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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship_legislation_(1850–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_legislation_(1850–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Censorship legislation (1850–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Censorship_legislation_(1850–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Censorship legislation (1850–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Censorship_legislation_(1850–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early acts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indecent_Publications_Act_1910" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indecent_Publications_Act_1910"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Indecent Publications Act 1910 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indecent_Publications_Act_1910-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indecent_Publications_Act_1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indecent_Publications_Act_1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Indecent Publications Act 1963 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indecent_Publications_Act_1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship_by_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_by_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Censorship by medium </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Censorship_by_medium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Censorship by medium subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Censorship_by_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Film censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Internet censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Book censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Notable cases </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable cases subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1900–2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–2000"> <div 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship" title="Category:Censorship">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Censorship.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A censorship symbol"><img alt="A censorship symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/100px-Censorship.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/150px-Censorship.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/200px-Censorship.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"> Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist" style="column-count: 2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Albania" title="Mass media in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Algeria" title="Censorship in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Azerbaijan" title="Media freedom in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bahrain" title="Censorship in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bangladesh" title="Censorship in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bolivia" title="Censorship in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Canada" title="Censorship in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Censorship in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">overseas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Croatia#Censorship_and_media_freedom" title="Mass media in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Censorship in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Denmark" title="Censorship in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Ecuador" title="Censorship in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Finland" title="Censorship in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_France" title="Censorship in France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Censorship in the Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Germany" title="Censorship in Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Censorship in Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_East_Germany" title="Censorship in East Germany">Democratic Republic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Guatemala" title="Censorship in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Honduras" title="Censorship in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Censorship in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iraq" title="Censorship in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Censorship in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Israel" title="Censorship in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_censorship_in_Italy_during_the_First_World_War" title="Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War">World War I</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Jamaica" title="Censorship in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Malawi" title="Internet censorship in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Maldives" title="Censorship in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Morocco" title="Internet censorship in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Myanmar" title="Censorship in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nepal" title="Censorship in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_North_Korea" title="Censorship in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Censorship in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Poland" title="Censorship in Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Poland" title="Censorship in Communist Poland">Communist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Portugal" title="Censorship in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">Communist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Russia" title="Censorship in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Censorship in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Rwanda" title="Censorship in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Samoa" title="Censorship in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Serbia" title="Media freedom in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Africa" title="Internet censorship in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Asia" title="Censorship in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Censorship in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Spain" title="Censorship in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Censorship in Francoist Spain">Francoist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Syria" title="Internet censorship in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Censorship in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Tunisia" title="Censorship in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Censorship in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship and surveillance by country</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship_by_country" title="Template:Censorship by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship_by_country" title="Template talk:Censorship by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Censorship in New Zealand has been present since around 1850 and is currently managed by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">Classification Office</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" title="Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993">Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</a>. Over the years, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> has gone through many iterations of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> legislation. What began in the 1850s as vague and weak legislation was repeatedly updated with each iteration of censorship legislation addressing perceived shortcomings of the previous legislation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> Notable changes in New Zealand censorship legislation include the continued attempts to give an objective criterion for determining whether something should be censored<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a> and the establishment of a centralized body that handles most censorship matters.