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<span>Middle Ages (11th to 15th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_(11th_to_15th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_era_(1526–1857)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_era_(1526–1857)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mughal era (1526–1857)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_era_(1526–1857)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maratha_dynasty_(1674–1859)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maratha_dynasty_(1674–1859)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Maratha dynasty (1674–1859)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maratha_dynasty_(1674–1859)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period_(1857—present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period_(1857—present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern period (1857—present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period_(1857—present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agni_Purana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agni_Purana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Agni Purana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agni_Purana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthashastra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthashastra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arthashastra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthashastra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Weapons and arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weapons_and_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weapons and arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swordsmanship_(Khadgavidya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swordsmanship_(Khadgavidya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Swordsmanship (Khadgavidya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swordsmanship_(Khadgavidya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staffplay_(Lathi_khela)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staffplay_(Lathi_khela)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Staffplay (Lathi khela)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staffplay_(Lathi_khela)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spearplay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spearplay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Spearplay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spearplay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archery_(Dhanurvidya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archery_(Dhanurvidya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Archery (Dhanurvidya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archery_(Dhanurvidya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mace-fighting_(Gadayuddha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mace-fighting_(Gadayuddha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mace-fighting (Gadayuddha)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mace-fighting_(Gadayuddha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrestling_(Mallayuddha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrestling_(Mallayuddha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Wrestling (Mallayuddha)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrestling_(Mallayuddha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrestling_(Pehlwani)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrestling_(Pehlwani)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Wrestling (Pehlwani)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrestling_(Pehlwani)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing_(Mushtiyuddha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing_(Mushtiyuddha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Boxing (Mushtiyuddha)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing_(Mushtiyuddha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kicking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kicking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Kicking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kicking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pugilism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pugilism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Pugilism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pugilism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bal_Vidya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bal_Vidya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Bal Vidya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bal_Vidya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Regional styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>South Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-South_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-South_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Non-South Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-South_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Related topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian martial arts</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="भारतीय युद्धकलाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय युद्धकलाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti_marziali_indiane" title="Arti marziali indiane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arti marziali indiane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אמנויות לחימה הודיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנויות לחימה הודיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಮರ ಕಲೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಸಮರ ಕಲೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93" title="インド武術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド武術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_marciais_indianas" title="Artes marciais indianas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artes marciais indianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Боевые искусства Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боевые искусства Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fighting systems of the Indian subcontinent</div> <p> <b>Indian martial arts</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">fighting systems</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. A variety of terms are used for the English phrases "Indian martial arts", deriving from ancient sources. While they may seem to imply specific disciplines (e.g. archery, armed combat), by Classical times they were used generically for all fighting systems. </p><p>Among the most common terms today, <i><a href="/wiki/Shastar_Vidya" title="Shastar Vidya">śastra-vidyā</a></i>, is a compound of the words <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śastra</i></span></i> (weapon) and <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vidyā</i></span></i> (knowledge).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dhanurveda</i> derives from the words for bow (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">dhanushya</i></span></i>) and knowledge (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">veda</i></span></i>), the "science of archery" in <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic</a> literature, later applied to martial arts in general.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> text describes dhanuveda as one of the traditional eighteen branches of "applied knowledge" or <a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">upaveda</a>, along with <i>shastrashāstra</i> or <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later term, <i>yuddha kalā</i>, comes from the words <i>yuddha</i> meaning fight or combat and <i>kalā</i> meaning art or skill. The related term <i>śastra kalā</i> (lit. weapon art) usually refers specifically to armed disciplines. Another term, <i>yuddha-vidyā</i> or "combat knowledge", refers to the skills used on the battlefield, encompassing not only actual fighting but also battle formations and strategy. Martial arts are usually learnt and practiced in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">akharas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military history of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Asian_martial_arts" title="Origins of Asian martial arts">Origins of Asian martial arts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_(pre-Gupta)"><span id="Antiquity_.28pre-Gupta.29"></span>Antiquity (pre-Gupta)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity (pre-Gupta)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An Indus valley civilization seal shows two men spearing one another in a duel which seem to be centered on a woman. A statue of a spear thrower was also excavated from an Indus valley site.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Dhanurveda</i>, a section found in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (1500 BCE - 1100 BCE) contains references to martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epics</a> contain the earliest accounts of combat, both armed and bare-handed. Most deities of the Hindu-Buddhist pantheon are armed with their own personal weapon, and are revered not only as master martial artists but often as originators of those systems themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> tells of fighters armed only with daggers besting lions, and describes a prolonged battle between <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a> using bows, swords, trees, rocks and fists.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another unarmed battle in the Mahabharata describes two combatants boxing with clenched fists and fighting with kicks, finger strikes, knee strikes and headbutts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest recorded organized unarmed fighting art in the Indian subcontinent is <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">malla-yuddha</a> or combat-wrestling, codified into four forms in the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a>. Stories describing <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> report that he sometimes engaged in wrestling matches where he used knee strikes to the chest, punches to the head, hair pulling, and strangleholds.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on such accounts, Svinth (2002) traces press-ups and squats used by Indian wrestlers to the pre-classical era.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sanskrit literature the term <i>dwandwayuddha</i> referred to a duel, such that it was a battle between only two warriors and not armies. Epics often describe the duels between deities and god-like heroes as lasting a month or more. The <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">malla-yuddha</a> (wrestling match) between <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a> lasts 27 days. Similarly, the <i>dwandayuddha</i> between <a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a> lasts for 30 days, while that between <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jambavan" title="Jambavan">Jambavan</a> lasts for 28 days. Likewise, the <i>dwandwayudda</i> between <a href="/wiki/Bali_(Ramayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali (Ramayana)">Bali</a> and Dundubhi, a demon in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, lasts for 45 days. The <a href="/wiki/Manusm%E1%B9%9Bti" class="mw-redirect" title="Manusmṛti">Manusmriti</a> tells that if a warrior's topknot comes loose during such a fight or duel, the opponent must give him time to bind his hair before continuing. </p><p>The <i>Charanavyuha</i> authored by <a href="/wiki/Shaunaka" title="Shaunaka">Shaunaka</a> mentions four <i>upaveda</i> (applied Vedas). Included among them are archery (<i>dhanurveda</i>) and military sciences (<i>shastrashastra</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mastery of which was the duty (<i>dharma</i>) of the warrior class. Kings usually belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kshatria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshatria">kshatria</a> (warrior) class and thus served as heads of the army. They typically practiced archery, wrestling, boxing, and swordsmanship as part of their education.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include such rulers as <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudradaman">Rudradaman</a>. The Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> writes that the emperor <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> was light on his feet despite his advancing age and managed to dodge and seize an assailant during an assassination attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-Xuanzang_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuanzang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the popular sports mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and the epics have their origins in military training, such as boxing (<i><a href="/wiki/Musti-yuddha" title="Musti-yuddha">musti-yuddha</a></i>), wrestling (<i>maladwandwa</i>), chariot-racing (<i>rathachalan</i>), horse-riding (<i>aswa-rohana</i>) and archery (<i>dhanurvidya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Timechart_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timechart-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitions were held not just as a contest of the players' prowess but also as a means of finding a bridegroom. <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a> all won their consorts in such tournaments. </p><p>In the 3rd century, elements from the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a>, as well as finger movements in the <i>nata</i> dances, were incorporated into the fighting arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Indian fighting styles remain closely connected to <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, dance and performing arts. Some of the choreographed sparring in kalaripayat can be applied to dance<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">kathakali</a> dancers who knew <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaripayat">kalaripayat</a> were believed to be markedly better than other performers. Until recent decades, the <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">chhau dance</a> was performed only by martial artists. Some traditional Indian classical dance schools still incorporate martial arts as part of their exercise regimen.<sup id="cite_ref-Luijendijk_08_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luijendijk_08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Written evidence of martial arts in Southern India dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> of about the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Akananuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Akananuru">Akananuru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a> describe the use of spears, swords, shields, bows and <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">silambam</a> in the Sangam era. The word <a href="/wiki/Kalari" title="Kalari">kalari</a> appears in the <i>Puram</i> (verses 225, 237, 245, 356) and <i>Akam</i> (verses 34, 231, 293) to describe both a battlefield and combat arena. The word <i>kalari tatt</i> denoted a martial feat, while <i>kalari kozhai</i> meant a coward in war.