of religion and colonial governance. In turn, the Bengal Renaissance advocated for societal reform – the kind that adhered to secularist, humanist and modernist ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a>, the movement saw the emergence of important figures, whose contributions still influence cultural and intellectual works today.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Bengal Renaissance was led and dominated by upper caste Hindus, Bengali Muslims played a transformative role in the movement, as well as the shaping of colonial and postcolonial Indian society.<sup id="cite_ref-De1995_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of Bengali Muslim renaissance men and women include <a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Al_Ubaidi_Suhrawardy" title="Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy">Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rokeya_Sakhawat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain">Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-De1995_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De1995-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it came to cultural and religious reform, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Intellect_Movement" title="Freedom of Intellect Movement">Freedom of Intellect Movement</a> was established in 1926 to challenge the social customs and dogmas in Bengali Muslim society.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-eighteenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Province</a>, and more specifically, its capital city of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, was the centre of British power in India. The region was the base for British imperial rule until the capital was moved to Delhi in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley38_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley38-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Crown control, British power was in the hands of the East India Company, which in course of time, became increasingly profitable and influential, politically, establishing diplomatic relations with local rulers as well as building armies to protect its own interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley38_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley38-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, partly through the 1757 Battle of Plassey against the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, and in part through the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, the company was able to acquire extensive territory in the Bengal and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganges_basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganges basin (page does not exist)">Ganges basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley38_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley38-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expense of these wars, however, threatened the company's financial situation, and the <a href="/wiki/Regulating_Act_1773" title="Regulating Act 1773">Regulating Act 1773</a> was passed to stabilise the EIC as well as subject it to some parliamentary control.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley38_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley38-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further legislation over the next several decades progressively brought about tighter controls over the company, but the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> forced the British parliament to pass the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, which saw the liquidation of the EIC and the transfer of power to the British Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley38_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley38-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC)_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC.jpg/220px-Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC.jpg/330px-Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC.jpg/440px-Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy_%28%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="3424" /></a><figcaption> Ram Mohan Roy is considered the Father of the Bengali Renaissance</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bengali Renaissance originated in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> of the British Indian Empire, but more specifically, its capital city of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, then known as Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar1990_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This colonial metropolis was the first non-Western city to use British methods of teaching in their school system.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar1990_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1817, the urban elite led by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a> cofounded the Hindu or Presidency College in Kolkata, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a>, the only European-style institution of higher learning in Asia at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-SastriLethbridge1972_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SastriLethbridge1972-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was also home to a public library, the Imperial Library, now the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library of India</a>, and newspapers and books were being published regularly in both <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and English.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Print language and literature played a vital role in shaping ideas and identities in colonial Bengal from the 18th century onwards," writes Anindita Ghosh, continuing that "… commercial print cultures that emanated from numerous cheap presses in Calcutta and its suburbs disseminated wide-ranging literary preferences that afforded a space to different sections of the Bengali middle classes to voice their own distinctive concerns."<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2002_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Province</a> was the base for <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> rule until the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab of Bengal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757, which marked the Crown's consolidation of power in India.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many postcolonial historians source the origins of the Bengal Renaissance to these events, arguing that the movement was both a reaction to the violence and exploitation by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, as well as a product of the Empire's promotion of English education in the region as part of its "<a href="/wiki/Civilising_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilising missions">civilising missions</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-SastriLethbridge1972_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SastriLethbridge1972-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Sivanath Sastri notes that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant_(British_East_India_Company)" title="Charles Grant (British East India Company)">Charles Grant</a>, a British politician influential in Indian affairs who also served as Chairman of the East India Company, "moved "that a thorough education be given to the different races inhabiting the country, [and] that the Gospel be preached to them… .""<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Arabinda Poddar contends that the English education of Bengalis was intended to create "mere political slaves," arguing that, "the civilising role of English education, stressed the need of creating a class of Anglophiles who would have a somewhat in-between existence between the rulers and the ruled."