<a href="#cite_note-:02-4">[4]</a> These iterations adapted New Zealand legislation to changing times, and moved censorship in New Zealand in a more liberal direction.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">Classification Office</a> is the government agency that is currently responsible for classification of all films, videos, publications, and some video games in New Zealand. It was created by the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" title="Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993">Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</a> and is an independent <a href="/wiki/Crown_entity" title="Crown entity">Crown entity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:82-5">[5]</a> The head of the Office is called the Chief Censor, maintaining a title that has described the government officer in charge of censorship in New Zealand since 1916.<a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship_legislation_(1850–present)">Censorship legislation (1850–present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Censorship legislation (1850–present)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_acts">Early acts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early acts">edit</a>]</div> The Obscene Publications Act 1857 was one of the earliest censorious acts in New Zealand. Aimed at "works written with the single purpose of corrupting the morals of youth and of nature calculated to shock the common feeling of decency in any well regulated mind", it laid out a process by which obscene works could be destroyed, but did not explicitly define what could be considered an obscene work under law.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 31–34  This was followed by Vagrant Act of 1866 and the Police Offences Act of 1884, which both lightly contributed to censorship legislation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> Both of these acts focused on banning the display of obscene media in public, but did not give much precision to the definition of "obscene".<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 3  The later Offensive Publications Act of 1892 was passed to formalize some of the legal procedure surrounding such cases, but the act contained major loopholes that made it difficult to actually prosecute someone under it.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 31–34  This act was in part targeted at reducing the spread of advertisements for fraudulent medical practices, which had become common by the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 5–6  Early censorship was enforced by allowing postmasters to open and dispose of mail that they thought contained material in need of censorship. This power was given to them by the Post Office Acts Amendment Act of 1893.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 6  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indecent_Publications_Act_1910">Indecent Publications Act 1910</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indecent Publications Act 1910">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Indecent_Publications_Act_1910" title="Indecent Publications Act 1910">Indecent Publications Act 1910</a> was one of New Zealand's earlier pieces of legislation regarding censorship, and remained in effect until it was repealed in 1963 by the <a href="/wiki/Indecent_Publications_Act_1963" title="Indecent Publications Act 1963">Indecent Publications Act 1963</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Its aim was in part to shore up some of the weaknesses of the aforementioned 1892 act.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 33  Notably, the act allowed for more aggressive law enforcement when it came to searching for and seizing indecent material and introduced a set of guidelines for determining whether something was indecent or not. That said, it did not explicitly define the term "indecent" and the <a href="/wiki/Hicklin_test" title="Hicklin test">Hicklin Rule</a> was often applied by courts evaluating censorship cases.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 9  A centralized censoring body did not exist at the time of this act's passing, and a good amount of censorship during the lifespan of this act was done by the Minister of Customs. Due to a close relationship between the Customs Act 1913 and the Indecent Publications Act 1910, the Comptroller of Customs was able to seize material that they considered to be indecent "within the meaning of the Indecent Publications Act", effectively censoring it. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Forever_Amber_(novel)" title="Forever Amber (novel)">Forever Amber</a> was censored by this method.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 35–36  Beginning in 1945, the censorship method put in place by the aforementioned interaction between the Customs Act and the Indecent Publications Act began to draw concern from the public and from groups like the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Library_Association_Inc." title="New Zealand Library Association Inc.">New Zealand Library Association</a> that had a particular stake in censorship.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> The main concerns were with the suitability of the people who passed judgement on whether a book would be censored or not<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 37–42  and with the absence of clear, objective criteria or guidelines for determining whether something should be censored or not.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> This public furor was in part triggered due to the somewhat arbitrary censorship of Forever Amber.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 11  In response to this concern, a committee led by Ian Gordon was established in 1953 to review and provide advice on whether a book should be censored.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 37–42 <a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 11 <a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> However, this committee had very little power, and it was not mandatory for the Customs Department to consult the committee or to listen to its recommendations. Eventually, the Customs Department stopped consulting this committee entirely.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 55 <a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 11  In 1960 the novel <a href="/wiki/Lolita" title="Lolita">Lolita</a> by Vladimir Nabokov was banned by the Supreme Court under this act. This decision was made based on an interpretation of the clause "unduly emphasizing matters of sex" as meaning "dealing with matters of sex in a manner which offends against the standards of the community in which the article is published".