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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія змены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:NewPages"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-Village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Random" title="Паказаць выпадковую старонку [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Выпадковая старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дзе можна атрымаць тлумачэнні."><span>Даведка</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Паведаміць пра памылку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпедыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be.svg" style="width: 7.625em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-be.svg" width="117" height="12" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пошук</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" aria-label="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Адмысловае:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пошук</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Выгляд" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Выгляд</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be" class=""><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова" class=""><span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Фанон</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 50 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 моў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="فونون – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فونون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%27%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="ফ'নন – асамская" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফ'নন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фонон – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фонон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="ফোনন – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফোনন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%B3" title="Fonó – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fonó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%D9%86" title="فۆنۆن – цэнтральнакурдская" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆنۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="цэнтральнакурдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phonon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Φωνόνιο – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωνόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phonon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%B3n" title="Fonón – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fonón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foonon" title="Foonon – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foonon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="فونون – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فونون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fononi" title="Fononi – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fononi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phonon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3n%C3%B3n" title="Fónón – ірландская" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fónón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פונון – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פונון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="फोनॉन – хіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोनॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ֆոնոն – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆոնոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonone" title="Fonone – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fonone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3" title="フォノン – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォノン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фонон – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фонон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%85%BC" title="포논 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포논" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фонон – кіргізская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фонон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кіргізская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фонон – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фонон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4non" title="Fônon – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fônon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фонон – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фонон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phonon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fon%C3%B3n" title="Fonón – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fonón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фонон – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фонон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โฟนอน – тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โฟนอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фонон – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фонон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="فونون – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فونون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonon" title="Fonon – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fonon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phonon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%90" title="声子 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="声子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186608#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Паказаць уласна змест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Старонка</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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/></a><figcaption>Нармальныя моды ваганняў у крышталі. Амплітуда ваганняў была павялічана для выгоды прагляду; у рэальным крышталі, яна звычайна істотна менш міжатамнай адлегласці.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Фано́н</b> (ад <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Грэчаская мова">грэч.</a> <span style="" lang="el"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;">φωνή / phonē</span></span> голас): <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Квант">квант</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вагальны працэс (няма такой старонкі)">ваганняў</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атам">атамаў</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крышталічная рашотка">крышталічнай рашоткі</a>; адна з <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квазічасцінка (няма такой старонкі)">квазічасцінак</a>; належыць да ліку <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Базон">базонаў</a>. </p><p>Фаноны падзяляюцца на <b>аптычныя</b> і <b>акустычныя</b>, у залежнасці ад вонкавага падабенства працэсаў з іх удзелам, адпаведна, да аптычных ці акустычных з'яваў. Таксама фанонамі называюцца квазічасцінкі, што адпавядаюць элементарным узбуджэнням у звышцечным геліі, і апісваюць вагальны рух квантавай вадкасці, і характарызуюцца імпульсам, а не квазіімпульсам, як рэшта фанонаў. </p><p>Канцэпцыя фанонаў дазволяе апісваць шмат якія якасці цвёрдых целаў з выкарыстаннем кінетычнай тэорыі газаў (напрыклад, рашотачную цеплаправоднасць ці паглынанне гуку). Праз узаемадзеянне фанонаў адзін з адным і з іншымі квазічасцінкамі (электронамі праводнасці, магнонамі і інш.) апісваюцца, між іншым, такія працэсы, як электрычнае супраціўленне металаў і паўправаднікоў, звышправоднасць, магнітная рэлаксацыя, фераакустычны рэзананс і інш. </p><p>Канцэпцыя фанонаў была ўведзеная праз разгляд <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нармальныя ваганні (няма такой старонкі)">нармальных ваганняў</a> у <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Крышталь">крышталях</a> у паняццях <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантавая механіка">квантавай механікі</a>. Адным з вынікаў з'яўляецца магчымасць прадстаўлення вагальнага стану крышталя, у <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гарманічнае набліжэнне (няма такой старонкі)">гарманічным набліжэнні</a>, як <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Ідэальны газ">ідэальнага газу</a> фанонаў. Такі ідэальны газ фанонаў, між іншым, утрымлівае большую частку цеплавой энергіі крышталя пры T >= 300K. </p><p>Тэрмін Ф. быў уведзены <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86._%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="І. Там (няма такой старонкі)">І. Тамам</a> паводле аналогіі з квантам <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Электрамагнітнае поле">электрамагнітнага поля</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фатон">фатонам</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFФизическая_энциклопедия1999">Физическая энциклопедия. В 5 т. Т. 5: Стробоскопические приборы — Яркость <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="рускай мовай">(руск.)</span> / Гл. ред. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Аляксандр Міхайлавіч Прохараў">А. М. Прохоров</a>. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Масква">М</span>.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вялікая расійская энцыклапедыя (выдавецтва) (няма такой старонкі)">Большая российская энциклопедия</a>, 1999. — 692 с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">20 000 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/5852701017" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-85270-101-7</a>.</span> С.338.