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</div> <div class="control"> <button class="button is-small is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.00267">arXiv:2403.00267</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.00267">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2403.00267">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Materials Science">cond-mat.mtrl-sci</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Critical slowing of the spin and charge density wave order in thin film Cr following photoexcitation </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">Sheena K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Gorobtsov%2C+O+Y">Oleg Yu. Gorobtsov</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Cela%2C+D">Devin Cela</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hrkac%2C+S+B">Stjepan B. Hrkac</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hua%2C+N">Nelson Hua</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Medapalli%2C+R">Rajasekhar Medapalli</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shabalin%2C+A+G">Anatoly G. Shabalin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Wingert%2C+J">James Wingert</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Glownia%2C+J+M">James M. Glownia</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Zhu%2C+D">Diling Zhu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chollet%2C+M">Matthieu Chollet</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shpyrko%2C+O+G">Oleg G. Shpyrko</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Singer%2C+A">Andrej Singer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">Eric E. Fullerton</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2403.00267v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We report on the evolution of the charge density wave (CDW) and spin density wave (SDW) order of a chromium film following photoexcitation with an ultrafast optical laser pulse. The CDW is measured by ultrafast time-resolved x-ray diffraction of the CDW satellite that tracks the suppression and recovery of the CDW following photoexcitation. We find that as the temperature of the film approaches a… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2403.00267v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2403.00267v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2403.00267v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We report on the evolution of the charge density wave (CDW) and spin density wave (SDW) order of a chromium film following photoexcitation with an ultrafast optical laser pulse. The CDW is measured by ultrafast time-resolved x-ray diffraction of the CDW satellite that tracks the suppression and recovery of the CDW following photoexcitation. We find that as the temperature of the film approaches a discontinuous phase transition in the CDW and SDW order, the time scales of recovery increase exponentially from the expected thermal time scales. We extend a Landau model for SDW systems to account for this critical slowing with the appropriate boundary conditions imposed by the geometry of the thin film system. This model allows us to assess the energy barrier between available CDW/SDW states with different spatial periodicities. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2403.00267v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2403.00267v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 5 March, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 29 February, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2024. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">Author typo fixed</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.03931">arXiv:2202.03931</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.03931">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Materials Science">cond-mat.mtrl-sci</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Ultrafast Emergence of Ferromagnetism in Antiferromagnetic FeRh in High Magnetic Fields </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Dolgikh%2C+I+A">I. A. Dolgikh</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Blank%2C+T+G+H">T. G. H. Blank</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Buzdakov%2C+A+G">A. G. Buzdakov</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Li%2C+G">G. Li</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Prabhakara%2C+K+H">K. H. Prabhakara</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">S. K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Medapalli%2C+R">R. Medapalli</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">E. E. Fullerton</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Koplak%2C+O+V">O. V. Koplak</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Mentink%2C+J+H">J. H. Mentink</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Zvezdin%2C+K+A">K. A. Zvezdin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Zvezdin%2C+A+K">A. K. Zvezdin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Christianen%2C+P+C+M">P. C. M. Christianen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kimel%2C+A+V">A. V. Kimel</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2202.03931v4-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Ultrafast heating of FeRh by a femtosecond laser pulse launches a magneto-structural phase transition from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic state. Aiming to reveal the ultrafast kinetics of this transition, we studied magnetization dynamics with the help of the magneto-optical Kerr effect in a broad range of temperatures (from 4 K to 400 K) and magnetic fields (up to 25 T). Three different… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2202.03931v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2202.03931v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2202.03931v4-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Ultrafast heating of FeRh by a femtosecond laser pulse launches a magneto-structural phase transition from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic state. Aiming to reveal the ultrafast kinetics of this transition, we studied magnetization dynamics with the help of the magneto-optical Kerr effect in a broad range of temperatures (from 4 K to 400 K) and magnetic fields (up to 25 T). Three different types of ultrafast magnetization dynamics were observed and, using a numerically calculated H-T phase diagram, the differences were explained by different initial states of FeRh corresponding to a (i) collinear antiferromagnetic, (ii) canted antiferromagnetic and (iii) ferromagnetic alignment of spins. We argue that ultrafast heating of FeRh in the canted antiferromagnetic phase launches practically the fastest possible emergence of magnetization in this material. The magnetization emerges on a time scale of 2 ps, which corresponds to the earlier reported time-scale of the structural changes during the phase transition. