CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="be" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Электрон — Вікіпедыя</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )bewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","студзень","люты","сакавік","красавік","Май","чэрвень","ліпень","жнівень","верасень","кастрычнік","лістапад","снежань"],"wgRequestId":"0be0ea53-66c4-4458-aad5-d9ddf87a8ada","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Электрон","wgTitle":"Электрон","wgCurRevisionId":4755596,"wgRevisionId":4755596,"wgArticleId":53842,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Старонкі, якія ўжываюць пашырэнне JsonConfig","Вікіпедыя:Спасылка на Вікісховішча непасрэдна ў артыкуле","Старонкі з няправільным сінтаксісам спасылак на крыніцы","Папярэджанні CS1: розныя назвы: authors list", "Элементарныя часціцы","Лептоны","Электрон","Квантавая электрадынаміка"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"be","wgPageContentLanguage":"be","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Электрон","wgRelevantArticleId":53842,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":4755596,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"be","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"be"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":9000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2225","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.edittop","ext.gadget.collapserefs","ext.gadget.wikibugs","ext.gadget.navboxNavigation","ext.gadget.directLinkToCommons","ext.gadget.Statistics","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=be&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=be&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=be&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Электрон — Вікіпедыя"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//be.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Правіць" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Вікіпедыя (be)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//be.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.be"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Вікіпедыя струмень Atom" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Электрон rootpage-Электрон skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Перайсці да зместу</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Галоўнае меню" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Галоўнае меню</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Галоўнае меню</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Навігацыя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Адкрыць Галоўную старонку [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Галоўная старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Пра праект, чым можна заняцца, дзе што шукаць"><span>Супольнасць</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChanges" title="Пералік нядаўніх змяненняў у віксе. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія змены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:NewPages"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-Village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Random" title="Паказаць выпадковую старонку [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Выпадковая старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дзе можна атрымаць тлумачэнні."><span>Даведка</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Паведаміць пра памылку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпедыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be.svg" style="width: 7.625em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-be.svg" width="117" height="12" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Пошук</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" aria-label="Шукаць у Вікіпедыі" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Знайсці ў Вікіпедыі [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Адмысловае:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Пошук</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Выгляд" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Выгляд</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be" class=""><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова" class=""><span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Выкарыстанне" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Выкарыстанне"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Выкарыстанне</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Выкарыстанне-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Змяніць стан падраздзелу Выкарыстанне</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Выкарыстанне-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Электрон_як_квазічасціца" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Электрон_як_квазічасціца"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Электрон як квазічасціца</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Электрон_як_квазічасціца-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гл._таксама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гл._таксама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Гл. таксама</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гл._таксама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Зноскі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Зноскі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Зноскі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Зноскі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-У_Сеціве" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#У_Сеціве"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>У Сеціве</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-У_Сеціве-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Электрон</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 163 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">163 мовы</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – афрыкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="афрыкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – швейцарская нямецкая" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарская нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – арагонская" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – ангіка" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангіка" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إلكترون – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إليكطرون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إليكطرون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্ৰন – асамская" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইলেকট্ৰন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – астурыйская" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکترون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – башкірская" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktron" title="Éléktron – балійская" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éléktron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="балійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruons" title="Alektruons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্রন – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – брэтонская" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="брэтонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – баснійская" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="баснійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – бугіс" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="бугіс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3" title="Electró – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Diêng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – себуана" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئێلیکترۆن – цэнтральнакурдская" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلیکترۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="цэнтральнакурдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – чувашская" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – валійская" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρόνιο – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2un" title="Eletròun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Eletròun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکترون – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – фарэрская" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарэрская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – паўночнафрызская" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="паўночнафрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – заходняя фрызская" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="заходняя фрызская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreon" title="Leictreon – ірландская" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lektron" title="Élektron – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Élektron" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – галісійская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галісійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – гарантала" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="гарантала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન – гуджараці" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджараці" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אלקטרון – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – хіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwon" title="Elektwon – гаіцянская крэольская" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаіцянская крэольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրոն – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – ілакана" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ілакана" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono – іда" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektrono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="іда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeind" title="Rafeind – ісландская" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilekchran" title="Ilekchran – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilekchran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dutydikca_kantu" title="dutydikca kantu – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dutydikca kantu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88l%C3%A8ktron" title="Èlèktron – яванская" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èlèktron" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრონი – грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliktrun" title="Aliktrun – кабільская" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aliktrun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%C9%A9y%CA%8A_pe_(%C3%A9lectron)" title="Nazɩyʊ pe (électron) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nazɩyʊ pe (électron)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ – канада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="канада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="گرٛۆن – кашмірская" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – кёльнская" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="кёльнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – курдская" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – кіргізская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кіргізская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – люксембургская" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletron" title="Eletron – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eletron" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – лімбургская" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лімбургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9ktron" title="Eléktron – лінгала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eléktron" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лінгала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ເອເລັກຕຣົງ – лаоская" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອເລັກຕຣົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаоская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronas" title="Elektronas – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrons" title="Elektrons – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B4na" title="Elektrôna – малагасійская" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elektrôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – мінангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="мінангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – мангольская" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="мангольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="विजाणू – маратхі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – мальтыйская" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальтыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန် – бірманская" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бірманская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – ніжненямецкая" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ніжненямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रोन – непальская" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रोन – неўары" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неўары" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrone" title="Elektrone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Elektrone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – аксітанская" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="аксітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektiroonii" title="Elektiroonii – арома" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Elektiroonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="арома" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ – орыя" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="орыя" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ – панджабі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджабі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletron" title="Eletron – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletron" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الیکٹران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="اېلېکټرون – пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېلېکټرون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elétron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilikturun" title="Ilikturun – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ilikturun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="विद्युदणुः – санскрыт" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विद्युदणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – якуцкая" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="якуцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ – санталі" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="санталі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletrone" title="Eletrone – сардзінская" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eletrone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардзінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettr%C3%B9ni" title="Elettrùni – сіцылійская" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elettrùni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сіцылійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – шатландская" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шатландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88" title="برقيو – сіндхі" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برقيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="сіндхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනය – сінгальская" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сінгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3n" title="Elektrón – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="الیکٹرانز – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="الیکٹرانز" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhodzigetsi" title="Mhodzigetsi – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhodzigetsi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektaroon" title="Elektaroon – самалі" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elektaroon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="самалі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – албанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktron" title="Éléktron – сунда" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktron" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – суахілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="எதிர்மின்னி – тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రాన్ – тэлугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="тэлугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="อิเล็กตรอน – тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – татарская" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="برقیہ – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82etron" title="Ełetron – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełetron" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="выдатны артыкул"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjfepp" title="Mbëjfepp – валоф" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbëjfepp" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="валоф" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子 – ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – калмыцкая" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="калмыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-electrons" title="Ii-electrons – коса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-electrons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="коса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="עלעקטראן – ідыш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ідыш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81ktr%E1%BB%8D%CC%81n%C3%B9" title="Ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù – ёруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ёруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="добры артыкул"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA" title="Tiān-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INxelesi" title="INxelesi – зулу" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INxelesi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2225#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Паказаць уласна змест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Старонка</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Размовы пра змест гэтай старонкі (няма такой старонкі) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Змяніць моўны варыянт" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">беларуская</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Віды"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=history" title="Ранейшыя версіі гэтай старонкі. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Інструменты" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Інструменты</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дзеянні </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=history"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Агульныя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:WhatLinksHere/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Спіс вікістаронак, якія спасылаюцца сюды [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Сюды спасылаюцца</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChangesLinked/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" rel="nofollow" title="Нядаўнія змены ў старонках, на якія спасылаецца гэтая старонка [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Звязаныя праўкі</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:SpecialPages" title="Пералік усіх адмысловых старонак [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Адмысловыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&oldid=4755596" title="Нязменная спасылка на гэтую версію гэтай старонкі"><span>Нязменная спасылка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=info" title="Больш звестак пра гэту старонку"><span>Звесткі пра старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CiteThisPage&page=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&id=4755596&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Інфармацыя пра тое, як цытаваць гэтую старонку"><span>Цытаваць гэту старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD"><span>Атрымаць скарочаны URL-адрас</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD"><span>Спампаваць QR-код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Друк/экспарт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD"><span>Стварыць кнігу</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=show-download-screen"><span>Спампаваць як PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&printable=yes" title="Друкавальная версія гэтай старонкі [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Для друку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> У іншых праектах </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrons" hreflang="en"><span>Вікісховішча</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2225" title="Спасылка на звязаны элемент рэпазітара даных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Элемент Вікіданых</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Выгляд</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">З Вікіпедыі, свабоднай энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox-4991607683a4d621" style="" data-name="Электрон"> <tbody><tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;">сімвал</th> <td class="plainlist"> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~e,~e^{-}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>e</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~e,~e^{-}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a5d8ff2245f55f6f70fdbc9a7fe1e150f2e09ef6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.873ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~e,~e^{-}}"></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Маса">маса</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> <p>9,10938291(40)×10<sup>−31</sup><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Кг">кг</a><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA_allascii_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA_allascii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<br /> </p> 0,510998928(11) <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Электронвольт">МэВ</a><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA_allascii_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA_allascii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Антычасціца">антычасціца</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пазітрон">пазітрон</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;">класы</th> <td class="plainlist"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Ферміён">ферміён</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лептон">лептон</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#bcd2ee;">квантавыя лікі</th> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Электрычны зарад">электрычны зарад</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> −1,602176565(35)×10<sup>−19</sup> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Кулон">Кл</a><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA_allascii_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA_allascii-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Спін">спін</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> 1/2</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ізатапічны спін">ізатапічны спін</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Барыённы лік">барыённы