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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Censorship in the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> In Iran, censorship was ranked among the world's most extreme in 2024. <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> ranked <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> 176 out of 180 countries in the <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ranks countries from 1 to 180 based on the level of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reporters Without Borders described Iran as “one of the world’s five biggest prisons for media personnel" in the 40 years since the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> Index, Iran scored low on political rights and civil liberties and has been classified as 'not free.'<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran has strict regulations when it comes to <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">internet censorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian government and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> persistently block <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as many popular websites such as <a href="/wiki/Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a>, <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the state-wide ban, some Iranian politicians use social networks, including <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, to communicate with their followers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Internet censorship in Iran</a> functions similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Stricter monitoring and the <a href="/wiki/National_Information_Network" title="National Information Network">National Information Network</a> (NIN) were unveiled during the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Iranian protests">2019 Iranian protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These restrictions made it more difficult for videos of unrest in Iran to be posted or viewed on social media.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_YouTube" title="Censorship of YouTube">YouTube was blocked in Iran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aparat" title="Aparat">Aparat</a> <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> was founded as an Iranian video-sharing platform. In 2020, Aparat's CEO was sentenced to 10 years in prison due to the activity of one of the platform's users.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of Iranians stay connected on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> despite the government's restrictions <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by using proxies or virtual private networks (VPNs). </p><p>On November 17, 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response to <a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Iranian protests">fuel protests</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the country shut down nearly all internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduced internet traffic down to 5% of ordinary levels.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2024 Iranian regime was reportedly talking about removing internet restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_practice">In practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic revolution">Islamic revolution</a> in 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Islamic_Guidance" title="Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance">Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance</a>, also known as the Ershad, was created to control all cultural activities in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, all musicians, writers, artists, and media makers have needed permits to publicly display their work. The Ershad is in charge of providing these permits and judges whether each producer's work aligns with Islamic culture. Different departments within the Ershad are responsible for interpreting what should and should not be censored.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the head of this bureaucratic organization are both the Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance and the Supreme Leader, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ayatollah Khamenei</a>. Journalists also need a license before they can legally start working.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licenses for journalists are provided by the Press Supervisory Board, and a license is withdrawn if a journalist criticizes the State.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Censorship in Iran is not just an act by an individual. It is a process that involves interaction and negotiation. The complexity and ambiguity of the system stimulate self-censorship and create a culture of censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not everything is negotiable. Criticism of the Supreme Leader, for example, is strictly prohibited. Any journalist or artist who does not obey the Iranian state can face severe punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_and_regulations">Laws and regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Laws and regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Censorship" title="Category:Censorship"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Censorship by country</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Censorship.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A censorship symbol"><img alt="A censorship symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/100px-Censorship.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/150px-Censorship.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Censorship.svg/200px-Censorship.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Countries</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist" style="column-count: 2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Albania" title="Mass media in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Algeria" title="Censorship in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Azerbaijan" title="Media freedom in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bahrain" title="Censorship in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bangladesh" title="Censorship in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bolivia" title="Censorship in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Canada" title="Censorship in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">China</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Censorship in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">overseas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Croatia#Censorship_and_media_freedom" title="Mass media in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cuba" title="Censorship in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Censorship in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Denmark" title="Censorship in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Ecuador" title="Censorship in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Finland" title="Censorship in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_France" title="Censorship in France">France</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Censorship in the Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Germany" title="Censorship in Germany">Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Censorship in Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_East_Germany" title="Censorship in East Germany">Democratic Republic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Guatemala" title="Censorship in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Honduras" title="Censorship in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Indonesia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Censorship in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iraq" title="Censorship in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Censorship in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Israel" title="Censorship in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Italy</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_and_censorship_in_Italy_during_the_First_World_War" title="Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War">World