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Eventually, the book was judged to be indecent on the basis that it "would have a tendency to corrupt or deprave a class of readers not negligible in number", despite its literary merit.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 62  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indecent_Publications_Act_1963">Indecent Publications Act 1963</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indecent Publications Act 1963">edit</a>]</div> The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indecent_Publications_Act_1963" title="Indecent Publications Act 1963">Indecent Publications Act 1963</a> brought with it great changes to censorship in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Act was designed to react to the problems of the prior Act and notably it moved the responsibility for classifying books and sound recordings from the courts to a committee of experts. However, the classification of other forms of media, including photographs, remained the jurisdiction of the courts.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 25  The Act also sought to correct the drawbacks of the old evaluation procedure by formulating more objective criteria, ensuring that a book was evaluated by experts, defining "indecent" in stronger terms, and allowing for a range of judgement beyond just "decent" and "indecent".<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 68–80 <a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a>: 6  The Act allowed for the re-submission of books or other media, and in doing so allowed New Zealand censors to adapt to changing times.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a>: 31  The committee of experts established by the Act was known as the Indecent Publications Tribunal, and it acted as the main censoring body for New Zealand until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" title="Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993">Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> The committee consisted of five members, and at least two members were required to have significant expertise in the fields of literature of education.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 24  Beginning in March 1964, the Tribunal was responsible for examining books and audio media and classifying them based on the criteria outlined in the act. The Indecent Publications Tribunal was not all-powerful and could only rule on publications that had first been submitted to it.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 31  The Indecent Publications Tribunal was notably responsible for the reclassification of the book <a href="/wiki/Lolita" title="Lolita">Lolita</a> in 1964<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> as 'not indecent', thus allowing for the legal purchase of the book.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The decision to overturn the judgement made under the 1910 Act was made in consideration of the new definition of "indecent" in the 1963 Act, under which the literary merit of the work was to be considered in the Tribunal's decision. This judgement ultimately passed with 3 assenting members and 1 dissenting member who viewed the book as perverse and of no exceptional merit. This dissenting voice came from Judge A. P. Blair, the then chair of the Tribunal, who called for the book to be restricted to those over the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>: 100–107 <a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> While this Act centralized censorship to an extent, the Customs Department still played a large role in enforcing censorship. Much like they could under the 1910 Act, the Customs Department was still able to seize material that it considered offensive. These seizures were only contestable if disputed, in which case the matter would be referred to the Indecent Publications Tribunal.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 26  This Act was notably criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promotion_of_Community_Standards" title="Society for Promotion of Community Standards">Society for Promotion of Community Standards</a> (SPCS), which was founded by conservative Catholic pro-censorship activist <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bartlett" title="Patricia Bartlett">Patricia Bartlett</a> in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The SPCS took issue with some of the more liberal decisions of the Indecent Publications Tribunal and opposed most sexual content.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a>: 7  Their activism aided the passage of a 1972 amendment that introduced some controversial changes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a>: 19  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986">Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986">edit</a>]</div> After Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986" title="Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986">Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986</a>, New Zealand censorship regulatory bodies could not rely on previous case law and Tribunal decisions based on the illegality of sex between men. Later that same year, in Howley v Lawrence Publishing, the Court of Appeal found that censorship regulators should base their decisions on social scientific and medical research.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> During the 1980s and 1990s, an increasingly proactive <a href="/wiki/LGBT_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT New Zealand">LGBT New Zealand</a> community fought several test cases that expanded Howley's precedent to encompass all government censorship regulatory bodies. The Society for Promotion of Community Standards lost all of these cases, whether before the Indecent Publications Tribunal, High Court, Court of Appeal, or the later Classification Office.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today, most lesbian and gay erotic media that contains sexual imagery is labelled R18, available only to those eighteen years of age and over. While <a href="/wiki/Fetishist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetishist">fetishist</a> erotic media is similarly regulated, any media that is considered to promote or support <a href="/wiki/Paedophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paedophilia">paedophilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">necrophilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">zoophilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">coprophilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Urophilia">urophilia</a>, or drug manufacture information is prohibited in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993">Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993">edit</a>]</div> The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" title="Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993">Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</a> merged the previously separate <a href="/wiki/Indecent_Publications_Tribunal" title="Indecent Publications Tribunal">Indecent Publications Tribunal</a>, Chief Censor of Films, and the Video Recordings Authority into a single agency, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">Classification Office</a>. This agency presides over censorship in New Zealand to this day.