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2202.03931v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2202.03931v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 27 July, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 8 February, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2022. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.06350">arXiv:2201.06350</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.06350">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2201.06350">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics">cond-mat.mes-hall</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Accelerator Physics">physics.acc-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577522008414">10.1107/S1600577522008414 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Megahertz-rate Ultrafast X-ray Scattering and Holographic Imaging at the European XFEL </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hagstr%C3%B6m%2C+N+Z">Nanna Zhou Hagstr枚m</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Schneider%2C+M">Michael Schneider</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kerber%2C+N">Nico Kerber</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Yaroslavtsev%2C+A">Alexander Yaroslavtsev</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Parra%2C+E+B">Erick Burgos Parra</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Beg%2C+M">Marijan Beg</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Lang%2C+M">Martin Lang</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=G%C3%BCnther%2C+C+M">Christian M. G眉nther</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Seng%2C+B">Boris Seng</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kammerbauer%2C+F">Fabian Kammerbauer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Popescu%2C+H">Horia Popescu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Pancaldi%2C+M">Matteo Pancaldi</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Neeraj%2C+K">Kumar Neeraj</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Polley%2C+D">Debanjan Polley</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Jangid%2C+R">Rahul Jangid</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hrkac%2C+S+B">Stjepan B. Hrkac</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">Sheena K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Ovcharenko%2C+S">Sergei Ovcharenko</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Turenne%2C+D">Diego Turenne</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Ksenzov%2C+D">Dmitriy Ksenzov</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Boeglin%2C+C">Christine Boeglin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Pronin%2C+I">Igor Pronin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Baidakova%2C+M">Marina Baidakova</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Schmising%2C+C+v+K">Clemens von Korff Schmising</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Borchert%2C+M">Martin Borchert</a> , et al. (75 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2201.06350v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence, and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, we presen… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2201.06350v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2201.06350v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2201.06350v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence, and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, we present the results from the first megahertz repetition rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL. We illustrate the experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at MHz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2201.06350v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2201.06350v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 20 January, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 17 January, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> January 2022. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">13 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary Information as ancillary file</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> J. Synchrotron Rad. (2022), 29 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.05353">arXiv:2012.05353</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.05353">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Strongly Correlated Electrons">cond-mat.str-el</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Phonon-assisted formation of an itinerant electronic density wave </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Li%2C+J">Jiaruo Li</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Gorobtsov%2C+O+Y">Oleg Yu. Gorobtsov</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">Sheena K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hua%2C+N">Nelson Hua</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Gregory%2C+B">Benjamin Gregory</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shabalin%2C+A+G">Anatoly G. Shabalin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hrkac%2C+S">Stjepan Hrkac</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Wingert%2C+J">James Wingert</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Cela%2C+D">Devin Cela</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Glownia%2C+J+M">James M. Glownia</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chollet%2C+M">Matthieu Chollet</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Zhu%2C+D">Diling Zhu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Medapalli%2C+R">Rajasekhar Medapalli</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">Eric E. Fullerton</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shpyrko%2C+O+G">Oleg G. Shpyrko</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Singer%2C+A">Andrej Singer</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2012.05353v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Electronic instabilities drive ordering transitions in condensed matter. Despite many advances in the microscopic understanding of the ordered states, a more nuanced and profound question often remains unanswered: how do the collective excitations influence the electronic order formation? Here, we experimentally show that a phonon