War I</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Jamaica" title="Censorship in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Japan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>)</span></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Malawi" title="Internet censorship in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Maldives" title="Censorship in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Morocco" title="Internet censorship in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Myanmar" title="Censorship in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nepal" title="Censorship in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Censorship in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_North_Korea" title="Censorship in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Censorship in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Poland" title="Censorship in Poland">Poland</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Poland" title="Censorship in Communist Poland">Communist</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Portugal" title="Censorship in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Romania">Romania</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Communist_Romania" title="Censorship in Communist Romania">Communist</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Russia" title="Censorship in Russia">Russia</a><br />(<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Censorship in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Rwanda" title="Censorship in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Samoa" title="Censorship in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Serbia" title="Media freedom in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Africa" title="Internet censorship in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Asia" title="Censorship in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Censorship in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Spain" title="Censorship in Spain">Spain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Francoist_Spain" title="Censorship in Francoist Spain">Francoist</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sweden" title="Censorship in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Syria" title="Internet censorship in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Censorship in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Tunisia" title="Censorship in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of the press in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Censorship in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#8B9A7B;color:black;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship and surveillance by country</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship_by_country" title="Template:Censorship by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship_by_country" title="Template talk:Censorship by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Iranian Constitution</a> contains many articles which restrict the flow of information. However, the phrases in its articles are often ambiguously worded. These vague articles leave room for interpretation about what is legal and what isn't.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Censorship regulation is, therefore, a highly subjective practice which depends on the interpretation of the individual bureaucrat in charge, who dictates whether censorship will be applied or not.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The articles in the Constitution can, therefore, easily be used by government officials who want to suppress dissenting voices.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian Constitution does not protect journalists and artists by giving them rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution contains very general rules concerning freedom of expression. Article 24 states: "Publications and the press have freedom of expression except when it is detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam or the rights of the public. The details of this exception will be specified by law."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no existing law that specifies the details of this exception.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 3 of the Press Law states: "The press have the right to publish the opinions, constructive criticisms, suggestions and explanations of individuals and government officials for public information while duly observing the Islamic teachings and the best interest of the community."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of this law prescribes a number of freedoms for the press, but the second part restricts these freedoms with very broad exceptions. Anything can be labeled as against "the principles of Islam" or "the rights of the public". </p><p>Article 500 of the penal code states: "Anyone who engages in any type of propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran or in support of opposition groups and associations shall be sentenced to three months to one year of imprisonment."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Propaganda" is not clearly defined. This vagueness gives judges a lot of room for interpreting what is against the law and should therefore be punished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iran has a long history of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, especially with reactive measures. Information in <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, and on the internet has been withheld from the public since before the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forms of censorship were used for suppression of opposition and for influencing public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Censorship in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> comes in waves which exist parallel to political crises. In situations of crisis, the state tries to get power back by controlling information streams and thereby denying opposition groups influence on the public debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the crisis that followed the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">nationalization of the oil industry</a> in the 1950s, censorship was intensified to protect the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah</a>'s reputation. During the 1970s, in the years preceding the revolution, censorship was less present in Iranian society. This allowed Iranian literature and culture to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the years after the Revolution, the government has intensified censorship again. The new Islamic leaders tried to consolidate their power by enforcing new regulations. In the crisis after the 2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">elections</a>, communication channels were shut down to prevent major uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subject_matter_and_agenda">Subject matter and agenda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subject matter and agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iranian regime view censorship as a measure to maintain the stability of the country. Its goal is to prevent unapproved reformists, <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-Revolutionaries</a>, or religious proponents, peaceful or otherwise, from organizing themselves and spreading their ideas. In 2007, for example, five women were charged with "endangering national security" and sentenced to prison for collecting over a million signatures supporting the abolishment of laws discriminating against women.