лік</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Дзіўнасць">дзіўнасць</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/wiki/C-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="C-кварк">чароўнасць</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> 0</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#bcd2ee;">Іншыя ўласцівасці і звесткі</th> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Час жыцця квантавамеханічнай сістэмы (няма такой старонкі)">час жыцця</a></th> <td class="plainlist"> ∞ (не меней 4,6×10<sup>26</sup> гадоў)</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;">каналы распаду</th> <td class="plainlist"> —</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="background:#dbf2ff;">састаў часціцы</th> <td class="plainlist"> —</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Электрон</b> (грэч. <i>Ηλεκτρόνιο</i>) — стабільная элементарная часціца, адна з асноўных структурных адзінак рэчыва. З электронаў складаюцца электронныя абалонкі атамаў, дзе іх лік і становішча вызначае ўсе хімічныя ўласцівасці рэчываў. Рух вольных электронаў абумоўлівае такія з’явы, як <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Электрычны ток">электрычны ток</a> у правадніках і вакууме. </p><p>Звычайна электрон пазначаецца ў формулах літарай <b>e<sup>-</sup></b>. Бэта-часціцы, якія з’яўляюцца высокаэнергетычнымі электронамі, якія ўтвараюцца пры бэта-распадзе атамных ядраў, пазначаюцца знакам β<sup>-</sup>. </p><p>Электрон адносіцца да сямейства лептонаў, мае зарад −1, спін 1 / 2. Антычасціца для электрона — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пазітрон">пазітрон</a>. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~{m_{e}}=9,10938215(45)~{\cdot }~10^{-31}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>9</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>10938215</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>45</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>31</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~{m_{e}}=9,10938215(45)~{\cdot }~10^{-31}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92c0a83d301a99d047d0ed1a7d61b6366b98cb46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.636ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~{m_{e}}=9,10938215(45)~{\cdot }~10^{-31}}"></span> кг — маса электрона. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~{e_{0}}=-1,602176487(40)~{\cdot }~10^{-19}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>602176487</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>40</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~{e_{0}}=-1,602176487(40)~{\cdot }~10^{-19}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7773b2bdc56a39bb11b7d9934fad35fa61c2560c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.705ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~{e_{0}}=-1,602176487(40)~{\cdot }~10^{-19}}"></span> Кл — зарад электрона. </p><p>Адкрыццё электрона як часціцы належыць <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джозеф Джон Томсан">Дж. Томсану</a>, які ў <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a> устанавіў, што адносіны зарада да масы для катодных прамянёў не залежыць ад матэрыялу крыніцы. Хвалістую прыроду электрона адкрыў <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Луі дэ Бройль">Луі дэ Бройль</a>. </p><p>Электрон удзельнічае ў электрамагнітным, слабым і гравітацыйным узаемадзеяннях элементарных часціц. У класічнай электрадынаміцы электрон апісваецца <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ураўненні Максвела">ўраўненнямі Лорэнца—Максвела</a>; у квантавай механіцы — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ураўненні Шродынгера (няма такой старонкі)">ураўненнямі Шродынгера</a> (для нерэлятывісцкіх з'яў) і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ураўненні Дзірака (няма такой старонкі)">ўраўненнямі Дзірака</a> (для рэлятывісцкіх з'яў). Характар размяшчэння электронаў ў атамных абалонках і запаўнення імі энергетычных узроўняў абумоўлены іх спінам (г.зн. электроны падпарадкоўваюцца <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Прынцып Паўлі">прынцыпу Паўлі</a>), што вызначае электрычныя, хімічныя, аптычныя і іншыя ўласцівасці атамаў і малекул і вядзе да перыядычнага паўтарэння ўласцівасцей хімічных элементаў (гл. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Перыядычная сістэма элементаў Мендзялеева">Перыядычная сістэма элементаў Мендзялеева</a>). Характар руху электронаў і іх размеркаванне па энергіях вызначае <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Электраправоднасць">электраправоднасць</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Цеплаправоднасць">цеплаправоднасць</a> і іншыя ўласцівасці цвёрдых і вадкіх цел. </p><p>Даследаванні ўласцівасцей і асаблівасцей руху электронаў стымулявала развіццё фізікі і стварэнне новых галін тэхнікі. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading1"><h1 id="Выкарыстанне"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8B.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B5"></span>Выкарыстанне</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Выкарыстанне" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Выкарыстанне"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>У большасці крыніц нізкаэнергетычных электронаў выкарыстоўваюцца з'явы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тэрмаэлектронная эмісія">тэрмаэлектроннай эмісіі</a> і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фотаэлектронная эмісія (няма такой старонкі)">фотаэлектронных эмісіі</a>. Высокаэнергетычных, з энергіяй ад некалькіх <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="КэВ">кэВ</a> да некалькіх <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="МэВ">МЭВ</a>, электроны выпраменьваюцца ў працэсах <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Бэта-распад">бэта-распаду</a> і <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Унутраная канверсія">ўнутранай канверсіі</a> радыеактыўных ядраў. Электроны, якія выпраменьваюцца ў бэта-распадзе, часам называюць бэта-часціцамі ці бэта-прамянямі. Крыніцамі электронаў з больш высокай энергіяй служаць <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86" title="Паскаральнік зараджаных часціц">паскаральнікі</a>. </p><p>Рух электронаў у <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Металы">металах</a> і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Паўправадніках (няма такой старонкі)">паўправадніках</a> дазваляе лёгка пераносіць энергію і кіраваць ёю. Гэта зʼява (<a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Электрычны ток">электрычны ток</a>) зʼяўляецца адной з асноў сучаснай цывілізацыі і выкарыстоўваецца практычна паўсюдна ў прамысловасці, сувязі, інфарматыцы, электроніцы, у побыце. Хуткасць дрэйфу электронаў у правадырах вельмі малая (~ 0,1-1 мм/с), аднак электрычнае поле распаўсюджваецца з <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Скорасць святла">хуткасцю святла</a>. У сувязі з гэтым ток ва ўсёй ланцугу ўсталёўваецца практычна імгненна. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Электрон_як_квазічасціца"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BD_.D1.8F.D0.BA_.D0.BA.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.B7.D1.96.D1.87.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.86.D1.96.D1.86.D0.B0"></span>Электрон як квазічасціца</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Электрон як квазічасціца" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Электрон як квазічасціца"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Калі электрон знаходзіцца ў <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Перыядычны патэнцыял (няма такой старонкі)">перыядычным патэнцыяле</a>, яго рух разглядаецца як рух <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квазічасціцы (няма такой старонкі)">квазічасціцы</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Яго стану апісваюцца <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Квазіволновым вектарам (няма такой старонкі)">квазіволновым вектарам</a>. Асноўны дынамічнай характарыстыкай у выпадку квадратычнага <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96%D1%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Закон дысперыіі (няма такой старонкі)">закона дысперсіі</a> з’яўляецца <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эфектыўная маса (няма такой старонкі)">эфектыўная маса</a>, якая можа значна адрознівацца ад масы вольнага электрона і ў агульным выпадку з’яўляецца <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэнзар (няма такой старонкі)">тэнзар</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гл._таксама"><span id=".D0.93.D0.BB._.