affects the spin density wave (SDW) formation after an SDW-quench b… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2012.05353v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2012.05353v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2012.05353v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Electronic instabilities drive ordering transitions in condensed matter. Despite many advances in the microscopic understanding of the ordered states, a more nuanced and profound question often remains unanswered: how do the collective excitations influence the electronic order formation? Here, we experimentally show that a phonon affects the spin density wave (SDW) formation after an SDW-quench by femtosecond laser pulses. In a thin film, the temperature-dependent SDW period is quantized, allowing us to track the out-of-equilibrium formation path of the SDW precisely. By exploiting its persistent coupling to the lattice, we probe the SDW through the transient lattice distortion, measured by femtosecond X-ray diffraction. We find that within 500 femtoseconds after a complete quench, the SDW forms with the low-temperature period, directly bypassing a thermal state with the high-temperature period. We argue that a momentum-matched phonon launched by the quench changes the formation path of the SDW through the dynamic pinning of the order parameter. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2012.05353v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2012.05353v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 9 December, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2020. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.13379">arXiv:2005.13379</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.13379">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics">cond-mat.mes-hall</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Applied Physics">physics.app-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Femtosecond Photocurrents at the Pt/FeRh Interface </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Medapalli%2C+R">Rajasekhar Medapalli</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Li%2C+G">Guanqiao Li</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">Sheena K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Mikhaylovskiy%2C+R+V">Rostislav. V. Mikhaylovskiy</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Rasing%2C+T">Theo Rasing</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kimel%2C+A+V">Alexey V. Kimel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">Eric E. Fullerton</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2005.13379v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Femtosecond laser excitation of FeRh/Pt bilayers launches an ultrafast pulse of electric photocurrent in the Pt-layer and thus results in emission of electromagnetic radiation in the THz spectral range. Analysis of the THz emission as a function of polarization of the femtosecond laser pulse, external magnetic field, sample temperature and sample orientation shows that photocurrent can emerge due… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2005.13379v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2005.13379v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2005.13379v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Femtosecond laser excitation of FeRh/Pt bilayers launches an ultrafast pulse of electric photocurrent in the Pt-layer and thus results in emission of electromagnetic radiation in the THz spectral range. Analysis of the THz emission as a function of polarization of the femtosecond laser pulse, external magnetic field, sample temperature and sample orientation shows that photocurrent can emerge due to vertical spin pumping and photo-induced inverse spin-orbit torque at the FeRh/Pt interface. The vertical spin pumping from FeRh to Pt does not depend on the polarization of light and originates from ultrafast laser-induced demagnetization of the ferromagnetic phase of FeRh. The photo-induced inverse spin-orbit torque at the FeRh/Pt interface can be described in terms of a helicity-dependent effect of circularly polarized light on the magnetization of the ferromagnetic FeRh and subsequent generation of a photocurrent. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2005.13379v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2005.13379v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 27 May, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">11 pages</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.04259">arXiv:2002.04259</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.04259">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Strongly Correlated Electrons">cond-mat.str-el</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Disordered Systems and Neural Networks">cond-mat.dis-nn</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Direct measurement of temporal correlations above the spin-glass transition by coherent resonant magnetic x-ray spectroscopy </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Song%2C+J">Jingjin Song</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">Sheena K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Bhattacharya%2C+R">Rupak Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Yang%2C+Y">Yi Yang</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Pandey%2C+S">Sudip Pandey</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+X+M">Xiao M. Chen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Maple%2C+M+B">M. Brian Maple</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">Eric E. Fullerton</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Roy%2C+S">Sujoy Roy</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Mazzoli%2C+C">Claudio Mazzoli</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Varma%2C+C+M">Chandra M. Varma</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Sinha%2C+S+K">Sunil K. Sinha</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2002.04259v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> In the 1970s a new paradigm was introduced that interacting quenched systems, such as a spin-glass, have a phase transition in which long time memory of spatial patterns is realized without spatial correlations. The principal methods to study the spin-glass transition, besides some elaborate and elegant theoretical constructions, have been numerical computer simulations and neutron spin echo measu… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2002.04259v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2002.04259v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2002.04259v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> In