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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_the_Union_of_the_Crowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Union_of_the_Crowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>After the Union of the Crowns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Union_of_the_Crowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_formation_of_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_formation_of_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>After the formation of Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_formation_of_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_banner_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_banner_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Royal banner of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_banner_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Royal heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-royal_heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-royal_heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-royal heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-royal_heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Corporate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escudu_d%27Inglaterra" title="Escudu d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escudu d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99_gerbi" title="İngiltərə gerbi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngiltərə gerbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znak_Anglie" title="Znak Anglie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znak Anglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappen_Englands" title="Wappen Englands – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wappen Englands" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglismaa_vapp" title="Inglismaa vapp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglismaa vapp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escudo_de_Inglaterra" title="Escudo de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escudo de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نشان‌های سلطنتی انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشان‌های سلطنتی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoiries_de_l%27Angleterre" title="Armoiries de l'Angleterre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armoiries de l'Angleterre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escudo_de_Inglaterra" title="Escudo de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escudo de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%99%95%EC%8B%A4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%A5" title="잉글랜드의 왕실 문장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드의 왕실 문장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemma_dell%27Inghilterra" title="Stemma dell'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stemma dell'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="סמל אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמל אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglijos_herbas" title="Anglijos herbas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglijos herbas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia_c%C3%ADmere" title="Anglia címere – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anglia címere" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Грб на Англија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грб на Англија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%A4%E7%B4%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="イングランド王室紋章 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド王室紋章" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Anglii" title="Herb Anglii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Herb Anglii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armas_Reais_da_Inglaterra" title="Armas Reais da Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Armas Reais da Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stema_Angliei" title="Stema Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stema Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Герб Англии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герб Англии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryal_coat_o_airms_o_Ingland" title="Ryal coat o airms o Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ryal coat o airms o Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stema_e_Anglis%C3%AB" title="Stema e Anglisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stema e Anglisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England" title="Royal arms of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Royal arms of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Грб Енглеске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грб Енглеске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannin_vaakuna" title="Englannin vaakuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englannin vaakuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englands_vapen" title="Englands vapen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Englands vapen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ตราแผ่นดินของอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตราแผ่นดินของอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiltere_armas%C4%B1" title="İngiltere arması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiltere arması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Герб Англії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Герб Англії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80m%C3%AC_%E1%BB%8D%CC%80p%C3%A1_%C3%A0%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80g%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BA%B9%CC%81s%C3%AC" title="Àmì ọ̀pá àṣẹ ilẹ̀ Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àmì ọ̀pá àṣẹ ilẹ̀ Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%BE%BD%E7%AB%A0" title="英格蘭皇家徽章 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英格蘭皇家徽章" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Royal Banner of England" redirects here. For the English heraldic flags used in battles and pageancy, see <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards of England</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #369; color: white">Coat of arms of England</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/150px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/225px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/300px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #369; color: white">Versions<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/150px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/225px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/300px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="861" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">Banner of arms</a>, which served as royal banner</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchs of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">Late 12th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shield_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shield (heraldry)">Shield</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langued azure</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Various</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Order(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>First and fourth <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quarters</a> of current <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a>; previously second and third quarters of royal arms of England adopted by <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>, until claim on Kingdom of France relinquished<br /></li> <li>Unofficial <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">symbol of the nation of England</a></li> <li>(with altered <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">tinctures</a>) emblem of various <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_sports_teams_of_England" title="List of national sports teams of England">English national sports teams</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>coat of arms of England</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> historically used as <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">arms of dominion</a> by the monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, and now used to symbolise England generally.<sup id="cite_ref-boutell373_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boutell373-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arms were adopted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1200 by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet kings</a> and continued to be used by successive English and British monarchs; they are currently <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartered</a> with the arms of Scotland and Ireland in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britmon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britmon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically they were also quartered with the arms of <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">France</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/English_claim_to_the_French_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="English claim to the French throne">English claim to the French throne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a>. </p><p>The arms continue to be used in heraldry to represent England, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">arms of Canada</a>, although they rarely appear in isolation in royal or government contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been adapted by English sporting bodies, forming the basis of the coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">Football Association</a>, the logo of the <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board" title="England and Wales Cricket Board">England and Wales Cricket Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/England_Hockey" title="England Hockey">England Hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_Boxing" title="England Boxing">England Boxing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_1971_166–167_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs_1971_166–167-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-why_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-why-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(-1340).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/255px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/340px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>The original royal crest as introduced by Edward III, borne upon a chapeau and with a red mantling lined in <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">ermine</a>. The steel helm has gold embellishments.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters of England</a></div> <p>The arms have a red background, on which are three gold lions with blue claws and tongues. The lions are depicted striding <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">dexter</a> (heraldic right), with their right front paw raised and their heads turned to face the viewer. The <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a>, or formal heraldic description, is <i><a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a>, three lions <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">passant guardant</a> in pale <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> armed and langued <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a></i>. The <i>lions passant guardant</i> were historically referred to as <i>leopards</i>, but this refers to their pose rather than species.