<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> In addition to the Office, the Film & Literature Board of Review, made up of 9 experts, was established as the agency that presides over the appeals process for decisions made by the Office.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> The Board of Review handles appeals made within 28 working days of the original decisions. Any later appeals must be made at least three years from the original decision and are evaluated by the Office itself.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Under this Act, films, videos, DVDs, and video games have to go through the Office for classification and labelling, while books, magazines, music, and newspapers are only processed when a complaint it raised about them by a third party.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> While it was always mandatory for a film to have a physical label displaying its classification, similar rules for print media were not put into place until 2005, where an amendment to the Act required that print media given a restricted classification have a physical label denoting this classification.<a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> The Office receives very few classification requests for printed media; only 25 items were classified in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship_by_medium">Censorship by medium</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Censorship by medium">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_censorship">Film censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Film censorship">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films#New_Zealand" title="List of banned films">List of banned films § New Zealand</a></div> The advent of film as a commonly consumed form of media brought with it a strong push for legislation that would be able to regulate it. The period between 1909 and 1915 saw requests for film regulation come from many different sources, and these culminated in the Cinematograph-film Censorship Act 1916.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a> This Act introduced a national film censor, who was given full jurisdiction over film censorship and who aimed to censor media in order to "protect the public mind, especially children, against things that may do them harm".<a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a>: 30  This Act remained in place until 1928, when it was replaced by the Cinematograph Films Act 1928. This Act combined the previous act with several amendments, consolidating all of them into one new piece of legislation. Notably, this act included a letter grade system of classification and the extension of the film censors power to encompass advertising material for films.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a> This letter grade system was expanded upon by Chief Censor of Films <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Mirams" title="Gordon Mirams">Gordon Miriams</a>, who introduced a set of <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification#Labels" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">restriction labels</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 27  Under these Acts, the Chief Censor of Films was given full discretion when it came to censoring films, and was able to arbitrarily cut and approve films based on the particular film censor's beliefs. Particularly telling are the criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIntosh" title="Douglas McIntosh">Douglas McIntosh</a>, Chief Censor between 1970 and 1974, whose critics contested that "the law allowed him to do anything he liked" when it came to censorship.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 33  This remained the case until 1976 when the Cinematograph Films Act was passed. This Act removed this discretionary ability and stated that a film must only be censored if it was "injurious to the public good".<a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a>: 46–47, 51  The Act defined some criteria to use when considering whether a film would be injurious to the public good and in doing so provided for a more objective system of film censorship.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 33  Since the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" title="Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993">Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</a>, film censorship is, like all other censorship, currently governed by the Classification Office.<a href="#cite_note-:83-20">[20]</a> Diplomats from China have twice called upon the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technology" title="Auckland University of Technology">Auckland University of Technology</a> to suppress film screenings that were critical of the Chinese government. AUT declined in both cases, although an event commemorating the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a> was unable to proceed due to a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">Queen's Official Birthday</a> holiday.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> Theatre does not appear to be a medium that has been actively censored and there are relatively few instances of attempted theatre censorship in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a>: 115  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_censorship">Internet censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internet censorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Internet censorship in New Zealand">Internet censorship in New Zealand</a></div> New Zealand actively monitors and censors its citizens usage of the internet. Since 2010 New Zealand ISPs have engaged in the filtering of web requests to any site on a non-public blacklist. This filtering only applies if the user received Internet service from an ISP which has elected to participate in the filtering.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Video games">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games#New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of banned video games">List of banned video games § New Zealand</a></div> Video games in New Zealand are subject to censorship under the 1993 Act. They are evaluated by the Classification Office under the same criteria as all publications.<a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a>: 163 <a href="#cite_note-:6-24">[24]</a> In addition, some degree of self censorship has been practiced by the NZ video game industry.<a href="#cite_note-:7-3">[3]</a>: 163  In 2003 <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_(video_game)" title="Manhunt (video game)">Manhunt</a> became the first video game to be banned by the Office.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The extremely graphic nature of the game led the Office to consider it injurious to the public good, and garnered the game a classification of "objectionable". In particular, the Office pointed out that the game rewarded players for particularly brutal killings and forcing the player to kill to progress the story over a non-trivial length of time.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2023 the Office reconsidered Manhunt and classified it R18.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Since Manhunt, several more games have been banned.