the 1970s a new paradigm was introduced that interacting quenched systems, such as a spin-glass, have a phase transition in which long time memory of spatial patterns is realized without spatial correlations. The principal methods to study the spin-glass transition, besides some elaborate and elegant theoretical constructions, have been numerical computer simulations and neutron spin echo measurements . We show here that the dynamical correlations of the spin-glass transition are embedded in measurements of the four-spin correlations at very long times. This information is directly available in the temporal correlations of the intensity, which encode the spin-orientation memory, obtained by the technique of resonant magnetic x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (RM- XPCS). We have implemented this method to observe and accurately characterize the critical slowing down of the spin orientation fluctuations in the classic metallic spin glass alloy Cu(Mn) over time scales of 1 to 1000 secs. Our method opens the way for studying phase transitions in systems such as spin ices, and quantum spin liquids, as well as the structural glass transition. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2002.04259v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2002.04259v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 11 February, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">14 pages, 9 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11719">arXiv:2001.11719</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.11719">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2001.11719">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics">cond-mat.mes-hall</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Ultrafast perturbation of magnetic domains by optical pumping in a ferromagnetic multilayer </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Zusin%2C+D">Dmitriy Zusin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Iacocca%2C+E">Ezio Iacocca</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Guyader%2C+L+L">Lo茂c Le Guyader</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Reid%2C+A+H">Alexander H. Reid</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Schlotter%2C+W+F">William F. Schlotter</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Liu%2C+T">Tian-Min Liu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Higley%2C+D+J">Daniel J. Higley</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Coslovich%2C+G">Giacomo Coslovich</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Wandel%2C+S+F">Scott F. Wandel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Tengdin%2C+P+M">Phoebe M. Tengdin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">Sheena K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shabalin%2C+A">Anatoly Shabalin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hua%2C+N">Nelson Hua</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hrkac%2C+S+B">Stjepan B. Hrkac</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Nembach%2C+H+T">Hans T. Nembach</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shaw%2C+J+M">Justin M. Shaw</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Montoya%2C+S+A">Sergio A. Montoya</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Blonsky%2C+A">Adam Blonsky</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Gentry%2C+C">Christian Gentry</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hoefer%2C+M+A">Mark A. Hoefer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Murnane%2C+M+M">Margaret M. Murnane</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kapteyn%2C+H+C">Henry C. Kapteyn</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">Eric E. Fullerton</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shpyrko%2C+O">Oleg Shpyrko</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=D%C3%BCrr%2C+H+A">Hermann A. D眉rr</a> , et al. (1 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2001.11719v4-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Ultrafast optical pumping of spatially nonuniform magnetic textures is known to induce far-from-equilibrium spin transport effects. Here, we use ultrafast x-ray diffraction with unprecedented dynamic range to study the laser-induced dynamics of labyrinth domain networks in ferromagnetic CoFe/Ni multilayers. We detected azimuthally isotropic, odd order, magnetic diffraction rings up to 5th order. T… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2001.11719v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2001.11719v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2001.11719v4-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Ultrafast optical pumping of spatially nonuniform magnetic textures is known to induce far-from-equilibrium spin transport effects. Here, we use ultrafast x-ray diffraction with unprecedented dynamic range to study the laser-induced dynamics of labyrinth domain networks in ferromagnetic CoFe/Ni multilayers. We detected azimuthally isotropic, odd order, magnetic diffraction rings up to 5th order. The amplitudes of all three diffraction rings quench to different degrees within 1.6 ps. In addition, all three of the detected diffraction rings both broaden by 15% and radially contract by 6% during the quench process. We are able to rigorously quantify a 31% ultrafast broadening of the domain walls via Fourier analysis of the order-dependent quenching of the three detected diffraction rings. The broadening of the diffraction rings is interpreted as a reduction in the domain coherence length, but the shift in the ring radius, while unambiguous in its occurrence, remains unexplained. In particular, we demonstrate that a radial shift explained by domain wall broadening can be ruled out. With the unprecedented dynamic range of our data, our results provide convincing evidence that labyrinth domain structures are spatially perturbed at ultrafast speeds under far-from-equilibrium conditions, albeit the mechanism inducing the perturbations remains yet to be clarified. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2001.11719v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2001.11719v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 9 June, 2022; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 31 January, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> January 2020. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.06799">arXiv:2001.06799</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.06799">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Materials Science">cond-mat.mtrl-sci</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics">cond-mat.mes-hall</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Ultrafast kinetics of the antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition in FeRh </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Li%2C+G">G. Li</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Medapalli%2C+R">R. Medapalli</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Mentink%2C+J+H">J. H. Mentink</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Mikhaylovskiy%2C+R+V">R. V. Mikhaylovskiy</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Blank%2C+T+G+H">T. G. H. Blank</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">S. K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Zvezdin%2C+A+K">A. K. Zvezdin</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Rasing%2C+T">Th. Rasing</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">E. E. Fullerton</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kimel%2C+A+V">A. V. Kimel</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2001.06799v4-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Understanding how fast short-range interactions build up long-range order is one of the most intriguing topics in condensed matter physics. FeRh is a test specimen for studying this problem in magnetism, where the microscopic spin-spin exchange interaction is ultimately responsible for either ferro- or antiferromagnetic macroscopic order. Femtosecond laser excitation can induce ferromagnetism in a… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2001.06799v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2001.06799v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2001.06799v4-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Understanding how fast short-range interactions build up long-range order is one of the most intriguing topics in condensed matter physics. FeRh is a test specimen for studying this problem in magnetism, where the microscopic spin-spin exchange interaction is ultimately responsible for either ferro- or antiferromagnetic macroscopic order. Femtosecond laser excitation can induce ferromagnetism in antiferromagnetic FeRh, but the mechanism and dynamics of this transition are topics of intense debates. Employing double-pump THz emission spectroscopy has enabled us to dramatically increase the temporal detection window of THz emission probes of transient states without sacrificing any loss of resolution or sensitivity. It allows us to study the kinetics of emergent ferromagnetism from the femtosecond up to the nanosecond timescales in FeRh/Pt bilayers. Our results strongly suggest a latency period between the initial pump-excitation and the emission of THz radiation by ferromagnetic nuclei. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2001.06799v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2001.06799v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 21 October, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 19 January, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> January 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">35 pages total, 8 figures in main text, 7 figures in supplementary</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.00780">arXiv:1803.00780</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.00780">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Strongly Correlated Electrons">cond-mat.str-el</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5027809">10.1063/1.5027809 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Laser induced phase transition in epitaxial FeRh layers studied by pump-probe valence band photoemission </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Pressacco%2C+F">Federico Pressacco</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Uhl%C3%AD%C5%99%2C+V">Vojt臎ch Uhl铆艡</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Gatti%2C+M">Matteo Gatti</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Nicolaou%2C+A">Alessandro Nicolaou</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Bendounan%2C+A">Azzedine Bendounan</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Arregi%2C+J+A">Jon Ander Arregi</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">Sheena K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">Eric E. Fullerton</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Krizmancic%2C+D">Damjan Krizmancic</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Sirotti%2C+F">Fausto Sirotti</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1803.00780v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We use time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the electronic and magnetization dynamics in FeRh films after ultrafast laser excitations. We present experimental and theoretical results which investigate the electronic structure of the FeRh during the first-order phase transition identifying a clear signature of the magnetic phase. We find that a spin polarized feature at the Fermi… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1803.00780v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1803.00780v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1803.00780v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We use time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the electronic and magnetization dynamics in FeRh films after ultrafast laser excitations. We present experimental and theoretical results which investigate the electronic structure of the FeRh during the first-order phase transition identifying a clear signature of the magnetic phase. We find that a spin polarized feature at the Fermi edge is a fingerprint of the magnetic status of the system that is independent of the long-range ferromagnetic alignment of the magnetic domains. We use this feature to follow the phase transition induced by a laser pulse in a pump-probe experiment and find that the magnetic transition occurs in less than 50 ps, and reaches its maximum in 100 ps. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1803.00780v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1803.00780v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 2 March, 2018; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> March 2018. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">16 pages, 5 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Struct. Dyn. 5, 034501 (2018) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.08261">arXiv:1511.08261</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.08261">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Strongly Correlated Electrons">cond-mat.str-el</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.056401">10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.056401 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Photoinduced Enhancement of the Charge Density Wave Amplitude </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Singer%2C+A">A. Singer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Patel%2C+S+K+K">S. K. K. Patel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kukreja%2C+R">R. Kukreja</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Uhl%C3%AD%C5%99%2C+V">V. Uhl铆艡</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Wingert%2C+J">J. Wingert</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Festersen%2C+S">S. Festersen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Zhu%2C+D">D. Zhu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Glownia%2C+J+M">J. M. Glownia</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Lemke%2C+H">H. Lemke</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Nelson%2C+S">S. Nelson</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kozina%2C+M">M. Kozina</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Rossnagel%2C+K">K. Rossnagel</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Bauer%2C+M">M. Bauer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Murphy%2C+B+M">B. M. Murphy</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Magnussen%2C+O+M">O. M. Magnussen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E+E">E. E. Fullerton</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shpyrko%2C+O+G">O. G. Shpyrko</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1511.08261v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Symmetry breaking and the emergence of order is one of the most fascinating phenomena in condensed matter physics. It leads to a plethora of intriguing ground states found in antiferromagnets, Mott insulators, superconductors, and density-wave systems. Exploiting states of matter far from equilibrium can provide even more striking routes to symmetry-lowered, ordered states. Here, we demonstrate fo… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1511.08261v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1511.08261v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1511.08261v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Symmetry breaking and the emergence of order is one of the most fascinating phenomena in condensed matter physics. It leads to a plethora of intriguing ground states found in antiferromagnets, Mott insulators, superconductors, and density-wave systems. Exploiting states of matter far from equilibrium can provide even more striking routes to symmetry-lowered, ordered states. Here, we demonstrate for the case of elemental chromium that moderate ultrafast photo-excitation can transiently enhance the charge-density-wave (CDW) amplitude by up to 30% above its equilibrium value, while strong excitations lead to an oscillating, large-amplitude CDW state that persists above the equilibrium transition temperature. Both effects result from dynamic electron-phonon interactions, providing an efficient mechanism to selectively transform a broad excitation of the electronic order into a well defined, long-lived coherent lattice vibration. This mechanism may be exploited to transiently enhance order parameters in other systems with coupled degrees of freedom. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1511.08261v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1511.08261v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 8 February, 2017; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 25 November, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2015. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 056401 (2016) </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact arXiv</title><desc>Click here to contact arXiv</desc><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/contact.html"> Contact</a> </li> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>subscribe to arXiv mailings</title><desc>Click here to subscribe</desc><path d="M476 3.2L12.5 270.6c-18.1 10.4-15.8 35.6 2.2 43.2L121 358.4l287.3-253.2c5.5-4.9 13.3 2.6 8.6 8.3L176 407v80.5c0 23.6 28.5 32.9 42.5 15.8L282 426l124.6 52.2c14.2 6 30.4-2.9 33-18.2l72-432C515 7.8 493.3-6.8 476 3.2z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/subscribe"> Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/license/index.html">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/policies/privacy_policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column sorry-app-links"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/web_accessibility.html">Web Accessibility Assistance</a></li> <li> <p class="help"> <a class="a11y-main-link" href="https://status.arxiv.org" target="_blank">arXiv Operational Status <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" class="icon filter-dark_grey" role="presentation"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg></a><br> Get status notifications via <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/email/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg>email</a> or <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/slack/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M94.12 315.1c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06S0 341 0 315.1c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h47.06v47.06zm23.72 0c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v117.84c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06s-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V315.1zm47.06-188.98c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06S139 32 164.9 32s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v47.06H164.9zm0 23.72c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H47.06C21.16 243.96 0 222.8 0 196.9s21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06H164.9zm188.98 47.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06h-47.06V196.9zm-23.72 0c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V79.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06V196.9zM283.1 385.88c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06v-47.06h47.06zm0-23.72c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06 0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h117.84c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H283.1z"/></svg>slack</a> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </footer> <script src="https://static.arxiv.org/static/base/1.0.0a5/js/member_acknowledgement.js"></script> </body> </html>

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