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href="#Informal_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Informal classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Agricultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arab Agricultural Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Agricultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Early modern spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plantation_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantation_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Plantation cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantation_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small-scale_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-scale_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Small-scale cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-scale_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cavendish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavendish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cavendish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavendish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ripening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ripening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ripening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ripening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_and_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_and_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Storage and transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_and_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_export" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_export"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production and export</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_export-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nematodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nematodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nematodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nematodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diseases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panama_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Panama disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fusarium_wilt_TR4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusarium_wilt_TR4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Fusarium wilt TR4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusarium_wilt_TR4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_sigatoka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_sigatoka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Black sigatoka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_sigatoka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banana_bunchy_top_virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banana_bunchy_top_virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Banana bunchy top virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banana_bunchy_top_virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banana_bacterial_wilt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banana_bacterial_wilt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Banana bacterial wilt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banana_bacterial_wilt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_of_genetic_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_of_genetic_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Conservation of genetic diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_of_genetic_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Fruit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.2</span> <span>Flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.3</span> <span>Leaf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trunk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trunk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.4</span> <span>Trunk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trunk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper_and_textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_and_textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Paper and textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_and_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_allergic_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_allergic_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Potential allergic reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_allergic_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Cultural roles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural roles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Religion and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_signifier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_signifier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Racial signifier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_signifier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Banana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 201 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-201" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">201 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piesang" title="Piesang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Piesang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banane_(Frucht)" title="Banane (Frucht) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Banane (Frucht)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%99%E1%8B%9D" title="ሙዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሙዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2" title="موز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%99%DC%90" title="ܡܘܙܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܙܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պանան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պանան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2" title="কল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1tanu" title="Plátanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plátanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pananis" title="Pananis – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pananis" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="केरा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="केरा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakova%27a" title="Pakova'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pakova'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puquta" title="Puquta – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Puquta" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2" title="موز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biu" title="Biu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Biu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang" title="Pisang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pisang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin-chio" title="Kin-chio – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kin-chio" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedhang" title="Gedhang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gedhang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Банан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Банан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Банан (плод) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Банан (плод)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Банан (плод) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Банан (плод)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="केरा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="केरा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batag" title="Batag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Batag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Банан (плод) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Банан (плод)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%82" title="ངང་ལག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ངང་ལག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananez" title="Bananez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bananez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Гадил – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гадил" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Банан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Банан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C3%A1n" title="Banán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Banán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanana" title="Bhanana – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhanana" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntochi" title="Ntochi – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ntochi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94du" title="Kɔdu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kɔdu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بانان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بانان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstbanane" title="Obstbanane – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Obstbanane" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%94%DE%AE" title="ދޮންކެޔޮ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދޮންކެޔޮ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashk%CA%BCaan_(%C5%82itsoo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD)" title="Hashkʼaan (łitsooígíí) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hashkʼaan (łitsooígíí)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="केला – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="केला" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaan" title="Banaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Banaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μπανάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπανάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banano" title="Banano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C9%94%C9%96u" title="Akɔɖu – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Akɔɖu" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2" title="موز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keraa" title="Keraa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Keraa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banane" title="Banane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananey" title="Bananey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bananey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хенапаст – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хенапаст" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82" title="કેળાં – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેળાં" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi%C3%BBng-chi%C3%A2u" title="Khiûng-chiâu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiûng-chiâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%EB%82%98" title="바나나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바나나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaba" title="Ayaba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ayaba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai%CA%BBa" title="Maiʻa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Maiʻa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բանան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="केला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="केला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banano" title="Banano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Banano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba" title="Saba – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Saba" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang" title="Pisang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pisang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_(fructo)" title="Banana (fructo) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Banana (fructo)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pananaq" title="Pananaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Pananaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Банан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Банан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhanana" title="Ubhanana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubhanana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banani" title="Banani – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Banani" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בננה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בננה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedhang" title="Gedhang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gedhang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಬಾಳೆ ಹಣ್ಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಳೆ ಹಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagin" title="Sagin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sagin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%81%D9%95" title="کیلہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کیلہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Банан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Банан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuneke" title="Umuneke – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuneke" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndizi" title="Ndizi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ndizi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannann" title="Bannann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bannann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BBz" title="Mûz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mûz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_(fructus)" title="Musa (fructus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musa (fructus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C4%81ni" title="Banāni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Banāni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananas" title="Bananas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bananas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gae" title="Gae – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Gae" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etab%C3%A9" title="Etabé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Etabé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banuanu" title="Banuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Banuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/badna" title="badna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="badna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C3%A1n" title="Banán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Banán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghe%E1%B8%8D%E1%B8%8Dh%C3%A2ng" title="Gheḍḍhâng – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Gheḍḍhâng" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="केरा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="केरा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Банана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Банана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akondro_(voany)" title="Akondro (voany) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Akondro (voany)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4" title="വാഴ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാഴ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maika" title="Maika – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Maika" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3" title="केळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="केळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2" title="موز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ဗြာတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဗြာတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang" title="Pisang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pisang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisang" title="Pisang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pisang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83-ci%C4%95u" title="Bă-ciĕu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bă-ciĕu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Гадил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гадил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="ငှက်ပျော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်ပျော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaan_(vrucht)" title="Banaan (vrucht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Banaan (vrucht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="केरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="केरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="म्वाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्वाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%83%8A" title="バナナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バナナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Банан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Банан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80" title="କଦଳୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଦଳୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuzii" title="Muuzii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Muuzii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੇਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੇਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawli" title="Pawli – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Pawli" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacoba_(fruta)" title="Bacoba (fruta) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bacoba (fruta)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87" title="كيله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="كيله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%80" title="ចេក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចេក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/veljevelj" title="veljevelj – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="veljevelj" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaan_(Frucht)" title="Banaan (Frucht) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Banaan (Frucht)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan_(owoc)" title="Banan (owoc) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Banan (owoc)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz" title="Muz – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Muz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei%E2%80%99a" title="Mei’a – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Mei’a" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan%C4%83" title="Banană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Banană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latanu" title="Latanu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Latanu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Банан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Банан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Банан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Банаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Банаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paza%27" title="paza' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paza'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27i" title="Fa'i – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Fa'i" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कदलीफलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कदलीफलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bul%C3%AAe" title="Bulêe – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Bulêe" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱭᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananae" title="Bananae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bananae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panana" title="Panana – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Panana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panana" title="Panana – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Panana" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banania" title="Banania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Banania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="කෙසෙල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෙසෙල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88" title="ڪيلو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيلو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C3%A1n" title="Banán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Banán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moos" title="Moos – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Moos" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B2" title="مۆز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Банана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Банана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana" title="Banana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Banana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cau" title="Cau – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cau" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedelm%C3%A4banaani" title="Hedelmäbanaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hedelmäbanaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saging" title="Saging – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saging" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வாழைப்பழம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாழைப்பழம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abanan" title="Abanan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abanan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/buqoh" title="buqoh – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="buqoh" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF" title="అరటి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరటి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2" title="กล้วย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้วย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Банан (мева) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Банан (мева)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3hka%27%C3%A9mene" title="Vóhka'émene – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vóhka'émene" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾರೆತ ಪರ್ಂದ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಾರೆತ ಪರ್ಂದ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz" title="Muz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1yeba" title="A̱yeba – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱yeba" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Банан (плід) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банан (плід)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بانان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بانان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyoijhom" title="Gyoijhom – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gyoijhom" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banan" title="Banan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Banan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E1%BB%91i" title="Chuối – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benen" title="Benen – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Benen" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananne" title="Bananne – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bananne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saging" title="Saging – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saging" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaana" title="Banaana – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Banaana" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9F" title="באנאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באנאן" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tropical, edible, staple fruit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Banana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Banana (disambiguation)">Banana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="float: right; width: 25em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Banana</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bananavarieties.