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id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Mesosaurus</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ميسوصور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميسوصور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaure" title="Mesosaure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mesosaure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مسوسورس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسوسورس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%86%8C%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="메소사우루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메소사우루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezosaur" title="Mezosaur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mezosaur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מזוזאורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזוזאורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მეზოზავრები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეზოზავრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മേസോസോറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേസോസോറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="メソサウルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メソサウルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezozaur" title="Mezozaur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mezozaur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Мезозавр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мезозавр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mesosaurus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" title="Mesosaurus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mosasaurus" title="Mosasaurus"><i>Mosasaurus</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Mesosuchus" title="Mesosuchus"><i>Mesosuchus</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Mesosaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:118.8px; width:6.4307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:118.8px; width:6.4307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:119.8px; width:4.4307692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_tenuidens_holotype_original_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_holotype_original_drawing.png/220px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_holotype_original_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_holotype_original_drawing.png/330px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_holotype_original_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_holotype_original_drawing.png/440px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_holotype_original_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="3277" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Holotype of <i>Mesosaurus tenuidens</i> (specimen MNHN 1865-77) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Mesosaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Mesosaur" title="Mesosaur">Mesosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Mesosaur" title="Mesosaur">Mesosauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Mesosaurus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gervais" title="Paul Gervais">Gervais</a>, 1865<sup id="cite_ref-Gervais65_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervais65-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>M. tenuidens</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Mesosaurus tenuidens</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Gervais, 1865<sup id="cite_ref-Gervais65_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervais65-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><small>List</small></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Mesosaurus brasiliensis</i> <small>McGregor, 1908</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Ditrochosaurus capensis</i> <small>Gurich, 1889</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Mesosaurus capensis</i> <small>(Gurich, 1889)</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Brazilosaurus_sanpauloensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis">Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis</a>?</i> <small>Shikama & Ozaki, 1966<sup id="cite_ref-Pineiro21_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pineiro21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Stereosternum_tumidum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereosternum tumidum">Stereosternum tumidum</a>?</i> <small>Cope, 1885<sup id="cite_ref-Pineiro21_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pineiro21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i>Mesosaurus tumidum?</i> <small>Cope, 1885<sup id="cite_ref-Pineiro21_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pineiro21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Mesosaurus</b></i> (meaning "middle lizard") is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Early Permian</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Along with it, the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Brazilosaurus" title="Brazilosaurus">Brazilosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Stereosternum" title="Stereosternum">Stereosternum</a></i>, it is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesosauridae">Mesosauridae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesosauria">Mesosauria</a>. <i>Mesosaurus</i> was long thought to have been one of the first <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a>, although new data suggests that at least those of Uruguay inhabited a hypersaline water body, rather than a typical marine environment.<sup id="cite_ref-PRGSL12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRGSL12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, it had many adaptations to a fully aquatic lifestyle. It is usually considered to have been <a href="/wiki/Anapsid" title="Anapsid">anapsid</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Huene" title="Friedrich von Huene">Friedrich von Huene</a> considered it to be a <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GP08_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GP08-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent study of Mesosauridae phylogeny places the group as either the basal most clade within <a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a> or the basal most clade within <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> (with the latter being the less supported position)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the skull of <i>Mesosaurus</i> possessing the "Synapsid condition" of one <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vH1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vH1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PFRL12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFRL12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_naming">Discovery and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> of <i>M. tenuidens</i>, MNHN 1865-77, is nicknamed the "<a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua</a> <i>Mesosaurus</i>" and it was found in a Griqua hut in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, likely in <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley, Northern Cape</a> around 1830 and was being used as a pot lid.<sup id="cite_ref-Gervais65_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervais65-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumstances of its discovery and how it was taken from its previous owners in South Africa are unknown, but what is known is that the specimen eventually surfaced in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologist">palaeontologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gervais" title="Paul Gervais">Paul Gervais</a> during the 1860s and he designated it as the holotype of a new genus and species he named <i>Mesosaurus tenuidens</i> in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Gervais65_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gervais65-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, <i>Mesosaurus</i> remains have also been identified from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and were first identified in 1908 as belonging to a second species, <i>M. brasiliensis</i>, by J. H. MacGregor.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor08_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor08-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later studies have shown that <i>M. brasiliensis</i> was the same animal as <i>M. tenuidens</i>, which remains as the single valid species of <i>Mesosaurus</i> to this day. </p><p>Two other species of <a href="/wiki/Mesosaur" title="Mesosaur">mesosaurids</a> have since been described, which are <i><a href="/wiki/Stereosternum" title="Stereosternum">Stereosternum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Cope_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cope-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brazilosaurus" title="Brazilosaurus">Brazilosaurus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ShikamaOzaki_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShikamaOzaki-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are also considered to be synonyms of <i>Mesosaurus tenuidens</i> according to Piñeiro <i>et al.</i> (2021).<sup id="cite_ref-Pineiro21_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pineiro21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mesosaurus</i> had a long skull that was larger than that of <i>Stereosternum</i> and had longer teeth. The teeth are angled outwards, especially those at the tips of the jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-MSP06_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSP06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_tenuidens_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_1.jpg/220px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_1.jpg/330px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_1.jpg/440px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption><i>Mesosaurus</i>, Brazil.