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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomatoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tomatoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomatoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_climacteric_and_non-climacteric_fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_climacteric_and_non-climacteric_fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lists of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lists_of_climacteric_and_non-climacteric_fruits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lists of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_climacteric_and_non-climacteric_fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climacteric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climacteric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Climacteric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climacteric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-climacteric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-climacteric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Non-climacteric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-climacteric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methyl_jasmonate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methyl_jasmonate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Methyl jasmonate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methyl_jasmonate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abscisic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abscisic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Abscisic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abscisic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ripening</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%AC" title="النضوج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النضوج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="পাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Паспяванне пладоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паспяванне пладоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruchtreife" title="Fruchtreife – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fruchtreife" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maduraci%C3%B3n_(alimento)" title="Maduración (alimento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maduración (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturit%C3%A9" title="Maturité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maturité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="पक्वन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पक्वन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keranuman" title="Keranuman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keranuman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturazione_dei_frutti" title="Maturazione dei frutti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maturazione dei frutti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94" title="הבשלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבשלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kematengan" title="Kematengan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kematengan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಮಾಗುವಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಗುವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marudazion" title="Marudazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Marudazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modning" title="Modning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Modning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matura%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Maturação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maturação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Созревание плодов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Созревание плодов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="පලතුරු ඉදීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පලතුරු ඉදීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripening" title="Ripening – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ripening" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kypsyminen" title="Kypsyminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kypsyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mognad_(frukt)" title="Mognad (frukt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mognad (frukt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Визрівання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Визрівання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="成熟 (植物) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="成熟 (植物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2121926#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veraison_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Veraison_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/220px-Veraison_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Veraison_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/330px-Veraison_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Veraison_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg/440px-Veraison_Cabernet_Sauvignon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A bunch of <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a> <a href="/wiki/Wine_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine grape">wine grapes</a> at varying levels of ripeness</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ripening</b> is a process in <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> that causes them to become more <a href="/wiki/Palatable" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatable">palatable</a>. In general, fruit becomes <a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">sweeter</a>, less green, and softer as it ripens. Even though the <a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a> of fruit increases as it ripens, the higher acidity level does not make the fruit seem tarter. This effect is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">Brix-Acid Ratio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Climacteric_(botany)" title="Climacteric (botany)">Climacteric</a> fruits ripen after harvesting and so some fruits for market are picked green (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>). </p><p>Underripe fruits are also <a href="/wiki/Fibrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous">fibrous</a>, not as juicy, and have tougher outer flesh than ripe fruits (see <a href="/wiki/Mouthfeel" title="Mouthfeel">Mouth feel</a>). Eating unripe fruit can lead to <a href="/wiki/Stomachache" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomachache">stomachache</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach cramp">stomach cramps</a>, and ripeness affects the <a href="/wiki/Palatability" title="Palatability">palatability</a> of fruit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methylcyclopropene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Methylcyclopropene.png/127px-Methylcyclopropene.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Methylcyclopropene.png/191px-Methylcyclopropene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Methylcyclopropene.png/254px-Methylcyclopropene.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1-Methylcyclopropene" title="1-Methylcyclopropene">1</a>‑<a href="/wiki/1-Methylcyclopropene" title="1-Methylcyclopropene">Methylcyclopropene</a> is used as a synthetic <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth regulator">plant growth regulator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Developing fruits produce compounds like <a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>. These compounds are <a href="/wiki/Antifeedant" title="Antifeedant">antifeedants</a>, meaning that they discourage animals who would eat them while they are still ripening. This mechanism is used to make sure that fruit is not eaten before the seeds are fully developed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the molecular level, a variety of different plant hormones and proteins are used to create a negative feedback cycle which keeps the production of ethylene in balance as the fruit develops.