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Гл. таксама</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Правіць раздзел: Гл. таксама" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Гл. таксама"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кулонаўская блакада">Кулонаўская блакада</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Зноскі"><span id=".D0.97.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Зноскі</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CODATA_allascii-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA_allascii_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA_allascii_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA_allascii_1-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/Table/allascii.txt">http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/Table/allascii.txt</a> Fundamental Physical Constants — Complete Listing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Киттель, Ч.</i> Квантовая теория твердых тел. — М.-Л.: Наук, 1967. — С. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Давыдов, А. С.</i> Теория твердого тела. — М.: Мир, 1979. — С. 122</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Богуш А. Электрон // БЭ ў 18 т. Т. 18. Кн. 1. Мн., 2004.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="У_Сеціве"><span id=".D0.A3_.D0.A1.D0.B5.D1.86.D1.96.D0.B2.D0.B5"></span>У Сеціве</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Правіць раздзел: У Сеціве" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: У Сеціве"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks navigation-box bewikiWikimediaNavigation" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; border:solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; padding:1ex; font-size:90%; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrons" title="commons:Category:Electrons"><img alt="commons:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikicommons-ref"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrons?uselang=be">Электрон</a></span> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Вікісховішча">Вікісховішчы</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/electron/">The Discovery of the Electron</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span><span class="ref-info">(недаступная спасылка)</span>.  American Institute of Physics, Center for History of Physics. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316233916/http://www.aip.org/history/electron/">Архівавана</a> з першакрыніцы 16 сакавіка 2008.</small> <small>Праверана 10 жніўня 2006.</small></span></li> <li><span class="citation"><span style="" lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/">Particle Data Group</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none"><b> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="нявызначанай мовай">(нявызн.)</span></b></span>.  University of California. <small>Праверана 17 лістапада 2008.</small></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4817788">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBock,_Rudolf_K.;_Vasilescu,_Angela1998" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Rudolf K.; Vasilescu, Angela (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.web.cern.ch/Physics/ParticleDetector/BriefBook/"><i>The Particle Detector BriefBook</i></a> (14th ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (ідэнтыфікатар)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/3540641203" title="Адмысловае:BookSources/3540641203"><bdi>3540641203</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Праверана <span class="nowrap">2008-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Particle+Detector+BriefBook&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3540641203&rft.au=Bock%2C+Rudolf+K.%3B+Vasilescu%2C+Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.web.cern.ch%2FPhysics%2FParticleDetector%2FBriefBook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:Cite_book" title="Шаблон:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Папярэджанні CS1: розныя назвы: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_CS1:_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B:_authors_list" title="Катэгорыя:Папярэджанні CS1: розныя назвы: authors list">спасылка</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4785216">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Квантавая_электрадынаміка" data-name="Квантавая электрадынаміка" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="navbox-gear" style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⛭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></span><div id="Квантавая_электрадынаміка" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Квантавая электрадынаміка">Квантавая электрадынаміка</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Тэорыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%AD%D0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вакуум КЭД (няма такой старонкі)">Вакуум КЭД</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Уласная энергія (няма такой старонкі)">Уласная энергія</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Палярызацыя вакууму">Палярызацыя вакууму</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Пастаянная тонкай структуры">Пастаянная тонкай структуры</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Вяршынная функцыя (няма такой старонкі)">Вяршынная функцыя</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тоеснасць Уорда — Такахашы (няма такой старонкі)">Тоеснасць Уорда — Такахашы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9E-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ξ-каліброўка (няма такой старонкі)">ξ-каліброўка</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фармалізм Гупты — Блойлера (няма такой старонкі)">Фармалізм Гупты — Блойлера</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">З’явы</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Эфект Комптана">Комптанаўскае рассеянне</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мёлераўскае рассеянне (няма такой старонкі)">Мёлераўскае рассеянне</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рассеянне Бабы (няма такой старонкі)">Рассеянне Бабы</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тармазное выпрамяненне">Тармазное выпрамяненне</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Анамальны магнітны момант (няма такой старонкі)">Анамальны магнітны момант</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85" title="Лэмбаўскі зрух">Лэмбаўскі зрух</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Часціцы</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist hlist-items-nowrap" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">элементарныя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фатон">Фатон</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Электрон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пазітрон">Пазітрон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Віртуальная часціца">Віртуальныя часціцы</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">састаўныя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Пазітроній">Пазітроній</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Малекулярны пазітроній (няма такой старонкі)">Малекулярны пазітроній</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4785216"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Часціцы_ў_фізіцы" data-name="Часціцы" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="navbox-gear" style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⛭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></span><div