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bananavarieties.jpg/250px-Bananavarieties.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bananavarieties.jpg/375px-Bananavarieties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Bananavarieties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="221" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fruits of four different <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">cultivars</a>. Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">plantain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_banana" title="Red banana">red banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latundan_banana" title="Latundan banana">apple banana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_banana" title="Cavendish banana">Cavendish banana</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source plant(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part(s) of plant</th><td class="infobox-data">Fruit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uses</th><td class="infobox-data">Food</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>banana</b> is an elongated, edible <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">botanically a berry</a><sup id="cite_ref-Morton-2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – produced by several kinds of large treelike <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i>. In some countries, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">cooking bananas</a> are called plantains, distinguishing them from <b>dessert bananas</b>. The fruit is variable in size, color and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> covered with a <a href="/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)">peel</a>, which may have a variety of colors when ripe. It grows upward in clusters near the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible seedless (<a href="/wiki/Parthenocarpy" title="Parthenocarpy">parthenocarp</a>) cultivated bananas come from two wild species – <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a></i>, or hybrids of them. </p><p><i>Musa</i> species are native to tropical <a href="/wiki/Indomalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomalaya">Indomalaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a>; they were probably <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. They are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their fruit, and to a lesser extent to make <a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">banana paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, while some are grown as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a>. The world's largest producers of bananas in 2022 were India and China, which together accounted for approximately 26% of total production. Bananas are eaten raw or cooked in recipes varying from curries to <a href="/wiki/Banana_chip" title="Banana chip">banana chips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritter" title="Fritter">fritters</a>, fruit preserves, or simply baked or steamed. </p><p>Worldwide, there is no sharp distinction between dessert "bananas" and cooking "plantains": this works well enough in the Americas and Europe, but it breaks down in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> where many more kinds of bananas are grown and eaten. The term "banana" is applied also to other members of the genus <i>Musa</i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Musa_coccinea" title="Musa coccinea">scarlet banana</a> (<i>Musa coccinea</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Musa_velutina" title="Musa velutina">pink banana</a> (<i>Musa velutina</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Fe%27i_banana" title="Fe'i banana">Fe'i bananas</a>. Members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ensete" title="Ensete">Ensete</a></i>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ensete_glaucum" title="Ensete glaucum">snow banana</a> (<i>Ensete glaucum</i>) and the economically important <a href="/wiki/Ensete_ventricosum" title="Ensete ventricosum">false banana</a> (<i>Ensete ventricosum</i>) of Africa are sometimes included. Both genera are in the banana family, <a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>. </p><p>Banana <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> are subject to damage by parasitic <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and insect pests, and to <a href="/wiki/Fungal_infection" title="Fungal infection">fungal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> diseases, one of the most serious being <a href="/wiki/Panama_disease" title="Panama disease">Panama disease</a> which is caused by a <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> fungus. This and <a href="/wiki/Black_sigatoka" title="Black sigatoka">black sigatoka</a> threaten the production of <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_banana" title="Cavendish banana">Cavendish bananas</a>, the main kind eaten in the Western world, which is a <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> <i>Musa acuminata</i>. Plant breeders are seeking new varieties, but these are difficult to breed given that commercial varieties are seedless. To enable future breeding, banana <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> is conserved in multiple <a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a> around the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>The banana plant is the largest <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> flowering plant.<sup id="cite_ref-INIBAP-2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INIBAP-2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the above-ground parts of a banana plant grow from a structure called a <a href="/wiki/Corm" title="Corm">corm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy with a <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">treelike</a> appearance, but what appears to be a trunk is actually a <a href="/wiki/Pseudostem" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudostem">pseudostem</a> composed of multiple leaf-stalks (<a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a>). Bananas grow in a wide variety of soils, as long as it is at least 60 centimetres (2.0 ft) deep, has good drainage and is not compacted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987212_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987212-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are fast-growing plants, with a growth rate of up to 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaves of banana plants are composed of a stalk (<a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a>) and a blade (<a href="/wiki/Leaf#General_characteristics_of_leaves" title="Leaf">lamina</a>). The base of the petiole widens to form a sheath; the tightly packed sheaths make up the pseudostem, which is all that supports the plant. The edges of the sheath meet when it is first produced, making it tubular. As new growth occurs in the centre of the pseudostem, the edges are forced apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivated banana plants vary in height depending on the variety and growing conditions. Most are around 5 m (16 ft) tall, with a range from '<a href="/wiki/Dwarf_Cavendish_banana" title="Dwarf Cavendish banana">Dwarf Cavendish</a>' plants at around 3 m (10 ft) to '<a href="/wiki/Gros_Michel_banana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gros Michel banana">Gros Michel</a>' at 7 m (23 ft) or more.<sup id="cite_ref-RHS-2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHS-2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaves are spirally arranged and may grow 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) long and 60 cm (2.0 ft) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton-2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a banana plant is mature, the corm stops producing new leaves and begins to form a flower spike or <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>. A stem develops which grows up inside the pseudostem, carrying the immature inflorescence until eventually it emerges at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each pseudostem normally produces a single inflorescence, also known as the "banana heart". After fruiting, the pseudostem dies, but offshoots will normally have developed from the base, so that the plant as a whole is <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244–247_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244–247-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inflorescence contains many petal-like <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> between rows of flowers. The female flowers (which can develop into fruit) appear in rows further up the stem (closer to the leaves) from the rows of male flowers. The ovary is <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">inferior</a>, meaning that the tiny petals and other flower parts appear at the tip of the ovary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The banana fruits develop from the <i>banana heart</i>, in a large hanging cluster called a <i>bunch</i>, made up of around nine tiers called <i>hands</i>, with up to 20 fruits to a hand. A bunch can weigh 22–65 kilograms (49–143 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stalk ends of the fruits connect up to the <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a> part of the inflorescence. Opposite the stalk end, is the <a href="/wiki/Blossom" title="Blossom">blossom</a> end, where the remnants of the flower deviate the texture from the rest of the flesh inside the peel. </p><p>The fruit has been described as a "leathery berry".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-1977_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1977-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a protective outer layer (a <a href="/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)">peel</a> or skin) with numerous long, thin strings (<a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundles</a>), which run lengthwise between the skin and the edible inner white flesh. The peel is less palatable and usually discarded after peeling the fruit, optimally done from the blossom end, but often started from the stalk end. The inner part of the common yellow dessert variety can be split lengthwise into three sections that correspond to the inner portions of the three <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a> by manually deforming the unopened fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Warkentin-2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warkentin-2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cultivated varieties, fertile seeds are usually absent.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmonds-1962_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmonds-1962-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banana_corm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A corm, about 25 cm (10 in) across"><img alt="A corm, about 25 cm (10 in) across" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Banana_corm.jpg/140px-Banana_corm.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Banana_corm.jpg/210px-Banana_corm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Banana_corm.jpg/280px-Banana_corm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2053" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A corm, about 25 cm (10 in) across</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Banana_Sapling_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3447.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young plant"><img alt="Young plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Young_Banana_Sapling_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3447.jpg/120px-Young_Banana_Sapling_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3447.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Young_Banana_Sapling_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3447.jpg/180px-Young_Banana_Sapling_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3447.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Young_Banana_Sapling_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3447.jpg/240px-Young_Banana_Sapling_-_Kerala_-_IMG_3447.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young plant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female flowers have petals at the tip of the ovary"><img alt="Female flowers have petals at the tip of the ovary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg/216px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg/325px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg/433px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana_female_flower_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female flowers have petals at the tip of the ovary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_06_TropicalIslands_IMG_2170.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Tree' showing fruit and inflorescence"><img alt="'Tree' showing fruit and inflorescence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2018_06_TropicalIslands_IMG_2170.jpg/165px-2018_06_TropicalIslands_IMG_2170.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2018_06_TropicalIslands_IMG_2170.jpg/248px-2018_06_TropicalIslands_IMG_2170.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2018_06_TropicalIslands_IMG_2170.jpg/330px-2018_06_TropicalIslands_IMG_2170.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Tree' showing fruit and <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banana_single_rows.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Single row planting"><img alt="Single row planting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Banana_single_rows.jpg/240px-Banana_single_rows.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Banana_single_rows.jpg/360px-Banana_single_rows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Banana_single_rows.jpg/480px-Banana_single_rows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Single row planting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inflorescence, partially opened"><img alt="Inflorescence, partially opened" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG/240px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG/360px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG/480px-M._acuminata_x_balbisiana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inflorescence, partially opened</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>A 2011 phylogenomic analysis using nuclear genes indicates the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of some representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a> family. Major edible kinds of banana are shown in <b>boldface</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Christelová-2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christelová-2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Clade I </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata#burmannica" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i> ssp. <i>burmannica</i>, <b>Banana</b><sup>‡</sup>, S. India to Cambodia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_ornata" title="Musa ornata">Musa ornata</a></i>, Flowering banana of Southeast Asia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata_ssp._zebrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa acuminata ssp. zebrina">Musa acuminata</a></i> ssp. <i>zebrina</i>, <b>Blood banana</b> of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_mannii" title="Musa mannii">Musa mannii</a></i>, a wild banana of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, India </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a></i>, <b>Plantain</b> of South, East, and Southeast Asia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Clade II </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i>Musa x troglodytarum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Fe%27i_banana" title="Fe'i banana">Fe'i banana</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_maclayi" title="Musa maclayi">Musa maclayi</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa textilis">Musa textilis</a></i>, Abacá or Manila hemp of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_beccarii" title="Musa beccarii">Musa beccarii</a></i>, a wild banana of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_coccinea" title="Musa coccinea">Musa coccinea</a></i>, Scarlet banana of China and Vietnam </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Musella_lasiocarpa" title="Musella lasiocarpa">Musella lasiocarpa</a></i>, Golden lotus banana of China </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ensete_ventricosum" title="Ensete ventricosum">Ensete ventricosum</a></i>, Enset or false banana of Africa </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <dl><dd><sup>‡</sup> <small>Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">cultivated bananas</a> are hybrids of <i>M. acuminata</i> x <i>M. balbisiana</i> (not shown in tree).