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agents">Agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-10-26_Ripening_lemons_on_a_tree,_Albufeira_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2017-10-26_Ripening_lemons_on_a_tree%2C_Albufeira_%282%29.JPG/220px-2017-10-26_Ripening_lemons_on_a_tree%2C_Albufeira_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2017-10-26_Ripening_lemons_on_a_tree%2C_Albufeira_%282%29.JPG/330px-2017-10-26_Ripening_lemons_on_a_tree%2C_Albufeira_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2017-10-26_Ripening_lemons_on_a_tree%2C_Albufeira_%282%29.JPG/440px-2017-10-26_Ripening_lemons_on_a_tree%2C_Albufeira_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lemons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemons">Lemons</a> turn yellow as they ripen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ripening agents accelerate ripening. An important ripening agent is ethylene, a gaseous hormone produced by many plants. Many synthetic analogues of ethylene are available. They allow many fruits to be picked prior to full ripening, which is useful since ripened fruits do not ship well. For example, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> are picked when green and artificially ripened after shipment by being exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_as_a_plant_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene as a plant hormone">ethylene</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">Calcium carbide</a> is also used in some countries for artificially ripening fruit. When calcium carbide comes in contact with moisture, it produces <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> gas, which is similar in its effects to the natural ripening agent, ethylene. Acetylene accelerates the ripening process. Catalytic generators are used to produce ethylene gas simply and safely. Ethylene sensors can be used to precisely control the amount of gas. Covered fruit ripening bowls or bags are commercially available. These containers increase the amount of ethylene and carbon dioxide gases around the fruit, which promotes ripening.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climacteric_fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteric fruits">Climacteric fruits</a> continue ripening after being picked, a process accelerated by <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_as_a_plant_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene as a plant hormone">ethylene</a> gas. Non-climacteric fruits can ripen only on the plant and thus have a short shelf life if harvested when they are ripe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indicators">Indicators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> (I) can be used to determine whether fruits are ripening or rotting by showing whether the <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> in the fruit has turned into <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>. For example, a drop of iodine on a slightly rotten part (not the skin) of an apple will stay yellow or orange, since starch is no longer present. If the iodine is applied and takes 2–3 seconds to turn dark blue or black, then the process of ripening has begun but is not yet complete. If the iodine becomes black immediately, then most of the starch is still present at high concentrations in the sample, and hence the fruit has not fully started to ripen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages">Stages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Climacteric_fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteric fruits">Climacteric fruits</a> undergo a number of changes during fruit ripening. The major changes include fruit softening, sweetening, decreased bitterness, and colour change. These changes begin in an inner part of the fruit, the locule, which is the gel-like tissue surrounding the seeds. Ripening-related changes initiate in this region once seeds are viable enough for the process to continue, at which point ripening-related changes occur in the next successive tissue of the fruit called the pericarp.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this ripening process occurs, working its way from the inside towards outer most tissue of the fruit, the observable changes of softening tissue, and changes in color and carotenoid content occur. Specifically, this process activates ethylene production and the expression of ethylene-response genes affiliated with the phenotypic changes seen during ripening.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colour change is the result of pigments, which were always present in the fruit, becoming visible when chlorophyll is degraded.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasanna07_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasanna07-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, additional pigments are also produced by the fruit as it ripens.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In fruit, the cell walls are mainly composed of polysaccharides including pectin. During ripening, a lot of the pectin is converted from a water-insoluble form to a soluble one by certain degrading enzymes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These enzymes include <a href="/wiki/Polygalacturonase" title="Polygalacturonase">polygalacturonase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasanna07_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasanna07-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the fruit will become less firm as the structure of the fruit is degraded.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape_tomato_cluster_partially_ripened.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grape_tomato_cluster_partially_ripened.JPG/220px-Grape_tomato_cluster_partially_ripened.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grape_tomato_cluster_partially_ripened.JPG/330px-Grape_tomato_cluster_partially_ripened.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grape_tomato_cluster_partially_ripened.JPG/440px-Grape_tomato_cluster_partially_ripened.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Ripening <a href="/wiki/Grape_tomato" title="Grape tomato">grape tomatoes</a> in multiple stages</figcaption></figure><p>Enzymatic breakdown and hydrolysis of storage polysaccharides occurs during ripening.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasanna07_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasanna07-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main storage polysaccharides include starch.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasanna07_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasanna07-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are broken down into shorter, water-soluble molecules such as fructose, glucose and sucrose.<sup id="cite_ref-Medlicott85_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlicott85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During fruit ripening, <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> also increases.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasanna07_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasanna07-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acids are broken down in ripening fruits<sup id="cite_ref-Medlicott85_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medlicott85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this contributes to the sweeter rather than sharp tastes associated with unripe fruits. In some fruits such as guava, there is a steady decrease in vitamin C as the fruit ripens.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is mainly as a result of the general decrease in acid content that occurs when a fruit ripens.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasanna07_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasanna07-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomatoes">Tomatoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tomatoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different fruits have different ripening stages. In tomatoes the ripening stages are: </p> <ul><li>Green: When the surface of the tomato is completely green</li> <li>Breaker: When less than 11% of the surface is red</li> <li>Turning: When less than 31% of the surface is red (but not less than 11%)</li> <li>Pink: When less than 61% of the surface is red (but not less than 31%)</li> <li>Light Red: When less than 91% of the surface is red (but not less than 61%)</li> <li>Red: When the surface is nearly completely red.