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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship" title="Category:Censorship"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Censorship by country</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Censorship.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A censorship symbol"><img alt="A censorship symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/100px-Censorship.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/150px-Censorship.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/200px-Censorship.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Countries</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist" style="column-count: 2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Albania" title="Mass media in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Algeria" title="Censorship in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Azerbaijan" title="Media freedom in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bahrain" title="Censorship in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bangladesh" title="Censorship in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bolivia" title="Censorship in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Canada" title="Censorship in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">China</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Censorship in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">overseas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Croatia#Censorship_and_media_freedom" title="Mass media in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Censorship in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Denmark" title="Censorship in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Ecuador" title="Censorship in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Finland" title="Censorship in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_France" title="Censorship in France">France</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Censorship in the Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Germany" title="Censorship in Germany">Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Censorship in Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_East_Germany" title="Censorship in East Germany">Democratic Republic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Guatemala" title="Censorship in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Honduras" title="Censorship in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Indonesia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Censorship in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Iran</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iraq" title="Censorship in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Censorship in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Israel" title="Censorship in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Italy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_censorship_in_Italy_during_the_First_World_War" title="Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War">World War I</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Jamaica" title="Censorship in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Japan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>)</span></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Malawi" title="Internet censorship in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Maldives" title="Censorship in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Morocco" title="Internet censorship in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Myanmar" title="Censorship in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nepal" title="Censorship in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Censorship in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_North_Korea" title="Censorship in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Censorship in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Poland" title="Censorship in Poland">Poland</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Poland" title="Censorship in Communist Poland">Communist</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Portugal" title="Censorship in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Romania">Romania</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communist</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Russia" title="Censorship in Russia">Russia</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Censorship in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Rwanda" title="Censorship in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Samoa" title="Censorship in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Serbia" title="Media freedom in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Africa" title="Internet censorship in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Asia" title="Censorship in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Censorship in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Spain" title="Censorship in Spain">Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Censorship in Francoist Spain">Francoist</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Syria" title="Internet censorship in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Censorship in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Tunisia" title="Censorship in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Censorship in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship and surveillance by country</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship_by_country" title="Template:Censorship by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship_by_country" title="Template talk:Censorship by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Censorship in Communist Romania</b> occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic</a> in two stages: under the first Communist president <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> (1947–1965) and the second and last Communist president <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> (1965–1989). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groza_government_(1945–1947)"><span id="Groza_government_.281945.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Groza government (1945–1947)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Communist_Romania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Groza government (1945–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Petru_Groza" title="Petru Groza">Petru Groza</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a> in 1945, and under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a>, his government started to communize Romania. Citizens' Committees were formed to assist the police, and thus, it was justified for these committees and the police to randomly check people's documents on the street, to search people's home without any notification and to inspect suspicious billeting refugees or Soviet officers.<sup id="cite_ref-Deletant_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deletant-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also widespread violent repression and abrupt communization of the country in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> in the context of post-World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciobanu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supporters of the communist regime labeled the group of opponents as fascists, criminals, or anti-national components under Western interests, and blamed those opponents for destabilizing the country. Groza himself told the British journalists in 1945 that about 90,000 Romanians had been arrested in two months right after he seized the power.<sup id="cite_ref-Deletant_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deletant-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groza also tried to get rid of the final obstacle to complete Soviet domination of Romania: overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> run by <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael</a>. In the last half of 1947, King Michael was still on the regime while Soviet had so much power on Romanian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though pre-war Romania showed some features of democracy such as a constitution, a parliament, political parties etc., it still had a king and was politically oligarchic. As the King Michael continuously refused to abdicate the throne, Groza threatened him with the civil war. Michael wanted to avoid the bloodshed and he gave in on 30 December 1947, and on that same day, the Romanian People's Republic was declared.