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historians cite the works of "Father of the Bengal Renaissance," Raja Rammohun Roy, as the start of the Bengal Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-Samanta2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samanta2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roy, by 1829, co-founded the Brahmo Sabha movement, which was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> by <a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kopf2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kopf2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an influential socioreligious reform movement that made significant contributions to the renaissance, as well as the makings of modern Indian society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BegumRokeyaWithHusband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BegumRokeyaWithHusband.jpg/181px-BegumRokeyaWithHusband.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BegumRokeyaWithHusband.jpg/272px-BegumRokeyaWithHusband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BegumRokeyaWithHusband.jpg/362px-BegumRokeyaWithHusband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a> with her husband, Sakhawat Hossain in 1898. Rokeya, was a prominent Bengali feminist thinker, writer, educator and political activist from British India. She is widely regarded as a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">women's liberation</a> in South Asia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishwarchandra_Vidyasagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ishwarchandra_Vidyasagar.jpg/163px-Ishwarchandra_Vidyasagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ishwarchandra_Vidyasagar.jpg/245px-Ishwarchandra_Vidyasagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Ishwarchandra_Vidyasagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a> was a prominent Indian educator and <a href="/wiki/Social_reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reformer">social reformer</a> of the nineteenth century</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Among the many changes brought about by the Bengal Renaissance in India was the development of education, both in the Bengali language and in English. Colonial provisions at the time consisted mainly of village schools teaching literacy and numeracy, Arabic and Islamic studies being taught to Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Madrasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasas">madrasas</a>, and tols, where pandits instructed <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts to <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a>, which were supported by endowments.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These institutions were exclusively male, and in the rare cases where girls could get an education, it was in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley41_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of Christian missions also had more of an influence on Indian students than the initiatives of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley41_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company_Act_of_1813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East India Company Act of 1813 (page does not exist)">East India Company Act of 1813</a> allotted 100,000 rupees from the government's surplus to be "applied to the revival and improvement of literature, and the encouragement of the learned natives of India, and for the introduction and promotion of a knowledge of the sciences," it did not lead to any coherent provision of public education.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dermot Killingley, the surplus mentioned in this Charter Act was "an aspiration, not a budget item," and even if the money had been provided for, there was uncertainty about how it should be spent.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley41_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recurring questions arose over whether to invest on a few advanced institutions or to promote widespread elementary education, what language to use, and particularly whether to support traditional methods of learning in India, which had declined due to the loss of patronage, or to introduce a new system based on Western education.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley41_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rammohan Roy contributed to this last debate by writing to the Governor-General in 1823 expressing his opposition to the establishment of a Sanskrit College that would foster traditional learning and advocating for Western scientific education; this effort failed without effect.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">Missionaries</a> began teaching young women in 1816, but a systematic education policy was not established until 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley41_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Sengupta and Purkayastha point out that even during the 1860s and 1870s, "the project of female education was wholly tied to the purpose of enabling women to better discharge their domestic duties."<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley41_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the East India Company's initial hostility to missionaries, the colonial government later saw the advantages of their contribution to educating and training the local population. This was especially because, as Killingley noted, "in the innovations of the early nineteenth century, government initiative had less impact than the work of Christian missions, and of individuals … who responded to the demand for literacy, numeracy and related skills created by growing commercial and administrative activity."<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley41_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley41-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800, the Baptist Missionary Society established a centre in <a href="/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Srirampur</a>, West Bengal, from which it ran a network of schools that taught literacy, mathematics, physics, geography and other so-called "useful knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley41-42_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley41-42-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other missionary societies followed soon after, working along similar lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley42_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These missionaries, which were largely dependent on local, indigenous teachers and families, and the colonial government, which sometimes supported them with grants, were also cautious about introducing Christian teachings or the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley42_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education was also believed to be necessary in reversing the apparent moral decline many colonial administrators saw in Bengal society. To give an example, a British judge in Bengal recommended the London Missionary Society's schools, "for the dissemination of morality and general improvement of society among natives of all persuasion without interfering with their religious prejudices."