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each warrior in the Sangam era received regular military training<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in target practice and horse riding. They specialized in one or more of the important weapons of the period including the spear (<i>vel</i>), sword (<i>val</i>), shield (<i>kedaham</i>), and bow and arrow (<i>vil ambu</i>). The combat techniques of the Sangam period were the earliest precursors to <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaripayat">kalaripayat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to "Silappadikkaram" in Sangam literature date back to the 2nd century. This referred to the <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">silambam</a> staff which was in great demand with foreign visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Raj_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raj-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sports_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sports-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ten fighting styles of northern sastra-vidya were said to have been created in different areas based on animals and gods, and designed for the particular geography of their origin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tradition ascribes their convergence to the 6th-century university of <a href="/wiki/Takshashila" class="mw-redirect" title="Takshashila">Takshashila</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> ancient India's intellectual capital. Located in present-day Panjab, Pakistan, the Ramayana ascribes the city's founding to <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a> who named it after his son Taksha. From the 7th to the 5th centuries BC it was held in high regard as a great centre of trade and learning,<sup id="cite_ref-Keay_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keay-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attracting students from throughout present-day Pakistan and northern India. Among the subjects taught were the "military sciences", and archery was one of its prime arts. </p><p>Some measures were put into place to discourage martial activity during the Buddhist period. The <a href="/wiki/Khandhaka" title="Khandhaka">Khandhaka</a> in particular forbids wrestling, boxing, archery, and swordsmanship. However, references to fighting arts are found in early <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> (c. 1st century AD) which refers to a boxing art while speaking to <a href="/wiki/Manjusri" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjusri">Manjusri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also categorised combat techniques as joint locks, fist strikes, grapples and throws. The <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> makes further mention of a <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a> with dance-like movements called <i>Nara</i>. Another <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> called <i>Hongyo-kyo</i> (佛本行集經) describes a "strength contest" between Gautama Buddha's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda (Buddhism)">Prince Nanda</a> and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siddhartha Gautama himself was a champion wrestler and swordsman before becoming the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period_(3rd_to_10th_centuries)"><span id="Classical_period_.283rd_to_10th_centuries.29"></span>Classical period (3rd to 10th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical period (3rd to 10th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other branches of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>, treatises on martial arts become more systematic in the course of the 1st millennium AD. <a href="/wiki/Vajra-musti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajra-musti">Vajra-musti</a>, an armed grappling style, is mentioned in sources of the early centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Haines_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> philosophers developed important metaphysical concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalini energy">kundalini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i> (c. 4th century) identifies 108 vital points on the human body<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 64 were classified as being lethal if properly struck with a fist or stick.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sushurata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushurata">Sushruta</a>'s work formed the basis of the medical discipline <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurveda</a> which was taught alongside various martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With numerous other scattered references to vital points in Vedic and epic sources, it is certain that <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>'s early fighters knew and practised attacking or defending vital points.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 630, King <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Narasimhavarman">Narasimhavarman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> commissioned dozens of granite sculptures showing unarmed fighters disarming armed opponents. This is similar to the style described in the <i>Agni Purana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martial arts were not exclusive to the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> caste, though the warrior class used them more extensively. The 8th-century text <i>Kuvalaymala</i> by Udyotanasuri recorded fighting techniques being taught at educational institutions, where non-kshatriya students from throughout the subcontinent "were learning and practicing archery, fighting with sword and shield, with daggers, sticks, lances, and with fists, and in duels (<i>niyuddham</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu priests of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">gurukula</a> still teach unarmed fighting techniques to their students as a way of increasing stamina and training the physical body<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> came into power during the 7th century and founded a kshatriya dynasty in northern India which exceeded the preceding Gupta Empire. During this period, Emperor Nagabhata I (750–780 AD) and Mihir Bhoja I (836–890) commissioned various texts on martial arts, and were themselves practitioners of these systems. <i>Shiva Dhanuveda</i> was composed in this era. The <i>khadga</i>, a two-handed broad-tipped heavy longsword, was given special preference. It was even used for <i>khadga-puja</i>, ritualised worship of the sword. The Gurjara-Pratiharas continuously fought off Arab invasions, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Caliphate campaigns in India</a>. The Arab chronicler Sulaiman wrote of the Gurjara ruler as the greatest foe to Islamic expansion, while at the same time praising his cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_(11th_to_15th_centuries)"><span id="Middle_Ages_.2811th_to_15th_centuries.29"></span>Middle Ages (11th to 15th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages (11th to 15th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramayana_In_carving_(2444648102).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ramayana_In_carving_%282444648102%29.jpg/210px-Ramayana_In_carving_%282444648102%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ramayana_In_carving_%282444648102%29.jpg/315px-Ramayana_In_carving_%282444648102%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ramayana_In_carving_%282444648102%29.jpg/420px-Ramayana_In_carving_%282444648102%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Locking technique shown at 12th century <a href="/wiki/Airavatesvara_Temple" title="Airavatesvara Temple">Airavatesvara Temple</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaripayat">Kalaripayat</a> had developed into its present form by the 11th century, during an extended period of warfare between the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-Svinth_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest treatise discussing the techniques of malla-yuddha is the <i>Malla Purana</i> (c. 13th century), unlike the earlier <i>Manasollasa</i> which gives the names of movements but no descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over a period of several centuries, invading Muslim armies managed to occupy much of present-day Pakistan and northern India. In response to the spread of Muslim rule,<sup id="cite_ref-Kannadaempire_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannadaempire-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> united in the 14th century to found the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>. Physical culture was given much attention by both royalty and commoners in the empire, with wrestling being particularly popular with both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamath_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamath-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gymnasiums have been discovered inside royal quarters of Vijayanagara, and records speak of regular physical training for commanders and their armies during peacetime.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal palaces and market places had special arenas where royalty and common people alike amused themselves by watching matches such as cockfights, ram fights, and wrestling. One account describes an <a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">akhara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chandragiri" title="Chandragiri">Chandragiri</a> where noblemen practiced jumping exercises, <a href="/wiki/Musti-yuddha" title="Musti-yuddha">boxing</a>, fencing and <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">wrestling</a> almost every day before dinner to maintain their health, and observed that "men as old as seventy years look only thirty".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian traveller <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Della_Valle" title="Pietro Della Valle">Pietro Della Valle</a> wrote of cane-fighting in southern India. According to Pietro, it was the custom for soldiers to specialise in their own particular weapon of expertise and never use any other even during war, "thereby becoming very expert and well practised in that which he takes to".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As their ancient predecessors, swordplay and wrestling were commonly practiced by the royalty of Vijayanagara. <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Deva_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Deva Raya">Krishna Deva Raya</a> is said to have arranged a duel between a champion swordsman and the prince of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> who was known for being an expert with both the sword and dagger. The prince accepted the challenge until he learned he would be fighting one not of royal blood and so killed himself rather than having to "soil his hands". <a href="/wiki/Fernao_Nunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernao Nunes">Fernao Nunes</a> and the Persian envoy Adbur Razzak relate that <a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a> survived an assassination attempt "as he was a man who knew how to use both sword and dagger better than anyone in his kingdom, avoided by twists and turns of his body the thrusts aimed at him, freed himself from him, and slew him with a short sword that he had".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_era_(1526–1857)"><span id="Mughal_era_.281526.E2.80.931857.29"></span>Mughal era (1526–1857)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mughal era (1526–1857)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archery_Competition-Mughal-India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Archery_Competition-Mughal-India.jpg/150px-Archery_Competition-Mughal-India.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Archery_Competition-Mughal-India.jpg/225px-Archery_Competition-Mughal-India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Archery_Competition-Mughal-India.jpg/300px-Archery_Competition-Mughal-India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Mughal warriors practicing horseback archery, a skill they were highly renowned for</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Mughal weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal army">Mughal army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></div> <p>After a series of victories, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> conqueror <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> established <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rule</a> in north India during the 16th century. The Mughals were patrons of India's native arts, not only recruiting akhara-trained Rajput fighters for their armies but even practicing these systems themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ausanasa Dhanurveda Sankalanam</i> dates to the late 16th century, compiled under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a></i> tells that the Mughal court had various kinds of fighting men from around the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">empire</a> who would demonstrate their skills every day in exchange for rewards. Among them were said to be both native and <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Mughal wrestlers</a>, slingers from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, Hindustani athletes, <a href="/wiki/Musti-yuddha" title="Musti-yuddha">boxers</a>, stone-throwers and many others. </p> <blockquote><p>"There are several kinds of gladiators, each performing astonishing feats. In fighting they show much speed and agility and blend courage and skill in squatting down and rising up again. Some of them use shields in fighting, others use cudgels. Others again use no means of defence, and fight with one hand only; these are called <i>ek-hath</i>. Those who come from the eastern districts of Hindostan use a small shield called "<i>chirwah</i>". Those from the southern provinces have shields of such magnitude as to cover a man and a horse. This kind of shield is called <i>tilwah</i>. Another class use a shield somewhat less than the height of a man. Some again use a long sword, and seizing it with both hands they perform extraordinary feats of skill. There is another famous class called Bankúlis. They have no shield but make use of a peculiar kind of sword which, though curved towards the point, is straight near the handle. They wield it with great dexterity. The skill that they exhibit passes all description. Others are skillful in fighting with daggers and knives of various forms; of these there are upwards of a hundred thousand. Each class has a different name; they also differ in their performances. At court, there are a thousand gladiators always in readiness."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Avid hunters, a popular sport among the Mughals was <i>shikar</i> or tiger-hunting. While often done with arrows and later even rifles, it was considered most impressive to kill a tiger with a hand-to-hand weapon such as a sword or dagger.<sup id="cite_ref-Capwell_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capwell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A warrior who managed to best a tiger would be awarded the title of <i>Pachmar</i>. </p><p>In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Madhusudana_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhusudana Saraswati">Madhusudana Saraswati</a> of Bengal organised a section of the Naga tradition of armed <a href="/wiki/Sannyasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannyasi">sannyasi</a> in order to protect Hindus from the intolerant Mughal rulers. Although generally said to abide by the principle of non-violence (<i>ahimsā</i>), these Dashanami monks had long been forming <a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">akhara</a> for the practice of both <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and martial arts. Such warrior-ascetics have been recorded from 1500 to as late as the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although tradition attributes their creation to the 8th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a>. They began as a stratum of <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> warriors who would gather after harvest and arm peasants into militarised units, effectively acting as a self-defense squad. Prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, they would give up their occupations and leave their families to live as mercenaries. Naga sadhu today rarely practice any form of fighting other than wrestling, but still carry <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishula</a>, swords, canes and spears. To this day their retreats are called <i>chhauni</i> or armed camps, and they have been known to hold mock jousts among themselves. As recently as the 1950s, it was not unusual for Naga sadhu to strike to kill someone over issues of honour.