<a href="#cite_note-:6-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_censorship">Book censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Book censorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_in_New_Zealand" title="List of books banned in New Zealand">List of books banned in New Zealand</a></div> Book censorship has existed in New Zealand since at least 1858, when Customs regulations came into force that prohibited the importation of material that was considered indecent. As of September 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a>, 1319 books have been banned and an additional 728 have been restricted in some way.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable cases">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–2000">1900–2000</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1900–2000">edit</a>]</div> 1922 saw New Zealand experience its first and only attempt to prosecute someone for blasphemy. John Glover was brought to trial in 1922 for the inclusion of the poem "Stand To: Good Friday Morning" by <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a> in a 1921 issue of The Maoriland Worker. This prosecution was brought forth due to the belief that the last three lines of the poem contained blasphemous libel, due to supposedly indecent use of religious imagery. John Glover was found not guilty by the jury, but it was noted in a rider that "similar publications of such literature be discouraged".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Section 123 of the Crimes Act was repealed in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> making this the only prosecution. In 1930, the film <a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(1930_film)" title="All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)">All Quiet on the Western Front</a> was banned in New Zealand as anti-war propaganda. It was eventually allowed to be shown with a few cuts made.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The Censorship and Publicity Regulations were passed in 1939 and were used to prevent the dissemination of information deemed contrary to the national interest during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. For example, the newspaper of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Communist Party of New Zealand">Communist Party of New Zealand</a>, The People's Voice, was seized in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manners_Street" title="Battle of Manners Street">Battle of Manners Street</a> in 1943 was a riot involving American and New Zealand servicemen. No report of the event was permitted in local newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute" title="1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute">1951 waterfront dispute</a>, it was illegal to publish material in support of the watersiders or their allies.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(1967_film)" title="Ulysses (1967 film)">Ulysses</a> based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> was rated R21<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> in 1967 and only screened to segregated audiences because of its use of the word "fuck".<a href="#cite_note-scott-36">[36]</a> The "segregated audience" condition was lifted in 1972 and the film's rating was downgraded to R18.<a href="#cite_note-scott-36">[36]</a> In the 1990s its classification was downgraded to M for mature audiences over 16.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–present">2000–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2000–present">edit</a>]</div> In 2000 a complaint was made against two Christian videos that purportedly represented homosexuals and bisexuals as inferior. The case was upheld.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_First_New_Zealand" title="Family First New Zealand">Family First New Zealand</a> have called for the banning of violent video games, most notably <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_IV" title="Grand Theft Auto IV">Grand Theft Auto IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/Baise-moi" title="Baise-moi">Baise-moi</a>, which contained violence and unsimulated sex by the actors, was the subject of a number of complaints laid by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Community_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Promotion of Community Standards">Society for the Promotion of Community Standards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> After an extended classification and appeal process, the film was ultimately classified as R18 by the Court of Appeal in 2003 and restricted to theatrical exhibition or exhibition to students in tertiary media or film studies courses. Under the 1993 Classification Act, all printed material is subject to censorship, including clothing. In 2007 a T-shirt that advertised an album for British <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Filth" title="Cradle of Filth">Cradle of Filth</a> was banned by Chief Censor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hastings_(censor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Hastings (censor)">Bill Hastings</a>. According to Hastings, it was one of the most graphic T-shirts he had ever seen. The shirt displayed an image of a semi-nude <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> nun masturbating along with the text "Jesus is a cunt".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2020 the Office reconsidered the classification of the shirt and re-classified it R18.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 2008 <a href="/wiki/The_Peaceful_Pill_Handbook" title="The Peaceful Pill Handbook">The Peaceful Pill Handbook</a>, a book setting out information on <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">voluntary euthanasia</a>, was banned by the Office.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In May 2008 an edited version of the book was allowed for sale if sealed and an indication of the censorship classification was displayed. Its authors <a href="/wiki/Philip_Nitschke" title="Philip Nitschke">Philip Nitschke</a> and Fiona Stewart had removed content that might have directly assisted the suicide of others, which is an offence under New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_1961" title="Crimes Act 1961">Crimes Act 1961</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/2010_Queenstown_suppressed_indecency_case" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Queenstown suppressed indecency case">2010 Queenstown suppressed indecency case</a> gave rise to a discussion over the use of <a href="/wiki/Suppression_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression order">suppression orders</a> protecting <a href="/wiki/Celebrities" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrities">celebrities</a> when a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Barry" title="Maggie Barry">Maggie Barry</a>, described a <a href="/wiki/Groping" title="Groping">groping</a> by Australian entertainer <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a> during a studio interview she conducted in her previous broadcasting career.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Retired parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Hide" title="Rodney Hide">Rodney Hide</a> taunted her in a newspaper column, urging her to use her <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" title="Parliamentary privilege">parliamentary privilege</a> to breach the name suppression order.