<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley42_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionaries, however, were not the only channels through which education was promoted. For instance, individuals in Calcutta such as Rammohan Roy, the conservative Hindu scholar, <a href="/wiki/Radhakanta_Deb" title="Radhakanta Deb">Radhakanta Deb</a> to the atheist philanthropist, David Hare, and other British officials often collaborated in the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_Book_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta School Book Society">Calcutta School Book Society</a> and the Calcutta School Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Killingley42_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Killingley42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the other institutions of learning established during this period include the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_College" title="Chittagong College">Chittagong College</a>; <a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu School">Hindu School</a>, the oldest modern educational institution in Asia; <a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University, Kolkata</a>; the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>, the oldest university in Bangladesh; and <a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J.C.Bose.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J.C.Bose.JPG/88px-J.C.Bose.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J.C.Bose.JPG/132px-J.C.Bose.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/J.C.Bose.JPG/176px-J.C.Bose.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1268" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field" title="List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field">fathers</a> of radio science.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SatyenBose1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg/105px-SatyenBose1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg/158px-SatyenBose1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SatyenBose1925.jpg/210px-SatyenBose1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> was one of the pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC)_005.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_005.tif/lossy-page1-107px-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_005.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_005.tif/lossy-page1-161px-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_005.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_005.tif/lossy-page1-214px-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%29_005.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="3490" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Ray" title="Prafulla Chandra Ray">Prafulla Chandra Ray</a> was an eminent Bengali chemist, educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist.</div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the Bengal Renaissance science was also advanced by several Bengali scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Ray" title="Prafulla Chandra Ray">Prafulla Chandra Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jnan_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Jnan Chandra Ghosh">Jnan Chandra Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Chandra_Bhattacharya" title="Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya">Gopal Chandra Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kishori_Mohan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Kishori Mohan Bandyopadhyay">Kishori Mohan Bandyopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jnanendra_Nath_Mukherjee" title="Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee">Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisir_Kumar_Mitra" title="Sisir Kumar Mitra">Sisir Kumar Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a>. </p><p>Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858–1937) was a <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>: a <a href="/wiki/List_of_physicists" title="List of physicists">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologist</a>, and writer of science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pioneered the investigation of radio and <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, made very significant contributions to botany, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered one of the fathers of radio science, and is also considered the father of <a href="/wiki/Bangla_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla science fiction">Bengali science fiction</a>. He also invented the <a href="/wiki/Crescograph" title="Crescograph">crescograph</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg/140px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg/210px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg/280px-Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> was an Indian motion-picture director, writer, and illustrator who brought the Indian cinema to world recognition with <i><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali" title="Pather Panchali">Pather Panchali</a></i>.He was one of the pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel Cinema">Parallel Cinema</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_School_of_Art" title="Bengal School of Art">Bengal School of Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music of Bengal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Bengal School of Art was an <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> and a style of <a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Indian painting</a> that originated in Bengal and flourished throughout <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> in the early 20th century. Also known as 'Indian style of painting' in its early days, it was associated with <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swadeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi">swadeshi</a>) and led by <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the influence of Indian spiritual ideas in the West, the British art teacher <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Binfield_Havell" title="Ernest Binfield Havell">Ernest Binfield Havell</a> attempted to reform the teaching methods at the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta School of Art">Calcutta School of Art</a> by encouraging students to imitate <a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal miniatures</a>. This caused controversy, leading to a strike by students and complaints from the local press, including from nationalists who considered it to be a retrogressive move. Havell was supported by the artist <a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/113px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/170px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/226px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> was a poet and artist. Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1913</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazrul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nazrul.jpg/118px-Nazrul.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nazrul.jpg/177px-Nazrul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nazrul.jpg/236px-Nazrul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a>, the national poet of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bankim_Chattapadhyay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bankim_Chattapadhyay.jpg/109px-Bankim_Chattapadhyay.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bankim_Chattapadhyay.jpg/164px-Bankim_Chattapadhyay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bankim_Chattapadhyay.jpg/218px-Bankim_Chattapadhyay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1497" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a> was the first successful novelist in the history of Bengali Literature</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The conquest of Bengal by the English was not only a political revolution, but ushered in a greater revolution in thoughts and ideas, in religion and society ... From the stories of gods and goddesses, kings and queens, princes and princesses, we have learnt to descend to the humble walks of life, to sympathise with the common citizen or even common peasant … Every revolution is attended with vigour, and the present one is no exception to the rule. Nowhere in the annals of Bengali literature are so many or so bright names found crowded together in the limited space of one century as those of Ram Mohan Roy, Akshay Kumar Dutt, Isvar Chandra Vidyasagar, Isvar Chandra Gupta, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Hem Chandra Banerjee, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Dina Bandhu Mitra. Within the three quarters of the present century, prose, blank verse, historical fiction and drama have been introduced for the first time in the Bengali literature.