<sup id="cite_ref-World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></dd></dl> <p>Work by Li and colleagues in 2024 identifies three subspecies of <i>M. acuminata</i>, namely sspp. <i>banksii</i>, <i>malaccensis</i>, and <i>zebrina</i>, as contributing substantially to the <i>Ban</i>, <i>Dh</i>, and <i>Ze</i> subgenomes of <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> cultivated bananas respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Li-2024_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">List of banana cultivars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nedravazhakola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nedravazhakola.jpg/220px-Nedravazhakola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nedravazhakola.jpg/330px-Nedravazhakola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nedravazhakola.jpg/440px-Nedravazhakola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Musa</i> 'Nendran' <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>, grown widely in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i> was created by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name may be derived from <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Musa" title="Antonius Musa">Antonius Musa</a>, physician to the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, or Linnaeus may have adapted the Arabic word for banana, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:موز">mauz</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyam-1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyam-1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate origin of <i>musa</i> may be in the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea languages</a>, which have words similar to "#muku"; from there the name was borrowed into the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> and across Asia, accompanying the cultivation of the banana as it was brought to new areas, via the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> of India, into Arabic as a <i><a href="/wiki/Wanderwort" title="Wanderwort">Wanderwort</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "banana" is thought to be of West African origin, possibly from the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> word <span title="Wolof-language text"><i lang="wo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banaana" class="extiw" title="wikt:banaana">banaana</a></i></span>, and passed into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> via <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtymologyDictionary_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtymologyDictionary-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Musa</i> is the type genus in the family <a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a>. The <a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III system</a> assigns Musaceae to the order <a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Commelinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Commelinid">commelinid</a> clade of the <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocotyledonous</a> flowering plants. Some 70 species of <i>Musa</i> were recognized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families" title="World Checklist of Selected Plant Families">World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</a> as of January 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>;<sup id="cite_ref-Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several produce edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamentals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey-1916_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-1916-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classification of cultivated bananas has long been a problematic issue for taxonomists. Linnaeus originally placed bananas into two species based only on their uses as food: <i>Musa sapientum</i> for dessert bananas and <i>Musa paradisiaca</i> for <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(true)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (true)">plantains</a>. More species names were added, but this approach proved to be inadequate for the number of <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> in the primary <a href="/wiki/Center_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of diversity">center of diversity</a> of the genus, Southeast Asia. Many of these cultivars were given names that were later discovered to be <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo2000_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a series of papers published from 1947 onward, Ernest Cheesman showed that Linnaeus's <i>Musa sapientum</i> and <i>Musa paradisiaca</i> were cultivars and descendants of two wild seed-producing species, <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a></i>, both first described by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Aloysius_Colla" title="Luigi Aloysius Colla">Luigi Aloysius Colla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stover-1987_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stover-1987-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheesman recommended the abolition of Linnaeus's species in favor of reclassifying bananas according to three morphologically distinct groups of cultivars – those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of <i>Musa balbisiana</i>, those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of <i>Musa acuminata</i>, and those with characteristics of both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo2000_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers Norman Simmonds and Ken Shepherd proposed a genome-based nomenclature system in 1955. This system eliminated almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of the earlier classification of bananas based on assigning scientific names to cultivated varieties. Despite this, the original names are still recognized by some authorities, leading to confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Stover-1987_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stover-1987-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Porcher-2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porcher-2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accepted <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">scientific names</a> for most groups of cultivated bananas are <i>Musa acuminata</i> <small>Colla</small> and <i>Musa balbisiana</i> <small>Colla</small> for the ancestral species, and <a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%97_paradisiaca" title="Musa × paradisiaca"><i>Musa</i> × <i>paradisiaca</i></a> <small>L.</small> for the hybrid of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An unusual feature of the genetics of the banana is that <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">chloroplast DNA</a> is inherited maternally, while <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> is inherited paternally. This facilitates taxonomic study of species and subspecies relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Donohue-2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donohue-2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informal_classification">Informal classification</h3></div> <p>In regions such as North America and Europe, <i>Musa</i> fruits offered for sale can be divided into small sweet "bananas" eaten raw when ripe as a dessert, and large starchy "plantains" or <a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">cooking bananas</a>, which do not have to be ripe. Linnaeus made this distinction when naming two "species" of <i>Musa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the "<a href="/wiki/Plantain_(true)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (true)">plantain subgroup</a>" of banana cultivars, most important as food in West Africa and Latin America, correspond to this description, having long pointed fruit. They are described by Ploetz et al. as "true" plantains, distinct from other cooking bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200718–19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200718–19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cooking bananas of East Africa belong to a different group, the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Highland_banana" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Highland banana">East African Highland bananas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, small farmers in Colombia grow a much wider range of cultivars than large commercial plantations do,<sup id="cite_ref-Gibert-2009_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibert-2009-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Southeast Asia—the center of diversity for bananas, both wild and cultivated—the distinction between "bananas" and "plantains" does not work. Many bananas are used both raw and cooked. There are starchy cooking bananas which are smaller than those eaten raw. The range of colors, sizes and shapes is far wider than in those grown or sold in Africa, Europe or the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20002_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asian languages do not make the distinction between "bananas" and "plantains" that is made in English. Thus both Cavendish dessert bananas and <a href="/wiki/Saba_banana" title="Saba banana">Saba cooking bananas</a> are called <i>pisang</i> in Malaysia and Indonesia, <i>kluai</i> in Thailand and <i>chuối</i> in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20008–12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo20008–12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fe%27i_banana" title="Fe'i banana">Fe'i bananas</a>, grown and eaten in the islands of the Pacific, are derived from a different wild species. Most Fe'i bananas are cooked, but <a href="/wiki/Karat_banana" title="Karat banana">Karat bananas</a>, which are short and squat with bright red skins, are eaten raw.<sup id="cite_ref-Englberger-2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englberger-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_African_Highland_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Highland bananas">East African Highland bananas</a></div> <p>The earliest domestication of bananas (<i><a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a></i> spp.) was from naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Parthenocarpic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenocarpic">parthenocarpic</a> (seedless) individuals of <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_banksii" title="Musa banksii">Musa banksii</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelsonPloetzKepler2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelsonPloetzKepler2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were cultivated by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuans</a> before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian-speakers</a>. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a> of bananas have been recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> archaeological site and dated to around 10,000 to 6,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denham-2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denham-2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuller-2015_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">Foraging</a> humans in this area began domestication in the late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> using <a href="/wiki/Transplanting" title="Transplanting">transplantation</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivation</a> methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts-2017_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early to middle of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> the process was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts-2017_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-2017-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From New Guinea, cultivated bananas spread westward into <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>. They <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridized</a> with other (possibly independently domesticated) <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of <i>Musa acuminata</i> as well as <i>M. balbisiana</i> in the Philippines, northern New Guinea, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>. These hybridization events produced the triploid <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">cultivars of bananas</a> commonly grown today.<sup id="cite_ref-Denham-2011_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denham-2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banana was one of the key crops that <a href="/wiki/Vavilov_center" title="Vavilov center">enabled farming to begin</a> in Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3></div> <p>From Island Southeast Asia, bananas became part of the staple domesticated crops of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denham-2011_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denham-2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuller-2015_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These ancient introductions resulted in the banana subgroup now known as the <a href="/wiki/True_plantains" title="True plantains">true plantains</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Highland_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Highland bananas">East African Highland bananas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plantains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific plantains">Pacific plantains</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Iholena_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Iholena bananas">Iholena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoli-Popo%27ulu_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoli-Popo'ulu bananas">Maoli-Popo'ulu</a> subgroups). East African Highland bananas originated from banana populations introduced to Madagascar probably from the region between <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>; while Pacific plantains were introduced to the Pacific Islands from either eastern New Guinea or the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denham-2011_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denham-2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>21st century discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a> in Cameroon dating to the first millennium BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Mbida-2000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mbida-2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> triggered a debate about the date of first cultivation in Africa. There is linguistic evidence that bananas were known in East Africa or Madagascar around that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Zeller-2005_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeller-2005-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest prior evidence indicates that cultivation dates to no earlier than the late 6th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Lejju-2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lejju-2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy people</a> colonized Madagascar from South East Asia around 600 AD onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glucanase" title="Glucanase">Glucanase</a> and two other proteins specific to bananas were found in <a href="/wiki/Dental_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental calculus">dental calculus</a> from the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (12th century BCE) <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Erani" title="Tel Erani">Tel Erani</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another wave of introductions later spread bananas to other parts of tropical Asia, particularly Indochina and the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-Denham-2011_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denham-2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some evidence suggests bananas were known to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> from phytoliths recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Kot_Diji" title="Kot Diji">Kot Diji</a> archaeological site in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller-2015_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller-2015-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asia remains the region of <a href="/wiki/Center_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of diversity">primary diversity</a> of the banana. Areas of secondary diversity are found in Africa, indicating a long history of banana cultivation there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson20077_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson20077-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Agricultural_Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></div> <p>The banana may have been present in isolated locations elsewhere in the Middle East on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a> was followed by far-reaching diffusion. There are numerous references to it in Islamic texts (such as poems and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>) beginning in the 9th century. By the 10th century, the banana appeared in texts from <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and Egypt. From there it diffused into North Africa and <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Muslim Iberia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-1974_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-1974-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watson-1983_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-1983-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article on banana tree cultivation is included in <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam</a>'s 12th-century agricultural work, <i>Kitāb al-Filāḥa</i> (<i>Book on Agriculture</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Middle Ages, bananas from <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> were considered among the best in the Arab world.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-1983_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-1983-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bananas were certainly grown in the Christian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a> by the late medieval period. Writing in 1458, the Italian traveller and writer <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Capodilista" title="Gabriele Capodilista">Gabriele Capodilista</a> wrote favourably of the extensive farm produce of the estates at Episkopi, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Limassol" title="Limassol">Limassol</a>, including the region's banana plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennings-1992_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennings-1992-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_spread">Early modern spread</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, bananas were encountered by European explorers during the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a> in 1521, in both <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Lacking a name for the fruit, the ship's historian <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> described them as "figs more than one <a href="/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)">palm</a> long."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nowell-1962_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowell-1962-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130, 132">: 130, 132 </span></sup> Bananas were introduced to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> by Portuguese sailors who brought them from West Africa in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson-2012_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-2012-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asian banana cultivars, as well as <a href="/wiki/Abaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca">abaca</a> grown for fibers, were introduced to North and Central America by the Spanish from the Philippines, via the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila galleons">Manila galleons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banana_ancestors_(Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana)_original_range.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Original native ranges of the ancestors of modern edible bananas. Musa acuminata (green), Musa balbisiana (orange)[51]"><img alt="Original native ranges of the ancestors of modern edible bananas. Musa acuminata (green), Musa balbisiana (orange)[51]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png/250px-Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png/375px-Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png/500px-Banana_ancestors_%28Musa_acuminata_and_Musa_balbisiana%29_original_range.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">native ranges</a> of the ancestors of modern edible bananas. <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i> (green), <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a></i> (orange)<sup id="cite_ref-de_Langhe-2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Langhe-2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fruits of wild-type bananas have numerous large, hard seeds."><img alt="Photo of two cross-sectional halves of seed-filled fruit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg/239px-Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg/359px-Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg/478px-Inside_a_wild-type_banana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fruits of <a href="/wiki/Wild_type" title="Wild type">wild-type</a> bananas have numerous large, hard seeds.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_(per_Benton_et_al,_2012,_adapted_from_Bellwood,_2011).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chronological dispersal of Austronesian peoples across the Indo-Pacific[52]"><img alt="Chronological dispersal of Austronesian peoples across the Indo-Pacific[52]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/250px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/375px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/500px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="7268" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chronological dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers-2013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Actual and probable diffusion of bananas during the Arab Agricultural Revolution (700–1500 CE)[44]"><img alt="Map stating that banana cultivation occurred in pre-Islamic times in India and Southeast Asia, during the 700–1500 CE "Islamic period" along the Nile River and in Mesopotamia and Palestine, and less-certainly in sub-Saharan Africa during that same period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG/250px-Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG/375px-Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG/500px-Bananas_Muslim_world.JPG 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Actual and probable diffusion of bananas during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a> (700–1500 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-Watson-1983_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-1983-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_musa_arabum_pala_plinii,_1734_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13446956.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of fruit and plant, Acta Eruditorum, 1734"><img alt="Illustration of fruit and plant, Acta Eruditorum, 1734" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_musa_arabum_pala_plinii%2C_1734_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13446956.jpg/124px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_musa_arabum_pala_plinii%2C_1734_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13446956.