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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_international_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illegality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Illegality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_and_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_and_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Occupation and annexation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_and_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexations_since_the_foundation_of_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexations_since_the_foundation_of_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Annexations since the foundation of the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annexations_since_the_foundation_of_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Annexations since the foundation of the United Nations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annexations_since_the_foundation_of_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unresolved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unresolved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Unresolved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unresolved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israeli_annexations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_annexations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Israeli annexations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_annexations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>East Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Bank_excluding_East_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bank_excluding_East_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.2</span> <span>West Bank excluding East Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bank_excluding_East_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golan_Heights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golan_Heights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.3</span> <span>Golan Heights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golan_Heights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moroccan_annexation_of_Western_Sahara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moroccan_annexation_of_Western_Sahara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Moroccan annexation of Western Sahara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moroccan_annexation_of_Western_Sahara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_annexations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_annexations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Russian annexations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_annexations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequently_withdrawn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequently_withdrawn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subsequently withdrawn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequently_withdrawn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_annexation_of_Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_annexation_of_Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ethiopian annexation of Eritrea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_annexation_of_Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_annexation_of_East_Timor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_annexation_of_East_Timor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Indonesian annexation of East Timor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_annexation_of_East_Timor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_annexation_of_Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_annexation_of_Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Iraqi annexation of Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_annexation_of_Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequently_legalized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequently_legalized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subsequently legalized</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequently_legalized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_annexation_of_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_annexation_of_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Chinese annexation of Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_annexation_of_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_annexations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_annexations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Indian annexations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_annexations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hyderabad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyderabad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.1</span> <span>Hyderabad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyderabad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goa,_Daman_and_Diu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goa,_Daman_and_Diu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2</span> <span>Goa, Daman and Diu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goa,_Daman_and_Diu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikkim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikkim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.3</span> <span>Sikkim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikkim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_annexation_of_Western_New_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_annexation_of_Western_New_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Indonesian annexation of Western New Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_annexation_of_Western_New_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Vietnamese_annexation_of_South_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Vietnamese_annexation_of_South_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>North Vietnamese annexation of South Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Vietnamese_annexation_of_South_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Queen_Maud_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_Maud_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Queen Maud Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_Maud_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_annexation_of_Rockall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_annexation_of_Rockall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>British annexation of Rockall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_annexation_of_Rockall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Annexation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8B%D2%B5%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ампыҵахалара – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ампыҵахалара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ضم عسكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضم عسكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneksiya" title="Anneksiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anneksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анексія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анексія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анэксія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анэксія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анексия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анексия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Аннекси – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Аннекси" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexi%C3%B3" title="Annexió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Annexió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexe" title="Anexe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anexe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeddiannaeth" title="Cyfeddiannaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfeddiannaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneksion" title="Anneksion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anneksion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexion" title="Annexion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Annexion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneksioon" title="Anneksioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anneksioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexi%C3%B3n" title="Anexión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anekso" title="Anekso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anekso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexio" title="Anexio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anexio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ضمیمه کردن به خاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضمیمه کردن به خاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexion" title="Annexion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Annexion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneksaasje" title="Anneksaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Anneksaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexi%C3%B3n" title="Anexión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anexión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%ED%95%A9" title="병합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="병합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Անեքսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անեքսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="राज्य-हरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राज्य-हरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksija" title="Aneksija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aneksija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksasi" title="Aneksasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aneksasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annessione" title="Annessione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Annessione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97" title="סיפוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיפוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანექსია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანექსია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аннексия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аннексия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аннексия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аннексия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexatio" title="Annexatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Annexatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksija" title="Aneksija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aneksija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksija" title="Aneksija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aneksija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexi%C3%B3" title="Annexió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Annexió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანექსია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანექსია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengilhakan" title="Pengilhakan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengilhakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Аннексиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Аннексиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexatie" title="Annexatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Annexatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%88" title="併合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="併合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneksjon" title="Anneksjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anneksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneksjon" title="Anneksjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anneksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneksiya" title="Anneksiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anneksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksja" title="Aneksja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aneksja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Anexação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anexação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneksiya" title="Anneksiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Anneksiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexare" title="Anexare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anexare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анексия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Анексия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аннексия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аннексия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksimi" title="Aneksimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aneksimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Annexation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexia" title="Anexia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anexia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksija" title="Aneksija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aneksija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="خستنەپاڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خستنەپاڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Анексија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анексија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneksija" title="Aneksija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aneksija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annektoiminen" title="Annektoiminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Annektoiminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexion" title="Annexion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Annexion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аннексия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аннексия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аннексия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аннексия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lhak" title="İlhak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlhak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анексія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анексія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="الحاق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الحاق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E5%B9%B6" title="吞并 