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the existence of the Kingdom of England the arms were usually depicted as part of a full heraldic <a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">achievement</a>, the appearance of which has varied over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first example of a crest on the royal arms was on <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>'s third <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">great seal</a>, which shows a helm above the arms, on which is a crowned gold lion standing upon a <a href="/wiki/Chapeau" title="Chapeau">chapeau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_crest_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_crest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design has varied little since, and took on its present form in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_crest_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_crest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chapeau was eventually replaced by a crown, the design of which has varied over time. It was usually shown as an open circlet adorned with fleurs-de-lys or stylised leaves until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, when the design was altered to include <a href="/wiki/Cross_patt%C3%A9e" title="Cross pattée">crosses formy</a>. The crown gained a single arch in reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a>, and a double arch under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. Since the late 17th century the crown has consisted of a jewelled circlet with alternating crosses formy and fleurs-de-lys, and two arches with a <a href="/wiki/Monde" title="Monde">monde</a> surmounted by a cross formy at their intersection.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_crest_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_crest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shape of the arches of the crown has been represented differently at different times, and can help to date a depiction of the crest.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_crest_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_crest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The helm on which the crest was borne was originally a simple steel design, sometimes with gold embellishments. In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> this was changed to a gold helm with a barred visor, facing the viewer, a design which is restricted to royal arms.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_helm_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_helm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the decorative mantling, which was originally red cloth lined with ermine, was altered to cloth of gold lined with ermine.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_helm_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_helm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal <a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">supporters</a> first appeared in English heraldry in the 15th century. They were not regarded as an integral part of arms, and were frequently changed. The supporters of many medieval monarchs were <a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">invented</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> but are still used to represent them, for instance at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_supp_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_supp-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paston_supp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paston_supp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supporters became more consistent under the Tudors, and by the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> were usually a red <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh dragon</a> and a gold lion.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> monarchs swapped the dragon for a Scottish unicorn, and the <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lion and the Unicorn">lion and unicorn</a> have remained the supporters of the royal arms since.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English royal arms were often shown encircled by the Order of the Garter, England's highest order of chivalry, a blue circlet bearing the order's <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> motto <i><a href="/wiki/Honi_soit_qui_mal_y_pense" title="Honi soit qui mal y pense">Honi soit qui mal y pense</a></i> ("Shame be to him who thinks evil of it").<sup id="cite_ref-bl_helm_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_helm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> has also been shown on a scroll under the arms since at least the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a>, who used <i>Sovereyne</i> ('Sovereign').<sup id="cite_ref-bl_helm_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_helm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current motto, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a></i></span> ("God and my right"), was first adopted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>, but did not become standardised until 1714.<sup id="cite_ref-bl_helm_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_helm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">English heraldry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Plantagenet">Armorial of Plantagenet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_III,_King_of_England,_coat_of_arms_(Royal_MS_14_C_VII,_100r).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_III%2C_King_of_England%2C_coat_of_arms_%28Royal_MS_14_C_VII%2C_100r%29.jpg/170px-Henry_III%2C_King_of_England%2C_coat_of_arms_%28Royal_MS_14_C_VII%2C_100r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_III%2C_King_of_England%2C_coat_of_arms_%28Royal_MS_14_C_VII%2C_100r%29.jpg/255px-Henry_III%2C_King_of_England%2C_coat_of_arms_%28Royal_MS_14_C_VII%2C_100r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Henry_III%2C_King_of_England%2C_coat_of_arms_%28Royal_MS_14_C_VII%2C_100r%29.jpg/340px-Henry_III%2C_King_of_England%2C_coat_of_arms_%28Royal_MS_14_C_VII%2C_100r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>The <i> three lions passants guardants or</i> attributed to William I and his successors Henry I, Stephen, Henry II, John and Henry III by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Anglorum_(Matthew_Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Anglorum (Matthew Paris)">Historia Anglorum</a></i> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Majora" title="Chronica Majora">Chronica Majora</a></i></span> in the 1250s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the earliest Royal Emblems depicting lions were first used by the Saxons (Lions were adopted in <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Germanic tradition</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe#Germanic_Iron_Age" title="Archaeology of Northern Europe">5th century</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Danes<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and re-interpreted in a <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christian context</a> in the western kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Northern Italy</a> (around the 6th and 7th centuries), as well as by the Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bl_royal3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_royal3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paston114_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paston114-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, during the reign of the Plantagenets (specifically around the end of the 12th century), a formal and consistent <a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">English heraldry</a> system emerged. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a> of the arms of Plantagenet is: <i><a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">lions passant guardant</a> in pale or armed and langued azure</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-fd607_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fd607-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blazon01_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signifying three identical gold <a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">lions</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">leopards</a>) with blue tongues and claws, walking past but facing the observer, arranged in a column on a red background. Although the tincture <i>azure</i> of tongue and claws is not cited in many blazons, they are historically a distinguishing feature of the arms of England. This coat, designed in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, has been variously combined with those of the Kings of France, Scotland, a symbol of Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>, according to dynastic and other political changes occurring in England, but has not altered since it took a fixed form in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a> (1189–1199), the second Plantagenet king. </p><p>The earliest surviving representation of an <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a>, or shield, displaying three lions is that on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal</a> of King Richard I (1189–1199), which initially displayed one or two lions rampant, but in 1198 was permanently altered to depict three lions passant, perhaps representing Richard I's principal three positions as King of the English, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blazon01_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bl_royal3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl_royal3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paston114_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paston114-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much later antiquarians would retrospectively invent <a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">attributed arms</a> for earlier kings, but their reigns pre-dated the systematisation of hereditary <a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">English heraldry</a> that only occurred in the second half of the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions may have been used as a badge by members of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman dynasty">Norman dynasty</a>: a late-12th century chronicler reports that in 1128, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a> knighted his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou</a>, and gave him a gold lion badge. The memorial enamel created to decorate Geoffrey's tomb depicts a blue coat of arms bearing gold lions. His youngest son, <a href="/wiki/William_FitzEmpress" title="William FitzEmpress">William FitzEmpress</a>, used an equestrian <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> showing a coat with a single lion rampant,<sup id="cite_ref-Holroyd_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holroyd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> (1133–1189) used a lion as his emblem, and based on the arms used by his sons and other relatives, he may have used a coat of arms with a single lion or two lions, though no direct testimony of this has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-Ailes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ailes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His children experimented with different combinations of lions on their arms. Richard I (1189–1199) used a single lion rampant, or perhaps two lions affrontés, on his first <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seal of England">Great Seal of England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Blazon01_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later used three lions passant in his 1198 Great Seal. The arms bear a striking resemblance to the family arms of the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> Emperors adopted at nearly the same time, which Richard would have been acquainted with from his travels, and would show his personal alliance with them.