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Following a complaint from <a href="/wiki/Family_First_New_Zealand" title="Family First New Zealand">Family First New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promotion_of_Community_Standards" title="Society for Promotion of Community Standards">Society for Promotion of Community Standards</a>, the book <a href="/wiki/Into_the_River" title="Into the River">Into the River</a> was placed under an interim restriction order in 2015 under the <a href="/wiki/Films,_Videos_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Films, Videos and Publications Classification Act 1993">Films, Videos and Publications Classification Act 1993</a>, prohibiting it from being sold or supplied until classification for it had been finalized.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> This decision was met with international criticism and scrutiny. The restriction order was eventually lifted in late 2015 after significant back and forth between the Office and the Board of Review. Into the River was initially given an <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification#Labels" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">M rating</a> in 2013, and went through reclassification many times before the interim restriction order was placed and raised in 2015. The book is currently unrestricted.<a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a> (RNZ) reported that Chief Censor <a href="/wiki/David_Shanks" title="David Shanks">David Shanks</a> banned the distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shooter</a>'s manifesto, saying that "others have referred to the publication as a 'manifesto'", but Shanks considers it a crude booklet which promotes murder and terrorism. RNZ wrote that "those who have the publication for legitimate purposes, such as reporters, researchers and academics to analyse and educate can apply for an exception" but that "according to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Internal_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)">Department of Internal Affairs</a>, knowingly possessing or sharing objectionable material carries up to a 14 year jail term".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In response to the shooting, Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)">Andrew Little</a> initiated a review of existing hate speech laws with the goal of making them broader.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In October 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">Classification Office</a> banned the downloading and distribution of the alleged German shooter Stephan Balliet's livestream of the <a href="/wiki/Halle_synagogue_shooting" title="Halle synagogue shooting">Halle synagogue shooting</a>. The Chief Censor David Shanks likened the video's content to the Christchurch shootings.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_Censor">Chief Censor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chief Censor">edit</a>]</div> The Chief Censor is the chief executive officer and chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">Classification Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Paterson" title="Kathryn Paterson">Kathryn Paterson</a> was the first Chief Censor under the <a href="/wiki/Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" title="Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993">Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hastings_(judge)" title="Bill Hastings (judge)">Bill Hastings</a> was the Chief Censor from 1999 through to 2010 when he stood down to become a <a href="/wiki/District_Court_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="District Court (New Zealand)">District Court</a> Judge and Chair of the Immigration and Protection Tribunal. Deputy Chief Censor Nicola McCully filled the role<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> until Dr <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jack_(censor)" title="Andrew Jack (censor)">Andrew Jack</a> was appointed to the position for a three-year term starting in March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> David Shanks was appointed in 2017 and finished in the position in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-55">[55]</a> His successor is Caroline Flora.<a href="#cite_note-:9-55">[55]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Term </th> <th colspan="2">Chief Censor </th> <th style="width:10em;">Legislation </th></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>1 </th> <td>1916 – 1927 </td> <td data-sort-value="Jolliffe, William"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Jolliffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/William_Jolliffe.jpg/128px-William_Jolliffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/William_Jolliffe.jpg/192px-William_Jolliffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/William_Jolliffe.jpg/256px-William_Jolliffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="3000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Jolliffe_(censor)" title="William Jolliffe (censor)">William Jolliffe</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Cinematograph-film Censorship Act 1916 </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <td rowspan="2">1927 – 1937 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Tanner, Walter"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Tanner" title="Walter Tanner">Walter Tanner</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <td rowspan="4">Cinematograph Films Act 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>1938 – 1949 </td> <td data-sort-value="Keisenberg, W. A. von"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._A._von_Keisenberg" title="W. A. von Keisenberg">W. A. von Keisenberg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>4 </th> <td>1949 – 1959 </td> <td data-sort-value="Mirams, Gordon"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Mirams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Gordon_Mirams.jpg/128px-Gordon_Mirams.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Gordon_Mirams.jpg/192px-Gordon_Mirams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Gordon_Mirams.jpg/256px-Gordon_Mirams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="365" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Mirams" title="Gordon Mirams">Gordon Mirams</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th rowspan="2">5 </th> <td rowspan="2">1960 – 1976 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="McIntosh, Douglas"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_McIntosh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Douglas_McIntosh.jpg/128px-Douglas_McIntosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Douglas_McIntosh.jpg/192px-Douglas_McIntosh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Douglas_McIntosh.jpg/256px-Douglas_McIntosh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="438" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIntosh" title="Douglas McIntosh">Douglas McIntosh</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <td rowspan="2">Cinematograph Films Act 1976 </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>6 </th> <td>1977 – 1983 </td> <td data-sort-value="Tunnicliffe, Bernard"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Tunnicliffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Tunnicliffe (page does not exist)">Bernard Tunnicliffe</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>7 </th> <td>1984 – 1990 </td> <td data-sort-value="Everard, Arthur"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Everard" title="Arthur Everard">Arthur Everard</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Films Act 1983 </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>8 </th> <td>1991 – 1993 </td> <td data-sort-value="Wrightson, Jane"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Wrightson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jane_Wrightson.jpg/128px-Jane_Wrightson.