id="Часціцы_ў_фізіцы" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86" title="Фізіка элементарных часціц">Часціцы ў фізіцы</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Элементарная часціца">Элементарныя<br />часціцы</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Ферміён">Ферміёны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Кварк">Кваркі</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="U-кварк">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="D-кварк">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="C-кварк">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="S-кварк">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="T-кварк">t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="B-кварк">b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лептон">Лептоны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">e<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пазітрон">e<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мюон"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">μ<sup>−</sup></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">μ<sup>+</sup></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тау-лептон"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">τ<sup>−</sup></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">τ<sup>+</sup></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Электроннае нейтрына"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">ν<sub>e</sub></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">ν</span><sub>e</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мюоннае нейтрына"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">ν<sub>μ</sub></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">ν</span><sub>μ</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83-%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тау-нейтрына"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;">ν<sub>τ</sub></span> * <span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">ν</span><sub>τ</sub></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Базон">Базоны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Калібровачны базон">Калібровачныя базоны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фатон">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-_%D1%96_Z-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="W- і Z-базоны">W-базон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-_%D1%96_Z-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="W- і Z-базоны">Z-базон</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Базон Хігса">Базоны Хігса</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Базон Хігса">H<sup>0</sup></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px;font-weight:normal;">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Духі Фаддзеева — Папова (няма такой старонкі)">Ду́хі</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гіпатэтычныя часціцы (няма такой старонкі)">Гіпатэтычныя</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Суперпартнёры (няма такой старонкі)">Суперпартнёры</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гейджына (няма такой старонкі)">Гейджына</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Чарджына (няма такой старонкі)">Чарджына</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Глюіна (няма такой старонкі)">Глюіна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гравіціна (няма такой старонкі)">Гравіціна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нейтраліна (няма такой старонкі)">Нейтраліна</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аксіна (няма такой старонкі)">Аксіна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хігсіна (няма такой старонкі)">Хігсіна</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сферміён (няма такой старонкі)">Сферміён</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Аксіён">A<sup>0</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дылатон (няма такой старонкі)">Дылатон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гравітон">G</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Маярон (няма такой старонкі)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Тахіён">Тахіён</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-базон (няма такой старонкі)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Y-базон">Y</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%E2%80%99-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W’-базон (няма такой старонкі)">W’</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%E2%80%99-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z’-базон (няма такой старонкі)">Z’</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Стэрыльнае нейтрына (няма такой старонкі)">Стэрыльнае нейтрына</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Састаўныя часціцы (няма такой старонкі)">Састаўныя<br />часціцы</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Адрон">Адроны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Барыён">Барыёны</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гіперон">Гіпероны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нуклон">Нуклоны</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пратон">p<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антыпратон"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">p</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Нейтрон">n<sup>0</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Антынейтрон"><span style="white-space: nowrap; font-family: times, serif, palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000; font-size: 120%;"><span style="text-decoration:overline">n</span></span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дэльта-рэзанансы (няма такой старонкі)">Δ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Лямбда-гіперон (няма такой старонкі)">Λ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сігма-гіпероны (няма такой старонкі)">Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%81%D1%96-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ксі-гіпероны (няма такой старонкі)">Ξ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Амега-гіперон">Ω</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мезон">Мезоны</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кварконій (няма такой старонкі)">Кварконіі</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пі-мезон">π</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ро-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">ρ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эта-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">η</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D1%88%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эта-штрых-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">η′ </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%96-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фі-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">φ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Амега-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">ω </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J/%CF%88-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J/ψ-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">J/ψ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Іпсілон-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">ϒ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэта-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">θ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Каоны">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="B-мезон">B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-мезон (няма такой старонкі)">T</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px;font-weight:normal;">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Атамнае ядро">Атамныя