</figcaption></figure><p>The bones of the postcranial skeleton are thick, having undergone <a href="/wiki/Pachyostosis" title="Pachyostosis">pachyostosis</a>. <i>Mesosaurus</i> is unusual among reptiles in that it possesses a <a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">cleithrum</a>, usually found in more primitive <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a> and tetrapods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModesto2010pp._1392–1393_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModesto2010pp._1392–1393-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the <a href="/wiki/Interclavicle" title="Interclavicle">interclavicle</a> of <i>Mesosaurus</i> is triangular, unlike those of other early reptiles, which are diamond-shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModesto2010p._1387_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModesto2010p._1387-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_Scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mesosaurus_Scale.svg/225px-Mesosaurus_Scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mesosaurus_Scale.svg/338px-Mesosaurus_Scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mesosaurus_Scale.svg/450px-Mesosaurus_Scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3305" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison with a human.</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a> were located at the top, allowing the creature to breathe with only the upper side of its head breaking the surface, in a similar manner to a modern <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoDP_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoDP-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Palaeobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mesosaurus</i> had a small <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> with long <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a>. The teeth were originally thought to have been straining devices for the <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feeding">filter feeding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-EoDP_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoDP-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this idea was based on the assumption that the teeth of <i>Mesosaurus</i> were numerous and close together in the jaws. Newly examined remains of <i>Mesosaurus</i> show that it had fewer teeth and that the dentition was suitable for catching small <a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">nektonic</a> prey such as crustaceans.<sup id="cite_ref-MSP06_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSP06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mesosaurus</i> was one of the first reptiles known to have returned to the water after early <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> came to land in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late Devonian</a> or later in the Paleozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-ML10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ML10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was around 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length, with webbed feet, a streamlined body, and a long tail that may have supported a fin. It probably propelled itself through the water with its long hind legs and flexible tail. Its body was also flexible and could easily move sideways, but it had heavily thickened <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>, which would have prevented it from twisting its body.<sup id="cite_ref-EoDP_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoDP-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pachyostosis seen in the bones of <i>Mesosaurus</i> may have enabled it to reach <a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">neutral buoyancy</a> in the upper few meters of the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>. The additional weight may have stabilized the animal at the water's surface. Alternatively, it could have given <i>Mesosaurus</i> greater momentum when gliding underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-ACML10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACML10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many features suggest a wholly aquatic lifestyle,<sup id="cite_ref-ACML10_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACML10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mesosaurus</i> may have been able to move onto land for short periods of time. Its elbows and ankles were restricted in their movement, making walking appear impossible. It is more likely that if <i>Mesosaurus</i> moved onto land, it would push itself forward in a similar way to living female <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> when nesting on beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModesto2010pp._1392–1393_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModesto2010pp._1392–1393-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study on vertebral column proportions suggested that, while young <i>Mesosaurus</i> might have been fully aquatic, adult animals spent some time on land. This is supported by the rarity of adult animals in aquatic settings, and a coprolite possessing drying fractures. However, how terrestrial these animals were is difficult to say, as their <a href="/wiki/Pachyostosis" title="Pachyostosis">pachyostosis</a> and other adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle would have made foraging on land difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_fetus_Pineiro_et_al_(2016)_PeerJ_4-e2036_fig_S1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mesosaurus_fetus_Pineiro_et_al_%282016%29_PeerJ_4-e2036_fig_S1.png/220px-Mesosaurus_fetus_Pineiro_et_al_%282016%29_PeerJ_4-e2036_fig_S1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mesosaurus_fetus_Pineiro_et_al_%282016%29_PeerJ_4-e2036_fig_S1.png/330px-Mesosaurus_fetus_Pineiro_et_al_%282016%29_PeerJ_4-e2036_fig_S1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mesosaurus_fetus_Pineiro_et_al_%282016%29_PeerJ_4-e2036_fig_S1.png/440px-Mesosaurus_fetus_Pineiro_et_al_%282016%29_PeerJ_4-e2036_fig_S1.png 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of unhatched juvenile or fetus of <i>Mesosaurus</i> (FC-DPV 2504) from Uruguay</figcaption></figure> <p>Clearly <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniote</a>-type fossil <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a> of <i>Mesosaurus</i> in an advanced stage of development (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetuses</a>) have been discovered in Uruguay and Brazil. These fossils are the earliest record of amniote fetuses, although amniotes are inferred to have had their typical reproductive strategy since their first appearance in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Carboniferous">Late Carboniferous</a>. Prior to their description, the oldest known amniote fetuses were from the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFML12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFML12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One isolated coiled fetus called FC-DPV 2504 is not surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> eggshells, suggesting that the glands in the <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> of <i>Mesosaurus</i> and probably all Paleozoic amniotes were not able to secrete <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, in contrast to post-paleozoic <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaurs</a>. This would explain the scarcity of <a href="/wiki/Egg_fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fossils">egg fossils</a> in the paleozoic amniote fossil record.<sup id="cite_ref-PFML12_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFML12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One <i>Mesosaurus</i> specimen called MCN-PV 2214 comprises a medium-size adult with a small individual in its <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a> which is interpreted as a fetus ‘<a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a>’, even suggesting that <i>Mesosaurus</i> like many other <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a>, gave live birth. If this interpretation is correct, this specimen would represent the earliest known example of <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparity</a> in the fossil record. The isolated fetus FC-DPV 2504, however, rather points to an <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoviviparous">ovoviviparous</a> reproduction strategy in <i>Mesosaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFML12_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFML12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mesosaurus</i> was significant in providing evidence for the <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>, because its remains were found in southern Africa, <a href="/wiki/Whitehill_Formation" title="Whitehill Formation">Whitehill Formation</a>, and eastern South America (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Melo_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melo Formation (page does not exist)">Melo Formation</a>, Uruguay and <a href="/wiki/Irati_Formation" title="Irati Formation">Irati Formation</a>, Brazil), two widely separated regions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <i>Mesosaurus</i> was a coastal animal, and therefore less likely to have crossed the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, this distribution indicated that the two continents used to be joined together. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_brasiliensis_NTM_I02048.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fossil from Brazil"><img alt="Fossil from Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mesosaurus_brasiliensis_NTM_I02048.jpg/54px-Mesosaurus_brasiliensis_NTM_I02048.jpg" decoding="async" width="54" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mesosaurus_brasiliensis_NTM_I02048.jpg/82px-Mesosaurus_brasiliensis_NTM_I02048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mesosaurus_brasiliensis_NTM_I02048.jpg/109px-Mesosaurus_brasiliensis_NTM_I02048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="5792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fossil from Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dual_Mesosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dual fossil in Louisiana"><img alt="Dual fossil in Louisiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dual_Mesosaurus.jpg/120px-Dual_Mesosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dual_Mesosaurus.jpg/180px-Dual_Mesosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dual_Mesosaurus.jpg/240px-Dual_Mesosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="1721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dual fossil in Louisiana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Restoration"><img alt="Restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mesosaurus_BW.jpg/120px-Mesosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mesosaurus_BW.jpg/180px-Mesosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mesosaurus_BW.jpg/240px-Mesosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Restoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_tenuidens_(Brazili%C3%AB_-_Vroeg_Perm)_Naturhistorisches_Museum_Wenen_7-06-2023_10-28-52.