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jane_Wrightson.jpg/192px-Jane_Wrightson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jane_Wrightson.jpg/256px-Jane_Wrightson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="603" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wrightson" title="Jane Wrightson">Jane Wrightson</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>9 </th> <td>18 April 1994 – 1998 </td> <td data-sort-value="Paterson, Kathryn"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Paterson" title="Kathryn Paterson">Kathryn Paterson</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Films,_Videos,_and_Publications_Classification_Act_1993" title="Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993">Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>10 </th> <td>October 1999 – July 2010 </td> <td data-sort-value="Hastings, Bill"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hastings_(judge)" title="Bill Hastings (judge)">Bill Hastings</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>11 </th> <td>7 March 2011 – 6 March 2017 </td> <td data-sort-value="Jack, Andrew"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Jack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Andrew_Jack.jpg/128px-Andrew_Jack.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Andrew_Jack.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="237" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jack_(censor)" title="Andrew Jack (censor)">Andrew Jack</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>12 </th> <td>8 May 2017 – 6 May 2022 </td> <td data-sort-value="Shanks, David"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Shanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/David_Shanks.jpg/128px-David_Shanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/David_Shanks.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="303" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Shanks" title="David Shanks">David Shanks</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:6em;"> <th>12 </th> <td>20 July 2022 – Incumbent </td> <td data-sort-value="Flora, Caroline"><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/No_image.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Flora" title="Caroline Flora">Caroline Flora</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Internet censorship in New Zealand">Internet censorship in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_in_New_Zealand" title="List of books banned in New Zealand">List of books banned in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2">c</a> <a 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPerry1965" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Stuart (1965). 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Retrieved 23 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+censorship+in+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Office+of+Film+and+Literature+Classification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classificationoffice.govt.nz%2Fabout-nz-classification%2Fhistory-of-censorship-in-new-zealand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2022" class="citation web cs1">McConnell, Glenn (15 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300613827/caroline-flora-a-ministry-of-health-boss-named-new-chief-censor">"Caroline Flora, a Ministry of Health boss, named new chief censor"</a>. Stuff. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Caroline+Flora%2C+a+Ministry+of+Health+boss%2C+named+new+chief+censor&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2F300613827%2Fcaroline-flora-a-ministry-of-health-boss-named-new-chief-censor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonRoy_Shuker1998" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Chris; Roy Shuker (1998). In the public good? Censorship in New Zealand. Palmerston North: The Dunmore Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86469-305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86469-305-1"><bdi>978-0-86469-305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+public+good%3F+Censorship+in+New+Zealand&rft.place=Palmerston+North&rft.pub=The+Dunmore+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86469-305-1&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Roy+Shuker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classificationoffice.govt.nz/">Classification Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://register.classificationoffice.govt.nz/">Register of classification decisions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dia.govt.nz/Censorship">Censorship compliance</a> at the Department of Internal Affairs</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_Censors_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jolliffe_(censor)" title="William Jolliffe (censor)">William Jolliffe</a> (1916–27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Tanner" title="Walter Tanner">Walter Tanner</a> (1927–37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._von_Keisenberg" title="W. A. von Keisenberg">W. A. von Keisenberg</a> (1938–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Mirams" title="Gordon Mirams">Gordon Mirams</a> (1949–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIntosh" title="Douglas McIntosh">Douglas McIntosh</a> (1960–76)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Tunnicliffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Tunnicliffe (page does not exist)">Bernard Tunnicliffe</a> (1977–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Everard" title="Arthur Everard">Arthur Everard</a> (1983–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wrightson" title="Jane Wrightson">Jane Wrightson</a> (1990–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Paterson" title="Kathryn Paterson">Kathryn Paterson</a> (1994–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hastings_(judge)" title="Bill Hastings (judge)">Bill Hastings</a> (1998–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jack_(censor)" title="Andrew Jack (censor)">Andrew Jack</a> (2011–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shanks" title="David Shanks">David Shanks</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Flora" title="Caroline Flora">Caroline Flora</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&oldid=1258711503">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_New_Zealand&oldid=1258711503</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Category:Censorship in New Zealand">Censorship in New Zealand</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2011">Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 04:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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