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吞并" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%9E" title="併吞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="併吞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q194465#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="View the content page [c]" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in political science</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the incorporation of additional territory into a nation state. For the incorporation of additional territory into an urban area, see <a href="/wiki/Municipal_annexation" title="Municipal annexation">Municipal annexation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Law_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93-_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Law_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93-_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg/120px-Jerusalem_Law_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93-_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Law_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93-_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg/180px-Jerusalem_Law_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93-_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jerusalem_Law_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93-_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg/240px-Jerusalem_Law_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93-_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1971" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel</a></i>, passed by the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> on 30 July 1980</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Federal_Law_On_Ratifying_the_Agreement_between_the_Russian_Federation_and_the_Republic_of_Crimea_on_Admitting_to_the_Russian_Federation.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Federal_Law_On_Ratifying_the_Agreement_between_the_Russian_Federation_and_the_Republic_of_Crimea_on_Admitting_to_the_Russian_Federation.pdf/page1-125px-Federal_Law_On_Ratifying_the_Agreement_between_the_Russian_Federation_and_the_Republic_of_Crimea_on_Admitting_to_the_Russian_Federation.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Federal_Law_On_Ratifying_the_Agreement_between_the_Russian_Federation_and_the_Republic_of_Crimea_on_Admitting_to_the_Russian_Federation.pdf/page1-188px-Federal_Law_On_Ratifying_the_Agreement_between_the_Russian_Federation_and_the_Republic_of_Crimea_on_Admitting_to_the_Russian_Federation.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Federal_Law_On_Ratifying_the_Agreement_between_the_Russian_Federation_and_the_Republic_of_Crimea_on_Admitting_to_the_Russian_Federation.pdf/page1-250px-Federal_Law_On_Ratifying_the_Agreement_between_the_Russian_Federation_and_the_Republic_of_Crimea_on_Admitting_to_the_Russian_Federation.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Federal Law <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Admitting to the Russian Federation the Republic of Crimea</a>,</i> passed by the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> on 21 March 2014</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two examples of unilateral annexation laws, both illegal under international law</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Annexation</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-CA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In current international law, it is generally held to be an illegal act.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann-i_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann-i-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annexation is a unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state,<sup id="cite_ref-EB-Annexation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-Annexation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as distinct from the complete <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a> of another country,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaxPlanck_Conquest_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaxPlanck_Conquest-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and differs from <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">cession</a>, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. </p><p>Annexation can be <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimized</a> if generally recognized by other states and international bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-EB-Annexation_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-Annexation-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The illegality of annexation means that states carrying out such acts usually avoid using the word annexation in describing their actions;<sup id="cite_ref-Dajani_2017_pp._5–56_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dajani_2017_pp._5–56-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in each of the unresolved annexations by <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia</a>, the states have avoided characterizing their actions as such.<sup id="cite_ref-Korman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_international_law">Evolution of international law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution of international law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegality">Illegality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Illegality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International law regarding the <a href="/wiki/Use_of_force_in_international_law" title="Use of force in international law">use of force by states</a> evolved significantly in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key agreements include the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Porter_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter Convention">Porter Convention</a>, the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a> and the 1928 <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating in Article 2(4) of <a href="/wiki/Chapter_I_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter I of the United Nations Charter">Chapter I of the United Nations Charter</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">in force</a> today: "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These principles were reconfirmed by the 1970 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2625" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2625">Friendly Relations Declaration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAust201036_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAust201036-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the use of force against territorial integrity or political independence is illegal, the question as to whether <a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> can be transferred in such a situation has been the subject of legal debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201781_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201781-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> '[A]nnexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof' is an <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">act of aggression</a> according to the Rome Statute of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_and_annexation">Occupation and annexation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occupation and annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illegally annexed territory is considered as still occupied under international law and the provisions of international humanitarian law continue to apply. For precision, such territory may be referred to as "occupied and illegally annexed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrange201514_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrange201514-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a report to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynk" title="Michael Lynk">Michael Lynk</a> contrasted de jure annexation as a formal declaration<sup id="cite_ref-CA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a state that it is claiming permanent sovereignty over territory and de facto annexation without the formal declaration<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann-i_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann-i-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a descriptive term for a state establishing facts on the ground as the prelude to a future claim of sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV)</a> of 1949 amplified the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a> with respect to the question of the protection of civilians,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the rules regarding inviolability of rights have "an absolute character",<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_on_GCIV_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary_on_GCIV-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it much more difficult for a state to bypass international law through the use of annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-Commentary_on_GCIV_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commentary_on_GCIV-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annexations_since_the_foundation_of_the_United_Nations">Annexations since the foundation of the United Nations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Annexations since the foundation of the United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unresolved">Unresolved</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unresolved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israeli_annexations">Israeli annexations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Israeli annexations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Day_War_Territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_Day_War_Territories.svg/180px-Six_Day_War_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_Day_War_Territories.svg/270px-Six_Day_War_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_Day_War_Territories.svg/360px-Six_Day_War_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Israel and the territories Israel occupied in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="East_Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: East Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a></div> <p>During the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> captured <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordan had annexed</a> the West Bank in 1950, it was considered an illegal occupation and Jordan was recognized as the legal sovereign by the United Kingdom and possibly Pakistan. On 31 July 1988, Jordan relinquished this claim. It has remained occupied until the present day. On 27 June 1967, Israel unilaterally extended its law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem and some of the surrounding area, incorporating about 70 square kilometers of territory into the Jerusalem Municipality. Although at the time, Israel informed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> that its measures constituted administrative and municipal integration rather than annexation. Later rulings by the Israeli Supreme Court indicated that East Jerusalem had become part of Israel. In 1980, Israel passed the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a> as part of its <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Law</a>, which declared Jerusalem the "complete and united" capital of Israel. In other words, Israel purported to annex East Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annexation was declared null and void by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (UNSC) resolutions 252, 267, 271, 298, 465, 476<sup id="cite_ref-UNSC_res_476_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSC_res_476-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 478.<sup id="cite_ref-UNSC_res_478_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSC_res_478-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish neighborhoods have since been built in East Jerusalem, and Israeli Jews have since also settled in Arab neighborhoods there, though some Jews may have returned from their 1948 expulsion after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem_(1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for Jerusalem (1948)">Battle for Jerusalem</a>. Only Costa Rica recognized Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem, and those countries who maintained embassies in Israel did not move them to Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Embassy_Act" title="Jerusalem Embassy Act">Jerusalem Embassy Act</a>, which recognizes Jerusalem as the united capital of Israel and requires the relocation of the U.S. embassy there in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act included a provision permitting the President to delay its implementation due to national security concerns. This waiver was used by presidents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>, but was allowed to expire in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="West_Bank_excluding_East_Jerusalem">West Bank excluding East Jerusalem</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: West Bank excluding East Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank">Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank</a></div> <p>Law professor Omar M. Dajani and others<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discuss de facto annexation (also referred to as "creeping annexation"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The debate considers whether, in all the circumstances, there is a pattern of behavior sufficient to conclude that Israel is in violation of the international prohibition against annexation, even absent a formal declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Golan_Heights">Golan Heights</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Golan Heights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">Golan Heights Law</a></div> <p>Israel occupied two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> during the 1967 Six-Day War, and subsequently built Jewish settlements in the area. In 1981, Israel passed the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">Golan Heights Law</a>, which extended Israeli "law, jurisdiction, and administration" to the area, including the <a href="/wiki/Shebaa_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shebaa farms">Shebaa farms</a> area. This declaration was declared "null and void and without international legal effect" by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_497" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 497">United Nations Security Council Resolution 497</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> recognized the annexation and in 2019, the United States joined in recognition. </p><p>The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Druze#In_Syria" title="Druze">Syrian Druze</a> in <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a>, the largest Syrian village in the Golan, have held onto their Syrian passports. When Israel annexed the Golan Heights in 1981, 95% of the Majdal Shams residents refused Israeli citizenship, and are still firmly of that opinion, in spite of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 November 2012, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> reaffirmed it was "[d]eeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been under occupation since 1967, contrary to the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions," and "[s]tress[ed] the illegality of the Israeli settlement construction and other activities in the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967."