<sup id="cite_ref-irancracksdown_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irancracksdown-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the topics explicitly banned from discussion in the media by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a> include Iran's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">economic troubles</a>, the possibility of new international sanctions targeted at <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iran's nuclear program</a>, negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">social taboos</a>, unrest among Iran's ethnic minorities, and the arrests in 2007 of <a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-irancracksdown_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irancracksdown-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsf2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsf2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Media of Iran</a></div> <p>Two notable crackdowns on the Iranian press occurred on August 7–11, 1979. This was early in the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> when the Khamenei forces were consolidating control, and dozens of non-Islamist newspapers were banned under a new press law banning "counter-revolutionary policies and acts."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite a ban on satellite television, dishes are on many Iranian rooftops, and people have access to dozens of Persian-language channels, including the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, broadcasting a daily dose of politics and entertainment. Thirty percent of Iranians watch <a href="/wiki/Satellite_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite channel">satellite channels</a>, but observers say the figures are likely to be higher.<sup id="cite_ref-news.yahoo.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of unauthorized foreign radio services also broadcast into Iran on <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> and encounter occasional jamming by the Iranian government due to their controversial nature. Such services include a popular phone-in program from <a href="/wiki/Kol_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kol Israel">Kol Israel</a> (Voice of Israel), where callers must dial a number in Europe to be rerouted to the studio in Israel in order to protect against persecution for communicating with an enemy state.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2009, <i>Amoo Pourang</i> (Uncle Pourang), a television show watched by millions of Iranian children three times a week on state TV, was pulled from broadcasting after a child appearing on the program called his pet monkey "<a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>" live on air.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2017, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) condemned the Iranian judicial system and intelligence services (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">VEVAK</a>) for their attempts to put pressure on Iranian journalists based abroad and on their families still in Iran. This was done to influence the Persian-language sections of international media outlets such as the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Persian_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Persian Service">BBC Persian Service</a> to broadcast pro-government programs and news.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Internet censorship in Iran</a></div> <p>In the first decade of the 21st century, Iran experienced a great surge in Internet usage. With 20 million people on the Internet, Iran currently has the second-highest percentage of its population online in the Middle East, after <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. When initially introduced, the Internet services provided by the government within <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> were comparatively open. Many users saw the internet as an easy way to get around Iran's strict press laws.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, Internet service providers have been told to block access to pornographic and anti-religion websites. The ban has also targeted gaming platforms, such as Steam, as well as popular social networking sites, like Facebook and YouTube, alongside some news websites.<sup id="cite_ref-news.yahoo.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internet usage has also been <a href="/wiki/2019_Internet_blackout_in_Iran" title="2019 Internet blackout in Iran">shut down country-wide</a> to limit the organization of protests.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian government and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Sepah</a> have routinely blocked popular <a href="/wiki/Social_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networks">social networks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skinner_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skinner-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they decided to shut down the Internet <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Iranian protests">during the protests</a> in Iran in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many internet businesses were shut down during the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Iranian protests">2019–20 Iranian protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skinner_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skinner-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banned_media">Banned media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Banned media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, the Iranian government started using <a href="/wiki/Cropping_(image)" title="Cropping (image)">cropping</a> and other editing techniques to censor foreign movies deemed offensive or immoral. The strategy behind this was that citizens would stop seeking out illegal or uncensored versions if approved versions of the films were broadcast. Censorship cut out the following: alcoholic beverages, sorcery, men and women sitting too close together or touching, closeups of women's faces, low necklines on shirts, and many others. People are sometimes edited out, or objects are strategically placed to cover what is considered inappropriate. For example, a low neckline on a woman's shirt is edited to be more modest. Dialogue in foreign films is also oftentimes rewritten. For example, romantic implications are replaced with marriage proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_censorship_in_Iran" title="Book censorship in Iran">Book censorship in Iran</a></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memories_of_My_Melancholy_Whores" title="Memories of My Melancholy Whores">Memories of My Melancholy Whores</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Circle_(2000_film)" title="The Circle (2000 film)">The Circle</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-SF_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Gold" title="Crimson Gold">Crimson Gold</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_(film)" title="Half Moon (film)">Half Moon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Ghobadi_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghobadi-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Offside_(2006_Iranian_film)" title="Offside (2006 Iranian film)">Offside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_(film)" title="Persepolis (film)">Persepolis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tcherike-ye_Tara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tcherike-ye Tara">Tcherike-ye Tara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_(2002_film)" title="Ten (2002 film)">Ten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santouri_(film)" title="Santouri (film)">Santouri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marmoulak" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmoulak">Marmoulak</a></i> was banned for many years</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_of_Love" title="Time of Love">Time of Love</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/300_(film)" title="300 (film)">300</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_games">Video games</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_3" title="Battlefield 3">Battlefield 3</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARMA_3" class="mw-redirect" title="ARMA 3">ARMA 3</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1979_Revolution:_Black_Friday" title="1979 Revolution: Black Friday">1979 Revolution: Black Friday</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Go" title="Pokémon Go">Pokémon Go</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agents of censorship are sometimes not official government employees but religious organizations. In 2007, after student newspapers at <a href="/wiki/Amirkabir_University_of_Technology" title="Amirkabir University of Technology">Amirkabir University of Technology</a> published articles suggesting that no human being—including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>—could be infallible, eight student leaders were arrested and taken to <a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-irancracksdown_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irancracksdown-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distributing <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> literature in Persian (also known as Farsi) is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_Taher_Tomb_Censorship-20170628.