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard's brother <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John</a> had used a seal during the reigns of his father and elder brother that showed two lions passant,<sup id="cite_ref-Holroyd_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holroyd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ailes_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ailes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his adoption of his brother's three-lion arms on his succession established this as the lasting design of the royal arms of England.<sup id="cite_ref-Blazon01_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ailes_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ailes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1340, following the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a>, Edward III <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">claimed the French throne</a>. In addition to initiating the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, Edward III expressed his claim in heraldic form by quartering the royal arms of England with the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of France">arms of France</a>. This quartering continued until 1801, with intervals in 1360–1369 and 1420–1422.<sup id="cite_ref-Blazon01_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Union_of_the_Crowns">After the Union of the Crowns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the Union of the Crowns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> in 1603, the throne of England was inherited by the Scottish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>: the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland were united in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> under <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, the royal arms of England and Scotland were combined in the king's new personal arms. Nevertheless, although referencing the personal union with Scotland and Ireland, the royal arms of England remained distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of Scotland">royal arms of Scotland</a>, until the two realms were joined in a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a> in 1707, leading to a unified <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britmon_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britmon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_formation_of_Great_Britain">After the formation of Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After the formation of Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain" title="Coat of arms of Great Britain">Coat of arms of Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>On 1 May 1707 the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to form that of Great Britain; to symbolise this their arms were impaled in the first and fourth quarters of the royal arms. French throne continued, albeit passively, until it was mooted by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-Blazon01_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> united the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. Under King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of the United Kingdom</a>, a proclamation of 1 January 1801 set the <a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">royal style and titles</a> and modified the royal arms, removing the French quarter and putting the arms of England, Scotland and Ireland on the same structural level, with the dynastic arms of Hanover moved to an <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blazon01_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a><br /><small>(Under personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland from 1603 to 1707)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th width="20%">Escutcheon </th> <th width="10%">Period </th> <th width="70%">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_I_1st_seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Richard_I_1st_seal.png/50px-Richard_I_1st_seal.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Richard_I_1st_seal.png 1.5x" data-file-width="59" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1189–1198</td> <td>The arms of Richard I are only known from two armorial seals, and hence the tinctures can not be determined. His First Great Seal showed one lion on half of the shield. It is debated whether this was meant to represent <i>two lions combatant</i> or a single lion, and if the latter, whether the direction in which the lion is facing is relevant or simply an artistic liberty. A simple <i>lion rampant</i> is most likely.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/100px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/150px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/200px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1198–1340<br />1360–1369</td> <td>The arms on the second Great Seal of Richard I, used by his successors until 1340: <i>Gules, three lions <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Passant" title="Attitude (heraldry)">passant guardant</a> in pale or</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blazon01_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1340-1367).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1340–1360<br />1369–1395<br />1399–1406</td> <td>Edward III adopted the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of France">arms of France</a> <i>Azure semé of fleurs de lys or</i> (powdering of <a href="/wiki/Fleurs-de-lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs-de-lis">fleurs-de-lis</a> on a blue field) – representing his <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">claim to the French throne</a> - and quartered the royal arms of England. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1395-1399).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281395-1399%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281395-1399%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281395-1399%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281395-1399%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281395-1399%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281395-1399%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1395–1399</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">attributed arms</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impaling</a> the royal arms of England, denoting a mystical union. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1406–1422</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">attributed arms</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, and reduced the fleurs-de-lis to three, in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knight_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1470-1471).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281470-1471%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1422–1461<br />1470–1471</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, who succeeded in being crowned in France, adopted the arms of France and <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impaling</a> the arms of England, symbolising the <a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy_of_England_and_France" title="Dual monarchy of England and France">dual monarchy between the two countries</a>, with France shown in the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">dexter</a> position of greater honour. </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1461–1470<br />1471–1554</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> restored the arms of Henry IV.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1554-1558).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281554-1558%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1554–1558</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> impaled their arms. Philip's arms were: A. arms quarterly <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Leon</a>, B. per pale <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> and Aragon-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, the whole enté en point <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Granada</a>; in base quarterly <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Burgundy ancient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, with an escutcheon (in the <i><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">nombril point</a></i>) per pale <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knight_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Queen Mary I's father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a>, assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> and this was further conferred upon King Philip, the arms were not altered to feature the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>. <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_(1554-1558).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg/69px-Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="69" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg/104px-Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg/138px-Arms_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_as_Monarch_of_Milan_%281554-1558%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="928" /></a></span> </td> <td>As <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Milan">sovereigns of Milan</a>, Mary and Philip added an <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a> used since the time of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">Sforza</a>: It presented the <a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a>, an <i>azure</i> serpent in the act of consuming a human, showing in <i>argent</i> and <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a> with the Imperial eagle (the earlier single-headed) on a shield <i>or</i>. The order in what are shown the English and French arms on English quarters is altered respect the usual due to French Claims to the Duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1399-1603).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281399-1603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1558–1603</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coats_of_arms_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coats of arms of Queen Elizabeth I of England">Coats of arms of Queen Elizabeth I of England</a></span>.