<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Doc_A/67/L.24_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Doc_A/67/L.24-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Assembly then voted by majority, 110 in favour to 6 against (Canada, Israel, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, United States), with 59 abstentions, to demand a full Israeli withdrawal from the Syrian Golan Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Doc_A/67/L.24_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Doc_A/67/L.24-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_the_Golan_Heights_as_part_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel">recognized</a> the Golan Heights as sovereign Israeli territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> stated "the status of Golan has not changed",<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the decision received worldwide condemnation with European members of the United Nations Security Council noting "we raise our strong concerns about the broader consequences of recognizing illegal annexation and also about broader regional consequences" and that "annexation of territory by force is prohibited under international law", adding that unilateral changes to borders violate "the rules-based international order and the UN Charter".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moroccan_annexation_of_Western_Sahara">Moroccan annexation of Western Sahara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Moroccan annexation of Western Sahara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoroccoWesternSaharaOMC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MoroccoWesternSaharaOMC.png/190px-MoroccoWesternSaharaOMC.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MoroccoWesternSaharaOMC.png/285px-MoroccoWesternSaharaOMC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/MoroccoWesternSaharaOMC.png/380px-MoroccoWesternSaharaOMC.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>Morocco officially annexed <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> in 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1975, and following the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>, the last Spanish troops withdrew from the territory and ceded the administration to Mauritania and Morocco. This was challenged by an <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independentist</a> movement, the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> that waged a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> against both Mauritania and Morocco. In 1979, and after a military <a href="/wiki/Putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Putsch">putsch</a>, Mauritania withdrew from the territory that left it controlled by Morocco. A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> peace process was initiated in 1991, but it has been stalled, and as of mid-2012, the UN is holding direct negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario front to reach a solution to the conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">partially recognized state</a> that has claimed the entire region since 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_annexations">Russian annexations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russian annexations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2015._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_019.jpg/220px-2015._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2015._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_019.jpg/330px-2015._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2015._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_019.jpg/440px-2015._%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Tourists in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russian flag</a> flying after <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation by Russia</a> (14 June 2015)</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 2014, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean Peninsula</a>, which had been a part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> since 1991 and administers the territory as two <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN General Assembly considers the Russian possession of Crimea and Sevastopol to be an "attempted annexation" and the Russian Federation an "occupying power".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia rejects the view that this was an annexation and regards it as an accession to the Russian Federation of a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea">state that had just declared independence from Ukraine</a> following a <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">disputed referendum</a>, and considers it <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a>. A term often used in Russia to describe these events is "re-unification" (воссоединение) to highlight the fact that Crimea was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> from 1783 to 1917, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> from 1921 to 1954. <a href="/wiki/Crimean_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean problem">Few states</a> recognize this view. Ukraine considers Crimea and Sevastopol its own territory, and oversees the <a href="/wiki/Crimea_Platform" title="Crimea Platform">Crimea Platform</a>, an international diplomatic initiative to restore its sovereignty. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/220px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/330px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg/440px-Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>Regions of Ukraine annexed by Russia, with a red line marking the area of actual control by Russia on 30 September 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 September 2022, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>, following <a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">referendums</a>, declared the <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">annexation of territories in southern and eastern Ukraine.</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> claimed sovereignty over the territories of four <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">Ukrainian oblasts</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast" title="Luhansk Oblast">Luhansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kherson_Oblast" title="Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a> – and recognised as its <a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">federal subjects</a> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson</a> Oblasts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequently_withdrawn">Subsequently withdrawn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subsequently withdrawn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopian_annexation_of_Eritrea">Ethiopian annexation of Eritrea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethiopian annexation of Eritrea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> orchestrated a <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">federation with Eritrea</a>. He dissolved it in 1962 and annexed <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank">Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jordanian annexation of the West Bank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian annexation of the West Bank</a></div> <p>The part of former <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">occupied by Jordan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> was renamed "the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>". It was annexed to Jordan in 1950 at the request of a Palestinian delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-jordan_annexation_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordan_annexation-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been questioned, however, how representative that delegation was, and at the insistence of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, Jordan was considered a trustee only.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordan_trustee_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_trustee-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> recognized the annexation by Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not condemned by the United Nations Security Council and it remained under Jordanian rule until 1967 when it was <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupied by Israel</a>. Jordan did not officially relinquish its claim to rule the West Bank until 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel has not taken the step of annexing the territory (except for the part of it that was made part of the Jerusalem Municipality). Rather, there were enacted a complex (and highly controversial) system of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Military_Order" title="Israeli Military Order">military government decrees</a> in effect applying Israeli law in many spheres to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesian_annexation_of_East_Timor">Indonesian annexation of East Timor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indonesian annexation of East Timor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationEastTimor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/LocationEastTimor.svg/220px-LocationEastTimor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/LocationEastTimor.svg/330px-LocationEastTimor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/LocationEastTimor.svg/440px-LocationEastTimor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> in 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>Following an Indonesian invasion in 1975, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> (Timor-Leste) was annexed by Indonesia and was known as <i><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor (Indonesian province)">Timor Timur</a></i>. It was regarded by Indonesia as the country's 27th province, but this was never recognised by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The people of East Timor resisted Indonesian forces in a prolonged guerrilla campaign. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_independence_referendum" title="1999 East Timorese independence referendum">a referendum</a> held in 1999 under a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>-sponsored agreement between the two sides, the people of East Timor rejected the offer of autonomy within Indonesia. East Timor achieved independence in 2002 and is now officially known as <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraqi_annexation_of_Kuwait">Iraqi annexation of Kuwait</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iraqi annexation of Kuwait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG/170px-Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG/255px-Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG/340px-Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Civilians and coalition military forces wave <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti flag">Kuwaiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi flag">Saudi Arabian</a> flags as they celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Kuwait">reversal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">annexation of Kuwait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> (28 February 1991)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></div> <p>After being allied with <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (largely due to desiring Iraqi protection from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>) in August 1990. Hussein's primary justifications included a charge that Kuwaiti territory was in fact an Iraqi province, and that annexation was retaliation for "economic warfare" Kuwait had waged through <a href="/wiki/Slant_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Slant drilling">slant drilling</a> into Iraq's oil supplies. The monarchy was deposed after annexation, and an Iraqi governor installed. </p><p>United States president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> ultimately condemned Iraq's actions, and moved to drive out Iraqi forces. Authorized by United Nations Security Council resolutions, an American-led coalition of 34 nations fought the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> to reinstate the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwaiti Emir</a>. Iraq's invasion (and annexation) was deemed illegal and Kuwait remains an independent nation today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequently_legalized">Subsequently legalized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Subsequently legalized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_annexation_of_Tibet">Chinese annexation of Tibet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chinese annexation of Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Tibetan sovereignty debate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Tibet-_%22TIBET_CONFIDENTIAL%22_%22Ethnographic_Boundary_of_Tibet%22_%22Approximate_Line_of_Communist_Advance%22_and_%22Reportedly_occupied_by_Communists%22_%2211518,_CIA,_2-50%22_February_1950_map-_305945_11518_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Map_of_Tibet-_%22TIBET_CONFIDENTIAL%22_%22Ethnographic_Boundary_of_Tibet%22_%22Approximate_Line_of_Communist_Advance%22_and_%22Reportedly_occupied_by_Communists%22_%2211518%2C_CIA%2C_2-50%22_February_1950_map-_305945_11518_01.