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Baba_Taher_Tomb_Censorship-20170628.jpg/220px-Baba_Taher_Tomb_Censorship-20170628.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Baba_Taher_Tomb_Censorship-20170628.jpg/330px-Baba_Taher_Tomb_Censorship-20170628.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Baba_Taher_Tomb_Censorship-20170628.jpg/440px-Baba_Taher_Tomb_Censorship-20170628.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Censorship of the name of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, former Shah of Iran, in a tomb in Iran</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Iran" title="Blasphemy law in Iran">Blasphemy law in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">Internet censorship in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Internet_blackout_in_Iran" title="2019 Internet blackout in Iran">2019 Internet blackout in Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Information_Network" title="National Information Network">National Information Network</a> of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashravaran_Journalistic_Institute" title="Nashravaran Journalistic Institute">Nashravaran Journalistic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a> for slandering the Supreme Leaders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Communications in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Iran">Media in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electoral_Archive" title="Iran Electoral Archive">Iran Electoral Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maziar_Bahari" title="Maziar Bahari">Maziar Bahari</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/iran">"Iran"</a>. <i>Reporters Without Borders</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119053026/https://rsf.org/en/iran">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index">"The World Press Freedom Index"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a></i>. 19 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141729/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=The+World+Press+Freedom+Index&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fworld-press-freedom-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran">"Freedom in the World 2019, Iran"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. 30 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iran+curbs+internet+before+possible+new+protests+-+reports&rft.date=2019-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Firan-protests-internet-idINKBN1YT0GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-54681419">"مدیر آپارات و تهیه‌کنندگان گزارش ژلوفن ‌تی‌وی 'به ۱۰ سال زندان محکوم شدند'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News فارسی</i> (in Persian). 25 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029192805/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-54681419">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1+%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88+%D8%AA%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4+%DA%98%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D9%86+%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C+%27%D8%A8%D9%87+%DB%B1%DB%B0+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%27&rft.date=2020-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fpersian%2Firan-54681419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1447453/مدیر-عامل-آپارات-به-خاطر-انتشار-این-ویدئو-۱۰-سال-حبس-گرفت-عکس">"مدیر عامل آپارات به خاطر انتشار این ویدئو ۱۰ سال حبس گرفت/ عکس"</a>. <i>خبرآنلاین</i> (in Persian). 25 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124172651/https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1447453/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88-%DB%B1%DB%B0-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B3-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84+%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86+%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88+%DB%B1%DB%B0+%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B3+%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%2F+%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3&rft.date=2020-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khabaronline.ir%2Fnews%2F1447453%2F%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88-%DB%B1%DB%B0-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B3-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/tech-savvy-iranians-stay-connected-social-media-despite-regime-restrictions-n1044016">"Iranians stay connected on social media despite regime restrictions"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 21 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Iranians+stay+connected+on+social+media+despite+regime+restrictions&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ftech-savvy-iranians-stay-connected-social-media-despite-regime-restrictions-n1044016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/iran-internet-shutdown-protests-us-sanctions-a9209416.html">"Iran has turned off the internet"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 19 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120185038/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/iran-internet-shutdown-protests-us-sanctions-a9209416.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Iran+has+turned+off+the+internet&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fnews%2Firan-internet-shutdown-protests-us-sanctions-a9209416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-iran-amid-fuel-protests-in-multiple-cities-pA25L18b">"Internet disrupted in Iran amid fuel protests in multiple cities"</a>. <i>NetBlocks</i>. 15 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116232625/https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-iran-amid-fuel-protests-in-multiple-cities-pA25L18b">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NetBlocks&rft.atitle=Internet+disrupted+in+Iran+amid+fuel+protests+in+multiple+cities&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetblocks.org%2Freports%2Finternet-disrupted-in-iran-amid-fuel-protests-in-multiple-cities-pA25L18b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-restored-in-iran-after-protest-shutdown-dAmqddA9">"Internet being restored in Iran after week-long shutdown"</a>. <i>NetBlocks</i>. 23 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128081744/https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-restored-in-iran-after-protest-shutdown-dAmqddA9">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NetBlocks&rft.atitle=Internet+being+restored+in+Iran+after+week-long+shutdown&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetblocks.org%2Freports%2Finternet-restored-in-iran-after-protest-shutdown-dAmqddA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/iran-internet-shutoff/">"How Iran's Government Shut Off the Internet"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191124045952/https://www.wired.com/story/iran-internet-shutoff/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=How+Iran%27s+Government+Shut+Off+the+Internet&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Firan-internet-shutoff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-9/683642-%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF">https://www.etemadonline.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-9/683642-%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahimi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rahimi, Babak (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/586504">"Censorship and the Islamic Republic: Two Modes of Regulatory Measures for Media in Iran"</a>. <i>The Middle East Journal</i>. <b>69</b> (3): 358–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3751%2F69.3.12">10.3751/69.3.