</div></div> </div><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> restored the arms of Henry IV.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1603-1707).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1603–1649<br />1660–1689</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coats_of_arms_of_King_James_I_of_England_and_VI_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coats of arms of King James I of England and VI of Scotland">Coats of arms of King James I of England and VI of Scotland</a></span>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coats_of_arms_of_King_James_II_of_England_and_VII_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coats of arms of King James II of England and VII of Scotland">Coats of arms of King James II of England and VII of Scotland</a></span>.</div></div> </div><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> inherited the English throne in 1603, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">union with Scotland</a>, and quartered the royal arms of England with those of Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">royal arms of Ireland</a> was added to represent the Kingdom of Ireland. Last used by <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>, this was the final version of the royal arms of England before being subsumed into the royal arms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knight_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1689-1694).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1689–1694</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coats_of_arms_of_Queen_Mary_II_of_England_and_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coats of arms of Queen Mary II of England and Scotland">Coats of arms of Queen Mary II of England and Scotland</a></span>.</div></div> </div><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> was deposed and replaced with his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> and son-in-law and nephew <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>. As co-monarchs, they <a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impaled</a> their arms, with the husband's arms taking the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">dexter</a> half of greatest honour, as heraldic custom dictates. William bore the royal arms with the addition of an <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Nassau</a> (the royal house to which William belonged): <i>Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules</i>, while Mary bore the royal arms undifferenced.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1694-1702).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281694-1702%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1694–1702</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coats_of_arms_of_King_William_III_of_England_and_II_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coats of arms of King William III of England and II of Scotland">Coats of arms of King William III of England and II of Scotland</a></span>.</div></div> </div>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> reigned alone, and used his arms only.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1603-1707).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg/100px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg/150px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg/200px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281603-1707%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td> <td>1702–1707</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coats_of_arms_of_Queen_Anne_of_Great_Britain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coats of arms of Queen Anne of Great Britain">Coats of arms of Queen Anne of Great Britain</a></span>.</div></div> </div><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> inherited the throne upon the death of William III, and the royal arms returned to the 1603 version.<sup id="cite_ref-Boutell_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the last monarch of an independent Kingdom of England and the first monarch of Great Britain. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_banner_of_England">Royal banner of England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Royal banner of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Heraldic flag</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards of England</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/220px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/330px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Banner_of_England.svg/440px-Royal_Banner_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>The royal arms of England featuring as the royal banner</figcaption></figure><p>When the royal arms take the form of an <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">heraldic flag</a>, it is variously known as the <b>Royal Banner of England</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>Banner of the Royal Arms</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-fd474_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fd474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>Banner of the King (Queen) of England</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by the <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> the <b>Royal Standard of England</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This royal banner differs from England's <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">St George's Cross</a>, in that it does not represent any particular area or land, but rather symbolises the sovereignty vested in the rulers thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-fd607_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fd607-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The royal banner of England is the English <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">banner of arms</a> and so has always borne the royal arms of England—the personal arms of England's reigning monarch. When displayed in war or battle, this banner signalled that the sovereign was present in person.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the royal banner depicted the royal arms of England, its design and composition changed throughout the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is variously known as the royal banner of England, the banner of the royal arms,<sup id="cite_ref-fd474_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fd474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the banner of the king of England, or by the <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> of the royal standard of England; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Arthur Charles Fox-Davies</a> explains that it is "a misnomer to term the banner of the royal arms the Royal Standard", because "the term standard properly refers to the long tapering flag used in battle, by which an overlord mustered his retainers in battle".<sup id="cite_ref-fd474_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fd474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeologist and antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boutell" title="Charles Boutell">Charles Boutell</a> also makes this distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_use">Contemporary use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_heraldry">Royal heraldry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Royal heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Duchy_of_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Duchy of Lancaster arms</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a></div> <p>As the arms of England have been superseded by the arms of the United Kingdom the former are rarely seen alone in contemporary contexts. One exception is the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a>, the monarch's private estate, which uses the arms of England differenced by a 'label of France', i.e. a blue label of three points with three fleurs-de-lys in each. These arms originated with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a>, the second son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>, whose descendants were created dukes of Lancaster. The duchy <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer#Merging_in_the_Crown" title="Hereditary peer">merged with the Crown</a> when <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry Bolingbroke</a> became king in 1399. </p><p>The arms also make a standalone appearance at coronations, when banners of the individual quarterings of the royal arms are processed through Westminster Abbey.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-royal_heraldry">Non-royal heraldry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-royal heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_government">Local government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_arms_of_the_county_councils_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of arms of the county councils of England">List of arms of the county councils of England</a></div> <p>Several English towns display adapted versions of the arms of England, often derived from seals which showed the full arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Scot11_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scot11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common alterations are to change the tinctures (colours); Dorset County Council, for example, uses a silver field and red lions, and Hereford a red field with silver lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Scot11_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scot11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several such arms are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">Cinque Ports</a>, a confederation of historic ports in southeast England whose arms are those of England <a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">dimidiated</a> with three ships' hulls on a blue field.<sup id="cite_ref-Fav_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fav-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arms of Berkshire County Council bore arms with two golden lions, referencing the attributed arms of the Norman kings and their early influence upon the county.