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Map_of_Tibet-_%22TIBET_CONFIDENTIAL%22_%22Ethnographic_Boundary_of_Tibet%22_%22Approximate_Line_of_Communist_Advance%22_and_%22Reportedly_occupied_by_Communists%22_%2211518%2C_CIA%2C_2-50%22_February_1950_map-_305945_11518_01.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Map_of_Tibet-_%22TIBET_CONFIDENTIAL%22_%22Ethnographic_Boundary_of_Tibet%22_%22Approximate_Line_of_Communist_Advance%22_and_%22Reportedly_occupied_by_Communists%22_%2211518%2C_CIA%2C_2-50%22_February_1950_map-_305945_11518_01.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4214" data-file-height="3109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a> and approximate line of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">communist</a> advance in February 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>The rule of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> over <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> was established after a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Qing expedition force</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> which had occupied Tibet in 1720, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor</a> issued in 1912 provided the legal basis for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC) to inherit all Qing territories, including Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Edict1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edict1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edict2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edict2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edict3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edict3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the ROC had no effective control over Tibet from 1912 to 1951;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the opinion of the Chinese government, this condition does not represent Tibet's <i>de jure</i> independence as many other parts of China also enjoyed <i>de facto</i> independence when the Chinese state was torn by <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">warlordism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese invasion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tibet came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) after attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Government of Tibet</a> to gain international recognition, efforts to modernize its <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">military</a>, negotiations between the Government of Tibet and the PRC, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">a military conflict</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chamdo" title="Chamdo">Chamdo</a> area of western <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> in October 1950. Many analysts consider the incorporation of Tibet into the PRC an annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the actions of 1950 constituted an annexation, it was subsequently legalized by the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement_for_the_Peaceful_Liberation_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet">Seventeen Point Agreement</a> by the Government of Tibet in October 1951. From 1959 onwards, claims were made that this agreement was signed under pressure; academics have debated this ever since, but Tibet is recognized internationally as part of China.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_annexations">Indian annexations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indian annexations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hyderabad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></div> <p>After the withdrawal of the British Empire from India, each of the Princely States of India and Pakistan that had been protectorates of the British Empire were given the choice of either 1. opting to join India, 2. opting to join Pakistan or 3. resume their former status as fully independent states. While most of the princely states opted to join either Pakistan or India, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a> elected instead to resume full independence. Following the expiration of ultimatums from India, the Indian military launched its Operation Polo on 13 September 1948 and invaded Hyderabad. After conquering most of Hyderabad in five days of warfare, the Nizam signed a treaty on 18 September 1948 that saw Hyderabad annexed by India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Goa,_Daman_and_Diu"><span id="Goa.2C_Daman_and_Diu"></span>Goa, Daman and Diu</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Goa, Daman and Diu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Portuguese_India.png/210px-Portuguese_India.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Portuguese_India.png/315px-Portuguese_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Portuguese_India.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> in 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1954, the residents of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>, a Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> within India, ended Portuguese rule with the help of nationalist volunteers. From 1954 to 1961, the territory enjoyed <i>de facto</i> independence. In 1961, the territory was merged with India after its government signed an agreement with the Indian government. </p><p>In 1961, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a> engaged in a brief military conflict over Portuguese-controlled <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a>. India invaded and conquered the areas after 36 hours of fighting, thus ending 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule in India. The action was viewed in India as a liberation of historically Indian territory; in Portugal, however, the loss of both enclaves was seen as a national tragedy. A condemnation of the action by the United Nations Security Council was vetoed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goa and Daman and Diu were incorporated into India. </p><p><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="India–Portugal relations">Portugal recognized India's sovereignty over Goa</a> in a treaty in December 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-mea_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mea-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sikkim">Sikkim</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sikkim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathu_La_pass-map_PL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nathu_La_pass-map_PL.svg/180px-Nathu_La_pass-map_PL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nathu_La_pass-map_PL.svg/270px-Nathu_La_pass-map_PL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Nathu_La_pass-map_PL.svg/360px-Nathu_La_pass-map_PL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The strategic importance of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> was realized in the 1960s during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>. <i>Map in Polish</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British colonial rule</a> in India, Sikkim had an ambiguous status, as an Indian <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> or as an Indian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. Prior to Indian independence, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, acting as the leader of Executive Council, agreed that Sikkim would not be treated as an Indian state. Between 1947 and 1950, Sikkim enjoyed <i>de facto</i> independence. However, Indian independence spurred popular political movements in Sikkim and the ruling <a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal</a> came under pressure. He requested Indian help to quell the uprising, which was offered. Subsequently, in 1950, India signed a treaty with Sikkim bringing it under its <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, and controlling its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications. A state council was established in 1955 to allow for constitutional government under the Sikkimese monarch. Meanwhile, trouble was brewing in the state after the <a href="/wiki/Sikkim_National_Congress" title="Sikkim National Congress">Sikkim National Congress</a> demanded fresh elections and greater representation for the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali people">Nepalese</a>. In the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a>, Chinese border attacks were repulsed. In 1973, riots in front of the palace led to a formal request for protection from India. The Chogyal was proving to be extremely unpopular with the people. In 1975, the <i>Kazi</i> (prime minister) appealed to the Indian Parliament for a change in Sikkim's status so that it could become a state of India. In April, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> moved into Sikkim, seizing the city of <a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a> and disarming the Palace Guards. A referendum was held in which 97.5% of the voting people (59% of the people entitled to vote) voted to join the Indian Union. A few weeks later, on 16 May 1975, Sikkim officially became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the monarchy was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesian_annexation_of_Western_New_Guinea">Indonesian annexation of Western New Guinea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Indonesian annexation of Western New Guinea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">West New Guinea dispute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westpapua.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Westpapua.png/220px-Westpapua.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Westpapua.png/330px-Westpapua.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Westpapua.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> officially became part of Indonesia in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>Western New Guinea officially became part of Indonesia through the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice" title="Act of Free Choice">Act of Free Choice</a> in 1969, supervised by the UN. Based on the New York Agreement (1962) between Indonesia and the Netherlands, the UN held the Act of Free Choice to determine whether Western New Guinea would join Indonesia or not. Through a deliberation of representatives, the majority voted to join, and this result was accepted by the UN General Assembly in a session in November 1969. This decision was implicitly considered to recognize Western New Guinea as part of Indonesia, because the General Assembly did not reject the report of the UN Secretary General regarding the implementation of Act of Free Choice.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Papua is the western half of the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and smaller islands to its west. The separatist <a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a> (OPM) has engaged in a small-scale yet bloody conflict with the Indonesian military since the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Vietnamese_annexation_of_South_Vietnam">North Vietnamese annexation of South Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: North Vietnamese annexation of South Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Day" title="Reunification Day">Reunification Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoChiMinhCity01c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HoChiMinhCity01c.jpg/220px-HoChiMinhCity01c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HoChiMinhCity01c.jpg/330px-HoChiMinhCity01c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HoChiMinhCity01c.jpg/440px-HoChiMinhCity01c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> billboard marking the 30th anniversary of the reunification of the country in 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>North Vietnam <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> annexed <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> following the <a href="/wiki/1975_Spring_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Spring Offensive">military defeat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">effective dissolution</a> of its government system and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Vietnam Military Forces">military</a> on 30 April 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> was officially reunited one year later as the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Queen_Maud_Land">Queen Maud Land</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Queen Maud Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></div> <p>One example of a claimed annexation after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Kingdom of Norway</a>'s southward expansion of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">dependent territory</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>. On most maps, there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land's borders of 1939 and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> until 12 June 2015, when Norway formally claimed to have annexed that area.