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/98px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/147px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/196px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg/101px-Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg/152px-Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg/202px-Paramahansa_Yogananda_Standard_Pose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_aurobindo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/101px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/152px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/202px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_mother_sarada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holy_mother_sarada.jpg/96px-Holy_mother_sarada.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holy_mother_sarada.jpg/144px-Holy_mother_sarada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Holy_mother_sarada.jpg/192px-Holy_mother_sarada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="941" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramakrishna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ramakrishna.jpg/101px-Ramakrishna.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ramakrishna.jpg/152px-Ramakrishna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ramakrishna.jpg/202px-Ramakrishna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:126px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahiri_Mahasaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lahiri_Mahasaya.jpg/103px-Lahiri_Mahasaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lahiri_Mahasaya.jpg/155px-Lahiri_Mahasaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lahiri_Mahasaya.jpg/206px-Lahiri_Mahasaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1466" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lahiri_Mahasaya" title="Lahiri Mahasaya">Lahiri Mahasaya</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Bengali Renaissance also led to religious reform movements. Some notable religious and spiritual leaders associated with these reform movements are <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keshab_Chandra_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshab Chandra Sen">Keshab Chandra Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijoy_Krishna_Goswami" title="Bijoy Krishna Goswami">Bijoy Krishna Goswami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a>, Lokenath Brahmachari, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahiri_Mahasaya" title="Lahiri Mahasaya">Lahiri Mahasaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Thakur" title="Ram Thakur">Ram Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitaramdas_Omkarnath" title="Sitaramdas Omkarnath">Sitaramdas Omkarnath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a>. </p><p>The religious reform movements and organizations associated with the Bengali Renaissance are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Brahmo_Samaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Brahmo Samaj">Adi Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" title="Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math" title="Ramakrishna Math">Ramakrishna Math</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga Society of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dasgupta2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dasgupta2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dasgupta2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Subrata_Dasgupta" title="Subrata 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Random House India. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-183-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8400-183-9"><bdi>978-81-8400-183-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awakening%3A+The+Story+of+the+Bengal+Renaissance&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Random+House+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-8400-183-9&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Subrata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samanta2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samanta2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samanta2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamanta2008" class="citation conference cs1">Samanta, Soumyajit (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33413137.pdf"><i>The Bengal Renaissance : a critique</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 20th European Conference of Modern South Asian Studies Manchester (UK), 8th – 11th July 2008. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205162900/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33413137.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Bengal+Renaissance+%3A+a+critique&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Samanta&rft.aufirst=Soumyajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F33413137.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish (2001). <i>History of the Bengali-speaking People</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Gallery+of+Modern+Art%2C+New+Delhi&rft.atitle=Bengal+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngmaindia.gov.in%2Fsh-bengal.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDey" class="citation web cs1">Dey, Mukul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/mukul-dey/which-way-indian-art">"Which Way Indian Art?"</a>. <i>chitralekha.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002940/http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/mukul-dey/which-way-indian-art">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chitralekha.org&rft.atitle=Which+Way+Indian+Art%3F&rft.aulast=Dey&rft.aufirst=Mukul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chitralekha.org%2Farticles%2Fmukul-dey%2Fwhich-way-indian-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter2008" class="citation news cs1">Cotter, Holland (19 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/20/arts/design/20bose.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rhythms of India' Exhibition at the Philadelphia Museum of Art: Indian Modernism Via an Eclectic, Elusive Artist"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003160332/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/20/arts/design/20bose.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Rhythms+of+India%27+Exhibition+at+the+Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art%3A+Indian+Modernism+Via+an+Eclectic%2C+Elusive+Artist&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F08%2F20%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F20bose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDermott-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDermott_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2005). "Bengali religions". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion: 15 Volume Set</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: MacMillan Reference USA. p. 828. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865735-7"><bdi>0-02-865735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bengali+religions&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion%3A+15+Volume+Set&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mi&rft.pages=828&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865735-7&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Pranab (2010). <i>A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia</i>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0820-4"><bdi>978-1-4331-0820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Story+of+Ambivalent+Modernization+in+Bangladesh+and+West+Bengal%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Bengali+Elitism+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0820-4&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Pranab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashabi_Fraser" title="Bashabi Fraser">Fraser, Bashabi</a> edited Special Issue on Rabindranath Tagore, <i>Literary Compass</i>, Wiley Publications. Volume 12, Issue 5, May 2015. <i>See</i> Fraser's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lic3.12231/full">Introduction</a> pp. 161–172. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1741-4113">1741-4113</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabir2011" class="citation book cs1">Kabir, Abulfazal M. Fazle (2011). <i>The Libraries of Bengal, 1700–1947: The Story of Bengali Renaissance</i>. Promilla & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185002071" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185002071"><bdi>978-8185002071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Libraries+of+Bengal%2C+1700%E2%80%931947%3A+The+Story+of+Bengali+Renaissance&rft.pub=Promilla+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8185002071&rft.aulast=Kabir&rft.aufirst=Abulfazal+M.+Fazle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopf1969" class="citation book cs1">Kopf, David (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishorientali0000kopf"><i>British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dinamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00665-2"><bdi>978-0-520-00665-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Orientalism+and+the+Bengal+Renaissance%3A+The+Dinamics+of+Indian+Modernization%2C+1773%E2%80%931835&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00665-2&rft.aulast=Kopf&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishorientali0000kopf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2003" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Raj (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubRkhPM0ETMC"><i>Essays on Indian Renaissance</i></a>. Discovery Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-689-9"><bdi>978-81-7141-689-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Indian+Renaissance&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7141-689-9&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DubRkhPM0ETMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mandal, Mahitosh (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96">"Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India"</a>. <i>Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 11–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26812%2Fcaste.v3i1.367">10.26812/caste.v3i1.367</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249027627">249027627</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809123730/https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caste%3A+A+Global+Journal+on+Social+Exclusion&rft.atitle=Dalit+Resistance+during+the+Bengal+Renaissance%3A+Five+Anti-Caste+Thinkers+from+Colonial+Bengal%2C+India&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-30&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26812%2Fcaste.v3i1.367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249027627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Mahitosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.library.brandeis.edu%2Findex.php%2Fcaste%2Farticle%2Fview%2F367%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2006" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, P. J. (2006). <i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828 (The New Cambridge History of India)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521028226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521028226"><bdi>978-0521028226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740%E2%80%931828+%28The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521028226&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittra2001" class="citation book cs1">Mittra, Sitansu Sekhar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC"><i>Bengal's Renaissance</i></a>. Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87504-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87504-18-4"><bdi>978-81-87504-18-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228175744/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%27s+Renaissance&rft.pub=Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87504-18-4&rft.aulast=Mittra&rft.aufirst=Sitansu+Sekhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPFeBY9YEAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalCakrabartī1977" class="citation book cs1">Pal, Bipin Chandra; Cakrabartī, Jagannātha (1977). <i>Studies in the Bengal renaissance</i> (2nd ed.). the University of California: National Council of Education, Bengal. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5945802">5945802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Bengal+renaissance&rft.place=the+University+of+California&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=National+Council+of+Education%2C+Bengal&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5945802&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Bipin+Chandra&rft.au=Cakrabart%C4%AB%2C+Jagann%C4%81tha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2011" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amit (2011). <i>Notes on the Bengal Renaissance</i>. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-179-50139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-179-50139-0"><bdi>978-1-179-50139-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Bengal+Renaissance&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-179-50139-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravers2007" class="citation book cs1">Travers, Robert (2007). <i>Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: The British in Bengal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521059688" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521059688"><bdi>978-0521059688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Empire+in+Eighteenth-Century+India%3A+The+British+in+Bengal&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521059688&rft.aulast=Travers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bengali_renaissance" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bengali renaissance">Bengali renaissance</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopf2012" class="citation book cs1">Copf, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance">"Bengal Renaissance"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bengal+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Copf&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBengal_Renaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABengal+Renaissance" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Bengal_Renaissance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Template:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Template talk:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal_Renaissance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bengal Renaissance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bengal_Renaissance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atul_Prasad_Sen" title="Atul Prasad Sen">Atul Prasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnarayan_Basu" title="Rajnarayan Basu">Rajnarayan Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Gupta" title="Madhusudan Gupta">Madhusudan Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliot_Drinkwater_Bethune" title="John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune">Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendranath_Brahmachari" title="Upendranath Brahmachari">Upendranath Brahmachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Kumar_Datta" title="Akshay Kumar