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a 17th-century <i>Dhanurveda-samhita</i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Vasistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasistha">Vasistha</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">pehlwani</a> style of wrestling developed in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> by combining native <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">malla-yuddha</a> with influences from Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Varzesh-e_bastani" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzesh-e bastani">varzesh-e bastani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alter1992a_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter1992a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alter1992b_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter1992b-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maratha_dynasty_(1674–1859)"><span id="Maratha_dynasty_.281674.E2.80.931859.29"></span>Maratha dynasty (1674–1859)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maratha dynasty (1674–1859)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_statue_Mumbai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shivaji_statue_Mumbai.JPG/210px-Shivaji_statue_Mumbai.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shivaji_statue_Mumbai.JPG/315px-Shivaji_statue_Mumbai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Shivaji_statue_Mumbai.JPG/420px-Shivaji_statue_Mumbai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, the warrior-king who brought the Maratha people and fighting style to prominence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coming from a hilly region characterized by valleys and caves, the <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Marathas</a> became expert horsemen who favoured light armour and highly mobile cavalry units during war. Known especially as masters of swords and spears, their heavily martial culture and propensity for the lance is mentioned as early as the 7th century by <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xuanzang_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuanzang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After serving the Dakshin sultanates of the early 17th century, the scattered Marathas united to found their own kingdom under the warrior <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>. Having learned the native art of <a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">mardani khela</a> from a young age, Shivaji was a master swordsman and proficient in the use of various weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took advantage of his people's expertise in guerilla tactics (<i>Shiva sutra</i>) to re-establish <i>Hindavi Swarajya</i> (native [Hindu being a term traditionally applied to the native inhabitants of India throughout antiquity] self-rule) at a time of Muslim supremacy and increasing intolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-Keay_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keay-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utilizing speed, focused surprise attacks (typically at night and in rocky terrain), and the geography of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, & <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>; the Maratha rulers were successfully able to defend their territory from the more numerous and heavily armed Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The still-existing <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Light_Infantry" title="Maratha Light Infantry">Maratha Light Infantry</a> is one of the "oldest and most renowned" regiments of the Indian Army, tracing its origins to 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period_(1857—present)"><span id="Modern_period_.281857.E2.80.94present.29"></span>Modern period (1857—present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern period (1857—present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian martial arts underwent a period of decline after the full establishment of British colonial rule in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1992_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More European modes of organizing kings, armies and governmental institutions, and the increasing use of firearms, gradually eroded the need for traditional combat training associated with caste-specific duties.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British colonial government banned <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaripayat">kalaripayat</a> in 1804 in response to a series of revolts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a> was also banned and became more common in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> than its native Tamil Nadu. Nevertheless, traditional fighting systems persisted, sometimes even under the patronage of enthusiastic British spectators who tended to remark on the violence of native boxing and the acrobatic movements characteristic of Indian fighting styles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British took advantage of communities with a heavily militaristic culture, characterising them as "<a href="/wiki/Martial_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial races">martial races</a>" and employing them in the armed forces. Sikhs – already known among Indians for their martial practices – were particularly valued by the colonists as soldiers and guards, and were posted throughout not only India but Southeast Asia and other parts of the British Empire<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Members of the army were allowed to box as a way of settling disputes, provided that they were still able to carry out their duties as soldiers after a match.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The particular form of boxing used by the Punjabi soldiers was <i>loh-musti</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as the <a href="/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)" title="Kara (Sikhism)">kara</a> worn by Sikhs could be wielded like <a href="/wiki/Brass_knuckles" title="Brass knuckles">brass knuckles</a>. </p><p>The resurgence of public interest in <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaripayat">kalaripayat</a> began in the 1920s in Tellicherry as part of a wave of rediscovery of the traditional arts throughout <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">south India</a> which characterised the growing reaction against British colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the following three decades, other regional styles were subsequently revived such as <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">silambam</a> in Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Thang-ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Thang-ta">thang-ta</a> in Manipur<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Paika_akhada" title="Paika akhada">paika akhada</a> in Orissa.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agni_Purana">Agni Purana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Agni Purana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest extant manual of Indian martial arts is in the <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a> (dated to between the 8th and the 11th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1992_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dhanurveda section in the Agni Purana spans chapters 248–251, categorizing weapons into thrown and unthrown classes and further divided into several sub-classes. It catalogs training into five major divisions for different types of warriors, namely charioteers, elephant-riders, horsemen, infantry, and wrestlers. </p><p>The nine <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> (stances) in the fight are listed below: </p> <ol><li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">samapada</i></span></i> ("holding the feet even"): standing in closed ranks with the feet put together (248.9)</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vaiśākha</i></span></i>: standing erect with the feet apart (248.10)</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">maṇḍala</i></span></i> ("disk"): standing with the knees apart, arranged in the shape of a flock of geese (248.11)</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">ālīḍha</i></span></i> ("licked, polished"): bending the right knee with the left foot pulled back (248.12)</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pratyālīḍha</i></span></i>: bending the left knee with the right foot pulled back (248.13)</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jāta</i></span></i> ("origin"): placing the right foot straight with the left foot perpendicular, the ankles being five fingers apart (248.14)</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">daṇḍāyata</i></span></i> ("extended staff"): keeping the right knee bent with the left leg straight, or vice versa; called <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vikaṭa</i></span></i> ("dreadful") if the two legs are two palm-lengths apart (248.16)</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sampuṭa</i></span></i> ("hemisphere") (248.17)</li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">swastika</i></span></i> ("well-being"): keeping the feet 16 fingers apart and lifting the feet a little (248.19)</li></ol> <p>Then there follows a more detailed discussion of archery technique. </p><p>The section concludes with listing the names of actions or "deeds" possible with a number of weapons, including 32 positions to be taken with sword and shield (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">khaḍgacarmavidhau</i></span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11 names of techniques of using a rope in fighting, along with 5 names of "acts in the rope operation" along with lists of "deeds" pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram">chakram</a> (war-quoit), the spear, the <i>tomara</i> (iron club), the <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">gada (mace)</a>, the axe, the hammer, the <i>bhindipāla</i> or <i>laguda</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a>, the dagger, the slingshot, and finally deeds with a bludgeon or cudgel. A short passage near the end of the text returns to the larger concerns of warfare and explains the various uses of war elephants and men. The text concludes with a description of how to appropriately send the well-trained fighter off to war.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arthashastra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a>, c. 4th century BCE, typically attributed to <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> chief advisor of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> is one of the earliest treatises on statecraft, including diverse topics such as economics, politics, diplomacy and military strategy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an extant <i>Dhanurveda-Samhita</i> dating to the mid-14th century, by Brhat Sarngadhara Paddhati (ed. 1888).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />Other scattered references to fighting arts in medieval texts include the: <br /><i>Kamandakiya Nitisara</i> (c. 8th century<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ed. Manmatha Nath Dutt, 1896), <br />The <i><a href="/wiki/Nitivakyamrta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitivakyamrta">Nitivakyamrta</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Somadeva_Suri" title="Somadeva Suri">Somadeva Suri</a> (10th century), <br />The <i>Yuktikalpataru</i> of <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a> (11th century) and <br />The <i><a href="/wiki/Manasollasa" title="Manasollasa">Manasollasa</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Somesvara_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Somesvara III">Somesvara III</a> (12th century) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_arts">Weapons and arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Weapons and arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide array of weapons are used in the Indian subcontinent, some of which are not found anywhere else. According to P.C. Chakravati in <i>The Art of War in Ancient India</i>, armies used standard weapons such as wooden or metal-tipped spears, swords, thatched bamboo, wooden or metal shields, axes, short and longbows in warfare as early as the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> (c. 240–480) and the later Agni Purana identify over 130 different weapons. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i> divides weapons into thrown and unthrown classes. The thrown (<i>mukta</i>) class includes twelve weapons altogether which come under four categories, viz. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katar_%26_sheath_Art_Museum_SF_B84W3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Katar_%26_sheath_Art_Museum_SF_B84W3.JPG/250px-Katar_%26_sheath_Art_Museum_SF_B84W3.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Katar_%26_sheath_Art_Museum_SF_B84W3.JPG/375px-Katar_%26_sheath_Art_Museum_SF_B84W3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Katar_%26_sheath_Art_Museum_SF_B84W3.JPG/500px-Katar_%26_sheath_Art_Museum_SF_B84W3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Katara_(dagger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katara (dagger)">katara</a>, the most characteristic<sup id="cite_ref-Capwell_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capwell-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of daggers in the Indian subcontinent.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>yantra-mukta</i>: projectile weapons such as the sling or the bow</li> <li><i>pāṇi-mukta</i>: weapons thrown by hand such as the javelin</li> <li><i>mukta-sandarita</i>: weapons that are thrown and drawn back, such as the rope-spear</li> <li><i>mantra-mukta</i>: mythical weapons that are thrown by magic incantations (<a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>), numbering 6 types</li></ul> <p>These were opposed to the much larger unthrown class of three categories. </p> <ul><li><i>hasta-śastra</i> or <i>amukta</i>: melee weapons that do not leave the hand, numbering twenty types</li> <li><i>muktāmukta</i>: weapons that can be thrown or used in-close, numbering 98 varieties</li> <li><i>bāhu-yuddha</i> or <i>bhuja-yuddha</i>: weapons of the body, i.e. unarmed fighting</li></ul> <p>The duel with bow and arrows is considered the noblest, fighting with the spear ranks next, while fighting with the sword is considered unrefined, and wrestling is classed as the meanest or worst form of fighting. Only a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> could be an <a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">acharya</a> (teacher) of sastravidya, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">vaishya</a> should learn from the Acharya, while a <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">shudra</a> could not take a teacher, left to "fight of his own in danger".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, weaponry evolved and India became famous for its flexible <a href="/wiki/Wootz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wootz">wootz</a> steel. The most commonly taught weapons in the Indian martial arts today are types of swords, daggers, spears, staves, cudgels, and maces.