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_musa_arabum_pala_plinii%2C_1734_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13446956.jpg/186px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_musa_arabum_pala_plinii%2C_1734_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13446956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_musa_arabum_pala_plinii%2C_1734_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13446956.jpg/248px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_musa_arabum_pala_plinii%2C_1734_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13446956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="2502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of fruit and plant,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Eruditorum" title="Acta Eruditorum">Acta Eruditorum</a></i>, 1734</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plantation_cultivation">Plantation cultivation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_banana_plantations_in_the_Americas" title="History of modern banana plantations in the Americas">History of modern banana plantations in the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banana_Plantation_Panabo_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Banana_Plantation_Panabo_City.jpg/220px-Banana_Plantation_Panabo_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Banana_Plantation_Panabo_City.jpg/330px-Banana_Plantation_Panabo_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Banana_Plantation_Panabo_City.jpg/440px-Banana_Plantation_Panabo_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Plantation in the Philippines, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese colonists started banana plantations in the Atlantic Islands, Brazil, and western Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Phora-sotoby.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phora-sotoby.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Americans began consuming bananas on a small scale at very high prices shortly after the Civil War, though it was only in the 1880s that the food became more widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-Koeppel-2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeppel-2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Era">Victorian Era</a>, bananas were not widely known in Europe, although they were available.<sup id="cite_ref-Phora-sotoby.com_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phora-sotoby.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest modern plantations originated in Jamaica and the related <a href="/wiki/Western_Caribbean_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Caribbean Zone">Western Caribbean Zone</a>, including most of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. Plantation cultivation involved the combination of modern transportation networks of steamships and railroads with the development of refrigeration that allowed more time between harvesting and ripening. North American shippers like <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Dow_Baker" title="Lorenzo Dow Baker">Lorenzo Dow Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Preston_(businessman)" title="Andrew Preston (businessman)">Andrew Preston</a>, the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Fruit_Company" title="Boston Fruit Company">Boston Fruit Company</a> started this process in the 1870s, with the participation of railroad builders like <a href="/wiki/Minor_C._Keith" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor C. Keith">Minor C. Keith</a>. Development led to the multi-national giant corporations like <a href="/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiquita Brands International">Chiquita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dole_Food_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Food Company">Dole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koeppel-2008_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koeppel-2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These companies were <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertically_integrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertically integrated">vertically integrated</a> (controlling growing, processing, shipping and marketing) and usually used political manipulation to build <a href="/wiki/Enclave_economy" title="Enclave economy">enclave economies</a> (internally self-sufficient, virtually tax exempt, and export-oriented, contributing little to the host economy). Their political maneuvers, which gave rise to the term <a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">banana republic</a> for states such as Honduras and Guatemala, included working with local elites and their rivalries to influence politics or playing the international interests of the United States, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, to keep the political climate favorable to their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-NZHerald-2008_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZHerald-2008-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small-scale_cultivation">Small-scale cultivation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_peasant_banana_production_in_the_Americas" title="History of peasant banana production in the Americas">History of peasant banana production in the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm_Workers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Farm_Workers.jpg/220px-Farm_Workers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Farm_Workers.jpg/330px-Farm_Workers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Farm_Workers.jpg/440px-Farm_Workers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>Small-scale banana production, Liberia, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The vast majority of the world's bananas are cultivated for family consumption or for sale on local markets. They are grown in large quantities in India, while many other Asian and African countries host numerous small-scale banana growers who sell at least some of their crop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator20087–8_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator20087–8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peasants with smallholdings of 1 to 2 acres in the Caribbean produce bananas for the world market, often alongside other crops.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many tropical countries, the main cultivars produce green (unripe) bananas used for <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>. Because bananas and plantains produce fruit year-round, they provide a valuable food source during the <i>hunger season</i> between harvests of other crops, and are thus important for global <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-d'Hont-2012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d'Hont-2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_cultivation">Modern cultivation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">List of banana cultivars</a></div> <p>Bananas are propagated <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexually</a> from offshoots. The plant is allowed to produce two shoots at a time; a larger one for immediate fruiting and a smaller "sucker" or "follower" to produce fruit in 6–8 months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244–247_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244–247-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a non-seasonal crop, bananas are available fresh year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are grown in some 135 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavendish">Cavendish</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_banana" title="Cavendish banana">Cavendish banana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bananas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grocery store photo of several bunches of bananas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/220px-Bananas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/330px-Bananas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bananas.jpg/440px-Bananas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Cultivars in the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavendish bananas">Cavendish</a> group dominate the world market.</figcaption></figure> <p>In global commerce in 2009, by far the most important cultivars belonged to the triploid <i>Musa acuminata</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars#AAA_Group" title="List of banana cultivars">AAA group</a> of Cavendish group bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disease is threatening the production of the Cavendish banana worldwide. It is unclear if any existing cultivar can replace Cavendish bananas, so various <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> programs are attempting to create a disease-resistant, mass-market banana. One such strain that has emerged is the Taiwanese Cavendish or Formosana.<sup id="cite_ref-Gittleson-2018_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gittleson-2018-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang-2021_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-2021-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canine-2005_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canine-2005-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ripening">Ripening</h3></div> <p>Export bananas are picked green, and ripened in special rooms upon arrival in the destination country. These rooms are air-tight and filled with <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_as_a_plant_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene as a plant hormone">ethylene gas</a> to induce ripening. This mimics the normal production of this gas as a ripening hormone.<sup id="cite_ref-FruitRipening_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FruitRipening-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArgonneNationalLaboratory_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArgonneNationalLaboratory-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethylene stimulates the formation of <a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that breaks down starch into sugar, influencing the taste. Ethylene signals the production of <a href="/wiki/Pectinase" title="Pectinase">pectinase</a>, a different enzyme which breaks down the <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> between the cells of the banana, causing the banana to soften as it ripens.<sup id="cite_ref-FruitRipening_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FruitRipening-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArgonneNationalLaboratory_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArgonneNationalLaboratory-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vivid yellow color many consumers in temperate climates associate with bananas is caused by ripening around 18 °C (64 °F), and does not occur in Cavendish bananas ripened in tropical temperatures (over 27 °C (81 °F)), which leaves them green.<sup id="cite_ref-Ding-2007_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ding-2007-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sugianti-2024_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugianti-2024-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_and_transport">Storage and transport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overripe_banana_20211221_152406.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Overripe_banana_20211221_152406.jpg/220px-Overripe_banana_20211221_152406.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Overripe_banana_20211221_152406.jpg/330px-Overripe_banana_20211221_152406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Overripe_banana_20211221_152406.jpg/440px-Overripe_banana_20211221_152406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5344" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ralstonia_solanacearum" title="Ralstonia solanacearum">Ralstonia solanacearum</a></i> on an overripe banana</figcaption></figure> <p>Bananas are transported over long distances from the tropics to world markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Arias-2003_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arias-2003-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To obtain maximum shelf life, harvest comes before the fruit is mature. The fruit requires careful handling, rapid transport to ports, cooling, and refrigerated shipping. The goal is to prevent the bananas from producing their natural ripening agent, ethylene. This technology allows storage and transport for 3–4 weeks at 13 °C (55 °F). On arrival, bananas are held at about 17 °C (63 °F) and treated with a low concentration of ethylene. After a few days, the fruit begins to ripen and is distributed for final sale. Ripe bananas can be held for a few days at home. If bananas are too green, they can be put in a brown paper bag with an apple or tomato overnight to speed up the ripening process.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiquita-2009_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiquita-2009-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bebber-2023_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebber-2023-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3></div> <p>The excessive use of fertilizers contributes greatly to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> in streams and lakes, harming aquatic life, while expanding banana production has led to deforestation. As soil nutrients are depleted, more forest is cleared for plantations. This causes soil erosion and increases the frequency of flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen-2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Voluntary sustainability standards</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance" title="Rainforest Alliance">Rainforest Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">Fairtrade</a> are being used to address some of these issues. Banana production certified in this way grew rapidly at the start of the 21st century to represent 36% of banana exports by 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such standards are applied mainly in countries which focus on the export market, such as Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Guatemala; worldwide they cover only 8–10% of production.<sup id="cite_ref-Voora-2023_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voora-2023-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding">Breeding</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mutation_breeding" title="Mutation breeding">Mutation breeding</a> can be used in this crop. <a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">Aneuploidy</a> is a source of significant variation in <a href="/wiki/Allotriploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotriploid">allotriploid</a> varieties. For one example, it can be a source of <a href="/wiki/Panama_disease#Tropical_Race_4/TR4" title="Panama disease">TR4 resistance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lab_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Lab protocol">Lab protocols</a> have been devised to screen for such aberrations and for possible resulting disease resistances.<sup id="cite_ref-Jankowicz-Cieslak-2022_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jankowicz-Cieslak-2022-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Wild <i>Musa</i> spp.</a> provide useful resistance genetics, and are vital to breeding for TR4 resistance, as shown in <a href="/wiki/Introgressed" class="mw-redirect" title="Introgressed">introgressed</a> resistance from wild relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Ismaila-2023_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ismaila-2023-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bananas form a hybrid-<a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">polyploid</a> complex; hybrids can be diploid, triploid, tetraploid, or pentaploid, i.e. they may have 2, 3, 4, or 5 sets of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. This makes them difficult to breed as hybrids are often sterile, in addition to the challenge of breeding seedless (parthenocarpic) varieties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Honduran_Foundation_for_Agricultural_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research">Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research</a> has bred a seedless banana that is resistant to both Panama disease and black Sigatoka disease. The team made use of the fact that "seedless" varieties do rarely produce seeds; they obtained around fifteen seeds from some 30,000 cultivated plants, pollinated by hand with pollen from wild Asian bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_export">Production and export</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:24em; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>2022 production (in millions of tonnes) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:70%;"> </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:10%;">Bananas </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:10%;">Plantains </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:10%;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>India</td> <td style="text-align:center;">34.5</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>China</td> <td style="text-align:center;">11.8</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Uganda</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">10.4</td> <td style="text-align:center;">10.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Indonesia</td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.2</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Philippines</td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.9</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.1</td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Nigeria</td> <td style="text-align:center;">8.0</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </span>Ecuador</td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.1</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.9</td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span>Brazil</td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.9</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Democratic Republic of the Congo</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.8</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.9</td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Cameroon</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.9</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.7</td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Colombia</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5</td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Guatemala</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.8</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.3</td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Ghana</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.8</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Angola</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.6</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Tanzania</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.5</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.6</td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Rwanda</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.2</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.9</td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Costa Rica</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.1</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Ivory Coast</td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.5</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.1</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span>Mexico</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.6</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Dominican Republic</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.4</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.2</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Vietnam</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Peru</td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.4</td> <td style="text-align:center;"></td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>World</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>135.1</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>44.2</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>179.3</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT-2022_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-2022-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note: Some countries distinguish between bananas and plantains, but four of the top six producers do not, thus necessitating comparisons using the total for bananas and plantains combined.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, bananas are exported in larger volume and to a larger value than any other fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Gittleson-2018_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gittleson-2018-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, world production of bananas and plantains combined was 179 million tonnes, led by India and China with a combined total of 26% of global production. Other major producers were Uganda, Indonesia, the Philippines, Nigeria and Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT-2022_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-2022-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As reported for 2013, total world exports were 20 million tonnes of bananas and 859,000 tonnes of plantains.