Datta">Akshay Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Vivian_Derozio" title="Henry Louis Vivian Derozio">Henry Derozio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambini_Ganguly" title="Kadambini Ganguly">Kadambini Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomohun_Ghose" title="Monomohun Ghose">Monomohun Ghose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgopal_Ghosh" title="Ramgopal Ghosh">Ramgopal Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aghore_Nath_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aghore Nath Gupta (page does not exist)">Aghore Nath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hare_(philanthropist)" title="David Hare (philanthropist)">David Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lafont" title="Eugène Lafont">Eugène Lafont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanambrata_Brahmachari" title="Mahanambrata Brahmachari">Mahanambrata Brahmachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikrishna_Mitra" title="Kalikrishna Mitra">Kalikrishna Mitra</a></li> <li>Harish Chandra Mukherjee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gour_Govinda_Ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gour Govinda Ray (page does not exist)">Gour Govinda Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Chandra_Sarkar" title="Akshay Chandra Sarkar">Akshay Chandra Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendralal_Sarkar" title="Mahendralal Sarkar">Mahendralal Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajendra_Nath_Seal" title="Brajendra Nath Seal">Brajendra Nath Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Sen" title="Girish Chandra Sen">Girish Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Keshub Chandra Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraprasad_Shastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraprasad Shastri">Haraprasad Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Debendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanindra_Nath_Gooptu" title="Fanindra Nath Gooptu">Fanindra Nath Gooptu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitanath_Tattwabhushan" title="Sitanath Tattwabhushan">Sitanath Tattwabhushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmabandhav_Upadhyay" title="Brahmabandhav Upadhyay">Brahmabandhav Upadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Vidyabagish" title="Ram Chandra Vidyabagish">Ram Chandra Vidyabagish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarkanath_Vidyabhusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan (page does not exist)">Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">Begum Rokeya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Bengali music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Math" title="Gaudiya Math">Gaudiya Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam Sampraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="List of works by Kazi Nazrul Islam">Nazrul geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambad_Prabhakar" title="Sambad Prabhakar">Sambad Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattwabodhini_Patrika" title="Tattwabodhini Patrika">Tattwabodhini Patrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Bengal" title="Young Bengal">Young Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_College" title="Chittagong College">Chittagong College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bangladesh_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template talk:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh#History_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh-related_topics" title="List of Bangladesh-related topics">Topics</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Bangladesh" title="History of aviation in Bangladesh">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Postal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Bangladesh" title="List of years in Bangladesh">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadhan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical and Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Founding kingdom:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Classical empires:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Sultanates:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">Colonial</a> and Pakistan era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese Bengala</a></li> <li><i>British Bengal:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Sepoy Rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_legislative_election,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengali legislative election, 1954">Legislative election in 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">General election in 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_after_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh after independence">Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Bangladesh_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Bangladesh coup d'état">1982</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">Political crisis in 2006–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Begums" title="Battle of Begums">Battle of Begums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh violence">Protests in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">Quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_massacre" title="July massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Bangladesh">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chittagong" title="History of Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dhaka" title="History of Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jessore" title="History of Jessore">Jessore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Noakhali" title="History of Noakhali">Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rangpur" title="History of Rangpur">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">Sylhet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Bangladesh">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Borders of Bangladesh">Borders</a></li> <li><i>Nature:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Islands of Bangladesh">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Mountains of Bangladesh">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Parks in Bangladesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Places:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Fan" title="Bengal Fan">Bengal Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatirjheel" title="Hatirjheel">Hatirjheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Executive:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bangladesh" title="List of presidents of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of prime ministers of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Elections</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Election_Commission" title="Bangladesh Election Commission">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:General elections in Bangladesh">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Presidential elections in Bangladesh">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bangladesh" title="List of political parties in Bangladesh">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Bangladesh">Foreign policies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Bangladesh" title="Local government in Bangladesh">Local government</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">City corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Municipal_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh#Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazila Parishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Bangladesh" title="Union councils of Bangladesh">Union councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Bangladesh">Law</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Division">High