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_climacteric_and_non-climacteric_fruits">Lists of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lists of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is an incomplete list of fruits that ripen after picking (<i><a href="/wiki/Climacteric_(botany)" title="Climacteric (botany)">climacteric</a></i>) and those that do not (<i>non-climacteric</i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeycrisp_apples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Honeycrisp_apples.jpg/220px-Honeycrisp_apples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Honeycrisp_apples.jpg/330px-Honeycrisp_apples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Honeycrisp_apples.jpg/440px-Honeycrisp_apples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honeycrisp" title="Honeycrisp">Honeycrisp</a> apples</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climacteric">Climacteric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climacteric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">Apple</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">Avocado</a>, mature on the tree, but only ripen after being picked</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantaloupe" title="Cantaloupe">Cantaloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">Guava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_melon" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeydew melon">Honeydew melon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">Kiwifruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarine">Nectarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionfruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionfruit">Passionfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">Peach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">Persimmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">Mulberry</a></li></ul></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kupine_dozrijevaju_na_stabljici_(Croatia).3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kupine_dozrijevaju_na_stabljici_%28Croatia%29.3.jpg/220px-Kupine_dozrijevaju_na_stabljici_%28Croatia%29.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kupine_dozrijevaju_na_stabljici_%28Croatia%29.3.jpg/330px-Kupine_dozrijevaju_na_stabljici_%28Croatia%29.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kupine_dozrijevaju_na_stabljici_%28Croatia%29.3.jpg/440px-Kupine_dozrijevaju_na_stabljici_%28Croatia%29.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Cultivated <a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">blackberries</a> at various stages of ripeness: unripe (pale), ripening (red), and ripe (black)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-climacteric">Non-climacteric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-climacteric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">Blackcurrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseberry" title="Gooseberry">Gooseberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">Fig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambutan" title="Rambutan">Rambutan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asimina_triloba" title="Asimina triloba">Asimina triloba</a></i> (pawpaw)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_squash" title="Summer squash">Summer squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">Watermelon</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two patterns of fruit ripening: climacteric that is induced by <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> and non-climacteric that occurs independently of ethylene.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction can be useful in determining the ripening processes of various fruits, since climacteric fruits continue ripening after they are removed due to the presence of ethylene, while nonclimacteric fruits only ripen while still attached to the plant. In non-climacteric fruits, <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxins</a> act to inhibit ripening. They do this by repressing genes involved in cell modification and anthocyanin synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ripening can be induced by <a href="/wiki/Abscisic_acid" title="Abscisic acid">abscisic acid</a>, specifically the process of sucrose accumulation as well as color acquisition and firmness.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While ethylene plays a major role in the ripening of climacteric plants, it still has effects in non-climacteric species as well. In strawberries, it was shown to stimulate color and softening processes. Studies found that the addition of exogenous ethylene induces secondary ripening processes in strawberries, stimulating respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They suggested that this process involves ethylene receptors, a type of gasoreceptor, that may vary between climacteric and non-climacteric fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methyl_jasmonate">Methyl jasmonate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Methyl jasmonate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jasmonate is involved in multiple aspects of the ripening process in non-climacteric fruits. This class of hormones includes jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate. Studies showed that the expression of genes involved in various pathways in ripening was increased with the addition of methyl jasmonate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study found that methyl jasmonate led to an increase in red coloration and the accumulation of lignin and anthocyanins, which can be used as ripening indicators. The genes they analyzed include those involved in anthocyanin accumulation, cell wall modification, and ethylene synthesis; all of which promote fruit ripening.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abscisic_acid">Abscisic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abscisic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ABA also plays an important role in the ripening of non-climacteric plants. It has been shown to increase the rate of ethylene production and anthocyanin concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ripening was enhanced, as seen with the accelerated fruit coloration and softening. This occurs because ABA acts as a regulator of ethylene production, increasing synthesis similarly to climacteric fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bletting" title="Bletting">Bletting</a>, a post-ripening reaction that some fruits undergo before they are edible</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_ripening" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical ripening">Cervical ripening</a>, when the pregnant human cervix degrades collagen and proteins and then changes shape prior to delivery</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripening&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKimball1991" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, Dan (1991). 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Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fruit+Ripening&rft.pub=Plant+Physiology+Information+Website&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Koning&rft.aufirst=Ross+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplantphys.info%2Fplants_human%2Ffruitgrowripe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipening" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOetikerYang1995" class="citation journal cs1">Oetiker, J.H.; Yang, S.F. (1995). 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549760">"Role of Ethylene in Fruit Ripening"</a>. <i>Plant Physiol</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 179–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.37.2.179">10.1104/pp.37.2.179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC549760">549760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16655629">16655629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiol.&rft.atitle=Role+of+Ethylene+in+Fruit+Ripening&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-89&rft.date=1962-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC549760%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16655629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.37.2.179&rft.au=Burg+SP%2C+Burg+EA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC549760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipening" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu" class="citation web cs1">Chu, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookingforengineers.com/article/315/Fruit-Ripening">"Fruit Ripening: Fruits which ripen after harvest"</a>. <i>Cooking For Engineers</i>.</cite><span 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