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_annexation_of_Rockall">British annexation of Rockall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: British annexation of Rockall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockall_Union_flag_hoisted_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rockall_Union_flag_hoisted_1955.jpg/170px-Rockall_Union_flag_hoisted_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rockall_Union_flag_hoisted_1955.jpg/255px-Rockall_Union_flag_hoisted_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Rockall_Union_flag_hoisted_1955.jpg/340px-Rockall_Union_flag_hoisted_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Commander Desmond Scott hoists the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> in 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 September 1955 at precisely 10:16 am, <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a> was declared officially annexed by the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> when <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">Lieutenant-Commander</a> Desmond Scott <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">RN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a> Brian Peel <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">RM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> AA Fraser RM, and James Fisher (a civilian <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> and former Royal Marine), were deposited on the island by a <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Royal Navy helicopter</a> from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vidal" title="HMS Vidal">HMS <i>Vidal</i></a> (coincidentally named after the man who first charted the island). The team cemented in a brass plaque on Hall's Ledge and hoisted the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> to stake the UK's claim.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, any effect of this annexation on valuable maritime rights claims under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">UNCLOS</a> in the waters beyond 12 nautical miles from Rockall are neither claimed by Britain nor recognised by Denmark (for the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">List of military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_from_1815_to_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes from 1815 to 1914">List of national border changes from 1815 to 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_(1914%E2%80%93present)" title="List of national border changes (1914–present)">List of national border changes (1914–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geopolitical_changes" title="Timeline of geopolitical changes">Timeline of geopolitical changes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>ad</i>, to, and <i>nexus</i>, joining)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothwellKayeAkhtarkhavariDavis2014">Rothwell et al. 2014</a>, p. 360: "Annexation is distinct from cession. Instead of a State seeking to relinquish territory, annexation occurs when the acquiring State asserts that it now holds the territory. Annexation will usual follow a military occupation of a territory, when the occupying power decides to cement its physical control by asserting legal title. The annexation of territory is essentially the administrative action associated with conquest. Mere conquest alone is not enough, but rather the conquering State must assert it is now sovereign over the territory concerned. For example, the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 led to their occupation by the United States and allies for a number of years, but the States themselves were not absorbed by the Allied Powers part of their respective territories. Examples of annexation in contemporary practice are not common, and are generally viewed as illegal."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hofmann-i-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hofmann-i_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hofmann-i_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann2013">Hofmann 2013</a>, p. i: "Annexation means the forcible acquisition of territory by one State at the expense of another State. It is one of the principal modes of acquiring territory... in contrast to acquisition a) of terra nullius by means of effective occupation accompanied by the intent to appropriate the territory; b) by cession as a result of a treaty concluded between the States concerned (Treaties), or an act of adjudication, both followed by the effective peaceful transfer of territory; c) by means of prescription defined as the legitimization of a doubtful title to territory by passage of time and presumed acquiescence of the former sovereign; d) by accretion constituting the physical process by which new land is formed close to, or becomes attached to, existing land. Under present international law, annexation no longer constitutes a legally admissible mode of acquisition of territory as it violates the prohibition of the threat or use of force. Therefore annexations must not be recognized as legal."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-Annexation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB-Annexation_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-Annexation_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(economic_writer)" title="Thomas Barclay (economic writer)">Barclay, Thomas</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Annexation" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Annexation">Annexation</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annexation&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=73&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoertzDiehlBalas2016" class="citation cs2">Goertz, Gary; Diehl, Paul F.; Balas, Alexandru (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199301027.001.0001/acprof-9780199301027-chapter-5">"The Development of Territorial Norms and the Norm against Conquest"</a>, <i>The Puzzle of Peace</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199301027.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199301027.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-930102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-930102-7"><bdi>978-0-19-930102-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Puzzle+of+Peace&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Territorial+Norms+and+the+Norm+against+Conquest&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199301027.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-930102-7&rft.aulast=Goertz&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Diehl%2C+Paul+F.&rft.au=Balas%2C+Alexandru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199301027.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199301027-chapter-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:45evo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:45evo_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Altman, Dan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/evolution-of-territorial-conquest-after-1945-and-the-limits-of-the-territorial-integrity-norm/E81D1E3F2C34CB00D8501BFDB363A1AD">"The Evolution of Territorial Conquest After 1945 and the Limits of the Territorial Integrity Norm"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>74</b> (3): 490–522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818320000119">10.1017/S0020818320000119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183">0020-8183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226467742">226467742</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303093824/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/evolution-of-territorial-conquest-after-1945-and-the-limits-of-the-territorial-integrity-norm/E81D1E3F2C34CB00D8501BFDB363A1AD">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Territorial+Conquest+After+1945+and+the+Limits+of+the+Territorial+Integrity+Norm&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=490-522&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226467742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818320000119&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-organization%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fevolution-of-territorial-conquest-after-1945-and-the-limits-of-the-territorial-integrity-norm%2FE81D1E3F2C34CB00D8501BFDB363A1AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaxPlanck_Conquest-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaxPlanck_Conquest_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcelo_G_Kohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Marcelo G Kohen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=boWuDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA289">"Conquest"</a>. In Frauke Lachenmann; Rüdiger Wolfrum (eds.). <i>The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force: The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878462-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878462-3"><bdi>978-0-19-878462-3</bdi></a>. <q>Conquest and annexation are not synonymous either. The latter term is used within and outside the context of armed conflicts, to designate a unilateral decision adopted by a State in order to extend its sovereignty over a given territory. In many cases, the effective occupation of a terra nullius was followed by a declaration of annexation, in order to incorporate the territory under the sovereignty of the acquiring State. In the context of armed conflicts, annexation is the case in which the victorious State unilaterally declares that it is henceforth sovereign over the territory having passed under its control as a result of hostilities. This attempt at producing a transfer of sovereignty through the exclusive decision of the victor is not generally recognized as valid, both in classical and in contemporary international law. An example of a case of annexation preceding the adoption of the UN Charter is the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908. The annexation was not recognized by the major Powers and required a modification of the 1878 Treaty of Berlin which had simply granted Austria-Hungary the right to administer the territory. Another example is the annexation of Ethiopia by Italy in 1936. Examples of purported contemporary annexations are the Golan Heights annexed by Israel in 1980 and Kuwait by Iraq in 1990, both declared null and void by the Security Council, or the incorporation of Crimea and the City of Sebastopol in the Russian Federation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conquest&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Armed+Conflict+and+the+Use+of+Force%3A+The+Max+Planck+Encyclopedia+of+Public+International+Law&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878462-3&rft.au=Marcelo+G+Kohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DboWuDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kohen, p.288, refers to clause 101 of the PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE, 1933, April 5th, General List: No. 43. TWENTY-SIXTH SESSION, LEGAL STATUS OF EASTERN GREENLAND: "Conquest only operates as a cause of loss of sovereignty when there is war between two States and by reason of the defeat of one of them sovereignty over territory passes from the loser to the victorious State."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/26334/annexation">"Annexation"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>Unlike cession, whereby territory is given or sold through treaty, annexation is a unilateral act made effective by actual possession and legitimized by general recognition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annexation&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F26334%2Fannexation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dajani_2017_pp._5–56-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dajani_2017_pp._5–56_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDajani2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omar_Dajani" title="Omar Dajani">Dajani, Omar M.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/facultyarticles/356">"Symposium on revisiting Israel's settlements: Israel's creeping annexation"</a>. <i>AJIL Unbound</i>. <b>111</b>. Cambridge University Press: 51–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faju.2017.21">10.1017/aju.2017.21</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-7723">2398-7723</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149297181">149297181</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125024123/https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/facultyarticles/356/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>…today's legal prohibition of conquest creates an incentive for states to obfuscate the reality of annexation that did not exist when such actions were lawful. Excessive formalism, accordingly, seems misplaced when assessing whether a state has manifested an intention to hold a territory "under its dominion" with sufficient clarity to constitute an unlawful annexation. Indeed, state practice offers no shortage of examples in which the international community has looked past a state's formal characterization of its actions when evaluating their lawfulness for this purpose—most recently in relation to Russia's annexation of Crimea. Accordingly, while a formal act of annexation is powerful evidence of intent, the lack of one is by no means dispositive. What other kinds of acts signal such an intention? As noted above, it may be signaled by a state's exercise, for a prolonged time, of the kinds of governmental functions typically reserved to a sovereign. An occupant's refusal to accept the law of occupation's applicability would seem probative for drawing this conclusion—as would a refusal to comply with duties under that law that relate specifically to distinguishing the rights of an occupant from those of a sovereign.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJIL+Unbound&rft.atitle=Symposium+on+revisiting+Israel%27s+settlements%3A+Israel%27s+creeping+annexation&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=51-56&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149297181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2398-7723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faju.2017.21&rft.aulast=Dajani&rft.aufirst=Omar+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.pacific.edu%2Ffacultyarticles%2F356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korman_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korman_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorman1996" class="citation book cs1">Korman, S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueDO1dJyjrUC&pg=PA254"><i>The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 253–254 (also see note 11). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158380-3"><bdi>978-0-19-158380-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>However, in an era which has repudiated the 'right of conquest', the term 'annexation' is discreetly avoided by all states effecting acquisitions of territory by force.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+of+Conquest%3A+The+Acquisition+of+Territory+by+Force+in+International+Law+and+Practice&rft.pages=253-254+%28also+see+note+11%29&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-158380-3&rft.aulast=Korman&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueDO1dJyjrUC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoris_N._Mamlyuk2015" class="citation journal cs1">Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law". <i>The German Law Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2627417">2627417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+German+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ukraine+Crisis%2C+Cold+War+II%2C+and+International+Law&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2627417%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Boris+N.+Mamlyuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201780_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenningsKohen2017">Jennings & Kohen 2017</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann2013ii-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann2013ii_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann2013">Hofmann 2013</a>, p. ii: "...States are under a legal obligation to abide by the Stimson Doctrine and not to recognize as lawful territorial changes effected by means of annexation. Moreover, even the annexation of the entire territory of a State does not result in the automatic extinction of that State as a subject of international law notwithstanding that it no longer has the capacity to act as such since it cannot exercise sovereign and effective control over any territory."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAust201036-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAust201036_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAust2010">Aust 2010</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201781-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenningsKohen201781_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenningsKohen2017">Jennings & Kohen 2017</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrie_McDougall2021" class="citation book cs1">Carrie McDougall (2021). <i>The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108769143">10.1017/9781108769143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-73852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-73852-1"><bdi>978-1-108-73852-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241838777">241838777</a>. <q>Any of the following acts, regardless of a declaration of war, shall, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3314" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3314</a> (XXIX) of 14 December 1974, qualify as an act of aggression:(a) The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crime+of+Aggression+under+the+Rome+Statute+of+the+International+Criminal+Court&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241838777%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108769143&rft.isbn=978-1-108-73852-1&rft.au=Carrie+McDougall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrange201514-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrange201514_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWrange2015">Wrange 2015</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynk2018" class="citation report cs1">Lynk, Michael (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/AboutUs/NY/GA73/A_73_45717.docx">Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967</a> (Report). United Nations. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Situation+of+human+rights+in+the+Palestinian+territories+occupied+since+1967&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Lynk&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FAboutUs%2FNY%2FGA73%2FA_73_45717.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/ihl/COM/380-600054?OpenDocument">"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary - Art. 47. Part III: Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III: Occupied territories"</a>. <i>ICRC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417211919/https://www.icrc.org/ihl/COM/380-600054?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>it was obvious that they were in fact always subservient to the will of the Occupying Power. Such practices were incompatible with the traditional concept of occupation (as defined in Article 43 of the Hague Regulations of 1907)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICRC&rft.atitle=Convention+%28IV%29+relative+to+the+Protection+of+Civilian+Persons+in+Time+of+War.+Geneva%2C+12+August+1949.+Commentary+-+Art.+47.+Part+III%3A+Status+and+treatment+of+protected+persons+%23Section+III%3A+Occupied+territories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fihl%2FCOM%2F380-600054%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commentary_on_GCIV-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_on_GCIV_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commentary_on_GCIV_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/ihl/COM/380-600054?OpenDocument">Commentary on Part III : Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III : Occupied territories Art. 47</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417211919/https://www.icrc.org/ihl/COM/380-600054?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 2016-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">ICRC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Sela, Avraham</a>. "Jerusalem." <i>The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East</i>. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 391–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank, Mitch. <i>Understanding the Holy Land: Answering Questions about the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict</i>. New York: Viking, 2005. p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/07306ec80797cb170525654d00729005">"A/35/508-S/14207 of 8 October 1980."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612050002/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/07306ec80797cb170525654d00729005">Archived</a> June 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/UNISPAL" class="mw-redirect" title="UNISPAL">UNISPAL – United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine</a></i>. 8 October 1980. 8 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNSC_res_476-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNSC_res_476_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224153836/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/b86613e7d92097880525672e007227a7/6de6da8a650b4c3b852560df00663826?OpenDocument">"UNSC Resolutions referred to in UNSC res 476 - 252, 267, 271, 298, 465"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/b86613e7d92097880525672e007227a7/6de6da8a650b4c3b852560df00663826?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 24 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNSC+Resolutions+referred+to+in+UNSC+res+476+-+252%2C+267%2C+271%2C+298%2C+465&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2Fb86613e7d92097880525672e007227a7%2F6de6da8a650b4c3b852560df00663826%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNSC_res_478-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNSC_res_478_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105050043/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/DDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB">"UNSC res 478"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/DDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB">the original</a> on 5 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNSC+res+478&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2FDDE590C6FF232007852560DF0065FDDB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustick1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lustick, Ian S. (16 January 1997). "Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?". <i>Middle East Policy Council Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 34–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x">10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy+Council+Journal&rft.atitle=Has+Israel+Annexed+East+Jerusalem%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-45&rft.date=1997-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/104/public/45?link-type=html">104–45 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/104/public/45?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, November 8, 1995, 109 Stat. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrenstaff" class="citation web cs1">Ahren, Raphael; staff, T. O. I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-confirms-no-more-presidential-waivers-for-jerusalem-embassy-act/">"US confirms no more presidential waivers for Jerusalem Embassy Act"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523160215/https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-confirms-no-more-presidential-waivers-for-jerusalem-embassy-act/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=US+confirms+no+more+presidential+waivers+for+Jerusalem+Embassy+Act&rft.aulast=Ahren&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft.au=staff%2C+T.+O.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fus-confirms-no-more-presidential-waivers-for-jerusalem-embassy-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAeyal_Gross2017" class="citation book cs1">Aeyal Gross (2017). <i>The Writing on the Wall: Rethinking the International Law of Occupation</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-50932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-50932-6"><bdi>978-1-316-50932-6</bdi></a>. <q>The perceived separation of the OPT from Israel and the lack of de jure annexation allows the continued attitude toward the OPT as "merely" occupied to persist. In reality, however, events familiar from the context of East Timor, Western Sahara, and Northern Cyprus, such as settlements and the taking of land and of natural resources, as detailed in the next chapter, have occurred in this territory even without a formal annexation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+on+the+Wall%3A+Rethinking+the+International+Law+of+Occupation&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-316-50932-6&rft.au=Aeyal+Gross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrna_Ben-NaftaliMichael_SfardHedi_Viterbo2018" class="citation book cs1">Orna Ben-Naftali; Michael Sfard; Hedi Viterbo (2018). <i>The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316661376">10.1017/9781316661376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-15652-4"><bdi>978-1-107-15652-4</bdi></a>. <q>the ICJ concluded that the "route of the Wall will prejudge the future frontier between Israel and Palestine" and generates "the fear that Israel may integrate the settlements and their means of access" in a manner "tantamount to de facto annexation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ABC+of+the+OPT%3A+A+Legal+Lexicon+of+the+Israeli+Control+over+the+Occupied+Palestinian+Territory&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316661376&rft.isbn=978-1-107-15652-4&rft.au=Orna+Ben-Naftali&rft.au=Michael+Sfard&rft.au=Hedi+Viterbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0131/UN-report-Israel-s-creeping-annexation-of-territory-is-illegal">"UN report: Israel's "creeping annexation" of territory is illegal"</a>. <i>Christian Science Monitor</i>. 31 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307111933/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0131/UN-report-Israel-s-creeping-annexation-of-territory-is-illegal">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The United Nations' first report on Israel's overall settlement policy describes it as a "creeping annexation" of territory</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=UN+report%3A+Israel%27s+%22creeping+annexation%22+of+territory+is+illegal&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FLatest-News-Wires%2F2013%2F0131%2FUN-report-Israel-s-creeping-annexation-of-territory-is-illegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar_M._Dajani2017" class="citation journal cs1">Omar M. Dajani (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6C18D4A2686DBFDBD54FC0F5EC5FD12A/S2398772317000216a.pdf/israels-creeping-annexation.pdf">"Symposium on Revisiting Israel's Settlements Israel's Creeping Annexation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Society of International Law</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007014106/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6C18D4A2686DBFDBD54FC0F5EC5FD12A/S2398772317000216a.pdf/israels-creeping-annexation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Society+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Symposium+on+Revisiting+Israel%27s+Settlements+Israel%27s+Creeping+Annexation&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Omar+M.+Dajani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F6C18D4A2686DBFDBD54FC0F5EC5FD12A%2FS2398772317000216a.pdf%2Fisraels-creeping-annexation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2012/11/28/Syria-still-feel-Syrian-say-Druze-Golan-Heights_7869606.html">"Syria: 'We still feel Syrian,' say Druze of Golan Heights"</a>. <i>ansamed.info</i>. 28 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128190951/https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2012/11/28/Syria-still-feel-Syrian-say-Druze-Golan-Heights_7869606.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ansamed.info&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+%27We+still+feel+Syrian%2C%27+say+Druze+of+Golan+Heights&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansamed.info%2Fansamed%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsections%2Fgeneralnews%2F2012%2F11%2F28%2FSyria-still-feel-Syrian-say-Druze-Golan-Heights_7869606.