<sup id="cite_ref-Scot11_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scot11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single gold lion, on a red chief, appears on the coats of arms of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>. Outside of England, it also appears on the coats of arms of the Canadian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick" title="Coat of arms of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Coat of arms of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, reflecting their heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corporate">Corporate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Corporate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arms of England are used by several institutions, often founded by or with a link to the monarchy. Westminster Abbey, for example, includes the fifteenth century version of the arms in its own achievement. At <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College</a> uses the royal arms with a border to symbolise that it was founded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a>, while at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a> the arms of <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Edmund%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St Edmund's College, Cambridge">St Edmund's College</a> include the arms as they were founded by descendants of the royal family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal">Personal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Several families are entitled to use the English arms, usually <a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">differenced</a> in some way. This most often occurred through descent from a member of the royal family (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Duke of Norfolk">dukes of Norfolk</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Brotherton,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Thomas of Brotherton</a>, fifth son of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>), or from an illegitimate child of the monarch being granted a version of the royal arms (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond" title="Duke of Richmond">dukes of Richmond</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_1st_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond">Charles Lennox</a>, illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>). </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Local government, corporate, and personal arms incorporating the royal arms</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hastings Town Council"><img alt="Hastings Town Council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg/102px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg/153px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg/204px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hastings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> Town Council</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Oriel_College.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oriel College, Oxford"><img alt="Oriel College, Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_Oriel_College.svg/100px-Arms_of_Oriel_College.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_Oriel_College.svg/149px-Arms_of_Oriel_College.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arms_of_Oriel_College.svg/199px-Arms_of_Oriel_College.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaufort_Arms_(France_modern).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Somerset, 12th duke of Beaufort"><img alt="Henry Somerset, 12th duke of Beaufort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/103px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/154px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg/205px-Beaufort_Arms_%28France_modern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_12th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 12th Duke of Beaufort">Henry Somerset, 12th duke of Beaufort</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">National symbols of England</a></div> <p>The English arms, and the three lions passant alone, have become one of the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">national symbols of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boutell373_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boutell373-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three lions have been extensively used in sport, and currently feature in the coats of arms of <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board" title="England and Wales Cricket Board">England and Wales Cricket Board</a>, and in the logo of <a href="/wiki/England_Boxing" title="England Boxing">England Boxing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_1971_166–167_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs_1971_166–167-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997 and 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/One_pound_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="One pound (British coin)">one pound coin</a> featuring three lions passant to represent England.<sup id="cite_ref-quid_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quid-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arms have also featured on <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> postage stamps, such as a 2001 issue to celebrate <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Day">St George's Day</a> which featured the three lions on second-class stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Contemporary uses of the royal arms</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Arms,_Blakney,_Norfolk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The royal arms of England as depicted on the Kings Arms pub in Blakeney, Norfolk"><img alt="The royal arms of England as depicted on the Kings Arms pub in Blakeney, Norfolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kings_Arms%2C_Blakney%2C_Norfolk.jpg/100px-Kings_Arms%2C_Blakney%2C_Norfolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kings_Arms%2C_Blakney%2C_Norfolk.jpg/151px-Kings_Arms%2C_Blakney%2C_Norfolk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kings_Arms%2C_Blakney%2C_Norfolk.jpg/201px-Kings_Arms%2C_Blakney%2C_Norfolk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The royal arms of England as depicted on the Kings Arms pub in <a href="/wiki/Blakeney,_Norfolk" title="Blakeney, Norfolk">Blakeney, Norfolk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_one_pound_coin_1997_Lions_Passant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A British one pound (£1) coin, issued in 1997, featuring three lions passant, representing England[39]"><img alt="A British one pound (£1) coin, issued in 1997, featuring three lions passant, representing England[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bd/British_one_pound_coin_1997_Lions_Passant.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="97" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/One_pound_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="One pound (British coin)">British one pound (£1) coin</a>, issued in 1997, featuring three lions passant, representing England<sup id="cite_ref-quid_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quid-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Banner_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern, commercially available royal banner of England, printed on polyester fabric"><img alt="A modern, commercially available royal banner of England, printed on polyester fabric" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_England.jpg/120px-Royal_Banner_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_England.jpg/180px-Royal_Banner_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Royal_Banner_of_England.jpg/240px-Royal_Banner_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="1548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern, commercially available royal banner of England, printed on polyester fabric</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:England_Cricket_Cap_Insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The arms worn by England cricket team, the national football team removed the original crown to distinguish it from the cricket team in 1949.[41]"><img alt="The arms worn by England cricket team, the national football team removed the original crown to distinguish it from the cricket team in 1949.[41]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/England_Cricket_Cap_Insignia.svg/120px-England_Cricket_Cap_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/England_Cricket_Cap_Insignia.svg/180px-England_Cricket_Cap_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/England_Cricket_Cap_Insignia.svg/240px-England_Cricket_Cap_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The arms worn by <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">England cricket team</a>, the national football team removed the original crown to distinguish it from the cricket team in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/25px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/38px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/51px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" title="Coat of arms of Scotland">Coat of arms of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Great_Britain" title="Coat of arms of Great Britain">Coat of arms of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet" title="Armorial of the House of Plantagenet">Armorial of the House of Plantagenet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>A Complete Guide to Heraldry</i> (1909), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Arthur Charles Fox-Davies</a> explains:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is a <a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">misnomer</a> to term the banner of the Royal Arms the Royal Standard. The term standard properly refers to the long tapering flag used in battle, by which an overlord mustered his retainers in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-fd474_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fd474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>The archaeologist and antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boutell" title="Charles Boutell">Charles Boutell</a> also makes this distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-boutell373-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boutell373_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boutell373_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoutell1859">Boutell 1859</a>, p. 373: "The three golden lions upon a ground of red have certainly continued to be the royal and national arms of England."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamieson1998">Jamieson 1998</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britmon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britmon_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britmon_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630062430/https://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/UnionJack.aspx">"Union Jack"</a>. <i>The Royal Household</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/union-jack">the original</a> on 30 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Household&rft.atitle=Union+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Funion-jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boutell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boutell_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke-Little1978">Brooke-Little 1978</a>, pp. 205–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=518">"The Flag of Her Majesty the Queen for personal use in Canada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727213235/http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=518">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Governor+General+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Flag+of+Her+Majesty+the+Queen+for+personal+use+in+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freg.gg.ca%2Fheraldry%2Fpub-reg%2Fproject.asp%3Flang%3De%26ProjectID%3D518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-briggs_1971_166–167-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-briggs_1971_166–167_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-briggs_1971_166–167_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriggs1971">Briggs 1971</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-why-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-why_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngle2002" class="citation news cs1">Ingle, Sean (18 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/jul/18/theknowledge.sport">"Why do England have three lions on their shirts?