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From Brazil, at the Natural History Museum, Vienna"><img alt="From Brazil, at the Natural History Museum, Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_%28Brazili%C3%AB_-_Vroeg_Perm%29_Naturhistorisches_Museum_Wenen_7-06-2023_10-28-52.jpg/120px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_%28Brazili%C3%AB_-_Vroeg_Perm%29_Naturhistorisches_Museum_Wenen_7-06-2023_10-28-52.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_%28Brazili%C3%AB_-_Vroeg_Perm%29_Naturhistorisches_Museum_Wenen_7-06-2023_10-28-52.jpg/180px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_%28Brazili%C3%AB_-_Vroeg_Perm%29_Naturhistorisches_Museum_Wenen_7-06-2023_10-28-52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mesosaurus_tenuidens_%28Brazili%C3%AB_-_Vroeg_Perm%29_Naturhistorisches_Museum_Wenen_7-06-2023_10-28-52.jpg/240px-Mesosaurus_tenuidens_%28Brazili%C3%AB_-_Vroeg_Perm%29_Naturhistorisches_Museum_Wenen_7-06-2023_10-28-52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From Brazil, at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_Vienna" title="Natural History Museum, Vienna">Natural History Museum, Vienna</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Early reconstruction of the skeleton of M. brasiliensis showing many small teeth in the jaws (MacGregor, 1908).[9]"><img alt="Early reconstruction of the skeleton of M. brasiliensis showing many small teeth in the jaws (MacGregor, 1908).[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mesosaurus.png/120px-Mesosaurus.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mesosaurus.png/180px-Mesosaurus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mesosaurus.png/240px-Mesosaurus.png 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early reconstruction of the skeleton of <i>M. brasiliensis</i> showing many small teeth in the jaws (MacGregor, 1908).<sup id="cite_ref-MacGregor08_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGregor08-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_Fossil_bei_Keetmanshoop,_Namibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skeleton molds in whitish weathering shales of the Whitehill Formation, Keetmanshoop, Namibia"><img alt="Skeleton molds in whitish weathering shales of the Whitehill Formation, Keetmanshoop, Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mesosaurus_Fossil_bei_Keetmanshoop%2C_Namibia.jpg/120px-Mesosaurus_Fossil_bei_Keetmanshoop%2C_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mesosaurus_Fossil_bei_Keetmanshoop%2C_Namibia.jpg/180px-Mesosaurus_Fossil_bei_Keetmanshoop%2C_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mesosaurus_Fossil_bei_Keetmanshoop%2C_Namibia.jpg/240px-Mesosaurus_Fossil_bei_Keetmanshoop%2C_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4685" data-file-height="3226" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skeleton molds in whitish weathering shales of the Whitehill Formation, <a href="/wiki/Keetmanshoop" title="Keetmanshoop">Keetmanshoop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wegener_fossils-mapped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of four Permian and Triassic fossil groups used as biogeographic evidence for continental drift, and land bridging. Location of Mesosaurus remains shown by green squares"><img alt="Distribution of four Permian and Triassic fossil groups used as biogeographic evidence for continental drift, and land bridging. Location of Mesosaurus remains shown by green squares" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wegener_fossils-mapped.png/120px-Wegener_fossils-mapped.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wegener_fossils-mapped.png/180px-Wegener_fossils-mapped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wegener_fossils-mapped.png/240px-Wegener_fossils-mapped.png 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="1628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of four Permian and Triassic fossil groups used as biogeographic evidence for continental drift, and land bridging. Location of <i>Mesosaurus</i> remains shown by green squares</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gervais65-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gervais65_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gervais65_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gervais65_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gervais65_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gervais, P. 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University of California Press. pp. xv + 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26647-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26647-6"><bdi>978-0-520-26647-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Vertebrates+left+the+Water&rft.pages=xv+%2B+199&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26647-6&rft.aulast=Laurin&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACML10-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACML10_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACML10_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanovilleMichel_Laurin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Canoville, Aurore; Michel Laurin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2010.01431.x">"Evolution of humeral microanatomy and lifestyle in amniotes, and some comments on paleobiological inferences"</a>. <i>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>100</b> (2): 384–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2010.01431.x">10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01431.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+humeral+microanatomy+and+lifestyle+in+amniotes%2C+and+some+comments+on+paleobiological+inferences&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=384-406&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2010.01431.x&rft.aulast=Canoville&rft.aufirst=Aurore&rft.au=Michel+Laurin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8312.2010.01431.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pablo Nuñez Demarco et al. Was Mesosaurus a Fully Aquatic Reptile? Front. Ecol. Evol, published online July 27, 2018; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffevo.2018.00109">10.3389/fevo.2018.00109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PFML12-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PFML12_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFML12_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFML12_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiñeiroFerigolo,_J.Meneghel,_M.Laurin,_M.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Piñeiro, G.; Ferigolo, J.; Meneghel, M.; Laurin, M. (2012). "The oldest known amniotic embryos suggest viviparity in mesosaurs". <i>Historical Biology</i>. <b>24</b> (6): 620–630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012HBio...24..620P">2012HBio...24..620P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2012.662230">10.1080/08912963.2012.662230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59475679">59475679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Biology&rft.atitle=The+oldest+known+amniotic+embryos+suggest+viviparity+in+mesosaurs&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=620-630&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59475679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2012.662230&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012HBio...24..620P&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1eiro&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Ferigolo%2C+J.&rft.au=Meneghel%2C+M.&rft.au=Laurin%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiñeiro2008" class="citation book cs1">Piñeiro, Graciela (2008). D. Perera (ed.). <i>Fósiles de Uruguay</i>. DIRAC, Montevideoy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%B3siles+de+Uruguay&rft.pub=DIRAC%2C+Montevideoy&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1eiro&rft.aufirst=Graciela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrewick2016" class="citation book cs1">Trewick, Steve (2016). "Plate Tectonics in Biogeography". <i>International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg0638">10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0638</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118786352" title="Special:BookSources/9781118786352"><bdi>9781118786352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plate+Tectonics+in+Biogeography&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Geography%3A+People%2C+the+Earth%2C+Environment+and+Technology&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118786352.wbieg0638&rft.isbn=9781118786352&rft.aulast=Trewick&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/28px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/42px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png/56px-Allosaurus_Jardin_des_Plantes.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/32px-Lizardicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/48px-Lizardicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/64px-Lizardicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reptiles" title="Portal:Reptiles">Reptiles portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Parker, Steve. Dinosaurus: the complete guide to dinosaurs. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 90</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1988" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, R. L. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vertebratepaleon0000carr"><i>Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution</i></a></span>. W.H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716718222" title="Special:BookSources/9780716718222"><bdi>9780716718222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Paleontology+and+Evolution&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780716718222&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvertebratepaleon0000carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeGrand1988" class="citation book cs1">LeGrand, Homer Eugene (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driftingcontinen00legr"><i>Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories: The Modern Revolution in Geology and Scientific Change</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/driftingcontinen00legr/page/313">313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31105-2"><bdi>978-0-521-31105-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drifting+Continents+and+Shifting+Theories%3A+The+Modern+Revolution+in+Geology+and+Scientific+Change&rft.pages=313&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31105-2&rft.aulast=LeGrand&rft.aufirst=Homer+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdriftingcontinen00legr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargulisClifford_MatthewsAaron_Haselton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis, Lynn</a>; Clifford Matthews; Aaron Haselton (2000). <i>Environmental Evolution: Effects of the Origin and Evolution of Life on Planet Earth</i>. Contributor Clifford Matthews, Aaron Haselton (2nd ed.). MIT Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63197-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63197-6"><bdi>978-0-262-63197-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Evolution%3A+Effects+of+the+Origin+and+Evolution+of+Life+on+Planet+Earth&rft.pages=338&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-63197-6&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Clifford+Matthews&rft.au=Aaron+Haselton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSepkoski2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sepkoski, Jack (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40634#page/5/mode/1up">"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"</a>. <i>Bulletins of American Paleontology</i>. <b>363</b>: 5–560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87710-450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87710-450-6"><bdi>978-0-87710-450-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletins+of+American+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+compendium+of+fossil+marine+animal+genera&rft.volume=363&rft.pages=5-560&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87710-450-6&rft.aulast=Sepkoski&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F40634%23page%2F5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModesto2010" class="citation journal cs1">Modesto, S. P. (2010). "The postcranial skeleton of the aquatic parareptile <i>Mesosaurus tenuidens</i> from the Gondwanan Permian". <i>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</i>. <b>30</b> (5): 1378–1395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2010.501443">10.1080/02724634.2010.501443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+postcranial+skeleton+of+the+aquatic+parareptile+Mesosaurus+tenuidens+from+the+Gondwanan+Permian&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1378-1395&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.2010.501443&rft.aulast=Modesto&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesosaurus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sauropsida_(Reptilia_sensu_lato)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropsida" title="Template:Sauropsida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sauropsida" title="Template talk:Sauropsida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sauropsida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sauropsida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sauropsida_(Reptilia_sensu_lato)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(</span><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>sensu lato</i>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Superclass:_Tetrapoda_*_Clade:_Amniota" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Superclass: <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetrapodomorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha" title="Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha" title="Template:Tetrapodomorpha">Tetrapodomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Reptiliomorpha" title="Template:Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Sauropsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Australothyris" title="Australothyris">Australothyris</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Erpetonyx" title="Erpetonyx">Erpetonyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Microleter" title="Microleter">Microleter</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Acleistorhinidae" title="Acleistorhinidae">Acleistorhinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acleistorhinus" title="Acleistorhinus">Acleistorhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carbonodraco" title="Carbonodraco">Carbonodraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colobomycter" title="Colobomycter">Colobomycter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delorhynchus" title="Delorhynchus">Delorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feeserpeton" title="Feeserpeton">Feeserpeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karutia" title="Karutia">Karutia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klastomycter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klastomycter (page does not exist)">Klastomycter</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Bolosauridae" title="Bolosauridae">Bolosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Belebey_(genus)" title="Belebey (genus)">Belebey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolosaurus" title="Bolosaurus">Bolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eudibamus" title="Eudibamus">Eudibamus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Mesosaur" title="Mesosaur">Mesosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brazilosaurus" title="Brazilosaurus">Brazilosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mesosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereosternum" title="Stereosternum">Stereosternum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Millerettidae" title="Millerettidae">Millerettidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Broomia" title="Broomia">Broomia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heleophilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heleophilus (page does not exist)">Heleophilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milleretta" title="Milleretta">Milleretta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millerosaurus" title="Millerosaurus">Millerosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milleropsis" title="Milleropsis">Milleropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanomilleretta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanomilleretta (page does not exist)">Nanomilleretta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Procolophonia" title="Procolophonia">Procolophonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Procolophonia" title="Template:Procolophonia">Procolophonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mesosaurus tenuidens"><img alt="Mesosaurus tenuidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mesosaurus_BW.jpg/120px-Mesosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mesosaurus_BW.jpg/180px-Mesosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mesosaurus_BW.jpg/240px-Mesosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="603" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milleretta_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milleretta rubidgei"><img alt="Milleretta rubidgei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Milleretta_BW.jpg/120px-Milleretta_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Milleretta_BW.jpg/180px-Milleretta_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Milleretta_BW.jpg/240px-Milleretta_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Diapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelosaurus (page does not exist)">Adelosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Claudiosaurus" title="Claudiosaurus">Claudiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptovaranoides" title="Cryptovaranoides">Cryptovaranoides</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dolerosaurus" title="Dolerosaurus">Dolerosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Elachistosuchus" title="Elachistosuchus">Elachistosuchus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eunotosaurus" title="Eunotosaurus">Eunotosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Feralisaurus" title="Feralisaurus">Feralisaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Heleosuchus" title="Heleosuchus">Heleosuchus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kenyasaurus" title="Kenyasaurus">Kenyasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kudnu" title="Kudnu">Kudnu</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lanthanolania" title="Lanthanolania">Lanthanolania</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiothisavros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiothisavros (page does not exist)">Maiothisavros</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microzemiotes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microzemiotes (page does not exist)">Microzemiotes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Orovenator" title="Orovenator">Orovenator</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palacrodon" title="Palacrodon">Palacrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeagama" title="Palaeagama">Palaeagama</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Saurosternon" title="Saurosternon">Saurosternon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sphodrosaurus" title="Sphodrosaurus">Sphodrosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Younginidae" title="Younginidae">Younginidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galesphyrus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galesphyrus (page does not exist)">Galesphyrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thadeosaurus" title="Thadeosaurus">Thadeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youngina" title="Youngina">Youngina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Tangasauridae" title="Tangasauridae">Tangasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acerosodontosaurus" title="Acerosodontosaurus">Acerosodontosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hovasaurus" title="Hovasaurus">Hovasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tangasaurus" title="Tangasaurus">Tangasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Weigeltisauridae" title="Weigeltisauridae">Weigeltisauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauravus" title="Coelurosauravus">Coelurosauravus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glaurung_(reptile)" title="Glaurung (reptile)">Glaurung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rautiania" title="Rautiania">Rautiania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weigeltisaurus" title="Weigeltisaurus">Weigeltisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Drepanosaur" title="Drepanosaur">Drepanosauromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancistronychus" title="Ancistronychus">Ancistronychus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avicranium" title="Avicranium">Avicranium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolabrosaurus" title="Dolabrosaurus">Dolabrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drepanosaurus" title="Drepanosaurus">Drepanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypuronector" title="Hypuronector">Hypuronector</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzsaurus" title="Kyrgyzsaurus">Kyrgyzsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longisquama" title="Longisquama">Longisquama</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalancosaurus" title="Megalancosaurus">Megalancosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protoavis" title="Protoavis">Protoavis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skybalonyx" title="Skybalonyx">Skybalonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unguinychus" title="Unguinychus">Unguinychus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vallesaurus" title="Vallesaurus">Vallesaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Kuehneosauridae" title="Kuehneosauridae">Kuehneosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Icarosaurus" title="Icarosaurus">Icarosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiosaura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idiosaura (page does not exist)">Idiosaura</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuehneosaurus" title="Kuehneosaurus">Kuehneosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuehneosuchus" title="Kuehneosuchus">Kuehneosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pamelina" title="Pamelina">Pamelina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdopelix" title="Rhabdopelix">Rhabdopelix</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">Choristodera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Choristodera" title="Template:Choristodera">Choristodera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Ichthyosauromorpha">Ichthyosauromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Template:Ichthyosauromorpha">Ichthyosauromorpha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sauropterygia" title="Sauropterygia">Sauropterygia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropterygia" title="Template:Sauropterygia">Sauropterygia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Thalattosauria" title="Thalattosauria">Thalattosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Thalattosauria" title="Template:Thalattosauria">Thalattosauria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">Crown</a>-<a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauromorpha" title="Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Lepidosauromorpha" title="Template:Lepidosauromorpha">Lepidosauromorpha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Includes <b><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></b> <ul><li>includes <a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">rhynchocephalians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosauromorpha" title="Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Archosauromorpha" title="Template:Archosauromorpha">Archosauromorpha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Includes <b><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></b> <ul><li>includes <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantestudines" title="Pantestudines">Pantestudines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Pantestudines" title="Template:Pantestudines">Pantestudines</a></li></ul></li> <li>Includes <b><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines</a></b> <ul><li>turtles</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hovasaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hovasaurus boulei"><img alt="Hovasaurus boulei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hovasaurus_BW.jpg/120px-Hovasaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hovasaurus_BW.jpg/180px-Hovasaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hovasaurus_BW.jpg/240px-Hovasaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weigeltisaurus_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Weigeltisaurus jaekeli"><img alt="Weigeltisaurus jaekeli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weigeltisaurus_reconstruction.png/120px-Weigeltisaurus_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weigeltisaurus_reconstruction.png/180px-Weigeltisaurus_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Weigeltisaurus_reconstruction.png/240px-Weigeltisaurus_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="939" /></a></span> </p> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalancosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Megalancosaurus preonensis"><img alt="Megalancosaurus preonensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Megalancosaurus_BW.jpg/120px-Megalancosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Megalancosaurus_BW.jpg/180px-Megalancosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Megalancosaurus_BW.jpg/240px-Megalancosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible sauropsids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araeoscelidia" title="Araeoscelidia">Araeoscelidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captorhinidae" title="Captorhinidae">Captorhinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protorothyrididae" title="Protorothyrididae">Protorothyrididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recumbirostra" title="Recumbirostra">Recumbirostra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanopidae" title="Varanopidae">Varanopidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other taxa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapsid" title="Anapsid">Anapsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captorhinida" title="Captorhinida">Captorhinida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureptilia" title="Eureptilia">Eureptilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanosuchoidea" title="Lanthanosuchoidea">Lanthanosuchoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerosauria" title="Millerosauria">Millerosauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procolophonomorpha" title="Procolophonomorpha">Procolophonomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankyramorpha" title="Ankyramorpha">Ankyramorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodiapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodiapsida">Neodiapsida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosuchia" title="Eosuchia">Eosuchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younginiformes" title="Younginiformes">Younginiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicephala" title="Avicephala">Avicephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolacertilia" title="Eolacertilia">Eolacertilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryapsida" title="Euryapsida">Euryapsida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sauropsida" title="Category:Sauropsida">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geology_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Geology of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Geology of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geology of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geology_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Geology of South Africa">Geology of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geological_formations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geological formations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_South_Africa" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa">List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaeoarchaean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Igneous_Complex" title="Bushveld Igneous Complex">Bushveld Igneous Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fig_Tree_Formation" title="Fig Tree Formation">Fig Tree Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatii_Formation" title="Komatii Formation">Komatii Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodies_Group" title="Moodies Group">Moodies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onverwacht_Group" title="Onverwacht Group">Onverwacht Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Supergroup" title="Transvaal Supergroup">Transvaal Supergroup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paleozoic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Carboniferous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwyka_Group" title="Dwyka Group">Dwyka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganigobis_Formation" title="Ganigobis Formation">Ganigobis Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Devonian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokkeveld_Group" title="Bokkeveld Group">Bokkeveld Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Sandstone" title="Table Mountain Sandstone">Table Mountain Sandstone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Permian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamskraal_Formation" title="Abrahamskraal Formation">Abrahamskraal Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Formation" title="Balfour Formation">Balfour Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwyka_Group" title="Dwyka Group">Dwyka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganigobis_Formation" title="Ganigobis Formation">Ganigobis Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teekloof_Formation" title="Teekloof Formation">Teekloof Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehill_Formation" title="Whitehill Formation">Whitehill Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ordovician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soom_Shale" title="Soom Shale">Soom Shale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesozoic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cretaceous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uitenhage_Group" title="Uitenhage Group">Uitenhage Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffelskloof_Formation" title="Buffelskloof