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4817788">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1982" class="citation book cs1">Feynman, Richard P. (1982). <i>Statistical Mechanics, A Set of Lectures</i>. Reading, Massachusetts: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (ідэнтыфікатар)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/Clothbound:_0-8053-2508-5,_Paperbound:_0-8053-2509-3" title="Адмысловае:BookSources/Clothbound: 0-8053-2508-5, Paperbound: 0-8053-2509-3"><bdi>Clothbound: 0-8053-2508-5, Paperbound: 0-8053-2509-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Mechanics%2C+A+Set+of+Lectures&rft.place=Reading%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=The+Benjamin%2FCummings+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_book" title="Шаблон:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> патрабуе <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E_CS1/2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вікіпедыя:Памылкі шаблонаў CS1/2 (няма такой старонкі)">даведка</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Праверце значэнне <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code>: invalid character (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E_CS1/2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вікіпедыя:Памылкі шаблонаў CS1/2 (няма такой 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⛭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></span><div id="Часціцы_ў_фізіцы" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86" title="Фізіка элементарных часціц">Часціцы ў фізіцы</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Элементарная часціца">Элементарныя<br />часціцы</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Ферміён">Ферміёны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк">Кваркі</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="U-кварк">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="D-кварк">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="C-кварк">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="S-кварк">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="T-кварк">t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="B-кварк">b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лептон">Лептоны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон">e<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пазітрон">e<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мюон"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">μ<sup>−</sup></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">μ<sup>+</sup></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тау-лептон"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">τ<sup>−</sup></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">τ<sup>+</sup></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Электроннае нейтрына"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">ν<sub>e</sub></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">ν</span><sub>e</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мюоннае нейтрына"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">ν<sub>μ</sub></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">ν</span><sub>μ</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тау-нейтрына"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">ν<sub>τ</sub></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">ν</span><sub>τ</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Базон">Базоны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Калібровачны базон">Калібровачныя базоны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фатон">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-_%D1%96_Z-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="W- і Z-базоны">W-базон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-_%D1%96_Z-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="W- і Z-базоны">Z-базон</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Базон Хігса">Базоны Хігса</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Базон Хігса">H<sup>0</sup></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px;font-weight:normal;">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Духі Фаддзеева — Папова (няма такой старонкі)">Ду́хі</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гіпатэтычныя часціцы (няма такой старонкі)">Гіпатэтычныя</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Суперпартнёры (няма такой старонкі)">Суперпартнёры</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гейджына (няма такой старонкі)">Гейджына</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Чарджына (няма такой старонкі)">Чарджына</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Глюіна (няма такой старонкі)">Глюіна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гравіціна (няма такой старонкі)">Гравіціна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нейтраліна (няма такой старонкі)">Нейтраліна</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аксіна (няма такой старонкі)">Аксіна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хігсіна (няма такой старонкі)">Хігсіна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сферміён (няма такой старонкі)">Сферміён</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Аксіён">A<sup>0</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дылатон (няма такой старонкі)">Дылатон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гравітон">G</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Маярон (няма такой старонкі)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Тахіён">Тахіён</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-базон (няма такой старонкі)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Y-базон">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%99-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W’-базон (няма такой старонкі)">W’</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%E2%80%99-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z’-базон (няма такой старонкі)">Z’</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Стэрыльнае нейтрына (няма такой старонкі)">Стэрыльнае нейтрына</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Састаўныя часціцы (няма такой старонкі)">Састаўныя<br />часціцы</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Адрон">Адроны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Барыён">Барыёны</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гіперон">Гіпероны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нуклон">Нуклоны</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон">p<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антыпратон"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">p</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон">n<sup>0</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антынейтрон"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">n</span></span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дэльта-рэзанансы (няма такой старонкі)">Δ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лямбда-гіперон (няма такой старонкі)">Λ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сігма-гіпероны (няма такой старонкі)">Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%81%D1%96-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ксі-гіпероны (няма такой старонкі)">Ξ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Амега-гіперон">Ω</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мезон">Мезоны</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кварконій (няма такой старонкі)">Кварконіі</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пі-мезон">π</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ро-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">ρ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эта-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">η</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%88%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эта-штрых-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">η′ </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%96-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фі-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">φ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Амега-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">ω </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J/%CF%88-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J/ψ-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">J/ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Іпсілон-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">ϒ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэта-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">θ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Каоны">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="B-мезон">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px;font-weight:normal;">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атамнае ядро">Атамныя ядры</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Альфа-часціца">α</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атам">Атамы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Экзатычныя атамы (няма такой старонкі)">Экзатычныя атамы</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Пазітроній">Пазітроній</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Мюоній">Мюоній</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кварконій (няма такой старонкі)">Кварконій</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Малекула">Малекулы</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Катэгорыя:Гіпатэтычныя састаўныя часціцы (няма такой старонкі)">Гіпатэтычныя</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Экзатычныя адроны (няма такой старонкі)">Экзатычныя адроны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Экзатычныя барыёны (няма такой старонкі)">Экзатычныя барыёны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дыбарыён (няма такой старонкі)">Дыбарыён</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Пентакварк">Пентакварк</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Экзатычныя мезоны (няма такой старонкі)">Экзатычныя мезоны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Глюбол (няма такой старонкі)">Глюбол</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэтракварк (няма такой старонкі)">Тэтракварк</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px;font-weight:normal;">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мезонная малекула (няма такой старонкі)">Мезонная малекула</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Памерон (няма такой старонкі)">Памерон</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Квазічасціца">Квазічасціцы</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Салітон Давыдава (няма такой старонкі)">Салітон Давыдава</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эксітон">Эксітон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Біэксітон (няма такой старонкі)">Біэксітон</a></li> <li><a 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