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55844990">55844990</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/586504">586504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Censorship+and+the+Islamic+Republic%3A+Two+Modes+of+Regulatory+Measures+for+Media+in+Iran&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=358-378&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3751%2F69.3.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55844990%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rahimi&rft.aufirst=Babak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F586504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2017/iran">"Freedom of the Press 2017, Iran"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i>. 28 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508191917/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2017/iran">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Call+for+ban+on+film+that+mocks+Iran%27s+mullahs&rft.date=2004-05-06&rft.aulast=Farzian&rft.aufirst=Behzad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan%2F1461136%2FCall-for-ban-on-film-that-mocks-Irans-mullahs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225212856/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jCwtm31oYnU70sTJKF8iltAfNHnA?docId=CNG.8af6b7bf5835350c0f276c56855993c1.201">"Iran bans US video game showing Tehran invasion"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=%27Arma+3%27+banned+in+Iran&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2Fgaming%2F2012%2F9%2F19%2F3357600%2Farma-3-banned-in-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/regions/iran/2067248.html">"Iran denies licence to ArmA III computer game"</a>. 19 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221190923/http://en.trend.az/regions/iran/2067248.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+denies+licence+to+ArmA+III+computer+game&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fregions%2Firan%2F2067248.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/pc-game-1979-revolution-black-friday-banned-iran-accused-hostile-intentions-1564600">"PC game 1979 Revolution: Black Friday banned in Iran, accused of 'hostile intentions'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. 9 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172620/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/pc-game-1979-revolution-black-friday-banned-iran-accused-hostile-intentions-1564600">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=PC+game+1979+Revolution%3A+Black+Friday+banned+in+Iran%2C+accused+of+%27hostile+intentions%27&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fpc-game-1979-revolution-black-friday-banned-iran-accused-hostile-intentions-1564600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehghan2016" class="citation news cs1">Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (8 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/08/iran-bans-pokemon-go">"Iran bans Pokémon Go"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iran+bans+Pok%C3%A9mon+Go&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft.aulast=Dehghan&rft.aufirst=Saeed+Kamali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Faug%2F08%2Firan-bans-pokemon-go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">(www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/what-its-like-to-be-a-christian-in-iran/a-19002952">"What it's like to be a Christian in Iran | DW | 25.01.2016"</a>. <i>DW.COM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412083359/http://www.dw.com/en/what-its-like-to-be-a-christian-in-iran/a-19002952">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=What+it%27s+like+to+be+a+Christian+in+Iran+%7C+DW+%7C+25.01.2016&rft.aulast=%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche+Welle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fwhat-its-like-to-be-a-christian-in-iran%2Fa-19002952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2011" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Ben (28 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/facing-execution-for-the-crime-of-being-a-christian-in-iran/">"Facing Execution for the 'Crime' of Being a Christian in Iran"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082648/http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2011/09/28/facing-execution-for-crime-being-christian-in-iran.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Facing+Execution+for+the+%27Crime%27+of+Being+a+Christian+in+Iran&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fopinion%2Ffacing-execution-for-the-crime-of-being-a-christian-in-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACensorship+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Iranian_government_bans_critical_media" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Iranian government bans critical media"> Iranian government bans critical media</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.article19.org/tightening-net-monitoring-internet-freedoms-iran/">ARTICLE19, "Tightening the Net: Internet Freedoms in Iran"</a> -a monitoring series of reports on the state of internet censorship in Iran.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arashhejazi.com/en/blog/">Hejazi, Arash, ‘You don’t deserve to be published’ Book Censorship in Iran, <i>LOGOS: The Journal of the World Book Community</i>, Volume 22, Number 1, 2011, pp. 53–62(10)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F095796511X562644">10.1163/095796511X562644</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070122064311/http://www.freemuse.org/sw1420.asp">Music censorship incidents in Iran</a> – reported by Freemuse</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820230913/http://iraniazad.com/">Committee against censorship (Iran Proxy)</a> – Anti Censorship Committee in Iran</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117051527/http://jturn.qem.se/2006/more-pictures-of-iranian-censorship/">Pictures of Iranian Censorship</a> – Examples of Iranian Censorship in Western Magazines</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwillnotregistermysite.googlepages.com/">I will not register my site</a> – Antiregistering website & blogs logo and Censorship google bombing.]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315043810/http://www.bannedmagazine.com/">Banned Magazine, the online journal of censorship and secrecy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204619004574318591833780278#mod=article-outset-box">Iran's Digital Underground</a> by David Feith, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, 10 August 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044615/http://www.sssup.it/context_eng.jsp?ID_LINK=7936&area=47">Iran Electoral Archive – Media & Censorship</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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aria-labelledby="Censorship_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Censorship in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bahrain" title="Censorship in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bangladesh" title="Censorship in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iraq" title="Censorship in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Israel" title="Censorship in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_North_Korea" title="Censorship in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Censorship in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Malaysia" title="Censorship in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Maldives" title="Censorship in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Myanmar" title="Censorship in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nepal" title="Censorship in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Pakistan" title="Censorship in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Russia" title="Censorship in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Censorship in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkey" title="Censorship in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Censorship in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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