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT-2017_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-2017-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecuador and the Philippines were the leading exporters with 5.4 and 3.3 million tonnes, respectively, and the Dominican Republic was the leading exporter of plantains with 210,350 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT-2017_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-2017-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests">Pests</h2></div> <p>Bananas are damaged by a variety of pests, especially nematodes and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Padmanaban-2018_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padmanaban-2018-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nematodes">Nematodes</h3></div> <p>Banana roots are subject to damage from multiple species of parasitic <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radopholus_similis" title="Radopholus similis">Radopholus similis</a></i> causes nematode root rot, the most serious nematode disease of bananas in economic terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Sekora_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sekora-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root-knot is the result of infection by species of <i><a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Meloidogyne">Meloidogyne</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while root-lesion is caused by species of <i><a href="/wiki/Pratylenchus" title="Pratylenchus">Pratylenchus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nyang’au-2021_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nyang’au-2021-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spiral nematode root damage is the result of infection by <i><a href="/wiki/Helicotylenchus" title="Helicotylenchus">Helicotylenchus</a></i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman-1963_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman-1963-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radopholus_similis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radopholus_similis.jpg/220px-Radopholus_similis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radopholus_similis.jpg/330px-Radopholus_similis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radopholus_similis.jpg/440px-Radopholus_similis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2901" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Radopholus_similis" title="Radopholus similis">Radopholus similis</a></i> inside banana root, causing nematode root rot</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3></div> <p>Among the main insect pests of banana cultivation are two beetles that cause substantial economic losses, the banana borer <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolites_sordidus" title="Cosmopolites sordidus">Cosmopolites sordidus</a></i> and the banana stem weevil <i><a href="/wiki/Odoiporus_longicollis" title="Odoiporus longicollis">Odoiporus longicollis</a></i>. Other significant pests include <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> and scarring beetles.<sup id="cite_ref-Padmanaban-2018_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padmanaban-2018-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmopolites_sordidus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cosmopolites_sordidus.jpg/220px-Cosmopolites_sordidus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cosmopolites_sordidus.jpg/330px-Cosmopolites_sordidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cosmopolites_sordidus.jpg/440px-Cosmopolites_sordidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolites_sordidus" title="Cosmopolites sordidus">banana borer</a> is a destructive pest that tunnels inside the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Padmanaban-2018_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padmanaban-2018-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases">Diseases</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_and_plantain_diseases" title="List of banana and plantain diseases">List of banana and plantain diseases</a></div> <p>Although in no danger of outright extinction, bananas of the Cavendish group, which dominate the global market, are under threat.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist-2006_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-2006-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a need to enrich banana <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> by producing diverse new banana varieties, not just focusing on the Cavendish.<sup id="cite_ref-Karp-2019_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp-2019-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its predecessor '<a href="/wiki/Gros_Michel" title="Gros Michel">Gros Michel</a>', discovered in the 1820s, was similarly dominant but had to be replaced after widespread infections of Panama disease. <a href="/wiki/Monocropping" title="Monocropping">Monocropping</a> of Cavendish similarly leaves it susceptible to disease and so threatens both commercial cultivation and small-scale subsistence farming.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist-2006_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-2006-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Montpellier-2003_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montpellier-2003-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the data gathered from the genes of hundreds of bananas, the botanist Julie Sardos has found several wild banana ancestors currently unknown to scientists, whose genes could provide a means of defense against banana crop diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some commentators have remarked that those variants which could replace what much of the world considers a "typical banana" are so different that most people would not consider them the same fruit, and blame the decline of the banana on <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">monogenetic</a> cultivation driven by short-term commercial motives.<sup id="cite_ref-NZHerald-2008_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZHerald-2008-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, <a href="/wiki/Fungal_banana_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal banana disease">fungal diseases</a> are disproportionately important to <a href="/wiki/Small_island_developing_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Small island developing states">small island developing states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2020_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama_disease">Panama disease</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_disease_of_banana_-_vascular_decoloration_on_pseudostem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A banana tree cut horizontally to show the fungus development in the interior of the tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Panama_disease_of_banana_-_vascular_decoloration_on_pseudostem.jpg/220px-Panama_disease_of_banana_-_vascular_decoloration_on_pseudostem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Panama_disease_of_banana_-_vascular_decoloration_on_pseudostem.jpg/330px-Panama_disease_of_banana_-_vascular_decoloration_on_pseudostem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Panama_disease_of_banana_-_vascular_decoloration_on_pseudostem.jpg/440px-Panama_disease_of_banana_-_vascular_decoloration_on_pseudostem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Panama disease <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> fungus climbing up through the banana stem </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Panama_disease" title="Panama disease">Panama disease</a> is caused by a <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> soil <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, which enters the plants through the roots and travels with water into the trunk and leaves, producing <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gels</a> and gums that cut off the flow of water and nutrients, causing the plant to <a href="/wiki/Wilting" title="Wilting">wilt</a>, and exposing the rest of the plant to lethal amounts of sunlight. Prior to 1960, almost all commercial banana production centered on the Gros Michel cultivar, which was highly susceptible.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker-2008_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker-2008-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavendish was chosen as the replacement for Gros Michel because, among resistant cultivars, it produces the highest quality <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>. It requires more care during shipping,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its quality compared to Gros Michel is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessard-1992_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessard-1992-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fusarium_wilt_TR4">Fusarium wilt TR4</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Race_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Race 4">Fusarium wilt TR4</a>, a reinvigorated strain of Panama disease, was discovered in 1993. This virulent form of Fusarium wilt has destroyed Cavendish plantations in several southeast Asian countries and spread to Australia and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Karp-2019_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp-2019-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the soil-based fungi can easily be carried on boots, clothing, or tools, the wilt spread to the Americas despite years of preventive efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Karp-2019_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp-2019-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without genetic diversity, Cavendish is highly susceptible to TR4, and the disease endangers its commercial production worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-IBP-2012_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBP-2012-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only known defense to TR4 is <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">genetic resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karp-2019_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp-2019-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is conferred either by <a href="/wiki/RGA2" class="mw-redirect" title="RGA2">RGA2</a>, a gene isolated from a TR4-resistant <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> banana, or by the <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a>-derived Ced9.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale-2017_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-2017-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA-2021_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-2021-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be achieved by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">genetic modification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dale-2017_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale-2017-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA-2021_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-2021-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_sigatoka">Black sigatoka</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sigatoka_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Black_Sigatoka_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Black_Sigatoka_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Black_Sigatoka_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Black_Sigatoka_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Black_Sigatoka_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Black_Sigatoka_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Leaf infected with <a href="/wiki/Black_sigatoka" title="Black sigatoka">black sigatoka</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Black_sigatoka" title="Black sigatoka">Black sigatoka</a> is a fungal leaf spot disease first observed in Fiji in 1963 or 1964. It is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Ascomycete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycete">ascomycete</a> <i>Mycosphaerella fijiensis</i>. The disease, also called black leaf streak, has spread to banana plantations throughout the tropics from infected banana leaves used as packing material. It affects all main cultivars of bananas and plantains (including the Cavendish cultivars<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes-2013_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-2013-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), impeding <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> by blackening parts of the leaves, eventually killing the entire leaf. Starved for energy, fruit production falls by 50% or more, and the bananas that do grow <a href="/wiki/Ripen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripen">ripen</a> prematurely, making them unsuitable for export. The fungus has shown ever-increasing resistance to treatment; spraying with fungicides may be required as often as 50 times a year. Better strategies, with <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">integrated pest management</a>, are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JGI-2013_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JGI-2013-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banana_bunchy_top_virus">Banana bunchy top virus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banana_aphid_colony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Infected Banana Plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Banana_aphid_colony.jpg/220px-Banana_aphid_colony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Banana_aphid_colony.jpg/330px-Banana_aphid_colony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Banana_aphid_colony.jpg/440px-Banana_aphid_colony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Colony of banana aphids (<i><a href="/wiki/Pentalonia_nigronervosa" title="Pentalonia nigronervosa">Pentalonia nigronervosa</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Disease_vector" title="Disease vector">vector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Banana_bunchy_top_virus" title="Banana bunchy top virus">banana bunchy top virus</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Banana_bunchy_top_virus" title="Banana bunchy top virus">Banana bunchy top virus</a> is a plant virus of the genus <i>Babuvirus</i>, family <i>Nanonviridae</i> affecting <i>Musa</i> spp. (including banana, abaca, plantain and ornamental bananas) and <i>Ensete</i> spp. in the family <i>Musaceae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banana bunchy top disease symptoms include dark green streaks of variable length in leaf veins, midribs and petioles. Leaves become short and stunted as the disease progresses, becoming 'bunched' at the apex of the plant. Infected plants may produce no fruit or the fruit bunch may not emerge from the pseudostem.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2015_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2015-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virus is transmitted by the banana aphid <i><a href="/wiki/Pentalonia_nigronervosa" title="Pentalonia nigronervosa">Pentalonia nigronervosa</a></i> and is widespread in Southeast Asia, Asia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Oceania and parts of Africa. There is no cure, but it can be effectively controlled by the eradication of diseased plants and the use of virus-free planting material.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No resistant cultivars have been found, but varietal differences in susceptibility have been reported. The commercially important Cavendish subgroup is severely affected.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas-2015_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-2015-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banana_bacterial_wilt">Banana bacterial wilt</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Banana_Xanthomonas_wilt" title="Banana Xanthomonas wilt">Banana bacterial wilt</a> is a bacterial disease caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_campestris" title="Xanthomonas campestris">Xanthomonas campestris</a></i> pv. <i>musacearum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tushemereirwe-2004_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tushemereirwe-2004-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First identified on a close relative of bananas, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensete_ventricosum" title="Ensete ventricosum">Ensete ventricosum</a></i>, in Ethiopia in the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-Bradbury-1968_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradbury-1968-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease was first seen in Uganda in 2001 affecting all banana cultivars. Since then it has been diagnosed in Central and East Africa, including the banana growing regions of Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, and Uganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Mwangi-2007_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwangi-2007-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_of_genetic_diversity">Conservation of genetic diversity</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITC_cold_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ITC_cold_room.jpg/220px-ITC_cold_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ITC_cold_room.jpg/330px-ITC_cold_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/ITC_cold_room.jpg/440px-ITC_cold_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5067" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>The cold storage room for the banana collection at <a href="/wiki/Bioversity_International" title="Bioversity International">Bioversity International</a>'s Musa Germplasm Transit Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>Given the narrow range of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> present in bananas and the many threats via <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> (pests and diseases) and <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic</a> threats (such as <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>) stress, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation</a> of the full spectrum of banana <a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a> is ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-Genebank-2018_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genebank-2018-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the economist Pascal Liu of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> described the impact of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> as an "enormous threat" to the world supply of bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath-2024_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath-2024-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banana <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasm</a> is conserved in many national and regional <a href="/wiki/Gene_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene banks">gene banks</a>, and at the world's largest banana collection, the International <i>Musa</i> Germplasm Transit Centre, managed by <a href="/wiki/Bioversity_International" title="Bioversity International">Bioversity International</a> and hosted at <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a> in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-BioversityInternational-2018_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioversityInternational-2018-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <i>Musa</i> cultivars are mostly seedless, they are conserved by three main methods: <i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a></i> (planted in field collections), <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> (as plantlets in test tubes within a controlled environment), and by <a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">cryopreservation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristems</a> conserved in <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> at −196 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-Genebank-2018_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genebank-2018-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genes from wild banana species are conserved as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and as cryopreserved <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genebank-2018_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genebank-2018-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeds from wild species are sometimes conserved, although less commonly, as they are difficult to regenerate. In addition, bananas and their <a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop wild relatives">crop wild relatives</a> are conserved <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>, in the wild natural habitats where they evolved and continue to do so. Diversity is also conserved in farmers' fields where continuous cultivation, adaptation and improvement of cultivars is often carried out by small-scale farmers growing traditional local cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Bananas, raw (<a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>)</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">371 kJ (89 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">22.84 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">12.23 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.6 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.33 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.09 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 19.2 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.031 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.073 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.665 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.334 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 0.