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weapons are linked to several superstitions and cultural beliefs in the Indian subcontinent. Drawing a weapon without reason is forbidden and considered by Hindus to be disrespectful to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandika</a>. Thus the saying that a sword cannot be sheathed until it has drawn blood. It was a mother's duty to tie a warrior's sword around his waist before war or a duel. In addition, she would cut her finger with the sword and make a <a href="/wiki/Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilak">tilak</a> on his head from a drop of her blood. Weapons themselves were also anointed with tilak, most often from the blood of a freshly-decapitated goat (<i>chatanga</i>). Other taboos include looking at one's reflection in the blade, telling the price or source of acquisition, throwing it on the ground or using it for domestic purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mel-Puttah-Bemoh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mel-Puttah-Bemoh.jpg/100px-Mel-Puttah-Bemoh.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mel-Puttah-Bemoh.jpg/150px-Mel-Puttah-Bemoh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mel-Puttah-Bemoh.jpg/200px-Mel-Puttah-Bemoh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>A southern two-handed sword</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swordsmanship_(Khadgavidya)"><span id="Swordsmanship_.28Khadgavidya.29"></span>Swordsmanship (Khadgavidya)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Swordsmanship (Khadgavidya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nakula" title="Nakula">Nakula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahadeva" title="Sahadeva">Sahadeva</a> are said to be skilled swordsmen in <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. Sword-fighting<sup id="cite_ref-Traditional_military_practices_in_North_India_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traditional_military_practices_in_North_India-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the common Indian fighting arts. Varieties include the curved single-edge sword, the straight double-edge sword, the two-handed longsword, the <a href="/wiki/Pata_(sword)" title="Pata (sword)">gauntlet-sword</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Urumi" title="Urumi">urumi</a> or flexible sword. Techniques differ from one state to another but all make extensive use of circular movements, often circling the weapon around the user's head. The flexible nature and lightweight of Indian swords allows for speed but provides little defensive ability, so that the swordsman must instead rely on body maneuvers to dodge attacks. Entire systems exist focusing on drawing the sword out of the opponent's body. Stances and <a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">forms</a> traditionally made up the early training before students progress to free sparring with sticks to simulate swords in an exercise called <a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">gatka</a>, although this term is more often used in English when referring to the Panjabi-Sikh fighting style. A common way to practice precision-cutting is to slice <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>, eventually doing so while blindfolded. Pairing two swords of equal length, though considered impractical in some parts of the world, is common and was considered highly advantageous in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staffplay_(Lathi_khela)"><span id="Staffplay_.28Lathi_khela.29"></span>Staffplay (Lathi khela)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Staffplay (Lathi khela)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">Lathi khela</a></div> <p>Stick-fighting (<a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">lathi khela</a>) may be taught as part of a wider system like <a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">Gatka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">silambam</a> or on its own.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i> the sage <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81tsy%C4%81yana" title="Vātsyāyana">Vātsyāyana</a> enjoins all women to practice fighting with single-stick, quarterstaff, sword and bow and arrow in addition to the art of love-making. The stick (<i>lathi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>) is typically made of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> with steel caps at the ends to prevent it from splintering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Wooden sticks made from Indian ebony may also be used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It ranges from the length of a cudgel to a staff equal to the wielder's height.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The stick used during matches is covered in leather to cushion the impact.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Points are awarded based on which part of the body is hit. Techniques differ from system to system, but northern styles tend to primarily use only one end of the staff for attacking while the other end is held with both hands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Southern styles like also make use of this technique but will more often use both ends of the staff to strike. The latter is the more common method of attacking in the eastern states and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, combined with squatting and frequent changes in height.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spearplay">Spearplay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Spearplay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> is said to be a master in spearplay warfare in <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, while <a href="/wiki/Shalya" title="Shalya">Shalya</a> was also noted to be an excellent warrior in the field of spearplay. Also according to Indian Hindu myths, <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a>, the son of Lord <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, is said to be skilled in spear-fighting, by holding his divine spear called <a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">Vel</a>. The Indian spear is typically made of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> with a steel blade. It can be used in hand-to-hand combat or thrown when the fighters are farther apart. Despite primarily being a thrusting weapon, the wide spearhead also allows for many slashing techniques. By the 17th century, Rajput mercenaries in the Mughal army were using a type of spear which integrated a pointed spear butt and a club near the head, making it similar to a mace. On the other hand, the longer cavalry spear was made of wood, with red cloth attached near the blade to prevent the opponent's blood from dripping to the shaft. The Marathas were revered for their skill of wielding a ten-foot spear called <i>bothati</i> (<span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa">ਬੋਥਾਟੀ</span></span>) from horseback. Bothati fighting is practiced with a ball-tipped lance, the end of which is covered in dye so that hits may easily be confirmed. In solo training, the spear is aimed at a pile of stones. From this was eventually developed the uniquely Indian <i>vita</i> which has a 5 feet (1.5 m) length of cord attached to the butt end of the weapon and tied around the spearman's wrist. Using this cord the spear can be pulled back after it has been thrown.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archery_(Dhanurvidya)"><span id="Archery_.28Dhanurvidya.29"></span>Archery (Dhanurvidya)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Archery (Dhanurvidya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archery<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Archery_in_India_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Archery_in_India-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is noted to be one of the noblest form of defense within Indian cultural heritage. As mentioned in Vedic literature, the bow and arrow is the most applauded weapon among Kshatriyas. <a href="/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharta Gautama">Siddharta Gautama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drona" title="Drona">Drona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekalavya" title="Ekalavya">Ekalavya</a> were all said to be great archers. </p><p><i>Dhanurveda</i> is an ancient treatise on the science of archery. It describes the practices and uses of archery, the craft of bow and arrow making, training of the army, and enumerates the rules of engagement. The treatise also discusses martial arts in relation to the training of warriors, charioteers, cavalry, elephant warriors, infantry etc. It was considered as a sin to shoot a warrior from the back and fight more than one warrior at a time. The bow used in the Vedic period were called <b>danush</b>, and were described in detail in the Vedas. The curved shape of the bow is called vakra in the Artha Veda. The bowstring was called jya, and was strung only when needed. An arrow was called an <b>iṣu</b>, and a quiver was called an iṣudhi which was slung on the back.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archers wore a hastaghna, which was an arm guard or shield usually worn on the left forearm and was used to protect the wearer from friction caused by the bowstring. </p><p>A <i>dhanushkara</i> was a bowyer, or the profession of bow crafting and arrow making, and it had become a regular profession by the early Vedic period. Others called <i>jyakara</i> specialized in making bowstrings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">Composite bows</a> made of horn, sinew, and wood were invented in the Asian Steppes and would have been an integral part of the armory of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> people. As in other civilizations such as the Hittites and Persians, the use of composite bows coincides with chariot warfare. Additionally the smaller size was of the compound bow would have made it preferable on mounted warfare. </p><p>A type of Indian <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> was five to six feet long and fired a long cane arrow with metal or bone arrow heads. The Cretan chronicler <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a> who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> into India, had noted that the warriors would use a bamboo bow, which had to rest on the ground and steady with the feet to draw to its full length. The arrow fired from this bamboo bow could penetrate any armor used in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian long bows were described as the height of their users by <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> bows in 1518 as "long like those of England".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional archery is today practiced mainly in the far northern states of <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arunachal">Arunachal</a>. One sport which has persisted into the present day is <i><a href="/wiki/Thoda_(archery)" title="Thoda (archery)">thoda</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, in which a team of archers attempt to shoot blunt arrows at the legs of the opposing team.<sup id="cite_ref-Timechart_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timechart-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mace-fighting_(Gadayuddha)"><span id="Mace-fighting_.28Gadayuddha.29"></span>Mace-fighting (Gadayuddha)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mace-fighting (Gadayuddha)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhima_hurled_his_mace_with_fury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bhima_hurled_his_mace_with_fury.jpg/179px-Bhima_hurled_his_mace_with_fury.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bhima_hurled_his_mace_with_fury.jpg/269px-Bhima_hurled_his_mace_with_fury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bhima_hurled_his_mace_with_fury.jpg/359px-Bhima_hurled_his_mace_with_fury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> dueling <a href="/wiki/Duryodhana" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada (mace)</a> is the weapon of God <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> also carries a gada named <a href="/wiki/Kaumodaki" title="Kaumodaki">Kaumodaki</a> in one of his four hands. In the Mahabharata epic, the fighters <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duryodhana" title="Duryodhana">Duryodhana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarasandha" title="Jarasandha">Jarasandha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a> were said to be masters of the gada. In the mace combat, Bhima wins the final battle against Duryodhana by hitting his inner thigh. Such an attack below the waist was said to be against the etiquette of mace duels, implying a degree of commonality to this type of fighting. It was and still is used as training equipment by wrestlers. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">gada (mace)</a> was essentially a wooden or steel sphere mounted on a handle and with a single spike at the top. An alternative mace-head was the lotus-shaped <i>padam</i>. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i>, the gada can be handled in twenty different ways. Due to its weight, the gada is said to be best suited to fighters with a large build or great strength. The Mughal club or mace, known as a <i>gurj</i> or <i>gargaj</i>, had a head consisting of 8–10 petal-shaped blades. Fitted with basket-hilt, a spherical pommel, and a spiked top, this type of club was designed for beating down armour-clad opponents. Alternatively, some gurj had a spiked top and a hand-guard.