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej_(1947–1965)"><span id="Under_Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej_.281947.E2.80.931965.29"></span>Under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1947–1965)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Communist_Romania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1947–1965)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Romanian People's Republic was declared, <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a> became the first president of the country and the Communist politicians, including himself, were eager to establish the foundation of the totalitarian state. As a first step, on 4 February 1948, a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between Romania and the Soviet Union was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-Deletant_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deletant-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet Union became a more influent power in Romania territory after this treaty was signed and Gheorghe carried out terrifying tasks, all imposed by Soviet Russia. As the communism became widespread in Romania (backed up by the Soviet Union), there was a strong censorship throughout political, economic, and cultural sectors in the Romanian society. </p><p>When it comes to the cultural sector, the communist regime of Romania often used party-state propaganda to erase all the symbols and artifacts of the pre-communist era which could have remained in people's mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciobanu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communist party activists started the control of art "to eliminate and erase all traces of the previous configuration" and to dismantle the previous institutional model, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Preda_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preda-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communist Romanian government not only got rid of all the previous institutions and art legacies which were founded in the pre-communist era, but also physically eliminated many actors, musicians, painters etc. As Romania established the Soviet model of communization process, it was taken for granted for authorities to impose "physical (arrests, killings, institutional purges) and psychological repression (terror, corruption, compromise)".<sup id="cite_ref-Preda_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preda-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the communist Romanian government announced lists of forbidden volumes between 1944 and 1948 along with the lists of forbidden writers. For the institutional level, the last thing Romanian government wanted was intellectuals who could be possible insurgents. Thus, government authorities expelled professors and students from universities and never let them come back again.<sup id="cite_ref-Preda_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preda-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the “Cominform Journal” was published under the Communist Party's supervision and this was delivered all around the world as the journal was published in many languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cominform Journal specifically dealt with communism and was used to teach and spread the ideology all over the world and what were the right things to do under communism.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In regards to the political sector, to suppress the prevalent anti-communism and anti-Sovietism at that time, communist regime implemented many censorships everywhere in Romania, e.g. military force was mobilized to dismantle anti-communist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciobanu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people who were involved in resistance movements were hunted down by the authorities and usually incarcerated. There was religious persecution in Romania when it comes to Greek Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciobanu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Romania became part of the communist bloc after World War II, the Romanian Communist Party considered religion as a capitalist remnant, which could make people confused about the country's ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the Romanian Communist Party still wanted to keep churches as the party thought that religion could be used to mobilize people and thus, to achieve the party's socioeconomic and political goals. Under communism, the church and the Communist party made a contract: the party would not repress the church in exchange for its unconditional supports. However, the church was still not allowed to pursue educational and charitable activities. There was even a patrimonial investigation made by authorities which claims that some people were punished for what their ancestors or kinship did.<sup id="cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciobanu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People could have been prisoned just for having relatives abroad or making a joke against communism.<sup id="cite_ref-vianu_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vianu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Romanian government limited the number of Americans to stay in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Romania back then had some American ambassadors or politicians in its own territories, the movements of those Americans were severely restricted by the Romanian government.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign diplomats were not allowed to travel around the country without special permission or to go near the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanian government ruthlessly harassed people who had contact with American delegates. The government actually murdered a person, part of the local staff, by pumping too much Sodium pentothal, the truth drug, into her as a punishment for being associated with the American legations.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking of the economic sector, the Soviet Union had taken control of Romania's economy by creating about 20-22 <a href="/wiki/SovRom" title="SovRom">Soviet-Romanian joint companies</a>, including the airline company, the steel mills, the insurance company, road transport, harbors, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets at that time seems to thoroughly dominate the East European area. </p><p>Virtually every published document, be it a newspaper article or a book, had to pass the censor's approval. The strictness of the censorship varied with time, the tightest being during the Stalinist era of the 1950s and the loosest during the early period of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>'s rule, which ended with the <a href="/wiki/July_Theses" title="July Theses">July Theses</a>. </p><p>The purpose of the censorship apparatus was to subordinate all the aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian culture">Romanian culture</a> (including literature, history, art and philosophy) to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Communist Party</a>'s ideology. All features of the Romanian culture were reinterpreted according to the regime's ideology, and any other interpretations were banned as forms of "bourgeois decadence".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_Nicolae_Ceaușescu_(1965–1989)"><span id="Under_Nicolae_Ceau.C8.99escu_.281965.E2.80.931989.29"></span>Under Nicolae Ceaușescu (1965–1989)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Communist_Romania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under Nicolae Ceaușescu (1965–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Communist_Romania&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Under Ceaușescu's second communist Romanian regime, propagandist material was the only available information to the public across the country and even this propagandist material (spread mostly via the national television and the party's newspapers) was controlled by the regime through its methods of sanction.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamasanu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamasanu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mobilization of the population through written material was almost impossible, unofficial information was going around through gossips. Many foreign movies, music and books were also banned. At the same time, Nicolae Ceaușescu terrorized the population by obliging it to see his and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Elena Ceaușescu">his wife</a>'s portrait everywhere: "From pre-kindergarten classrooms to official offices, the walls of every institution in every corner of the country were required to be adorned with photographs of the couple".