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 20 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 9.8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 8.7 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.26 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 27 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 0.27 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 22 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 358 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.15 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">74.91 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101232525/http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09040&format=Full">Link to USDA Database entry</a> values are for edible portion</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A raw banana (not including the peel) is 75% water, 23% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and contains negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>. A reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz) supplies 89 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a>, 24% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a>, and moderate amounts of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese_in_biology" title="Manganese in biology">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">potassium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, with no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant content (table). </p><p>Although bananas are commonly thought to contain exceptional potassium content,<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-2019_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2019-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their actual potassium content is not high per typical food serving, having only 12% of the Daily Value for potassium (table). The potassium-content ranking for bananas among fruits, vegetables, legumes, and many other foods is medium.<sup id="cite_ref-FoodDataCentralUSDA-2023_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FoodDataCentralUSDA-2023-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EatRight_Ontario,_Dietitians_of_Canada-2019_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EatRight_Ontario,_Dietitians_of_Canada-2019-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fruit">Fruit</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cooking_plantain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking plantain">Cooking plantain</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_dishes" title="List of banana dishes">List of banana dishes</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Banana" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Banana"> Banana</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <p>Bananas are a staple <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> for many tropical populations. Depending upon cultivar and ripeness, the flesh can vary in taste from starchy to sweet, and texture from firm to mushy. Both the skin and inner part can be eaten raw or cooked. The primary component of the aroma of fresh bananas is <a href="/wiki/Isoamyl_acetate" title="Isoamyl acetate">isoamyl acetate</a> (also known as <i>banana oil</i>), which, along with several other compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Butyl_acetate" title="Butyl acetate">butyl acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isobutyl_acetate" title="Isobutyl acetate">isobutyl acetate</a>, is a significant contributor to banana flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-Mui-2002_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mui-2002-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plantains are eaten cooked, often as fritters.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pisang_goreng" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisang goreng">Pisang goreng</a>, bananas fried with batter, is a popular street food in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraig-2013_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraig-2013-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bananas feature in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">Philippine cuisine</a>, with desserts like <i><a href="/wiki/Maruya_(Filipino_cuisine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruya (Filipino cuisine)">maruya</a></i> banana fritters.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bananas can be made into fruit preserves.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Banana_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana chips">Banana chips</a> are a snack produced from sliced and fried bananas, such as in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pereira-2013_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pereira-2013-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dried bananas are ground to make <a href="/wiki/Banana_flour" title="Banana flour">banana flour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coghlan-2014_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coghlan-2014-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Africa, <a href="/wiki/Matoke" title="Matoke">matoke</a> bananas are cooked in a sauce with meat and vegetables such as peanuts or beans to make the breakfast dish <a href="/wiki/Katogo_(food)" title="Katogo (food)">katogo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western countries, bananas are used to make desserts such as banana bread.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banana curry with lemon, Andhra Pradesh, India"><img alt="Banana curry with lemon, Andhra Pradesh, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0.jpg/188px-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0.jpg/282px-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0.jpg/376px-%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banana curry with lemon, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisang_goreng_in_a_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pisang goreng fried banana in batter, a popular snack in Indonesia"><img alt="Pisang goreng fried banana in batter, a popular snack in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pisang_goreng_in_a_basket.jpg/227px-Pisang_goreng_in_a_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pisang_goreng_in_a_basket.jpg/340px-Pisang_goreng_in_a_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pisang_goreng_in_a_basket.jpg/453px-Pisang_goreng_in_a_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pisang_goreng" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisang goreng">Pisang goreng</a></i> fried banana in batter, a <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">popular snack in Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YosriPengatPisang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banana in sweet gravy, known as pengat pisang in Malaysia"><img alt="Banana in sweet gravy, known as pengat pisang in Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/YosriPengatPisang.jpg/227px-YosriPengatPisang.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/YosriPengatPisang.jpg/340px-YosriPengatPisang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/YosriPengatPisang.jpg/453px-YosriPengatPisang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banana in sweet gravy, known as <i>pengat pisang</i> in Malaysia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flowers">Flowers</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Banana_Blossom" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Banana Blossom"> Banana Blossom</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <p>Banana flowers (also called "banana hearts" or "banana blossoms") are used as a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian cuisine">Southeast Asian cuisine</a>. The flavor resembles that of <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a>. As with artichokes, both the fleshy part of the bracts and the heart are edible.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanin_market_banana_flowers_and_leaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banana flowers and leaves on sale in Thailand"><img alt="Banana flowers and leaves on sale in Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Thanin_market_banana_flowers_and_leaves.jpg/336px-Thanin_market_banana_flowers_and_leaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Thanin_market_banana_flowers_and_leaves.jpg/505px-Thanin_market_banana_flowers_and_leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Thanin_market_banana_flowers_and_leaves.jpg/672px-Thanin_market_banana_flowers_and_leaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banana flowers and leaves on sale in Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bananajf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kilawin na pusô ng saging, a Filipino dish of banana flowers"><img alt="Kilawin na pusô ng saging, a Filipino dish of banana flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bananajf.jpg/300px-Bananajf.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bananajf.jpg/451px-Bananajf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bananajf.jpg/600px-Bananajf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kilawin na pusô ng saging</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Philippines">Filipino dish</a> of banana flowers</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leaf">Leaf</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></div> <p>Banana leaves are large, flexible, and waterproof. While generally too tough to actually be eaten, they are often used as ecologically friendly disposable food containers or as "plates" in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a>, banana leaf is employed in cooking methods like <a href="/wiki/Pepes" title="Pepes">pepes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botok" title="Botok">botok</a>; banana leaf packages containing food ingredients and spices are cooked in steam or in boiled water, or are grilled on charcoal. Certain types of tamales are wrapped in banana leaves instead of corn husks.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When used so for steaming or grilling, the banana leaves protect the food ingredients from burning and add a subtle sweet flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton-2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, it is customary to serve traditional food on a banana leaf.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (India), dried banana leaves are used as to pack food and to make cups to hold liquid food items.<sup id="cite_ref-Kora-2019_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kora-2019-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banana leaf as disposable plate for chicken satay in Java"><img alt="Banana leaf as disposable plate for chicken satay in Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/300px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/451px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg/600px-Chicken_satay_on_banana_leaf_in_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banana leaf as disposable plate for <a href="/wiki/Chicken_satay" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken satay">chicken satay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nacatamales_in_steamer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicaraguan Nacatamales, in banana leaves, ready to be steamed"><img alt="Nicaraguan Nacatamales, in banana leaves, ready to be steamed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Nacatamales_in_steamer.jpg/300px-Nacatamales_in_steamer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Nacatamales_in_steamer.jpg/451px-Nacatamales_in_steamer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Nacatamales_in_steamer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Nacatamal" title="Nacatamal">Nacatamales</a>, in banana leaves, ready to be steamed</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trunk">Trunk</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banana_pith" title="Banana pith">Banana pith</a></div> <p>The tender core of the banana plant's trunk is also used in <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian cuisine">Southeast Asian cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the Burmese dish <i><a href="/wiki/Mohinga" title="Mohinga">mohinga</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> dishes <i><a href="/wiki/Inubaran" title="Inubaran">inubaran</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kadyos,_manok,_kag_ubad" title="Kadyos, manok, kag ubad">kadyos, manok, kag ubad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polistico-2017a_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polistico-2017a-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polistico-2017b_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polistico-2017b-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaeng_yuak.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaeng yuak, a northern Thai curry of the core of the banana plant"><img alt="Kaeng yuak, a northern Thai curry of the core of the banana plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kaeng_yuak.JPG/225px-Kaeng_yuak.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kaeng_yuak.JPG/338px-Kaeng_yuak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kaeng_yuak.JPG/450px-Kaeng_yuak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kaeng yuak</i>, a northern <a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curry</a> of the core of the banana plant</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper_and_textiles">Paper and textiles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Manila_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila hemp">Manila hemp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana paper</a></div> <p>Banana fiber harvested from the pseudostems and leaves has been used for <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> in Asia since at least the 13th century. Both fruit-bearing and fibrous banana species have been used.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Japanese system <a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a>, leaves and shoots are cut from the plant periodically to ensure softness. Harvested shoots are first boiled in <a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">lye</a> to prepare fibers for <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a>-making. These banana shoots produce fibers of varying degrees of softness, yielding yarns and textiles with differing qualities for specific uses. For example, the outermost fibers of the shoots are the coarsest, and are suitable for <a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">tablecloths</a>, while the softest innermost fibers are desirable for <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">kamishimo</a>. This traditional Japanese cloth-making process requires many steps, all performed by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana paper</a> can be made either from the <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> of the banana plant, mainly for artistic purposes, or from the fibers of the stem and non-usable fruits. The paper may be hand-made or industrially processed.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_verpakken_van_manilla-hennep_(musa_textilis)_in_balen_op_onderneming_Kali_Telepak_Besoeki_Oost-Java_TMnr_10011535.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Packing Manila hemp (Musa textilis) into bales, Java"><img alt="Packing Manila hemp (Musa textilis) into bales, Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_verpakken_van_manilla-hennep_%28musa_textilis%29_in_balen_op_onderneming_Kali_Telepak_Besoeki_Oost-Java_TMnr_10011535.jpg/310px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_verpakken_van_manilla-hennep_%28musa_textilis%29_in_balen_op_onderneming_Kali_Telepak_Besoeki_Oost-Java_TMnr_10011535.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_verpakken_van_manilla-hennep_%28musa_textilis%29_in_balen_op_onderneming_Kali_Telepak_Besoeki_Oost-Java_TMnr_10011535.jpg/465px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_verpakken_van_manilla-hennep_%28musa_textilis%29_in_balen_op_onderneming_Kali_Telepak_Besoeki_Oost-Java_TMnr_10011535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_verpakken_van_manilla-hennep_%28musa_textilis%29_in_balen_op_onderneming_Kali_Telepak_Besoeki_Oost-Java_TMnr_10011535.jpg/619px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_verpakken_van_manilla-hennep_%28musa_textilis%29_in_balen_op_onderneming_Kali_Telepak_Besoeki_Oost-Java_TMnr_10011535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Packing Manila hemp (<i><a href="/wiki/Musa_textilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa textilis">Musa textilis</a></i>) into bales, Java</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Weaving looms processing Manila hemp fabric"><img alt="Weaving looms processing Manila hemp fabric" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/168px-48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/252px-48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg/335px-48-QWSTION-BANANATEX-LOOM-LAUSCHSICHT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="4216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Weaving looms processing Manila hemp fabric</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QWSTION_Flap_tote_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern Manila hemp bag"><img alt="A modern Manila hemp bag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/QWSTION_Flap_tote_small.jpg/156px-QWSTION_Flap_tote_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/QWSTION_Flap_tote_small.jpg/235px-QWSTION_Flap_tote_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/QWSTION_Flap_tote_small.jpg/313px-QWSTION_Flap_tote_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern <a href="/wiki/Manila_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila hemp">Manila hemp</a> bag</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> <p>The large leaves of bananas are locally used as <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrellas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton-2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton-2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Banana_peel" title="Banana peel">Banana peel</a> may have capability to extract <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> from river water, similar to other <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">purification</a> materials.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waste bananas can be used to feed <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all living things, potassium-containing bananas emit <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> at low levels occurring naturally from the <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40</a> (K-40) isotope.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame-2009_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame-2009-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Banana_equivalent_dose" title="Banana equivalent dose">banana equivalent dose</a> of radiation was developed in 1995 as a simple teaching-tool to educate the public about the natural, small amount of K-40 radiation occurring in everyone and in common foods.<sup id="cite_ref-Mansfield-1995_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansfield-1995-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards-2019_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2019-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_allergic_reaction">Potential allergic reaction</h3></div> <p>Individuals with a <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">latex allergy</a> may experience a reaction to handling or eating bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-pollart_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollart-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor-2004_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-2004-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_roles">Cultural roles</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chhat_Puja_Worship_Material.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chhat_Puja_Worship_Material.jpg/220px-Chhat_Puja_Worship_Material.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chhat_Puja_Worship_Material.jpg/330px-Chhat_Puja_Worship_Material.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chhat_Puja_Worship_Material.jpg/440px-Chhat_Puja_Worship_Material.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bananas used in <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> in the Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a> in Northern India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a> is named after the Japanese word 芭蕉 (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja">Bashō</i></span>) for the <a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Japanese banana</a>. The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja">Bashō</i></span> planted in his garden by a grateful student became a source of inspiration to his poetry, as well as a symbol of his life and home.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The song "<a href="/wiki/Yes!