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wrestling_(Mallayuddha)"><span id="Wrestling_.28Mallayuddha.29"></span>Wrestling (Mallayuddha) <span class="anchor" id="Wrestling"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wrestling (Mallayuddha)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushti_(in_Bharatpur_March_2013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kushti_%28in_Bharatpur_March_2013%29.jpg/220px-Kushti_%28in_Bharatpur_March_2013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kushti_%28in_Bharatpur_March_2013%29.jpg/330px-Kushti_%28in_Bharatpur_March_2013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kushti_%28in_Bharatpur_March_2013%29.jpg/440px-Kushti_%28in_Bharatpur_March_2013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="2945" /></a><figcaption>Wrestling match in Bharatpur, 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>Grappling arts (<i>malla-vidya</i>), practiced either as sport or fighting style, are found throughout the Indian subcontinent. True combat-wrestling is called <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">malla-yuddha</a>, while the term <a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">malakhra</a> refers to wrestling for sport. Malla-yuddha was codified into four forms which progressed from purely sportive contests of strength to actual full-contact fights known as <i>yuddha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the extreme violence, this final form is generally no longer practised. The second form, wherein the wrestlers attempt to lift each other off the ground for three seconds, persists in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. Traditional malla-yuddha is virtually extinct in the north where it has been supplanted by kusti, but another form called <a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">malakhra</a> still exists in parts of India and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, Pakistan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Vajra-musti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajra-musti">Vajra-musti</a> was another old grappling art in which the competitors wrestled while wearing a horned knuckleduster. In a later style called <i>naki ka kusti</i> (claw wrestling), the duellists fought with <a href="/wiki/Bagh_nakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh nakha">bagh nakha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous styles of folk wrestling are also found in India's countryside, such as <a href="/wiki/Mukna" title="Mukna">mukna</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inbuan_wrestling" title="Inbuan wrestling">Inbuan wrestling</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and Khomlainai among the Bodos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wrestling_(Pehlwani)"><span id="Wrestling_.28Pehlwani.29"></span>Wrestling (Pehlwani)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Wrestling (Pehlwani)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a> is a form of wrestling from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It was developed in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> by combining native <a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">malla-yuddha</a> with influences from Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Varzesh-e_bastani" class="mw-redirect" title="Varzesh-e bastani">varzesh-e bastani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alter1992a_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter1992a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alter1992b_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alter1992b-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous practitioners of pehlwani was <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a> (Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt), who is considered one of the greatest wrestlers of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boxing_(Mushtiyuddha)"><span id="Boxing_.28Mushtiyuddha.29"></span>Boxing (Mushtiyuddha)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Boxing (Mushtiyuddha)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boxing (<a href="/wiki/Musti-yuddha" title="Musti-yuddha">musti-yuddha</a>) is traditionally considered the roughest form of Indian unarmed combat. In ancient times it was popular throughout northern Indian subcontinent, but is rarely practiced today. Boxers harden their fists by striking stones and other hard objects. Matches may be either one-on-one or group fights. All kinds of strikes and grabs are allowed, and any part of the body may be targeted except the groin.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another form of boxing was <i>loh-musti</i> (meaning "iron fist"), said<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2014)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have been practiced by the God <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In this variation, boxers fought while wielding a <a href="/wiki/Kara_(Sikhism)" title="Kara (Sikhism)">kara</a> or steel bracelet like a knuckleduster<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Grabs, kicks, biting and attacks to the groin were all legal, the only prohibition being spitting on the opponent which was considered crude and dishonourable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The kara used for regular matches was unadorned<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but the form employed during war had one or more spikes around its edge<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The kara may be paired with one on each hand<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but it was generally only worn on one hand so the other hand could be left free<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In some cases the free hand could be paired with another weapon, most commonly the <a href="/wiki/Bagh_nakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh nakha">bagh nakha</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kicking">Kicking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kicking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kick-fighting (<i><a href="/wiki/Aki_Kiti" title="Aki Kiti">aki kiti</a></i>) is the preserve of tribes from <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>. While the entire <a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga population</a> of northeast India and northwest Myanmar was traditionally known for their skill with broadswords (<i>dao</i>) and other weapons, disputes among tribesmen and between tribes were settled with a solely kick-based form of unarmed fighting. The goal is to either drive the opponent to their knees or outside of the ring. Only the feet are used to strike, and even blocking must be done with the legs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pugilism">Pugilism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pugilism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many forms of unarmed combat (<i>bāhu-yuddha</i> or <i>bhuja-yuddha</i>) incorporate too wide an array of techniques to be accurately categorized. In modern times when the carrying of weapons is no longer legal, teachers of the martial arts often emphasise the unarmed techniques as these are seen to be more practical for self-defense purposes. A warrior who fights unarmed is referred to as a <i>bhajanh</i>, literally meaning someone who fights with their arms. The bare-handed components of Indian fighting arts are typically based on the movements of animals, Hindu deities. Binot, a Central Indian art which focuses on defending against both armed and unarmed opponents, may be the earliest system of its kind. In the Mughal era, such fighters were known as <i>ek-hath</i> (lit. "one-hand"), so named because they would demonstrate their art using only one arm.<sup id="cite_ref-Draeger_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draeger-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bal_Vidya">Bal Vidya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bal Vidya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>64 different types of skills and arts existed in ancient India which lead to well-developed individuals boosting their mind, body, and intellect making them capable of performing their responsibilities efficiently and effectively on personal, social and national level. Today, unhealthy and irregular lifestyles, frustrations and rising competitions in every sphere of life are affecting the health of people, especially the youth. In such a scenario, one of the ancient Indian arts referred to as "Bal Vidya" can help not only to improve the physical health but also upscale the mental and intellectual well-being of a person. A strong mind and intellect is equally important along with a strong body. Shree Aniruddha Upasana Foundation (Mumbai, India) attempts to review these ancient Indian martial arts form and provides "Bal Vidya" training to both men and women free of charge. Art forms like Mudgal Vidya, Vajra Mushthi, Surya Bhedan, Ashwa and various types of Yashwanti Malla Vidya using various weapons like Laathi (iron-bound bamboo stick), Kaathi (Pole), Fari-Gadga, Dorkhand (rope) and Dandpatta (gauntlet-sword). A book detailing all these art forms with the title "Bhartiya Prachin Bal Vidya" (The Ancient Indian Bal Art) is also available for achieving proficiency through practice post attending training sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (June 2018)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems">Systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in other respects of <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">Indian culture</a>, Indian martial arts can be roughly divided into northern and southern styles. The northern systems (including Pakistan and Bangladesh) may generically be referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Shastar_Vidiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shastar Vidiya">shastra-vidiya</a></i>, although this term is often used synonymously with <a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">gatka</a>. The main difference is that <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">the north</a> was more exposed to <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> influence during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal period">Mughal period</a>, while <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">the south</a> is more conservative in preserving ancient and medieval traditions. The exception to this rule are the northeastern states which, due to their geographic location, were closed off from most pre-European foreign invaders. As a result, northeast Indian culture and fighting methods are also closely related to that of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. In addition to the major division between north and south, martial systems in the Indian subcontinent tend to be associated with certain states, cities, villages or ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-vajramushti_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajramushti-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_styles">Regional styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regional styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Andhra Pradesh</dt></dl> <p>Masters in Andhra Pradesh trace their lineage to the Vijayanagara empire, popular in <a href="/wiki/Konaseema" title="Konaseema">Konaseema</a> region. The native system of <i>Chedi Talimkhana</i> or <i>yudhkaushalya che talim</i> is often abbreviated to <b>Talimkhana</b> or simply <b>Talim</b>. The art makes use of several weapons which are used in preset forms. These include knife fighting (<i>baku samu</i>), sword fighting (<i>katti samu</i>), and staff fighting (<i>kara samu</i>) in addition to other weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">gada (mace)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pata_(sword)" title="Pata (sword)">pata (guantlet sword)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vajramushti_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajramushti-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Bengal and Northeast India</dt></dl> <p>Bengali war-dances bear testament to the weapons once used in the Bengal region. Today most of these weapons are used only in choreographed fights, including <i>dao khela</i> (knife fighting) and <i>fala khela</i> (sword fighting)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Traditional stick-fighting (<a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">lathi khela</a>) is still used in free sparring today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The sticks may be short like a cudgel or a long staff. The former are sometimes paired with a shield.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">Lathi khela</a> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> martial art<sup id="cite_ref-RahaChattopadhyay2017_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RahaChattopadhyay2017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foster2009_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a kind of <a href="/wiki/Stick_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick fighting">stick fighting</a> practised mainly in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a><sup id="cite_ref-RahaChattopadhyay2017_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RahaChattopadhyay2017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foster2009_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>. Stick fighting has an ancient history in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Rich farmers and other eminent people hired <i>lathial</i> for security and as a symbol of their power. Duels were used as a way to protect or take land and other possessions. A proverb in some South Asian languages is "whoever wields the lathi keeps the cow". <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindars</a> (feudal lords) sent groups of <i>lathial</i> to forcefully collect taxes from villagers. Lathi training was at one time included in the <a href="/wiki/Bratachari_movement" title="Bratachari movement">Bratachari</a> system of education.<sup id="cite_ref-RahaChattopadhyay2017_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RahaChattopadhyay2017-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foster2009_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2009-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Bihar</dt></dl> <p>"Pari-khanda" is a fighting form created by <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a> and is still practised in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. "Pari" means shield and "khanda" means sword according "Chhau" region, therefore this art uses sword and shield for fighting. This fighting form has given birth to a local dance form named "Chhau" dance and its martial elements have been fully absorbed by this dance. It is even practised in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. Chhau is the name of the traditional dance- drama of the eastern regions of India and is of three types. The three forms of "Chhau" are named after the district or village where they are performed, i.e. the Purulia Chau of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, the Seraikella Chau of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and the Mayurbhanj Chau of <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Karnataka</dt></dl> <p>The Kannada fighting arts are taught exclusively at traditional training halls or <i>garadi mane</i>. Disciplines include unarmed combat (<i>kai varase</i>), staff-fighting (<i>kolu varase</i>) and sword-fighting (<i>katti varase</i>) among various other weapons. These are most often seen today only during choreographed demonstrations at festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-vajramushti_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajramushti-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Kashmir</dt></dl> <p>Kashmiri swordsmanship is said to have an ancient history, but it was only much later that it acquired its modern name of <a href="/wiki/Sqay" title="Sqay">sqay</a>. Sqay survived a decline following the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> by adopting competitive methodologies of karate and taekwondo. Types of competition include sparring, breaking, and forms or <i>khawankay</i>. Practitioners spar using fake swords called <i>tora</i> which are paired with a shield. Sparring is point-based, the points being awarded for successful hits with the tora or with the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Kerala</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalaripayattu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kalaripayattu.jpg/220px-Kalaripayattu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kalaripayattu.jpg/330px-Kalaripayattu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kalaripayattu.jpg/440px-Kalaripayattu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Kalaripayat stick-fighting</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Keralite" class="mw-redirect" title="Keralite">Keralite</a> martial of <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a>, came into its present form through the <a href="/wiki/Kalari" title="Kalari">kalari</a>, the local variation of the <a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">gurukula</a> educational institution in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. The most common weapons today are the staff, stick, sword, shield, spear, dagger and flexible sword, locally known as <a href="/wiki/Urumi" title="Urumi">Urumi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zarrilli1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerala is also home to a native form of <a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">submission wrestling</a> called <a href="/wiki/Gatta_gusthi" title="Gatta gusthi">Gatta gusthi</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Maharashtra</dt></dl> <p>The Marathas developed their fighting style based on the state's hilly geography. <a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a> today teaches armed techniques for use in single combat as well as defense against several opponents. Other weapons include the sword, shield, spear, dagger, kukri, double deer horns, and bow and arrow.