ядры</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Альфа-часціца">α</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Атам">Атамы</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Экзатычныя атамы (няма такой старонкі)">Экзатычныя атамы</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Пазітроній">Пазітроній</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Мюоній">Мюоній</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кварконій (няма такой старонкі)">Кварконій</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Малекула">Малекулы</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Катэгорыя:Гіпатэтычныя састаўныя часціцы (няма такой старонкі)">Гіпатэтычныя</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Экзатычныя адроны (няма такой старонкі)">Экзатычныя адроны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Экзатычныя барыёны (няма такой старонкі)">Экзатычныя барыёны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дыбарыён (няма такой старонкі)">Дыбарыён</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Пентакварк">Пентакварк</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Экзатычныя мезоны (няма такой старонкі)">Экзатычныя мезоны</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Глюбол (няма такой старонкі)">Глюбол</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тэтракварк (няма такой старонкі)">Тэтракварк</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px;font-weight:normal;">Іншыя</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мезонная малекула (няма такой старонкі)">Мезонная малекула</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Памерон (няма такой старонкі)">Памерон</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Квазічасціца">Квазічасціцы</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Салітон Давыдава (няма такой старонкі)">Салітон Давыдава</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эксітон">Эксітон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Біэксітон (няма такой старонкі)">Біэксітон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Магнон (няма такой старонкі)">Магнон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фанон">Фанон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Плазмон">Плазмон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Палярытон (няма такой старонкі)">Палярытон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Палярон (няма такой старонкі)">Палярон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Прымесон (няма такой старонкі)">Прымесон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ратон">Ратон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Біратон (няма такой старонкі)">Біратон</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электронная дзірка">Дзірка</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Электрон (квазічасціца) (няма такой старонкі)">Электрон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Купераўская пара (няма такой старонкі)">Купераўская пара</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Арбітон (няма такой старонкі)">Арбітон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фазон (няма такой старонкі)">Фазон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Флуктуон (няма такой старонкі)">Флуктуон</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эніён (няма такой старонкі)">Эніён</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Спісы</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86" title="Спіс часціц">спіс часціц</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Спіс квазічасціц (няма такой старонкі)">спіс квазічасціц</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Спіс барыёнаў (няма такой старонкі)">спіс барыёнаў</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Спіс мезонаў (няма такой старонкі)">спіс мезонаў</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Гісторыя адкрыцця часціц (няма такой старонкі)">Гісторыя адкрыцця часціц</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Узята з "<a dir="ltr" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Электрон&oldid=4755596">https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Электрон&oldid=4755596</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Categories" title="Адмысловае:Categories">Катэгорыі</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Катэгорыя:Элементарныя часціцы">Элементарныя часціцы</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Катэгорыя:Лептоны">Лептоны</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Катэгорыя:Электрон">Электрон</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Катэгорыя:Квантавая электрадынаміка">Квантавая электрадынаміка</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Схаваныя катэгорыі: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96,_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_JsonConfig" title="Катэгорыя:Старонкі, якія ўжываюць пашырэнне JsonConfig">Старонкі, якія ўжываюць пашырэнне JsonConfig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Катэгорыя:Вікіпедыя:Спасылка на Вікісховішча непасрэдна ў артыкуле">Вікіпедыя:Спасылка на Вікісховішча непасрэдна ў артыкуле</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Катэгорыя:Старонкі з няправільным сінтаксісам спасылак на крыніцы">Старонкі з няправільным сінтаксісам спасылак на крыніцы</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_CS1:_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B:_authors_list" title="Катэгорыя:Папярэджанні CS1: розныя назвы: authors list">Папярэджанні CS1: розныя назвы: authors list</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Апошняе змяненне старонкі адбылося 22:52, 27 мая 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Тэкст даступны на ўмовах <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.be">ліцэнзіі Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>, у асобных выпадках могуць дзейнічаць дадатковыя ўмовы. Падрабязней гл. <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Умовы_выкарыстання">Умовы выкарыстання</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Палітыка прыватнасці</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F">Пра Вікіпедыю</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96">Адмова ад адказнасці</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Распрацоўшчыкі</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/be.wikipedia.org">Статыстыка</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Заява пра cookie</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//be.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Мабільная версія</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-j4d7q","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.318","walltime":"0.502","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2026,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":118607,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3391,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":8740,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 384.610 1 -total"," 25.52% 98.140 1 Шаблон:Cite_book"," 22.08% 84.938 1 Шаблон:Commonscat"," 20.71% 79.654 1 Шаблон:Навігацыя"," 13.62% 52.397 1 Шаблон:Квантавая_электрадынаміка"," 13.55% 52.118 10 Шаблон:Navbox_subgroups"," 13.52% 51.982 1 Шаблон:Элементарная_часціца"," 13.17% 50.644 2 Шаблон:Cite_web"," 12.79% 49.206 5 Шаблон:Wikidata-link"," 11.57% 44.490 1 Шаблон:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.158","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4853555,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7c479b968-lmmnr","timestamp":"20241117032827","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d","url":"https:\/\/be.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2225","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2225","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0423\u0434\u0437\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u045e \u0412\u0456\u043a\u0456\u043c\u0435\u0434\u044b\u044f"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-05-11T10:13:23Z"}</script> </body> </html>