_We_Have_No_Bananas" title="Yes! We Have No Bananas">Yes! We Have No Bananas</a>" was written by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Silver" title="Frank Silver">Frank Silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Cohn" title="Irving Cohn">Irving Cohn</a> and originally released in 1923; for many decades, it was the best-selling <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> in history. Since then the song has been rerecorded several times and has been particularly popular during banana shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw-1987_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-1987-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oeppel-2005_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oeppel-2005-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person slipping on a <a href="/wiki/Banana_peel" title="Banana peel">banana peel</a> has been a staple of <a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">physical comedy</a> for generations. An American comedy recording from 1910 features a popular character of the time, "Uncle Josh", claiming to describe his own such incident.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The banana's suggestively phallic shape has been exploited in artworks from Giorgio de Chirico's 1913 painting <i>The Uncertainty of the Poet</i> onwards. In 2019, an exhibition of <a href="/wiki/Natalia_LL" title="Natalia LL">Natalia LL</a>'s video and set of photographs showing a woman "sucking on a banana" at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Warsaw" title="National Museum in Warsaw">National Museum in Warsaw</a> was taken down and the museum's director reprimanded.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-2019_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2019-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cover artwork for <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_%26_Nico" title="The Velvet Underground & Nico">the 1967 debut album</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a> features a banana made by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>. On the original vinyl LP version, the design allowed the listener to "peel" this banana to find a pink, peeled banana on the inside.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMain-2011_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMain-2011-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the feminist <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Girls" title="Guerrilla Girls">Guerilla Girls</a> made a screenprint with two bananas, intentionally reminiscent of Warhol's, arranged to form a "0" to answer the question in the artwork, "How many works by women artists were in the Andy Warhol and Tremaine auctions at Sotheby's?".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian artist <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Cattelan" title="Maurizio Cattelan">Maurizio Cattelan</a> created a 2019 concept art piece titled <i><a href="/wiki/Comedian_(artwork)" title="Comedian (artwork)">Comedian</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving taping a banana to a wall using silver <a href="/wiki/Duct_tape" title="Duct tape">duct tape</a>. The piece was exhibited briefly at the Art Basel in Miami before being removed from the exhibition and eaten without permission in another artistic stunt titled <i>Hungry Artist</i> by New York artist <a href="/wiki/David_Datuna" title="David Datuna">David Datuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_folklore">Religion and folklore</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XRF-Tani-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/XRF-Tani-.jpg/170px-XRF-Tani-.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/XRF-Tani-.jpg/255px-XRF-Tani-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/XRF-Tani-.jpg/340px-XRF-Tani-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nang_Tani" title="Nang Tani">Nang Tani</a></i>, the female <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghost</a> of Thai folklore that haunts banana plants</figcaption></figure> <p>In India, bananas serve a prominent part in many festivals and occasions of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">South Indian weddings</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Tamil weddings</a>, banana trees are tied in pairs to form an <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a> as a blessing to the couple for a long-lasting, useful life.<sup id="cite_ref-Indian_Mirror_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Mirror-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EarthstOriez-2017_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarthstOriez-2017-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Thailand, it is believed that <a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">a certain type</a> of banana plant may be inhabited by a spirit, <a href="/wiki/Nang_Tani" title="Nang Tani">Nang Tani</a>, a type of ghost related to trees and similar plants that manifests itself as a young woman.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People often tie a length of colored satin cloth around the pseudostem of the banana plants.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay folklore</a>, the ghost known as <a href="/wiki/Pontianak_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak (folklore)">Pontianak</a> is associated with banana plants (<i>pokok pisang</i>), and its spirit is said to reside in them during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_signifier">Racial signifier</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs#Banana" title="List of ethnic slurs">List of ethnic slurs § Banana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_sport" title="Racism in sport">Racism in sport</a></div> <p>In European, British, and Australian sport, throwing a banana at a member of an opposing team has long been used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Racial_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial abuse">racial abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills-2016_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills-2016-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson-2014_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-2014-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act, which was commonplace in England in the 1980s, is meant to taunt players of <a href="/wiki/Black_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Black African">Black African</a> ancestry by equating them to apes or monkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans-2016_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-2016-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_Bananera_Nacional" title="Corporación Bananera Nacional">Corporación Bananera Nacional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a>, another fruit exported and consumed in large quantities</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Brands_Company_v_Commission_of_the_European_Communities" title="United Brands Company v Commission of the European Communities">United Brands Company v Commission of the European Communities</a></i><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morton-2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morton-2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton-2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton-2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton-2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorton2013" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Julia F. (2013). "Banana". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html#Other%20Uses"><i>Fruits of warm climates</i></a>. Echo Point Books & Media. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62654-976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62654-976-0"><bdi>978-1-62654-976-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861735500">861735500</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160027/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2009 – via www.hort.purdue.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banana&rft.btitle=Fruits+of+warm+climates&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Echo+Point+Books+%26+Media&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861735500&rft.isbn=978-1-62654-976-0&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Julia+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fmorton%2Fbanana.html%23Other%2520Uses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INIBAP-2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INIBAP-2000_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicqINIBAP2000" class="citation book cs1">Picq, Claudine; INIBAP, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411222515/http://www.musalit.org/pdf/info09.1_en.pdf"><i>Bananas</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (English ed.). Montpellier: International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantains/<a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Genetic_Resources_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="International Plant Genetic Resources Institute">International Plant Genetic Resources Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-910810-37-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-910810-37-5"><bdi>978-2-910810-37-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musalit.org/pdf/info09.1_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bananas&rft.place=Montpellier&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=International+Network+for+the+Improvement+of+Banana+and+Plantains%2FInternational+Plant+Genetic+Resources+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-910810-37-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musalit.org%2Fpdf%2Finfo09.1_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds19875–17_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoverSimmonds1987">Stover & Simmonds 1987</a>, pp. 5–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987212-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987212_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoverSimmonds1987">Stover & Simmonds 1987</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlindt2006" class="citation book cs1">Flindt, Rainer (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amazingnumbersin0000flin"><i>Amazing Numbers in Biology</i></a></span>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-354030146-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-354030146-2"><bdi>978-354030146-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing+Numbers+in+Biology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-354030146-2&rft.aulast=Flindt&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famazingnumbersin0000flin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHS-2023-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RHS-2023_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/56394/musa-acuminata-dwarf-cavendish-(aaa-group)-(f)/details">"Musa acuminata 'Dwarf Cavendish' (AAA Group) (F)"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423190414/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/56394/musa-acuminata-dwarf-cavendish-(aaa-group)-(f)/details">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Ultimate height 2.5–4 metres</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Musa+acuminata+%27Dwarf+Cavendish%27+%28AAA+Group%29+%28F%29&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2F56394%2Fmusa-acuminata-dwarf-cavendish-%28aaa-group%29-%28f%29%2Fdetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson200712_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson2007">Ploetz et al. 2007</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244–247-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244–247_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoverSimmonds1987244–247_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoverSimmonds1987">Stover & Simmonds 1987</a>, pp. 244–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator2008_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator2008">Office of the Gene Technology Regulator 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/plant/banana-plant">"Banana plant"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Banana+plant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplant%2Fbanana-plant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-1977-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith-1977_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1977" class="citation book cs1">Smith, James P. (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vascularplantfam00smit"><i>Vascular Plant Families</i></a></span>. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916422-07-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916422-07-3"><bdi>978-0-916422-07-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vascular+Plant+Families&rft.place=Eureka%2C+California&rft.pub=Mad+River+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-916422-07-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvascularplantfam00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warkentin-2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warkentin-2004_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarkentin2004" class="citation web cs1">Warkentin, Jon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umanitoba.ca/outreach/crystal/Grade%209/Cluster%201/S1-1-07%20-%20How%20to%20make%20a%20Banana%20Split%20-%20Demonstration%20and%20Investigation.doc">"How to make a Banana Split"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729203916/http://umanitoba.ca/outreach/crystal/Grade%209/Cluster%201/S1-1-07%20-%20How%20to%20make%20a%20Banana%20Split%20-%20Demonstration%20and%20Investigation.doc">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+make+a+Banana+Split&rft.pub=University+of+Manitoba&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Warkentin&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumanitoba.ca%2Foutreach%2Fcrystal%2FGrade%25209%2FCluster%25201%2FS1-1-07%2520-%2520How%2520to%2520make%2520a%2520Banana%2520Split%2520-%2520Demonstration%2520and%2520Investigation.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmonds-1962-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simmonds-1962_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmonds1962" class="citation journal cs1">Simmonds, N.W. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooQ6YhL3rtMC&pg=PA36">"Where our bananas come from"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <b>16</b> (307): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608124433/http://books.google.com/books?id=ooQ6YhL3rtMC&lpg=PA1&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Where+our+bananas+come+from&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=307&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Simmonds&rft.aufirst=N.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooQ6YhL3rtMC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Langhe2009" class="citation journal cs1">De Langhe, Edmond (July 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol7/i1547-3465-07-271.pdf">"Relevance of Banana Seeds in Archaeology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ethnobotany</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">271–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fera.7.0.271-281">10.17348/era.7.0.271-281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnobotany&rft.atitle=Relevance+of+Banana+Seeds+in+Archaeology&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17348%2Fera.7.0.271-281&rft.aulast=De+Langhe&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnobotanyjournal.org%2Fvol7%2Fi1547-3465-07-271.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christelová-2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christelová-2011_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristelováValárikHřibováDe_Langhe2011" class="citation journal cs1">Christelová, Pavla; Valárik, Miroslav; Hřibová, Eva; De Langhe, Edmond; Doležel, Jaroslav (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3102628">"A multi gene sequence-based phylogeny of the Musaceae (banana) family"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMC_Evolutionary_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC Evolutionary Biology">BMC Evolutionary Biology</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BMCEE..11..103C">2011BMCEE..11..103C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-103">10.1186/1471-2148-11-103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3102628">3102628</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21496296">21496296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=A+multi+gene+sequence-based+phylogeny+of+the+Musaceae+%28banana%29+family&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3102628%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21496296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-11-103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011BMCEE..11..103C&rft.aulast=Christelov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Pavla&rft.au=Val%C3%A1rik%2C+Miroslav&rft.au=H%C5%99ibov%C3%A1%2C+Eva&rft.au=De+Langhe%2C+Edmond&rft.au=Dole%C5%BEel%2C+Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3102628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=254888">"<i>Musa paradisiaca</i>"</a>. <i>World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429155616/http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=254888">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.atitle=Musa+paradisiaca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fnamedetail.do%3Fname_id%3D254888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li-2024-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li-2024_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiYuChengChang2024" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Xiuxiu; Yu, Sheng; Cheng, Zhihao; Chang, Xiaojun; Yun, Yingzi; Jiang, Mengwei; et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376411731_Origin_and_evolution_of_the_triploid_cultivated_banana_genome">"Origin and evolution of the triploid cultivated banana genome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Genetics" title="Nature Genetics">Nature Genetics</a></i>. <b>56</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">136–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41588-023-01589-3">10.1038/s41588-023-01589-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-01HHJ2ZMPK1880RM96GMJWM4SQ">1854/LU-01HHJ2ZMPK1880RM96GMJWM4SQ</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38082204">38082204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Origin+and+evolution+of+the+triploid+cultivated+banana+genome&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-01HHJ2ZMPK1880RM96GMJWM4SQ&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38082204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41588-023-01589-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiuxiu&rft.au=Yu%2C+Sheng&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Zhihao&rft.au=Chang%2C+Xiaojun&rft.au=Yun%2C+Yingzi&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Mengwei&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xuequn&rft.au=Wen%2C+Xiaohui&rft.au=Li%2C+Hua&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Wenjun&rft.au=Xu%2C+Shiyao&rft.au=Xu%2C+Yanbing&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xianjun&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Chen&rft.au=Wu%2C+Qiong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Jin&rft.au=Lin%2C+Zhenguo&rft.au=Aury%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Van+de+Peer%2C+Yves&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zonghua&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Xiaofan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jihua&rft.au=L%C3%BC%2C+Peitao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Liangsheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F376411731_Origin_and_evolution_of_the_triploid_cultivated_banana_genome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327926-2">"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325134327mp_/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327926-2">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A327926-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyam-1995-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hyam-1995_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHyamPankhurst1995" class="citation book cs1">Hyam, R.; Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). <i>Plants and their names : a concise dictionary</i>. 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"Flavor and Texture of Banana Chips Dried by Combinations of Hot Air, Vacuum, and Microwave Processing". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry" title="Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a></i>. <b>50</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1883–</span>1889. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JAFC...50.1883M">2002JAFC...50.1883M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf011218n">10.1021/jf011218n</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11902928">11902928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Flavor+and+Texture+of+Banana+Chips+Dried+by+Combinations+of+Hot+Air%2C+Vacuum%2C+and+Microwave+Processing&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1883-%3C%2Fspan%3E1889&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11902928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf011218n&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JAFC...50.1883M&rft.aulast=Mui&rft.aufirst=Winnie+W.Y.&rft.au=Durance%2C+Timothy+D.&rft.au=Scaman%2C+Christine+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span> "Isoamyl acetate (9.6%) imparts the characteristic aroma typical of fresh bananas (13, 17−20), while butyl acetate (8.1%) and isobutyl acetate (1.4%) are considered to be character impact compounds of banana flavor."