<sup id="cite_ref-vajramushti_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajramushti-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Manipur</dt></dl> <p>The Manipuri art of <a href="/wiki/Huyen_langlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Huyen langlon">Huyen langlon</a> was once practiced by the state's indigenous hill tribes who would engage in duels governed by strict rules of conduct. The armed component called <a href="/wiki/Thang-ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Thang-ta">thang-ta</a> is named after the system's main weapons, the <i>thang</i> (sword) and <i>ta</i> (spear). Practitioners spar through <i>cheibi gatka</i> in which a foam sword is used together with a shield. Unarmed huyen lalong is called <i>sarit-sarak</i> and is used in conjunction with thang-ta when the fighter loses their weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Nagaland</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Aki_Kiti" title="Aki Kiti">Aki Kiti</a> is a semi-contact combat sport characterized by kicking and blocking solely using the soles of the feet. The word Aki Kiti means "kick fighting". </p> <dl><dt>Odisha</dt></dl> <p>The Odishan martial art traces back to the <i>paika</i> class of warriors who were particularly known for their use of the <i>khanda</i> or double-edge straight sword. During times of peace, the paika would hone their skills through martial dances, forms-training and various acrobatics.<sup id="cite_ref-Odisha_2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odisha_2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their descendants have preserved these exercises in training halls called <a href="/wiki/Paika_akhada" title="Paika akhada">paika akhada</a>, and demonstrate them mainly through street performances. Their method of sword training called <i>phari-khanda</i> is still used as the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">chhau dance</a>. Other weapons include the staff and guantlet-sword.<sup id="cite_ref-Odisha1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odisha1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>North West India</dt></dl> <p>Martial arts in northwest India and adjacent Pakistan were traditionally referred to by several terms but the most common today is <i><a href="/wiki/Shastar_Vidya" title="Shastar Vidya">shastar-vidiya</a></i> or "science of edged weapons"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Swordsmen practiced their techniques either in routines using real swords, or freestyle sparring with wooden sticks called <a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">gatka</a>, a form of stick-fighting. Gatka is associated with the Sikh history and an integral part of an array of Rajput Shastar Vidiya. During the colonial period, the term <i>gatka</i> was extended to mean northwestern martial arts in general<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Some aspects of the art, such as the unarmed techniques or fighting in armour, are today practiced almost exclusively by the <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a> order of Sikhs<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Gatka incorporates several forms, each with their own set of weapons, strategies and footwork. In the late 18th century, this martial art further developed as a recreational game and University Lahore codified its rules for playing it as a game. </p> <dl><dt>Tamil Nadu</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">சிலம்பம்</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathiravan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kathiravan.jpg/200px-Kathiravan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kathiravan.jpg/300px-Kathiravan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kathiravan.jpg/400px-Kathiravan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1714" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data">Silambattam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data">Traditional Weapons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">பாரத(தமிழ் நாடு)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data">God Murugan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Olympic sport</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Martial art</th><td class="infobox-data">Silambam</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The native Tamil martial art has come to be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">silambam</a> after its main weapon, the bamboo staff. Training begins with footwork patterns before progressing to stances and subsequently fighting techniques. Aside from its namesake, silambam includes a variety of weapons such as the sword, twin sticks, double deer horns, whip, sword, shield and sword, dagger, flexible sword and sickle. Unarmed silambam (<i>kai silambam</i>) is based on animal movements such as the snake, eagle, tiger and elephant. Other Martial Arts of Tamil Nadu are <a href="/wiki/Varma_Kalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Varma Kalai">Varma Kalai</a>, Adi Thadi, <a href="/wiki/Malyutham" class="mw-redirect" title="Malyutham">Malyutham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Valari" title="Valari">Valariveechu</a>, Vaalveechu, Gusthi (Boxing form of Tamil Nadu, not to be confused with North Indian <a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a> which is a <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> art). There are 64 various kind of arts mentioned in Tamil sangam literature and they are normally called as <a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81" title="Kalā">aayakalaigal 64</a> but most of them are now extinct and not in use nowadays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/300px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/450px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/600px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Historic <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> cultural influence zone of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> for transmission of elements of Indian culture including martial arts.</figcaption></figure> <p>With expansion of <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> cultural influence of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hal1985_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hal1985-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through transmission of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-college_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-college-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianization of Southeast Asia</a> through formation of non-Indian southeast Asian native <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianized kingdoms</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which adopted <a href="/wiki/Sanskritization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritization">sanskritized language</a><sup id="cite_ref-academia_edu_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia_edu-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other Indian elements<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_honorifics" title="Indian honorifics">honorific titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_name#Global_Indian_influence_in_names" title="Indian name">Sanskritised naming of people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_India#Global_Indian_influence_in_place_name" title="Place names in India">Sanskritised naming of places</a>, Sankritised institutional mottos, Sanskritised educational institute names, as well as adoption of <a href="#Influence">Indian martial arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture#Southeast_Asia_as_part_of_Greater_India" title="Hindu temple architecture">Indian architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India#Globalization_of_Indian_music" title="Music of India">Indian music and dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">traditional Indian clothing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine#Outside_India" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>, a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The martial arts influenced by the Indian martial arts include <a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankam" title="Ankam">Ankam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskrima" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskrima">Eskrima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krabi_krabong" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabi krabong">Krabi krabong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kbachkun_Dambong-Veng" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbachkun Dambong-Veng">Kbachkun Dambong-Veng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_traditional_wrestling" title="Khmer traditional wrestling">Khmer traditional wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_boran" title="Muay boran">Muay Boran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suntukan" title="Suntukan">Panatukan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pencak Silat">Pencak Silat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaing_(Burmese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaing (Burmese)">Thaing (Burmese)</a>,<a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a> etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/28px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/42px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg/56px-Yin_and_Yang_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px 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<li><a href="/wiki/Shastar_Vidya" title="Shastar Vidya">Shastar Vidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varma_kalai" title="Varma kalai">Varma kalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thang-ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Thang-ta">Thang-ta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-South_Asian">Non-South Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Non-South Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Djutsu" title="Bōjutsu">Bōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABkend%C5%8D" title="Jūkendō">Jūkendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">Kendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenjutsu" title="Kenjutsu">Kenjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_topics">Related topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Related topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Indian physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games of South Asia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_martial_arts&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">attested in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a> only, specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Anarghar%C4%81ghava" title="Anargharāghava">Anargharāghava</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">attested from <a href="/wiki/Epic_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic Sanskrit">Epic Sanskrit</a>; see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLuijendijk2008" class="citation book cs1">Luijendijk, D.H. (2008). <i>Kalarippayat: The Essence and Structure of an Indian Martial Art</i>. Oprat (LuLu.com). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-480-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58160-480-1"><bdi>978-1-58160-480-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalarippayat%3A+The+Essence+and+Structure+of+an+Indian+Martial+Art&rft.pub=Oprat+%28LuLu.com%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58160-480-1&rft.aulast=Luijendijk&rft.aufirst=D.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (June 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarrilli1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html">"Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu"</a>. Spa.ex.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Actualizing+Power+and+Crafting+a+Self+in+Kalarippayattu&rft.pub=Spa.ex.ac.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspa.exeter.ac.uk%2Fdrama%2Fstaff%2Fkalari%2Fpower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/23"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/23">23–4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=23-4&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal1989" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, Ashvini (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315"><i>Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120805927" title="Special:BookSources/9788120805927"><bdi>9788120805927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Imperial+Guptas&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788120805927&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Ashvini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRjC5IaJ2zcC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenoyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Kenoyer, Jonathan M. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195779400" title="Special:BookSources/9780195779400"><bdi>9780195779400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities+of+the+Indus+Valley+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780195779400&rft.aulast=Kenoyer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDK3tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_B._ZarrilliPeter_Hulton" class="citation book cs1">Phillip B. Zarrilli; Peter Hulton. <i>Psychophysical Acting: An Intercultural Approach After Stanislavski</i>. Routledge. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychophysical+Acting%3A+An+Intercultural+Approach+After+Stanislavski&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&rft.au=Peter+Hulton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenise_CushCatherine_A._RobinsonMichael_York" class="citation book cs1">Denise Cush; Catherine A. Robinson; Michael York. <i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Psychology press. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Psychology+press&rft.au=Denise+Cush&rft.au=Catherine+A.+Robinson&rft.au=Michael+York&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AG-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AG_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AG_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2010" class="citation journal cs1">George, Robinn (2010). "India's insistent intensity". <i>Asian Geographic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Geographic&rft.atitle=India%27s+insistent+intensity&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Robinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04013.htm">Section XIII: <i>Samayapalana Parva</i></a>, Book 4: <i>Virata Parva</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svinth-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svinth_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Taylor" class="citation web cs1">Kim Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejmas.com/kronos">"Kronos: A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports"</a>. Ejmas.