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Doc_A/67/L.24-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Doc_A/67/L.24_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Doc_A/67/L.24_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202060709/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2F67%2FL.24">"UN Doc A/67/L.24"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/67/L.24">the original</a> on 2 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Doc+A%2F67%2FL.24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DA%2F67%2FL.24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/trump-formally-recognises-israeli-sovereignty-golan-heights-190325153937336.html">"Trump formally recognises Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights"</a>. Al Jazeera. 25 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325161304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/trump-formally-recognises-israeli-sovereignty-golan-heights-190325153937336.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+formally+recognises+Israeli+sovereignty+over+Golan+Heights&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F03%2Ftrump-formally-recognises-israeli-sovereignty-golan-heights-190325153937336.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandMason2019" class="citation news cs1">Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff (25 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-israel/trump-recognizes-golan-heights-as-israeli-boosting-netanyahu-and-angering-syria-idUSKCN1R61S6">"Trump recognizes Golan Heights as Israeli, boosting Netanyahu and angering Syria"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325233411/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-israel/trump-recognizes-golan-heights-as-israeli-boosting-netanyahu-and-angering-syria-idUSKCN1R61S6">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+recognizes+Golan+Heights+as+Israeli%2C+boosting+Netanyahu+and+angering+Syria&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Mason%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-israel%2Ftrump-recognizes-golan-heights-as-israeli-boosting-netanyahu-and-angering-syria-idUSKCN1R61S6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2019" class="citation news cs1">Nichols, Michelle (25 March 2019). Oatis, Jonathan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-israel-un-idUSKCN1R623E">"U.N. chief clear that Golan status has not changed: spokesman"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326131548/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-israel-un-idUSKCN1R623E">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.N.+chief+clear+that+Golan+status+has+not+changed%3A+spokesman&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-israel-un-idUSKCN1R623E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111223135/https://www.dw.com/en/trumps-golan-proclamation-gathers-international-condemnation/a-48070628">"Trump's Golan proclamation gathers international condemnation"</a>. DW. 26 March 2019. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+Golan+proclamation+gathers+international+condemnation&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ftrumps-golan-proclamation-gathers-international-condemnation%2Fa-48070628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/724785">"Putin signs laws on reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ITAR_TASS" class="mw-redirect" title="ITAR TASS">ITAR TASS</a>. 21 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201181705/http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/724785">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin+signs+laws+on+reunification+of+Republic+of+Crimea+and+Sevastopol+with+Russia&rft.pub=ITAR+TASS&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.itar-tass.com%2Frussia%2F724785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechonchyk2017" class="citation web cs1">Pechonchyk, Tetiana (19 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euromaidanpress.com/2017/12/20/new-un-resolution-on-crimea-confirms-russia-as-an-occupying-power-brings-10-important-changes-for-ukraine/">"New UN resolution on Crimea confirms Russia is an occupying power, brings 10 important changes for Ukraine"</a>. <i>Euromaidan Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222023535/http://euromaidanpress.com:80/2017/12/20/new-un-resolution-on-crimea-confirms-russia-as-an-occupying-power-brings-10-important-changes-for-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromaidan+Press&rft.atitle=New+UN+resolution+on+Crimea+confirms+Russia+is+an+occupying+power%2C+brings+10+important+changes+for+Ukraine&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft.aulast=Pechonchyk&rft.aufirst=Tetiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuromaidanpress.com%2F2017%2F12%2F20%2Fnew-un-resolution-on-crimea-confirms-russia-as-an-occupying-power-brings-10-important-changes-for-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFb2018" class="citation web cs1">Fb, Or on (24 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euromaidanpress.com/2018/12/24/new-unga-resolution-crimea-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-russia-must-release-political-prisoners-stop-repressions/">"New UNGA resolution: Crimea temporarily occupied by Russia, Russia must release political prisoners & stop repressions"</a>. <i>Euromaidan Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102233649/https://euromaidanpress.com/2018/12/24/new-unga-resolution-crimea-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-russia-must-release-political-prisoners-stop-repressions/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euromaidan+Press&rft.atitle=New+UNGA+resolution%3A+Crimea+temporarily+occupied+by+Russia%2C+Russia+must+release+political+prisoners+%26+stop+repressions&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft.aulast=Fb&rft.aufirst=Or+on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuromaidanpress.com%2F2018%2F12%2F24%2Fnew-unga-resolution-crimea-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-russia-must-release-political-prisoners-stop-repressions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349395">"Eritrea profile – Timeline"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428161809/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349395">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Eritrea+profile+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13349395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jordan_annexation-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jordan_annexation_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jcpa.org.il/art/knesset6.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002213659/http://www.jcpa.org.il/art/knesset6.htm">Archived</a> October 2, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan_trustee-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_trustee_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sessions-of-the-arab-league-1945-1994">"Sessions of the Arab League (1945–1994)"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005102022/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sessions-of-the-arab-league-1945-1994">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Sessions+of+the+Arab+League+%281945%E2%80%931994%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsessions-of-the-arab-league-1945-1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_J._Berger,_Ora_Ahimeir2002" class="citation book cs1">Marshall J. Berger, Ora Ahimeir (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jerusalemcityits00berg"><i>Jerusalem: a city and its future</i></a></span>. Syracuse University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jerusalemcityits00berg/page/145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2912-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2912-2"><bdi>978-0-8156-2912-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+a+city+and+its+future&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2912-2&rft.au=Marshall+J.+Berger%2C+Ora+Ahimeir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjerusalemcityits00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2003" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Amy (2003). <i>A Historical Atlas of Jordan</i>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGEkKBs9UT4C&pg=PA51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3980-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3980-0"><bdi>978-0-8239-3980-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+Jordan&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3980-0&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edict1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edict1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsherickKayaliVan_Young2006" class="citation book cs1">Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reKxAAAAQBAJ&q=complete+territories+of+manchu,+han,+mongol,+hui,+tibetan&pg=PA245"><i>Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-7815-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-7815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+to+Nation%3A+Historical+Perspectives+on+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-7815-9&rft.aulast=Esherick&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Kayali%2C+Hasan&rft.au=Van+Young%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreKxAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcomplete%2Bterritories%2Bof%2Bmanchu%2C%2Bhan%2C%2Bmongol%2C%2Bhui%2C%2Btibetan%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edict2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edict2_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhai2017" class="citation book cs1">Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ziEwDwAAQBAJ&q=仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國&pg=PA190"><i>憲法何以中國</i></a>. City University of HK Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-937-321-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-937-321-4"><bdi>978-962-937-321-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E4%BD%95%E4%BB%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=City+University+of+HK+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-962-937-321-4&rft.aulast=Zhai&rft.aufirst=Zhiyong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DziEwDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%E4%BB%8D%E5%90%88%E6%BB%BF%E3%80%81%E6%BC%A2%E3%80%81%E8%92%99%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%81%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edict3-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edict3_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2016" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Quanxi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P46rDAAAQBAJ&q=仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土為一大中華民國&pg=PA273"><i>政治憲法與未來憲制</i></a>. City University of HK Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-937-291-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-937-291-0"><bdi>978-962-937-291-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%88%87%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=City+University+of+HK+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-962-937-291-0&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Quanxi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP46rDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%E4%BB%8D%E5%90%88%E6%BB%BF%E3%80%81%E6%BC%A2%E3%80%81%E8%92%99%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9E%E3%80%81%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%94%E6%97%8F%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2013" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Lesley (2013). <i>Running From Tenda Gyamar: A Volunteer's Story of Life with the Refugee Children of Tibet</i>. Winchester, UK: Mantra Books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-853-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-853-4"><bdi>978-1-78099-853-4</bdi></a>. <q>With the collapse of the Chinese Empire in 1911, Tibet Declared its independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+From+Tenda+Gyamar%3A+A+Volunteer%27s+Story+of+Life+with+the+Refugee+Children+of+Tibet&rft.place=Winchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Mantra+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78099-853-4&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grunfeld, 1996, p256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2020" class="citation news cs1">Carlson, Allen (2 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/02/whats-store-hong-kong-look-tibet/">"What's in store for Hong Kong? Look at Tibet"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629170804/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/02/whats-store-hong-kong-look-tibet/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+store+for+Hong+Kong%3F+Look+at+Tibet&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F06%2F02%2Fwhats-store-hong-kong-look-tibet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Wills2016" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Wills (23 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/tibet-and-china-65-years-later/">"Tibet and China 65 Years Later: Tibet was annexed by the Chinese 65 years ago. The struggle for Tibetan independence has continued ever since"</a>. <i>JSTOR Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701172942/https://daily.jstor.org/tibet-and-china-65-years-later/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Tibet+and+China+65+Years+Later%3A+Tibet+was+annexed+by+the+Chinese+65+years+ago.+The+struggle+for+Tibetan+independence+has+continued+ever+since.