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Loncon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707225529/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/jul/18/theknowledge.sport">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+do+England+have+three+lions+on+their+shirts%3F&rft.date=2002-07-18&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2002%2Fjul%2F18%2Ftheknowledge.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker" class="citation web cs1">Parker, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/index.htm">"A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry"</a>. <i>A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502212618/https://www.heraldsnet.org/saitou/parker/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Glossary+of+Terms+Used+in+Heraldry&rft.atitle=A+Glossary+of+Terms+Used+in+Heraldry&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldsnet.org%2Fsaitou%2Fparker%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knight-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knight_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight1835">Knight 1835</a>, pp. 148–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl_crest-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bl_crest_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_crest_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_crest_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_crest_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke-Little1981">Brooke-Little 1981</a>, pp. 4–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl_helm-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bl_helm_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_helm_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_helm_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_helm_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_helm_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke-Little1981">Brooke-Little 1981</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl_supp-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bl_supp_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke-Little1981">Brooke-Little 1981</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paston_supp-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paston_supp_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaston-BedingfieldGwynn-Jones1993">Paston-Bedingfield & Gwynn-Jones 1993</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanzerMathisen2013" class="citation book cs1">Shanzer, Danuta; Mathisen, Ralph W (28 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jNRbpoQOscC"><i>Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jNRbpoQOscC&pg=PA322">322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409482093" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409482093"><bdi>978-1409482093</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707173920/https://books.google.com/books?id=1jNRbpoQOscC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romans%2C+Barbarians%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+the+Roman+World%3A+Cultural+Interaction+and+the+Creation+of+Identity+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft.isbn=978-1409482093&rft.aulast=Shanzer&rft.aufirst=Danuta&rft.au=Mathisen%2C+Ralph+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jNRbpoQOscC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnians2004" class="citation book cs1">Onians, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC"><i>Atlas of World Art</i></a>. Lawrence King Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC&pg=PA58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1856693776" title="Special:BookSources/978-1856693776"><bdi>978-1856693776</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001150/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3h2KfXoOPYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>significant pre-figuration of medieval heraldry</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+Art&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Lawrence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1856693776&rft.aulast=Onians&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3h2KfXoOPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bl_royal3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bl_royal3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bl_royal3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooke-Little1981">Brooke-Little 1981</a>, pp. 3–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paston114-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paston114_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paston114_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaston-BedingfieldGwynn-Jones1993">Paston-Bedingfield & Gwynn-Jones 1993</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fd607-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fd607_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fd607_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies2008">Fox-Davies 2008</a>, p. 607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blazon01-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blazon01_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blazon01_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blazon01_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blazon01_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blazon01_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blazon01_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blazon01_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blazon01_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://footguards.tripod.com/08HISTORY/08_heraldry.htm">"Coat of Arms of King George III"</a>. <i>The First Foot Guards</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816230626/http://footguards.tripod.com/08HISTORY/08_heraldry.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+First+Foot+Guards&rft.atitle=Coat+of+Arms+of+King+George+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffootguards.tripod.com%2F08HISTORY%2F08_heraldry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holroyd-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holroyd_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holroyd_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolroyd2000" class="citation journal cs1">Holroyd, Graham (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/the-earliest-known-depiction-of-the-royal-arms-of-england/">"The Earliest Known Depiction of the Royal Arms of England?"</a>. <i>Coat of Arms</i>. <b>192</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918230503/https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/the-earliest-known-depiction-of-the-royal-arms-of-england/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coat+of+Arms&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Known+Depiction+of+the+Royal+Arms+of+England%3F&rft.volume=192&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Holroyd&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theheraldrysociety.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-earliest-known-depiction-of-the-royal-arms-of-england%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ailes-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ailes_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ailes_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ailes_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiles1982" class="citation book cs1">Ailes, Adrian (1982). <i>The Origins of The Royal Arms of England</i>. Reading: Graduate Center for Medieval Studies, University of Reading. pp. 52–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+The+Royal+Arms+of+England&rft.place=Reading&rft.pages=52-63&rft.pub=Graduate+Center+for+Medieval+Studies%2C+University+of+Reading&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Ailes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht_RieberKarl_Reutter1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albrecht Rieber; Karl Reutter (1974). <i>Die Pfalzkapelle in Ulm</i> (in German). p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Pfalzkapelle+in+Ulm&rft.pages=204&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Albrecht+Rieber&rft.au=Karl+Reutter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbow1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rabbow, Dr Arnold (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-royal-arms-of-england-a-european-connection/">"The Origin of the Royal Arms of England – a European Connection"</a>. <i>Coat of Arms</i>. <b>186</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924142429/https://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-royal-arms-of-england-a-european-connection/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coat+of+Arms&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Royal+Arms+of+England+%E2%80%93+a+European+Connection&rft.volume=186&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rabbow&rft.aufirst=Dr+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theheraldrysociety.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-origin-of-the-royal-arms-of-england-a-european-connection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2002">Ross 2002</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ailes. pp. 52–3, 64–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco_Olmos2008" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francisco Olmos, José María de (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27594843"><i>Las primeras acuñaciones del príncipe Felipe de España (1554–1556): Soberano de Milán Nápoles e Inglaterra</i></a> [<i>The First Coins of Prince Philip of Spain (1554–1556): Sovereign of Milan, Naples and England</i>]. <i>Documenta & Instrumenta</i> (Thesis) (in Spanish). Vol. 3. Universidad Complutense Madrid. pp. 165–166 – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Las+primeras+acu%C3%B1aciones+del+pr%C3%ADncipe+Felipe+de+Espa%C3%B1a+%281554%E2%80%931556%29%3A+Soberano+de+Mil%C3%A1n+N%C3%A1poles+e+Inglaterra&rft.inst=Universidad+Complutense+Madrid&rft.date=2008-07&rft.aulast=Francisco+Olmos&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F27594843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnaud Bunel's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629075421/http://www.heraldique-europeenne.org/Regions/Iles_Britanniques/Grand-Bretagne.htm%23Grandes">Héraldique européenne site</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson2001">Thomson 2001</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fd474-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fd474_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fd474_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fd474_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fd474_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies2008">Fox-Davies 2008</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1834">Keightley 1834</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1840">James 1840</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journal_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journal_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journal_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journal_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoutell1859">Boutell 1859</a>, pp. 373–377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker_O.B.E.1976" class="citation book cs1">Barker O.B.E., Brian (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenqueenwascrow0000bark/page/76/mode/2up?q=grand+procession">"The Grand Procession"</a></span>. <i>When the Queen was Crowned</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710083975" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710083975"><bdi>978-0710083975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Grand+Procession&rft.btitle=When+the+Queen+was+Crowned&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0710083975&rft.aulast=Barker+O.B.E.