Formation">Buffelskloof Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enon_Formation" title="Enon Formation">Enon Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_Formation" title="Kirkwood Formation">Kirkwood Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundays_River_Formation" title="Sundays River Formation">Sundays River Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Deposits" title="Kalahari Deposits">Kalahari Deposits</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Jurassic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg_Group" title="Drakensberg Group">Drakensberg Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enon_Formation" title="Enon Formation">Enon Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitenhage_Group" title="Uitenhage Group">Uitenhage Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup" title="Karoo Supergroup">Karoo Supergroup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Group" title="Beaufort Group">Beaufort Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamskraal_Formation" title="Abrahamskraal Formation">Abrahamskraal Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Formation" title="Balfour Formation">Balfour Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katberg_Formation" title="Katberg Formation">Katberg Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton_Formation" title="Middleton Formation">Middleton Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teekloof_Formation" title="Teekloof Formation">Teekloof Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwyka_Group" title="Dwyka Group">Dwyka Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecca_Group" title="Ecca Group">Ecca Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitehill_Formation" title="Whitehill Formation">Whitehill Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormberg_Group" title="Stormberg Group">Stormberg Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld_Sandstone" title="Bushveld Sandstone">Bushveld Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarens_Formation" title="Clarens Formation">Clarens Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Formation" title="Elliot Formation">Elliot Formation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Triassic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Formation" title="Elliot Formation">Elliot Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katberg_Formation" title="Katberg Formation">Katberg Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molteno_Formation" title="Molteno Formation">Molteno Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandien_Formation" title="Normandien Formation">Normandien Formation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cenozoic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoa_Group" title="Algoa Group">Algoa Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tectonics_and_orogeny" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">‎Tectonics and orogeny</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoa_Basin" title="Algoa Basin">Algoa Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellisras_Basin" title="Ellisras Basin">Ellisras Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwanide_orogeny" title="Gondwanide orogeny">Gondwanide orogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaapvaal_Craton" title="Kaapvaal Craton">Kaapvaal Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalahari Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhonjwa_Mountains" title="Makhonjwa Mountains">Makhonjwa Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_evolution_of_the_Barberton_greenstone_belt" title="Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt">Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis_Orogen" title="Terra Australis Orogen">Terra Australis Orogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Basin" title="Transvaal Basin">Transvaal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witteberg" title="Witteberg">Witteberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Witwatersrand Basin">Witwatersrand Basin</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_South_Africa" title="List of volcanoes in South Africa">List of volcanoes in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilanesberg" title="Pilanesberg">Pilanesberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilanesberg_Game_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilanesberg Game Reserve">Pilanesberg Game Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a></li> <li>Diatremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Hole" title="Big Hole">Big Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsch_diamond_mine" title="Finsch diamond mine">Finsch diamond mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagersfontein_Mine" title="Jagersfontein Mine">Jagersfontein Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koffiefontein_mine" title="Koffiefontein mine">Koffiefontein mine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barberton_Greenstone_Belt" title="Barberton Greenstone Belt">Barberton Greenstone Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakensberg" title="Drakensberg">Drakensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo-Ferrar" title="Karoo-Ferrar">Karoo-Ferrar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_South_Africa" title="List of earthquakes in South Africa">Earthquakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1620_Robben_Island_earthquake" title="1620 Robben Island earthquake">1620 Robben Island earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Tulbagh_earthquake" title="1969 Tulbagh earthquake">1969 Tulbagh earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Mozambique_earthquake" title="2006 Mozambique earthquake">2006 Mozambique earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Orkney_earthquake" title="2014 Orkney earthquake">2014 Orkney earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalkkop_crater" title="Kalkkop crater">Kalkkop crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morokweng_impact_structure" title="Morokweng impact structure">Morokweng impact structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswaing_crater" title="Tswaing crater">Tswaing crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vredefort_impact_structure" title="Vredefort impact structure">Vredefort impact structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meteorites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellsbank_meteorite" title="Bellsbank meteorite">Bellsbank meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mineral_deposits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">‎Mineral deposits</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merensky_Reef" title="Merensky Reef">Merensky Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand" title="Witwatersrand">Witwatersrand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banket_(mining_term)" title="Banket (mining term)">Banket (mining term)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa" title="Coal in South Africa">Coal in South Africa</a></li> <li>Iron ore in Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_in_Africa" title="Platinum in Africa">Platinum in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_in_Africa" title="Titanium in Africa">Titanium in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_Africa" title="Uranium in Africa">Uranium in Africa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Council_South_Africa" title="Minerals Council South Africa">Minerals Council South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Mineral_Resources_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)">Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Mineral_Resources_and_Energy" title="Department of Mineral Resources and Energy">Department of Mineral Resources and Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Paleontology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Paleontology‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_South_Africa" title="List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa">List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archean_life_in_the_Barberton_Greenstone_Belt" title="Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt">Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Farm_lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Waterloo Farm lagerstätte">Waterloo Farm lagerstätte</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ordovician</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notiodella" title="Notiodella">Notiodella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychopterella" title="Onychopterella">Onychopterella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promissum" title="Promissum">Promissum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomaspis" title="Soomaspis">Soomaspis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanaspis" title="Africanaspis">Africanaspis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctilamna" title="Antarctilamna">Antarctilamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainella" title="Bainella">Bainella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltacephalaspis" title="Deltacephalaspis">Deltacephalaspis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplacanthus" title="Diplacanthus">Diplacanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwanascorpio" title="Gondwanascorpio">Gondwanascorpio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscomyzon" title="Priscomyzon">Priscomyzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenichthys" title="Serenichthys">Serenichthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutusius" title="Tutusius">Tutusius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umzantsia" title="Umzantsia">Umzantsia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carboniferous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadoxylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadoxylon">Dadoxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Permian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdalodon" title="Abdalodon">Abdalodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecognathus" title="Alopecognathus">Alopecognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus">Anomocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilodon" title="Basilodon">Basilodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbasaurus" title="Bulbasaurus">Bulbasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charassognathus" title="Charassognathus">Charassognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapartinella" class="mw-redirect" title="Crapartinella">Crapartinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynosaurus" title="Cynosaurus">Cynosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoides" title="Dicynodontoides">Dicynodontoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diictodon" title="Diictodon">Diictodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinogorgon" title="Dinogorgon">Dinogorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwykaselachus" title="Dwykaselachus">Dwykaselachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothiodon" title="Endothiodon">Endothiodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunotosaurus" title="Eunotosaurus">Eunotosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galechirus" title="Galechirus">Galechirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanosuchus" title="Glanosuchus">Glanosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopteris" title="Glossopteris">Glossopteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofmeyria" title="Hofmeyria">Hofmeyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidognathus" title="Ictidognathus">Ictidognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidosuchoides" title="Ictidosuchoides">Ictidosuchoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycosuchus" title="Lycosuchus">Lycosuchus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mesosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moschops" title="Moschops">Moschops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontocyclops" title="Odontocyclops">Odontocyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procynosuchus" title="Procynosuchus">Procynosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylacosaurus" title="Scylacosaurus">Scylacosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scymnosaurus" title="Scymnosaurus">Scymnosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simorhinella" title="Simorhinella">Simorhinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereosternum" title="Stereosternum">Stereosternum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriognathus" title="Theriognathus">Theriognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thliptosaurus" title="Thliptosaurus">Thliptosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochosaurus" title="Trochosaurus">Trochosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngina" title="Youngina">Youngina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaufort Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelurosaurus" title="Aelurosaurus">Aelurosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus">Anomocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilodon" title="Basilodon">Basilodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blattoidealestes" title="Blattoidealestes">Blattoidealestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachyprosopus" title="Brachyprosopus">Brachyprosopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomistega" title="Broomistega">Broomistega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choerosaurus" title="Choerosaurus">Choerosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clelandina" title="Clelandina">Clelandina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colobodectes" title="Colobodectes">Colobodectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compsodon" title="Compsodon">Compsodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocynodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocynodon">Cryptocynodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynariognathus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynariognathus">Cynariognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynosaurus" title="Cynosaurus">Cynosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diictodon" title="Diictodon">Diictodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eodicynodon" title="Eodicynodon">Eodicynodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohyosaurus" title="Eohyosaurus">Eohyosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emyduranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emyduranus">Emyduranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchambersia" title="Euchambersia">Euchambersia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodontosaurus" title="Homodontosaurus">Homodontosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icticephalus" title="Icticephalus">Icticephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidochampsa" title="Ictidochampsa">Ictidochampsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidodon" title="Ictidodon">Ictidodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidodraco" title="Ictidodraco">Ictidodraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidostoma" title="Ictidostoma">Ictidostoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanostegus" title="Lanthanostegus">Lanthanostegus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontosaurus" title="Leontosaurus">Leontosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycideops" title="Lycideops">Lycideops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroscelesaurus" title="Macroscelesaurus">Macroscelesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moschorhinus" title="Moschorhinus">Moschorhinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliguana" title="Paliguana">Paliguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelictosuchus" title="Pelictosuchus">Pelictosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycynodon" title="Polycynodon">Polycynodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristerodon" title="Pristerodon">Pristerodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristerognathoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristerognathoides">Pristerognathoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristerognathus" title="Pristerognathus">Pristerognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procolophon" title="Procolophon">Procolophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoschorhynchus" title="Promoschorhynchus">Promoschorhynchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalopocephalus" title="Scalopocephalus">Scalopocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silpholestes" title="Silpholestes">Silpholestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamboeria" title="Tamboeria">Tamboeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranocentrodon" title="Uranocentrodon">Uranocentrodon</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Assemblages" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assemblages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone">Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daptocephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone">Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eodicynodon_Assemblage_Zone" title="Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone">Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristerognathus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone">Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapinocephalus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone">Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropidostoma_Assemblage_Zone" title="Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone">Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Triassic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batrachosuchus" title="Batrachosuchus">Batrachosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blikanasaurus" title="Blikanasaurus">Blikanasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolotridon" title="Bolotridon">Bolotridon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynognathus" title="Cynognathus">Cynognathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diademodon" title="Diademodon">Diademodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliotherium" title="Elliotherium">Elliotherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericiolacerta" title="Ericiolacerta">Ericiolacerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrosuchus" title="Erythrosuchus">Erythrosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrotherium" title="Erythrotherium">Erythrotherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucnemesaurus" title="Eucnemesaurus">Eucnemesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euskelosaurus" title="Euskelosaurus">Euskelosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galesaurus" title="Galesaurus">Galesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howesia" title="Howesia">Howesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictidosuchoides" title="Ictidosuchoides">Ictidosuchoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeria" title="Kannemeyeria">Kannemeyeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidodendron" title="Lepidodendron">Lepidodendron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydekkerina" title="Lydekkerina">Lydekkerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanorosaurus" title="Melanorosaurus">Melanorosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesosuchus" title="Mesosuchus">Mesosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgomphodon" title="Microgomphodon">Microgomphodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropholis_(amphibian)" title="Micropholis (amphibian)">Micropholis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myosaurus" title="Myosaurus">Myosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noteosuchus" title="Noteosuchus">Noteosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivierosuchus" title="Olivierosuchus">Olivierosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosaurus" title="Orosaurus">Orosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentasaurus" title="Pentasaurus">Pentasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateosauravus" title="Plateosauravus">Plateosauravus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platycraniellus" title="Platycraniellus">Platycraniellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procolophon" title="Procolophon">Procolophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progalesaurus" title="Progalesaurus">Progalesaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolacerta" title="Prolacerta">Prolacerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proterosuchus" title="Proterosuchus">Proterosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychoceratodus" title="Ptychoceratodus">Ptychoceratodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regisaurus" title="Regisaurus">Regisaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaloposaurus" title="Scaloposaurus">Scaloposaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scymnosaurus" title="Scymnosaurus">Scymnosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shansiodon" title="Shansiodon">Shansiodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracynodon" title="Tetracynodon">Tetracynodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trirachodon" title="Trirachodon">Trirachodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufudocyclops" title="Ufudocyclops">Ufudocyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorillodontops" title="Zorillodontops">Zorillodontops</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Assemblages" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assemblages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynognathus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Cynognathus