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kronos%3A+A+Chronological+History+of+the+Martial+Arts+and+Combative+Sports&rft.pub=Ejmas.com&rft.au=Kim+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejmas.com%2Fkronos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeanine_Auboyer1965" class="citation book cs1">Jeanine Auboyer (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie0000aubo/page/58"><i>Daily Life in Ancient India</i></a>. France: Phoenix Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie0000aubo/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-591-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-591-5"><bdi>1-84212-591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+India&rft.place=France&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=1-84212-591-5&rft.au=Jeanine+Auboyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie0000aubo%2Fpage%2F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xuanzang-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xuanzang_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xuanzang_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Destruction of Maharashtra and the Marathas in the first half of seventh-century "Travels of Hsuen Tsang," Vol. IV, Samual Beal, P, 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timechart-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timechart_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timechart_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Timechart History of India</i>. Robert Frederick Ltd. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7554-5162-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7554-5162-7"><bdi>0-7554-5162-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Timechart+History+of+India&rft.pub=Robert+Frederick+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7554-5162-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarrilli1998-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1998_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrilli1998" class="citation book cs1">Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1998). <i>When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Body+Becomes+All+Eyes%3A+Paradigms%2C+Discourses+and+Practices+of+Power+in+Kalarippayattu%2C+a+South+Indian+Martial+Art&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Zarrilli&rft.aufirst=Phillip+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luijendijk_08-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luijendijk_08_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luijendijk 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.palmlandtours.net/kerala/tours/kalari/kalaripayatte/kalari.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090829143736/http://www.palmlandtours.net/kerala/tours/kalari/kalaripayatte/kalari.htm">Archived</a> 29 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Subramanian, N. (1966). <i>Sangam polity</i>. Bombay: Asian Publishing House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raj-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raj_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj1977" class="citation book cs1">Raj, J. David Manuel (1977). <i>The Origin and the Historical Development of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-Defence Sport of India</i>. 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New Delhi: Sports Authority of India. pp. 91 & 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Games+and+Martial+Arts+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=91+%26+94&rft.pub=Sports+Authority+of+India&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Sports+Authority+of+India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keay-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Keay2000" class="citation book cs1">John Keay (2000). <i>India: A History</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-255717-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-255717-7"><bdi>0-00-255717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-00-255717-7&rft.au=John+Keay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haines_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce A. Haines (1995). <i>Karate's History and Traditions</i> (p. 23-25). Tuttle Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-1947-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-1947-5">0-8048-1947-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. D. Singhal, L. V. Guru (1973). <i>Anatomical and Obstetrical Considerations in Ancient Indian Surgery Based on Sarira-Sthana of Susruta Samhita</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zarrilli1992-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1992_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1992_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zarrilli1992_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrilli,_Phillip_B.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html">"To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian Martial Arts</i>. <b>1</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Martial+Arts&rft.atitle=To+Heal+and%2For+To+Harm%3A+The+Vital+Spots+%28Marmmam%2FVarmam%29+in+Two+South+Indian+Martial+Traditions+Part+I%3A+Focus+on+Kerala%27s+Kalarippayattu&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Zarrilli%2C+Phillip+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspa.exeter.ac.uk%2Fdrama%2Fstaff%2Fkalari%2Fhealharm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhey_Shyam_Chaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). <i>History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-269-0027-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-269-0027-X"><bdi>81-269-0027-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India%3A+Earliest+Times+to+1000+A.+D.&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-269-0027-X&rft.au=Radhey+Shyam+Chaurasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter1992b" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Joseph S. (August 1992b). <i>The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wrestler%27s+Body%3A+Identity+and+Ideology+in+North+India&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992-08&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kannadaempire-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kannadaempire_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians such as <a href="/wiki/P._B._Desai" title="P. B. Desai">P. B. Desai</a> (<i>History of Vijayanagar Empire</i>, 1936), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heras" title="Henry Heras">Henry Heras</a> (<i>The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara</i>, 1927), <a href="/wiki/B.A._Saletore" class="mw-redirect" title="B.A. Saletore">B.A. Saletore</a> (<i>Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire</i>, 1930), G.S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (<i>The Hoysala Vamsa</i>, 1955) and Kamath (Kamath 2001, pp157–160)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamath-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamath_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuryanath_U._Kamath2001" class="citation book cs1">Suryanath U. Kamath (2001) [1980]. <i>A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present</i>. Bangalore: Jupiter Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Karnataka%3A+from+pre-historic+times+to+the+present&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Jupiter+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Suryanath+U.+Kamath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri2002" class="citation book cs1">Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. <i>A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar</i>. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8"><bdi>0-19-560686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+South+India+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Indian+Branch%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-560686-8&rft.aulast=Nilakanta+Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Heras1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heras" title="Henry Heras">Henry Heras</a> (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282973"><i>The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara</i></a>. Madras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aravidu+Dynasty+of+Vijayanagara&rft.place=Madras&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Henry+Heras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.282973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Grey1892" class="citation book cs1">Edward Grey (1892). <i>Pietro Della Valle – The Travels</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pietro+Della+Valle+%E2%80%93+The+Travels&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Edward+Grey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Sewell1924" class="citation book cs1">Robert Sewell (1924). <i>A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forgotten+Empire+%28Vijayanagar%29%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+India&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Robert+Sewell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a> tells that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> practiced <a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">gatka</a> every day</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiethase,_H" class="citation web cs1">Wiethase, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bogenloewe.de/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=1269&language=en">"Dhanurveda: The knowledge of the bow"</a>. <i>bogenloewe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bogenloewe&rft.atitle=Dhanurveda%3A+The+knowledge+of+the+bow&rft.au=Wiethase%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bogenloewe.de%2Findex.php%3Fmain_page%3Dproduct_info%26products_id%3D1269%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Ain I Akbari of Abul Fazl 'Allami</i>. Gorgias Press. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ain+I+Akbari+of+Abul+Fazl+%27Allami&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capwell-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capwell_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capwell_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobias_Capwell2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Capwell" title="Tobias Capwell">Tobias Capwell</a> (2009). <i>The World Encyclopedia Of Knives, Daggers And Bayonets</i>. Anness Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Encyclopedia+Of+Knives%2C+Daggers+And+Bayonets&rft.pub=Anness+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Tobias+Capwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/9526/5/Chapter%201_1%20-%20108p.pdf">"A history of Dasnami Naga Sanyasis, Sir Jadunath Sarkar, Sri Panchayati Akhara Mahanirvani, Allahabad"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Dasnami+Naga+Sanyasis%2C+Sir+Jadunath+Sarkar%2C+Sri+Panchayati+Akhara+Mahanirvani%2C+Allahabad&rft.pub=Dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10689%2F9526%2F5%2FChapter%25201_1%2520-%2520108p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alter1992a-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alter1992a_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alter1992a_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter1992a" class="citation journal cs1">Alter, Joseph S. (May 1992a). "The "sannyasi" and the Indian Wrestler: The Anatomy of a Relationship". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">317–</span>336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1992.19.2.02a00070">10.1525/ae.1992.19.2.02a00070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496">0094-0496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=The+%22sannyasi%22+and+the+Indian+Wrestler%3A+The+Anatomy+of+a+Relationship&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1992.19.2.02a00070&rft.issn=0094-0496&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alter1992b-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alter1992b_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alter1992b_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter1992b" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Joseph S. (1992b). <i>The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07697-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07697-4"><bdi>0-520-07697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wrestler%27s+Body%3A+Identity+and+Ideology+in+North+India&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-07697-4&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._L._Khurana1993" class="citation book cs1">K. L. Khurana (1993). <i>Medieval India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>: Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85778-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-85778-15-9"><bdi>81-85778-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India&rft.place=Agra&rft.pub=Lakshmi+Narain+Agarwal&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-85778-15-9&rft.au=K.+L.+Khurana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Warfare: Field-Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, William Morrow & Co; 1st edition (January 1983), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688016456" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688016456">978-0688016456</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Frank (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZux-2ZPoaIC&pg=PA86"><i>The Gaysh</i></a>. Helion & Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874622963" title="Special:BookSources/9781874622963"><bdi>9781874622963</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaysh&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781874622963&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZux-2ZPoaIC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuijendijk2005" class="citation book cs1">Luijendijk, D.H. (2005). <i>Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art</i>. Boulder: Paladin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58160-480-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58160-480-7"><bdi>1-58160-480-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalarippayat%3A+India%27s+Ancient+Martial+Art&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58160-480-7&rft.aulast=Luijendijk&rft.aufirst=D.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunjeet_SinghChief_of_Lahore1838" class="citation journal cs1">Runjeet Singh; Chief of Lahore (June 1838). "The Saturday Magazine" (248).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Saturday+Magazine&rft.issue=248&rft.date=1838-06&rft.au=Runjeet+Singh&rft.au=Chief+of+Lahore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.indiapress.org/thang_ta.php">"Martial Arts in India"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.indiapress.org%2Fthang_ta.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032151/http://www.iakoweb.com/pakhada.html">"Welcome to IAKOWEB.COM"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iakoweb.com/pakhada.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+IAKOWEB.COM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iakoweb.com%2Fpakhada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">(1.) bhrāntam (2.) udbhrāntam (3.) āviddham (4.) āplutaṃ (5.) viplutaṃ (6.) sṛtaṃ</i></span></i> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">(7.) sampātaṃ (8.) samudīśañca (9.-10.) śyenapātamathākulaṃ</i></span></i> (251.1) <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">(11.) uddhūtam (12.) avadhūtañca (13.) savyaṃ (14.) dakṣiṇam eva ca</i></span></i> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">(15.-16.) anālakṣita-visphoṭau (17.-18.) karālendramahāsakhau</i></span></i> (251.2) <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">(19.-20.) vikarāla-nipātau ca (21.-22.) vibhīṣaṇa-bhayānakau</i></span></i> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">(23–24.) samagrārdha (25.) tṛtīyāṃśapāda (26.-28.) pādardhavārijāḥ</i></span></i> (251.3) <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">(29.) pratyālīḍham (30.) athālīḍhaṃ (31.) varāhaṃ (32.) lulitan tathā</i></span></i> (251.4ab)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmeshwaranand2001" class="citation book cs1">Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nmmkM0fVS-cC&pg=PA467"><i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas – Swami Parmeshwaranand</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176252263" title="Special:BookSources/9788176252263"><bdi>9788176252263</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Puranas+%E2%80%93+Swami+Parmeshwaranand&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788176252263&rft.aulast=Parmeshwaranand&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnmmkM0fVS-cC%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcat.unigoa.