&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenqueenwascrow0000bark%2Fpage%2F76%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dgrand%2Bprocession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scot11-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scot11_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scot11_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scot11_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott-Giles1953">Scott-Giles 1953</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fav-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fav_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100502034726/http://www.faversham.org/pages/standard.aspx?i_PageID=15804">"Faversham Coat of Arms"</a>. <i>The Faversham Website</i>. 2 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faversham.org/pages/standard.aspx?i_PageID=15804">the original</a> on 2 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Faversham+Website&rft.atitle=Faversham+Coat+of+Arms&rft.date=2010-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faversham.org%2Fpages%2Fstandard.aspx%3Fi_PageID%3D15804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecb.co.uk/">"England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) – The Official Website of the ECB"</a>. <i>ecb.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918093803/https://www.ecb.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecb.co.uk&rft.atitle=England+and+Wales+Cricket+Board+%28ECB%29+%E2%80%93+The+Official+Website+of+the+ECB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100912124843/http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamHist/HistThreeLions.html">"The Three Lions"</a>. <i>England Football Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamHist/HistThreeLions.html">the original</a> on 12 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=England+Football+Online&rft.atitle=The+Three+Lions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englandfootballonline.com%2FTeamHist%2FHistThreeLions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englandboxing.org/home/">"Home"</a>. <i>England Boxing</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707173924/https://www.englandboxing.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=England+Boxing&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englandboxing.org%2Fhome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quid-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quid_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quid_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315080529/http://www.royalmint.com/discover/uk-coins/coin-design-and-specifications/one-pound-coin">"The United Kingdom £1 Coin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a></i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/facts/coins/OnePoundCoin.aspx">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Mint&rft.atitle=The+United+Kingdom+%C2%A31+Coin&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmint.com%2FCorporate%2Ffacts%2Fcoins%2FOnePoundCoin.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1325198/Three-lions-replace-The-Queen-on-stamps.html">"Three lions replace The Queen on stamps"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. 6 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1325198/Three-lions-replace-The-Queen-on-stamps.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Three+lions+replace+The+Queen+on+stamps&rft.date=2001-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1325198%2FThree-lions-replace-The-Queen-on-stamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-cricket-blog.blogspot.in/2012/06/why-do-englands-cricketers-wear-iconic.html">Why Do England’s Cricketers Wear the Iconic Crest on Their Chest?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203211134/http://the-cricket-blog.blogspot.in/2012/06/why-do-englands-cricketers-wear-iconic.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 10 September 2012. The Cricket Blog.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutell1859" class="citation journal cs1">Boutell, Charles (1859). "The Art Journal London". <b>5</b>. Virtue: 373–376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Art+Journal+London&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=373-376&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Boutell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1971" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Geoffrey (1971). <i>Civic and Corporate Heraldry: A Dictionary of Impersonal Arms of England, Wales and N. Ireland</i>. London: Heraldry Today. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900455-21-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-900455-21-7"><bdi>0-900455-21-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civic+and+Corporate+Heraldry%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Impersonal+Arms+of+England%2C+Wales+and+N.+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heraldry+Today&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-900455-21-7&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke-Little1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Brooke-Little" title="John Brooke-Little">Brooke-Little, J.P., FSA</a> (1978) [1950]. <i>Boutell's Heraldry</i> (Revised ed.). London: Frederick Warne LTD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7232-2096-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7232-2096-4"><bdi>0-7232-2096-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boutell%27s+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+LTD&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-7232-2096-4&rft.aulast=Brooke-Little&rft.aufirst=J.P.%2C+FSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke-Little1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Brooke-Little" title="John Brooke-Little">Brooke-Little, J.P., FSA, MVO, MA, FSA, FHS</a> (1981). <i>Royal Heraldry. Beasts and Badges of Britain</i>. Derby: Pilgrim Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900594-59-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-900594-59-4"><bdi>0-900594-59-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Heraldry.+Beasts+and+Badges+of+Britain&rft.place=Derby&rft.pub=Pilgrim+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-900594-59-4&rft.aulast=Brooke-Little&rft.aufirst=J.P.%2C+FSA%2C+MVO%2C+MA%2C+FSA%2C+FHS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles</a> (2008) [1909]. <i>A Complete Guide to Heraldry</i>. READ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Heraldry&rft.pub=READ&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fox-Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Carter_Hall" title="Samuel Carter Hall">Hall, Samuel Carter</a> (1853). <i>The Book of British Ballads</i>. H. G. Bohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+British+Ballads&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassler1980" class="citation book cs1">Hassler, Charles (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalarmsitsgrap0000hasl"><i>The Royal Arms</i></a></span>. Jupiter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904041-20-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-904041-20-4"><bdi>0-904041-20-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Arms&rft.pub=Jupiter+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-904041-20-4&rft.aulast=Hassler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalarmsitsgrap0000hasl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1840" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Payne_Rainsford_James" title="George Payne Rainsford James">James, George Payne Rainsford</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FBANdMGGicC"><i>The History of Chivalry</i></a>. Harper & Bros. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707173923/https://books.google.com/books?id=-FBANdMGGicC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Chivalry&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=George+Payne+Rainsford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FBANdMGGicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamieson1998" class="citation book cs1">Jamieson, Andrew Stewart (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coatsofarms00jami"><i>Coats of Arms</i></a></span>. Pitkin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85372-870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85372-870-2"><bdi>978-0-85372-870-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coats+of+Arms&rft.pub=Pitkin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85372-870-2&rft.aulast=Jamieson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoatsofarms00jami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1835" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Knight_(publisher)" title="Charles Knight (publisher)">Knight, Charles</a> (18 April 1835). "English Regal Arms and Supporters". <i><a href="/wiki/Penny_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny Magazine">The Penny Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Diffusion_of_Useful_Knowledge" title="Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge">Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+Regal+Arms+and+Supporters&rft.btitle=The+Penny+Magazine&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge&rft.date=1835-04-18&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1834" class="citation book cs1">Keightley, Thomas (1834). <i>The crusaders; or, Scenes, events, and characters, from the times of the crusades</i>. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). J. W. Parker.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crusaders%3B+or%2C+Scenes%2C+events%2C+and+characters%2C+from+the+times+of+the+crusades&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=J.+W.+Parker&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaston-BedingfieldGwynn-Jones1993" class="citation book cs1">Paston-Bedingfield, Henry; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gwynn-Jones" title="Peter Gwynn-Jones">Gwynn-Jones, Peter</a> (1993). <i>Heraldry</i>. Greenwich Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86288-279-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86288-279-6"><bdi>0-86288-279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry&rft.pub=Greenwich+Editions&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-86288-279-6&rft.aulast=Paston-Bedingfield&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Gwynn-Jones%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson1830" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Thomas (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishheraldor04robsgoog"><i>The British Herald</i></a>. Turner & Marwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Herald&rft.pub=Turner+%26+Marwood&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishheraldor04robsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2002" class="citation book cs1">Ross, David (2002). <i>Chronology of Scottish History</i>. Geddes & Grosset. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85534-380-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85534-380-0"><bdi>1-85534-380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Scottish+History&rft.pub=Geddes+%26+Grosset&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85534-380-0&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott-Giles1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Scott-Giles" title="Wilfrid Scott-Giles">Scott-Giles, Wilfrid</a> (1953). <i>Civic Heraldry of England and Wales</i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">J M Dent & Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civic+Heraldry+of+England+and+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J+M+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Scott-Giles&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2001" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (2001). <i>British Colours & Standards 1747–1881 (2): Infantry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-201-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-201-6"><bdi>1-84176-201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Colours+%26+Standards+1747%E2%80%931881+%282%29%3A+Infantry&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84176-201-6&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, D. Croal (2001). <i>Fifty Years of Art, 1849–1899: Being Articles and Illustrations Selected from 'The Art Journal'<span></span></i>. Adegi Graphics LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+of+Art%2C+1849%E2%80%931899%3A+Being+Articles+and+Illustrations+Selected+from+%27The+Art+Journal%27&rft.pub=Adegi+Graphics+LLC&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=D.+Croal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1997" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Jennifer (1997). <i>The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570–1625</i>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-704-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-704-7"><bdi>978-0-85115-704-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Death%3A+The+Ritual+Management+of+Royal+Funerals+in+Renaissance+England%2C+1570%E2%80%931625&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-704-7&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div 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dependencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Scotland#Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Coat of arms of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Anguilla" title="Coat of arms of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda" title="Coat of arms of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory" title="Coat of arms of the British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Coat of arms of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Coat of arms of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Coat of arms of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar" title="Coat of arms of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Montserrat" title="Coat of arms of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Flag and coat of arms of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Coat of arms of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena" title="Coat of arms of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ascension_Island" title="Coat of arms of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Coat of arms of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey">Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alderney" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Herm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Herm (page does not exist)">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Sark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coat of arms of Sark (page does not exist)">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey" title="Coat of arms of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Coat of arms of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_heraldry_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_heraldry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Royal heraldry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_heraldry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Royal heraldry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_heraldry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal heraldry in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_heraldry_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Royal heraldry in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Royal coat of arms</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">Royal Standard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cadency_labels_of_the_British_royal_family" title="Cadency labels of the British royal family">Cadency labels of the Royal Family</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown" title="Imperial State Crown">Imperial State Crown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lion and the Unicorn">The Lion and the Unicorn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Beasts" title="The Queen's Beasts">The Queen's Beasts</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_both_variants).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_both_variants%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5733" data-file-height="2835" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Royal arms</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Standards</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Honi_soit_qui_mal_y_pense" title="Honi soit qui mal y pense">Honi soit qui mal y pense</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Dieu_et_mon_droit" title="Dieu et mon droit">Dieu et mon droit</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Crown" title="Tudor Crown">Tudor Crown</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Badges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Supporters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" title="Coat of arms of Scotland">Royal arms</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland" title="Royal Banner of Scotland">Royal Banner</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_me_impune_lacessit" title="Nemo me impune lacessit">Nemo me impune lacessit</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/In_My_Defens_God_Me_Defend" class="mw-redirect" title="In My Defens God Me Defend">In My Defens God Me Defend</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Scotland" title="Honours of Scotland">Honours of Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Heraldic Thistle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Order of the Thistle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Heraldry" title="Unicorn">Unicorn Supporters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lord_Lyon" title="Court of the Lord Lyon">Court of the Lord Lyon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales">Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template talk:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date"><i>Temp. incert.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coats_of_arms_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coats_of_arms_of_Europe" title="Template:Coats of arms of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coats_of_arms_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Coats of arms of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coats_of_arms_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coats of arms of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coats_of_arms_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Coats of arms of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra" title="Coat of arms of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Austria" title="Coat of arms of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Azerbaijan" title="National emblem of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Belarus" title="National emblem of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Belgium" title="Coat of arms of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia" title="Coat of arms of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cyprus" title="Coat of arms of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark" title="Coat of arms of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Estonia" title="Coat of arms of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Finland" title="Coat of arms of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece" title="Coat of arms of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" title="Coat of arms of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia" title="Coat of arms of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Liechtenstein" title="Coat of arms of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Luxembourg" title="Coat of arms of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malta" title="Coat of arms of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Moldova" title="Coat of arms of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Monaco" title="Coat of arms of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro" title="Coat of arms of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands" title="Coat of arms of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_North_Macedonia" title="National emblem of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal" title="Coat of arms of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania" title="Coat of arms of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_San_Marino" title="Coat of arms of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia" title="Coat of arms of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia" title="Coat of arms of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia" title="Coat of arms of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sweden" title="Coat of arms of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="National emblem of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine" title="Coat of arms of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" title="Coat of arms of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Abkhazia" title="Emblem of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Ossetia" title="Coat of arms of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria" title="Coat of arms of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land" title="Coat of arms of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Coat of arms of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar" title="Coat of arms of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey" title="Coat of arms of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Coat of arms of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey" title="Coat of arms of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe#Heraldry" title="Flag of Europe">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Flag and coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&oldid=1244988821">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_England&oldid=1244988821</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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