Assemblage Zone">Cynognathus Assemblage Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus_Assemblage_Zone" title="Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone">Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jurassic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardonyx" title="Aardonyx">Aardonyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrictosaurus" title="Abrictosaurus">Abrictosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antetonitrus" title="Antetonitrus">Antetonitrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcusaurus" title="Arcusaurus">Arcusaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis_rhodesiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysis rhodesiensis">Coelophysis rhodesiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracovenator" title="Dracovenator">Dracovenator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocursor" title="Eocursor">Eocursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrotherium" title="Erythrotherium">Erythrotherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrosaurus" title="Fabrosaurus">Fabrosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geranosaurus" title="Geranosaurus">Geranosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantoscelus" title="Gigantoscelus">Gigantoscelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryponyx" title="Gryponyx">Gryponyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyposaurus" title="Gyposaurus">Gyposaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodontosaurus" title="Heterodontosaurus">Heterodontosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledumahadi" title="Ledumahadi">Ledumahadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesothosaurus" title="Lesothosaurus">Lesothosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litargosuchus" title="Litargosuchus">Litargosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycorhinus" title="Lycorhinus">Lycorhinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massospondylus" title="Massospondylus">Massospondylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwevu" title="Ngwevu">Ngwevu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegomastax" title="Pegomastax">Pegomastax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychoceratodus" title="Ptychoceratodus">Ptychoceratodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulanesaura" title="Pulanesaura">Pulanesaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefapanosaurus" title="Sefapanosaurus">Sefapanosaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenosuchus" title="Sphenosuchus">Sphenosuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritheledon" title="Tritheledon">Tritheledon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cretaceous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthohoplites" title="Acanthohoplites">Acanthohoplites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algoasaurus" title="Algoasaurus">Algoasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baculites" title="Baculites">Baculites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangnasaurus" title="Kangnasaurus">Kangnasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroscaphites" title="Macroscaphites">Macroscaphites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nqwebasaurus" title="Nqwebasaurus">Nqwebasaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranthodon" title="Paranthodon">Paranthodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptychoceratodus" title="Ptychoceratodus">Ptychoceratodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paleogene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nummulite" title="Nummulite">Nummulite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neogene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanacetus" title="Africanacetus">Africanacetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nummulite" title="Nummulite">Nummulite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pleistocene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boskop_Man" title="Boskop Man">Boskop Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">Homo naledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthera_shawi" title="Panthera shawi">Panthera shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulpes_skinneri" title="Vulpes skinneri">Vulpes skinneri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planolites" title="Planolites">Planolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylacorhinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylacorhinus">Scylacorhinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Fossil_Park" title="West Coast Fossil Park">West Coast Fossil Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Farm_lagerst%C3%A4tte" title="Waterloo Farm lagerstätte">Waterloo Farm lagerstätte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research_and_administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and administration‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Geoscience" title="Council for Geoscience">Council for Geoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Studies_Institute" title="Evolutionary Studies Institute">Evolutionary Studies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Commission_of_the_Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope">Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_South_Africa" title="Geological Society of South Africa">Geological Society of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Merensky" title="Hans Merensky">Hans Merensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paleontologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Geddes_Bain" title="Andrew Geddes Bain">Andrew Geddes Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieuwe_Dirk_Boonstra" title="Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra">Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kimberlin_Brain" title="Charles Kimberlin Brain">Charles Kimberlin Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Broom" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brown_(palaeontologist)" title="Alfred Brown (palaeontologist)">Alfred Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anusuya_Chinsamy-Turan" title="Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan">Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Basil_S._Cooke" title="H. Basil S. Cooke">H. Basil S. Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crompton" title="Alfred W. Crompton">Alfred W. Crompton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rossouw_Kannemeyer" title="Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer">Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Keyser" title="Andre Keyser">Andre Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kitching" title="James Kitching">James Kitching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot_Robinson" title="John Talbot Robinson">John Talbot Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Stow" title="George William Stow">George William Stow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Meine_van_Zinderen-Bakker" title="Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker">Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Cape_Town" title="Geology of Cape Town">Geology of Cape Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(geology)" title="Pothole (geology)">Pothole (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_structure" title="Steep structure">Steep structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazian" title="Swazian">Swazian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Geology of South Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geology" title="Glossary of geology">Glossary</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Mesosaurus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132822" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q132822">Q132822</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mesosaurus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Mesosaurus">Mesosaurus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4532617">4532617</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4816246">4816246</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36324">36324</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&oldid=1250686312">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesosaurus&oldid=1250686312</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_marine_reptiles" title="Category:Prehistoric marine reptiles">Prehistoric marine reptiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_reptile_genera" title="Category:Prehistoric reptile genera">Prehistoric reptile genera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Permian_reptiles_of_Africa" title="Category:Permian reptiles of Africa">Permian reptiles of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cisuralian_life" title="Category:Cisuralian life">Cisuralian life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossils_of_Namibia" title="Category:Fossils of Namibia">Fossils of Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossils_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Fossils of South Africa">Fossils of South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Permian_reptiles_of_South_America" title="Category:Permian reptiles of South America">Permian reptiles of South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Permian_Brazil" title="Category:Permian Brazil">Permian Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossils_of_Brazil" title="Category:Fossils of Brazil">Fossils 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