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1637"><i>Vasisthas Dhanurveda Samhita : (Text with English Translation)</i></a>. 29 January 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasisthas+Dhanurveda+Samhita+%3A+%28Text+with+English+Translation%29&rft.date=1991-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcat.unigoa.ac.in%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkoha%2Fopac-detail.pl%3Fbiblionumber%3D1637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManmatha_Nath_Dutt1869" class="citation book cs1">Manmatha Nath Dutt (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/kamandakiyanitis00kamarich#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Kamandakiya Nitisara or, The Elements of polity, in English</i></a>. Calcutta, Manmatha Nath Dutt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamandakiya+Nitisara+or%2C+The+Elements+of+polity%2C+in+English.&rft.pub=Calcutta%2C+Manmatha+Nath+Dutt&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Manmatha+Nath+Dutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkamandakiyanitis00kamarich%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.C._Chakravarti2004" class="citation book cs1">P.C. Chakravarti (2004). <i>The Art of War in Ancient India</i>. Low Price Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185557472" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185557472"><bdi>978-8185557472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+War+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Low+Price+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8185557472&rft.au=P.C.+Chakravarti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Agni Purana</i>. Sri Satguru Publications. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agni+Purana&rft.pub=Sri+Satguru+Publications&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draeger-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draeger_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonn_F._Draeger_and_Robert_W._Smith1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Draeger" title="Donn F. Draeger">Donn F. Draeger</a> and Robert W. Smith (1969). <i>Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts</i>. Kondansha International Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Asian+Fighting+Arts&rft.pub=Kondansha+International+Limited&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Donn+F.+Draeger+and+Robert+W.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Traditional_military_practices_in_North_India-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Traditional_military_practices_in_North_India_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianfight.com/indian-technique-with-a-sword/">"Traditional military practices in North India"</a>. 15 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+military+practices+in+North+India&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianfight.com%2Findian-technique-with-a-sword%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai1980" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Sudha Vishwanath (1980). <i>Social life in Maharashtra under the Peshwas</i>. Popular Prakashan. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8243834">8243834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+life+in+Maharashtra+under+the+Peshwas&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8243834&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Sudha+Vishwanath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Archery_in_India-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Archery_in_India_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iloveindia.com/sports/archery/history.html">"History of Archery in India"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Archery+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iloveindia.com%2Fsports%2Farchery%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Rig Veda/Mandala 6/Hymn 75/5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2002" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Richard A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1ngxn_xTOIC"><i>The Great Armies of Antiquity</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97809-9"><bdi>978-0-275-97809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Armies+of+Antiquity&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97809-9&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1ngxn_xTOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">no primary attribution, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Dirk_H._A._Kolff" title="Dirk H. A. Kolff">Dirk H. A. Kolff</a>. Naukar, Rajput, & Sepoy. The ethnohistory of the military labour market in Hindustan, 1450–1860. University of Cambridge Oriental Publications no. 43. Cambridge University Press 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_F._Burton1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard F. Burton">Richard F. Burton</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofsword00burt"><i>The Book Of The Sword</i></a>. Chatto and Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-25434-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-25434-8"><bdi>0-486-25434-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+Of+The+Sword&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=0-486-25434-8&rft.au=Richard+F.+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofsword00burt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/sainath/the-culture-and-crisis-of-kushti/article5297790.ece?homepage=true">"The culture and crisis of kushti"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 31 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC and Discovery USA. 17 July 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientindianmartialarts.blogspot.in/2011/08/bal-vidya-and-yashwanti-mall-vidya.html">"Bal Vidya and Yashwanti Mall Vidya"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bal+Vidya+and+Yashwanti+Mall+Vidya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancientindianmartialarts.blogspot.in%2F2011%2F08%2Fbal-vidya-and-yashwanti-mall-vidya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729192604/https://aniruddhafoundation.com/compassion-bala-vidya-men-women/">"Bala Vidya (For Men and Women) – SHREE ANIRUDDHA UPASANA FOUNDATION"</a>. 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New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203391268" title="Special:BookSources/0203391268"><bdi>0203391268</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57054139">57054139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57054139&rft.isbn=0203391268&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulke2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann (2004). <i>A history of India</i>. 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New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203391268" title="Special:BookSources/0203391268"><bdi>0203391268</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57054139">57054139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57054139&rft.isbn=0203391268&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+martial+arts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Nagas-Once-were-warriors/articleshow/18026313.cms">"Nagas: Once were warriors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-15/allahabad/36352194_1_naga-sadhu-akharas-hindus">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Huyen_langlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Huyen langlon">Huyen langlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbuan_wrestling" title="Inbuan wrestling">Inbuan wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">Lathi khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">Malakhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallakhamba" title="Mallakhamba">Mallakhamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukna" title="Mukna">Mukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musti-yuddha" title="Musti-yuddha">Musti-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shastar_Vidya" title="Shastar Vidya">Shastar Vidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sqay" title="Sqay">Sqay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra-mushti" title="Vajra-mushti">Vajra-mushti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruval" title="Aruval">Aruval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayudha_katti" title="Ayudha katti">Ayudha katti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_nakh" title="Bagh nakh">Bagh nakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bichuwa" title="Bichuwa">Bichuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuj_(weapon)" title="Bhuj (weapon)">Bhuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakram" title="Chakram">Chakram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chentu" title="Chentu">Chentu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_goad" title="Elephant goad">Elephant goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firangi_(sword)" title="Firangi (sword)">Firangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katar_(dagger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katar (dagger)">Katar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam_vaal" title="Kayamkulam vaal">Kayamkulam vaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kha%E1%B9%ADv%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga" title="Khaṭvāṅga">Khaṭvāṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">Kirpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukri" title="Kukri">Kukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduvu" title="Maduvu">Maduvu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_Kathi" title="Malappuram Kathi">Malappuram Kathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moplah_(sword)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moplah (sword)">Moplah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgar" title="Mudgar">Mudgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otta_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otta (weapon)">Otta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pata_(sword)" title="Pata (sword)">Pata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesh-kabz" title="Pesh-kabz">Pesh-kabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichangatti" title="Pichangatti">Pichangatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintie" title="Saintie">Saintie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savuku" title="Savuku">Savuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareeravadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shareeravadi">Shareeravadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuckra" title="Shuckra">Shuckra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talwar" title="Talwar">Talwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumi" title="Urumi">Urumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">Akhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankam" title="Ankam">Ankam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankathattu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankathattu">Ankathattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekavar" title="Chekavar">Chekavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalari" title="Kalari">Kalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paika_akhada" title="Paika akhada">Paika akhada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Martial arts portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Asian_topics540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asian_topics" title="Template:South Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Asian_topics" title="Template talk:South Asian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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India">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Regions" title="South Asia">South Asian regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:GeoSouthAsia" title="Template:GeoSouthAsia">General geography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg/80px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg/120px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries%2C_with_ambiguities_indicated.svg.png 1.5x, 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groups">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Iranic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Iranic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Tibeto-Burman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li> <li>Other groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#European_and_Eurasian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">European and Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups#Semitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">Semitic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Asia" title="Culture of South Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_architecture" title="Category:South Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Cultural sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Clothing in South Asia">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_literature" title="South Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_mythology" title="Category:South Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_philosophy" title="Category:South Asian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surnames_of_South_Asian_origin" title="Category:Surnames of South Asian origin">Surnames</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Environment of South Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Asia" title="Economy of South Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Politics of South Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South Asia">Human rights in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Southern_Asia" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste#In_South_Asia" title="Caste">Caste system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of South Asia">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of South Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India#Early_modern_India" title="India">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#Contemporary_era" title="South Asia">Contemporary era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in South Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Asia" title="Religion in South Asia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in South Asia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Asia" title="Hinduism in South Asia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh#Persecution" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India#Modern_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_South_Asia" title="Cricket in South Asia">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Football_Federation" title="South Asian Football Federation">South Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_physical_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_South_Asia" title="Traditional games of South Asia">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Asia" title="Category:Education in South Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian studies">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_swords" title="Category:South Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:South Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics12" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts468" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classification468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_games468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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