&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.au=Matthew+Wills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Ftibet-and-china-65-years-later%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/amp/article/306395/">"Tibet Through Chinese Eyes"</a>, <i>The Atlantic</i>, 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519132752/https://www.theatlantic.com/amp/article/306395/">archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2017, <q>In Western opinion, the "Tibet question" is settled: Tibet should not be part of China; before being forcibly annexed, in 1951, it was an independent country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Tibet+Through+Chinese+Eyes&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Famp%2Farticle%2F306395%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Marie_BlondeauKatia_Buffetrille2008" class="citation book cs1">Anne-Marie Blondeau; Katia Buffetrille (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6_FKtkYhdgC&pg=PA61"><i>Authenticating Tibet: Answers to China's 100 Questions</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24464-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24464-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24464-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213207/https://books.google.com/books?id=B6_FKtkYhdgC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2016. <q>It was evident that the Chinese were not prepared to accept any compromises and that the Tibetans were compelled, under the threat of immediate armed invasion, to sign the Chinese proposal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+Tibet%3A+Answers+to+China%27s+100+Questions&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24464-1&rft.au=Anne-Marie+Blondeau&rft.au=Katia+Buffetrille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6_FKtkYhdgC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsepon_Wangchuk_Deden_Shakabpa2009" class="citation book cs1">Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&pg=PA955"><i>One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet</i></a>. Brill. pp. 953, 955. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17732-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17732-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17732-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Thousand+Moons%3A+An+Advanced+Political+History+of+Tibet&rft.pages=953%2C+955&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17732-1&rft.au=Tsepon+Wangchuk+Deden+Shakabpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGyrymfDdI0C%26pg%3DPA955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/5033">"The United Nations Security Council S/5033"</a>. www.un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228233722/http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/5033">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Security+Council+S%2F5033&rft.pub=www.un.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DS%2F5033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mea-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mea_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">India–Portugal Relations, Indian ministry of External Affairs, Sep 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/portugal.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120542/http://www.mea.gov.in/error.htm">Archived</a> 2018-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780430-did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975-818651-2015-02-18">"Did India have a right to annex Sikkim in 1975?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 18 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228233721/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780430-did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975-818651-2015-02-18">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Did+India+have+a+right+to+annex+Sikkim+in+1975%3F&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fcover-story%2Fstory%2F19780430-did-india-have-a-right-to-annex-sikkim-in-1975-818651-2015-02-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave2015" class="citation cs2">Musgrave, Thomas D. (2015), Chinkin, Christine; Baetens, Freya (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sovereignty-statehood-and-state-responsibility/an-analysis-of-the-1969-act-of-free-choice-in-west-papua/6DB756FCBC96D81B76B663846A8BDE53">"An analysis of the 1969 Act of Free Choice in West Papua"</a>, <i>Sovereignty, Statehood and State Responsibility: Essays in Honour of James Crawford</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 209–228, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04425-8"><bdi>978-1-107-04425-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sovereignty%2C+Statehood+and+State+Responsibility%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+James+Crawford&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+the+1969+Act+of+Free+Choice+in+West+Papua&rft.pages=209-228&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04425-8&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fsovereignty-statehood-and-state-responsibility%2Fan-analysis-of-the-1969-act-of-free-choice-in-west-papua%2F6DB756FCBC96D81B76B663846A8BDE53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064843/http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651">"Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia – University of Sydney"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651">the original</a> on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+claims+secret+genocide+in+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+University+of+Sydney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usyd.edu.au%2Fnews%2F84.html%3Fnewsstoryid%3D651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/vietnamtimeline.htm">The Timeline of the Political History of Vietnam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804000721/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/vietnamtimeline.htm">Archived</a> 2021-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ". San José State University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp" class="citation web cs1">Rapp, Ole Magnus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Norge-utvider-Dronning-Maud-Land-helt-frem-til-Sydpolen-8168779.html">"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"</a>. Aftenposten.no. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061346/http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/Norge-utvider-Dronning-Maud-Land-helt-frem-til-Sydpolen-8168779.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norge+utvider+Dronning+Maud+Land+helt+frem+til+Sydpolen&rft.pub=Aftenposten.no&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Ole+Magnus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnyheter%2Firiks%2FNorge-utvider-Dronning-Maud-Land-helt-frem-til-Sydpolen-8168779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_staff" class="citation news cs1">BBC staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm">"On this day: 21 September 1955: Britain claims Rockall"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/21/newsid_4582000/4582327.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+this+day%3A+21+September+1955%3A+Britain+claims+Rockall&rft.au=BBC+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fseptember%2F21%2Fnewsid_4582000%2F4582327.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholars have debated the existence of a norm against conquest since 1945 but states have continued to pursue annexation of small swaths of territory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:45evo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:45evo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is generally held that countries are under obligation to abide by the <a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a> that a state: "cannot admit the legality of any situation de facto nor... recognize any treaty or agreement entered into between those Governments... not... recognize any situation, treaty or agreement which may be brought about by means contrary to the covenants and obligations of the Pact of Paris of August 27, 1928".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann2013ii_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann2013ii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GCIV <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention#Article_47" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fourth Geneva Convention">Article 47</a>, in the first paragraph in Section III: Occupied territories, restricted the effects of annexation on the rights of persons within those territories: "Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall not be deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the benefits of the present Convention by any change introduced, as the result of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or government of the said territory, nor by any agreement concluded between the authorities of the occupied territories and the Occupying Power, nor by any annexation by the latter of the whole or part of the occupied territory."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/annexation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/annexation">annexation</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAust2010" class="citation book cs1">Aust, Anthony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74Zmct-7hGIC&pg=PA36"><i>Handbook of International Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48578-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48578-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48578-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+International+Law&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48578-4&rft.aulast=Aust&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74Zmct-7hGIC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hofmann, Rainer (2013). "Annexation". <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Encyclopedia_of_Public_International_Law" title="Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law">Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Annexation&rft.btitle=Max+Planck+Encyclopedia+of+Public+International+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Adam Roberts. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725113513/http://ccw.politics.ox.ac.uk/publications/roberts_militaryoccupation.pdf">Transformative military occupation: applying the laws of war and human rights</a>", <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. vol. 100, pp. 580–622 (2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Högger2015" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Högger (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzm5CgAAQBAJ"><i>The Recognition of States</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80196-8"><bdi>978-3-643-80196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recognition+of+States&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-643-80196-8&rft.au=Daniel+H%C3%B6gger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtzm5CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanisha_M._Fazal2011" class="citation book cs1">Tanisha M. Fazal (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HiGvi3c1x-gC"><i>State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation, and Annexation</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4144-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Death%3A+The+Politics+and+Geography+of+Conquest%2C+Occupation%2C+and+Annexation&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4144-8&rft.au=Tanisha+M.+Fazal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHiGvi3c1x-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenningsKohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, R. Y.; Kohen, Marcelo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zslDwAAQBAJ"><i>The acquisition of territory in international Law with a New Introduction by Marcelo G. Kohen</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1718-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1718-2"><bdi>978-1-5261-1718-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+acquisition+of+territory+in+international+Law+with+a+New+Introduction+by+Marcelo+G.+Kohen&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-1718-2&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=R.+Y.&rft.au=Kohen%2C+Marcelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7zslDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothwellKayeAkhtarkhavariDavis2014" class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, Donald; Kaye, Stuart; Akhtarkhavari, Afshin; Davis, Ruth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itxkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA360">"6.6 Cession and Annexation"</a>. <i>International Law: Cases and Materials with Australian Perspectives</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69119-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69119-3"><bdi>978-1-107-69119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.6+Cession+and+Annexation&rft.btitle=International+Law%3A+Cases+and+Materials+with+Australian+Perspectives&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-69119-3&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Kaye%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Akhtarkhavari%2C+Afshin&rft.au=Davis%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitxkAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrange2015" class="citation report cs1">Wrange, Pål (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/534995/EXPO_STU(2015)534995_EN.pdf">Occupation/annexation of a territory: Respect for international humanitarian law and human rights and consistent EU policy</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). European parliament. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2861%2F80851">10.2861/80851</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-823-7550-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-823-7550-1"><bdi>978-92-823-7550-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Occupation%2Fannexation+of+a+territory%3A+Respect+for+international+humanitarian+law+and+human+rights+and+consistent+EU+policy&rft.pub=European+parliament&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2861%2F80851&rft.isbn=978-92-823-7550-1&rft.aulast=Wrange&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2FSTUD%2F2015%2F534995%2FEXPO_STU%282015%29534995_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnexation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Autonomous types of first-tier <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> administration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194465#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194465#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194465#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136010-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005350">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946288x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946288x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="anexe"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph684287&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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