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/roastbreamwithfriedp_89189">"Roast bream with fried plantain fritters and coconut sauce"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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December 7, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Banana+leaves+transform+texture+of+chicken+tamales&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fconfessions-of-a-foodie%2Fstory%2F2022-12-07%2Fbanana-leaves-transform-texture-of-chicken-tamales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrover2022" class="citation web cs1">Grover, Neha (December 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://food.ndtv.com/health/why-south-indians-eat-on-banana-leaves-health-benefits-and-more-3640878">"Why South Indians Eat On Banana Leaves - Health Benefits And More"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1368-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1368-8"><bdi>978-1-4629-1368-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Food+of+Myanmar%3A+Authentic+Recipes+from+the+Land+of+the+Golden+Pagodas&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1368-8&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Claudia+Saw+Lwin&rft.au=Pe%2C+Win&rft.au=Hutton%2C+Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZXQAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Banana%2Bstem%2522%2B%2522Myanmar%2522%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polistico-2017a-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polistico-2017a_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolistico2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Polistico, Edgie (2017). 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bananas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bananas">Bananas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:797527-1">Kew plant profile: <i>Musa acuminata</i> (banana)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFE135;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bananas_and_plantains" title="Template:Bananas and plantains"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bananas_and_plantains" title="Template talk:Bananas and plantains"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bananas_and_plantains" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bananas and plantains"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bananas_and_plantains306" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bananas and plantains</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">Culinary usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alloco" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloco">Alloco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_boat_(food)" title="Banana boat (food)">Banana boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_bread" title="Banana bread">Banana bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_cake" title="Banana cake">Banana cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_chip" title="Banana chip">Banana chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_cue" title="Banana cue">Banana cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_custard" title="Banana custard">Banana custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_cream_pie" title="Banana cream pie">Banana cream pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_flour" title="Banana flour">Banana flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananas_Foster" title="Bananas Foster">Bananas Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_fritter" title="Banana fritter">Banana fritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_ketchup" title="Banana ketchup">Banana ketchup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">Banana leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_powder" title="Banana powder">Banana powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_pudding" title="Banana pudding">Banana pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_split" title="Banana split">Banana split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banania" title="Banania">Banania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_chu%E1%BB%91i" title="Bánh chuối">Bánh chuối</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banoffee_pie" title="Banoffee pie">Banoffee pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boli_(plantain)" title="Boli (plantain)">Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayeye" title="Cayeye">Cayeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapo_(drink)" title="Chapo (drink)">Chapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifle" title="Chifle">Chifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Jacob" title="Flying Jacob">Flying Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_banana" title="Frozen banana">Frozen banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginanggang" title="Ginanggang">Ginanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginataang_saba" title="Ginataang saba">Ginataang saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mang%C3%BA" title="Mangú">Mangú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruya_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruya (food)">Maruya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matoke" title="Matoke">Matoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minatamis_na_saging" title="Minatamis na saging">Minatamis na saging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofongo" title="Mofongo">Mofongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasari" title="Nagasari">Nagasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilagang_saging" title="Nilagang saging">Nilagang saging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilupak" title="Nilupak">Nilupak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinasugbo" title="Pinasugbo">Pinasugbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritong_saging" title="Pritong saging">Pritong saging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_con_hielo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saba con hielo">Saba con hielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacacho" title="Tacacho">Tacacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_(drink)" title="Tonto (drink)">Tonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur%C3%B3n_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turón (food)">Turón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tostones" title="Tostones">Tostones</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banana-Single.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banana"><img alt="Banana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banana-Single.jpg/80px-Banana-Single.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banana-Single.jpg/120px-Banana-Single.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banana-Single.jpg/160px-Banana-Single.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2670" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Banana, DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_equivalent_dose" title="Banana equivalent dose">Banana equivalent dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Kiribati" title="Banana, Kiribati">Banana, Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_peel" title="Banana peel">Banana peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_plantation" title="Banana plantation">Banana plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananadine" title="Bananadine">Bananadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BanLec" title="BanLec">BanLec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_banana" title="Cooking banana">Cooking banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_banana" title="Green banana">Green banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_and_plantain_diseases" title="List of banana and plantain diseases">List of banana and plantain diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">List of banana cultivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_dishes" title="List of banana dishes">List of banana dishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Framework_Agreement" title="Banana Framework Agreement">Banana Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Research_Station,_Kannara" title="Banana Research Station, Kannara">Banana Research Station, Kannara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Banana_Museum" title="International Banana Museum">International Banana Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MusaNet" title="MusaNet">MusaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProMusa" title="ProMusa">ProMusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Banana_Research_Institute" title="Taiwan Banana Research Institute">Taiwan Banana Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Banana_Forum" title="World Banana Forum">World Banana Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFE135;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bananas" title="Category:Bananas">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Banana_production" title="Category:Banana production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banana_cultivars204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFE135;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banana_cultivars" title="Template:Banana cultivars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banana_cultivars" title="Template talk:Banana cultivars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banana_cultivars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banana cultivars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banana_cultivars204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">Banana cultivars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFE135;"><div id="Musa_acuminata,_M._balbisiana,_and_their_hybrid_M._×_paradisiaca204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">M. balbisiana</a></i>, and their hybrid <i><a href="/wiki/Musa_%C3%97_paradisiaca" title="Musa × paradisiaca">M.<i> × </i>paradisiaca</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">AA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakatan_banana" title="Lakatan banana">Lakatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Finger_banana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Finger banana">Lady Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_banana" title="Señorita banana">Señorita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">AAA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavendish bananas">Cavendish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_Cavendish_banana" title="Dwarf Cavendish banana">Dwarf Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Nain" title="Grand Nain">Grand Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masak_Hijau_banana" title="Masak Hijau banana">Masak Hijau</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_African_Highland_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Highland bananas">East African Highland bananas</a></b></li> <li><b>Other</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Michel_banana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gros Michel banana">Gros Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_banana" title="Red banana">Red Dacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flhorban_920" title="Flhorban 920">Flhorban 920</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">AAB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Iholena</b></li> <li><b>Maoli-Popo'ulu</b> <ul><li>Maqueño</li> <li>Popoulu</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/True_plantains" title="True plantains">True plantains</a></b> <ul><li>French</li> <li>Green French</li> <li>Horn</li> <li>Nendran</li> <li>Pink French</li> <li>Tiger</li></ul></li> <li><b>Pome</b> <ul><li>Pome</li> <li>Prata-anã</li></ul></li> <li><b>Silk</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latundan_banana" title="Latundan banana">Latundan</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>African plantains</b></li> <li><b>Others</b> <ul><li>Pisang Seribu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_Horn_banana" title="Rhino Horn banana">Rhino Horn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">AABB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kalamagol</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">AB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Ney Poovan</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">ABB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Java_banana" title="Blue Java banana">Blue Java</a></li> <li><b>Bluggoe Subgroup</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluggoe" title="Bluggoe">Bluggoe</a></li> <li>Silver Bluggoe</li></ul></li> <li><b>Pelipita</b> <ul><li>Pelipia</li> <li>Pilipia</li></ul></li> <li><b>Saba</b> <ul><li>Benedetta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardava" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardava">Cardava</a></li> <li>Dippig</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_banana" title="Saba banana">Saba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_banana" title="Thai banana">Thai banana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">ABBB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Tiparot</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%">BBB</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Kluai Lep Chang Kut</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFE135;"><div id="Musa_section_Callimusa204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Musa</i> section <i>Callimusa</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fe&#039;i20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFE135;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fe%27i_banana" title="Fe'i banana">Fe'i</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karat_banana" title="Karat banana">Karat</a></li> <li><b>Utin Iap</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox753" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4204383-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560501">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="banány"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118753&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana&oldid=1280113027">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana&oldid=1280113027</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5886496d-6fsd2","wgBackendResponseTime":281,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.146","walltime":"2.468","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15685,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":492081,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9019,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":665421,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2138.648 1 -total"," 45.40% 970.997 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.88% 275.385 44 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.65% 270.441 32 Template:Cite_book"," 11.64% 248.948 56 Template:Cite_web"," 11.24% 240.425 11 Template:Clade"," 6.32% 135.057 18 Template:Sfn"," 5.49% 117.416 8 Template:Infobox"," 4.47% 95.580 3 Template:Lang"," 4.41% 94.273 1 Template:Banana"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.344","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19995079,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdelaar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAimi_AziraWan_ZunairahNor_AfizahM.A.R.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmanoBankoffFindleyBarretto-Tesoro2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArias2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBebber2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBill_DeMain2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlench2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradburyYiguro1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastroCaetanoFerreiraPadilha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristelováValárikHřibováDe_Langhe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoghlan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaleJamesPaulKhanna2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Koeppel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Langhe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenham2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenhamHaberleLentferFullagar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDingAhmadRazakShaari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonohueDenham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglberger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlindt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrame2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFullerBoivinHoogervorstAllaby2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibertDufourGiraldoSánchez2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGittleson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrover2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuzmán-Rivas1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickx2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuzéTranArchimèdeRenaudeau2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHyamPankhurst1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_al-\u0026#039;Awwam1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmailaAhmadSiddiqueWahab2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJankowicz-CieslakIngelbrecht2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennings1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathanRajendran2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarp2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoeppel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKora2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraft2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraigSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLejjuRobertshawTaylor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLessard1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiYuChengChang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarínRomeroGuzmánSutton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbidaVan_NeerDoutrelepontVrydaghs2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillsHund2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontpellier2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuiDuranceScaman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMwangiBandyopadhyayRagamaTushemereirwe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNace2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsonPloetzKepler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowell1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyang’auAtandiCortadaNchore2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neil2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Gene_Technology_Regulator2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmanaban2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereira2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicqINIBAP2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogrebin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolistico2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPollartWarnimentMori2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorcher2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertPeHutton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsHuntArroyo-KalinEvans2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchapper2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirane1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmonds1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoverSimmonds1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugiantiImaizumiThammawongTsuta2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorErkek2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasBaptisteMartyr-KollerPringle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasIskra-CaruanaJones1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsao2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTushemereirweKangireSsekiwokoOfford2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValmayorJamaluddinSilayoiKusumo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVooraBermudezFarrellLarrea2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVooraLarreaBermudez2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangYuLi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarkentin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckermanStrich-Hariri1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;HontDenoeudAuryBaurens2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Langhede_Maret2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Banana\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 54,\n [\"Clade\"] = 11,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Cookbook\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 22,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox botanical product\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Nutritionalvalue\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","22.4"],["?","200","14.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","9.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.5"],["date","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","60","4.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","4.5"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.0"],["[others]","280","20.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-54c7cf74fd-qqrg5","timestamp":"20250315140402","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Banana","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banana","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q503","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q503","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-12T16:50:03Z","dateModified":"2025-03-12T15:42:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/de\/Bananavarieties.jpg","headline":"elongated, edible fruit produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa"}</script> </body> </html>