Court Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bangladesh" title="Attorney General of Bangladesh">Attorney General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance in Bangladesh">Forced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Law enforcement in Bangladesh">enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_forces_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Paramilitary forces of Bangladesh">Paramilitary</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Coast_Guard" title="Bangladesh Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Party">Village Defence Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Guard_Regiment" title="President Guard Regiment">President Guard Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Force" title="Special Security Force">Special Security Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Intelligence</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau">CTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">Special Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Police</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Battalion" title="Armed Police Battalion">APBn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Transnational_Crime" title="Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime">CTTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Police Bureau of Investigation">PBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">RAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_and_Protection_Battalion" title="Special Security and Protection Battalion">SPBn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Planning_Commission" title="Bangladesh Planning Commission">Bangladesh Planning Commission</a></li> <li><i>Industries:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Ceramics industry in Bangladesh">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Food industry in Bangladesh">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Tea production</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Finance sectors:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bangladesh" title="Banking in Bangladesh">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh Bank <span style="font-size:85%;">(central bank)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Bangladesh" title="Financial system in Bangladesh">Financial system</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Stock Exchange:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Energy and resources:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority" title="Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority">Export Processing Zones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Agriculture</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_Bangladesh" title="Poultry farming in Bangladesh">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Poverty</a></li> <li><i>Infrastructure:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Post_Office" title="Bangladesh Post Office">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Bangladesh" title="Real estate in Bangladesh">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Transport</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bangladesh" title="List of airports in Bangladesh">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Bangladesh" title="List of airlines of Bangladesh">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway" title="Bangladesh Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Bangladesh" title="List of roads in Bangladesh">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh">Ports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Society of Bangladesh">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bangladesh" title="Crime in Bangladesh">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh" title="Human trafficking in Bangladesh">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Bangladesh" title="Hunger in Bangladesh">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_society" title="Bangladeshi society">Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bangladesh" title="Television in Bangladesh">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Bangladesh" title="Sexuality in Bangladesh">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in Bangladesh">Marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Bangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Amar Shonar Bangla">Amar Shonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Bangladesh" title="National Emblem of Bangladesh">National Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin" title="Oriental magpie-robin">Oriental magpie-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali" title="Nymphaea nouchali">Water lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_navbox" title="Template:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_navbox" title="Template talk:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance" title="Category:Renaissance">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Outline of the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_studies" title="Renaissance studies">Renaissance studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Renaissance" title="Brick Renaissance">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes" title="History of Italian Renaissance domes">Italian domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism_(Spanish_architecture)" title="Purism (Spanish architecture)">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance_architecture" title="Venetian Renaissance architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_literature" title="French Renaissance literature">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_literature" title="Spanish Renaissance literature">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre#Renaissance_theatre" title="History of theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#The_Renaissance_by_region" title="Outline of the Renaissance">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art_in_Bergamo_and_Brescia" title="Renaissance art in Bergamo and Brescia">Bergamo and Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Ferrara" title="Renaissance in Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Renaissance_art" title="Florentine Renaissance art">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Lombardy" title="Renaissance in Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Renaissance" title="Roman Renaissance">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Renaissance" title="Sicilian Renaissance">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Urbino" title="Renaissance in Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance" title="Venetian Renaissance">Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Renaissance" title="Saxon Renaissance">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser_Renaissance" title="Weser Renaissance">Weser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iberian peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#Renaissance_lists" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_figures" title="List of Renaissance figures">Figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_humanists" title="List of Renaissance humanists">Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_structures" title="List of Renaissance structures">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_and_dagger" title="Cloak and dagger">Cloak and dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_renaissances" title="Medieval renaissances">Medieval renaissances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">12th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_reenactment" title="Renaissance reenactment">Reenactment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&oldid=1259142075">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengal_Renaissance&oldid=1259142075</a>"</div></div> <div 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