<sup id="cite_ref-Lamasanu_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamasanu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceaușescu purposely destroyed individual privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-vianu_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vianu-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-80s, due to the <a href="/wiki/1980s_austerity_policy_in_Romania" title="1980s austerity policy in Romania">austerity policy</a> imposed by Ceaușescu, Romanians had limited access to electricity, heat and water, and also food was scarce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_1990">Since 1990</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Communist_Romania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Since 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1990 state censorship does not officially exist in Romania and attempts by state organizations have been only minor. The only high-profile state action was in the Armagedon scandal, when a citizen was arrested for e-mailing reports that were seen as damaging to then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Adrian_N%C4%83stase" title="Adrian Năstase">Adrian Năstase</a>'s image.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official accusation was spreading of false information, but the accusations have been dropped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Communist_Romania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Deletant-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deletant_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deletant_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deletant_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeletant1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Deletant, Dennis</a> (1999). <i>Communist terror in Romania: Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State, 1948-1965</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850653860" title="Special:BookSources/1850653860"><bdi>1850653860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+terror+in+Romania%3A+Gheorghiu-Dej+and+the+Police+State%2C+1948-1965&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1850653860&rft.aulast=Deletant&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciobanu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ciobanu_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiobanu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ciobanu, Monica (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1033884ar">"Remembering the Romanian Anti-Communist Armed Resistance: An Analysis of Local Lived Experience"</a>. <i>Eurostudia</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 105–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1033884ar">10.7202/1033884ar</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurostudia&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Romanian+Anti-Communist+Armed+Resistance%3A+An+Analysis+of+Local+Lived+Experience&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-123&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1033884ar&rft.aulast=Ciobanu&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1033884ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland" class="citation web cs1">Cleveland, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123220530/https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf">"Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Diplomatic+Studies+and+Training&rft.atitle=Country+and+Subject+Reader+Series%2C+Romania&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadst.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F09%2FRomania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preda-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preda_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preda_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preda_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreda2014" class="citation web cs1">Preda, Caterina (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/chile-and-romania-censorship-in-dictatorships-14067/">"Chile and Romania: Censorship in Dictatorships"</a>. <i>Fair Observer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fair+Observer&rft.atitle=Chile+and+Romania%3A+Censorship+in+Dictatorships&rft.date=2014-08&rft.aulast=Preda&rft.aufirst=Caterina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Feurope%2Fchile-and-romania-censorship-in-dictatorships-14067%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Murat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123220530/https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf">"Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Diplomatic+Studies+and+Training&rft.atitle=Country+and+Subject+Reader+Series%2C+Romania&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Murat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadst.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F09%2FRomania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanLucian2000" class="citation journal cs1">Stan, Lavinia; Lucian, Turcescu (2000). "The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-communist Democratisation". <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (8). Europe - Asia Studies 52: 1467–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713663138">10.1080/713663138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Romanian+Orthodox+Church+and+Post-communist+Democratisation&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1467-488&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713663138&rft.aulast=Stan&rft.aufirst=Lavinia&rft.au=Lucian%2C+Turcescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vianu-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vianu_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vianu_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVianu1998" class="citation book cs1">Vianu, Lidia (1998). <i>Censorship in Romania</i>. Budapest: <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">Central European University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639116092" title="Special:BookSources/9639116092"><bdi>9639116092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Censorship+in+Romania&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9639116092&rft.aulast=Vianu&rft.aufirst=Lidia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123220530/https://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf">"Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Diplomatic+Studies+and+Training&rft.atitle=Country+and+Subject+Reader+Series%2C+Romania&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadst.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F09%2FRomania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTismăneanu2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Tismăneanu, Vladimir</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VemOBAAAQBAJ"><i>Stalinism pentru eternitate</i></a>. Iași: <a href="/wiki/Polirom" title="Polirom">Polirom</a>. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-681-899-3" title="Special:BookSources/973-681-899-3"><bdi>973-681-899-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism+pentru+eternitate&rft.place=Ia%C8%99i&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Polirom&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=973-681-899-3&rft.aulast=Tism%C4%83neanu&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVemOBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamasanu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamasanu_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamasanu_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLămășanu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lămășanu, Ștefana (2011). "Capturing the Romanian Revolution: Violent Imagery, Affect and the Televisual Event". <i>ProQuest Dissertations and Theses</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ProQuest+Dissertations+and+Theses&rft.atitle=Capturing+the+Romanian+Revolution%3A+Violent+Imagery%2C+Affect+and+the+Televisual+Event&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=L%C4%83m%C4%83%C8%99anu&rft.aufirst=%C8%98tefana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928024943/http://www.freeex.ro/rapoarte/c/Conditia%20libertatii%20presei%202001%20-%202002.pdf">"Condiția libertății presei în România"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Agenția de Monitorizare a Presei - Academia Cațavencu. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Condi%C8%9Bia+libert%C4%83%C8%9Bii+presei+%C3%AEn+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.pub=Agen%C8%9Bia+de+Monitorizare+a+Presei+-+Academia+Ca%C8%9Bavencu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freeex.ro%2Frapoarte%2Fc%2FConditia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Communist+Romania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Communist_Romania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/48px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/64px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liliana_Corobca" title="Liliana Corobca">Liliana Corobca</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-wwAwAAQBAJ"><i>Controlul cărții. 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